Plagiolophus (mammal)

1140: 888: 897: 4329:). The shifts in dietary capabilities were the result of changes in the efficiencies of the mastication processes. The broader diets of the later palaeotheres are the result of their molars serving dual purposes of shearing food on the buccal side then crushing it on the lingual side unlike in equids and basal equoids. The two derived genera have brachyodont dentition, the hypsodonty index suggesting that both genera were mostly folivorous (leaf-eating) and did not have especially frugivorous (fruit-eating) tendencies because of the reduced proportions of rounded cusps. While both genera may have incorporated some fruit into their diets, the higher lingual 5161:. The causes of the faunal turnover have been attributed to a shift from humid and highly tropical environments to drier and more temperate forests with open areas and more abrasive vegetation. The surviving herbivorous faunas shifted their dentitions and dietary strategies accordingly to adapt to abrasive and seasonal vegetation. The environments were still subhumid and full of subtropical evergreen forests, however. The Palaeotheriidae was the sole remaining European perissodactyl group, and frugivorous-folivorous or purely folivorous artiodactyls became the dominant group in western Europe. 3547: 4512: 5170: 1303: 1653: 1969:. The geographic range of the palaeotheres were in contrast to equids, which are generally thought to have been an endemic radiation in North America. Some of the most basal equoids of the European landmass are of uncertain affinities, with some genera being thought to potentially belong to the Equidae. Palaeotheriids are well-known for having lived in western Europe during much of the Palaeogene but were also present in eastern Europe, possibly the Middle East, and, in the case of pachynolophines (or pachynolophs), Asia. 3372: 1908: 1493: 3477: 3468: 5591: 1040: 151: 5446:, boosting the Antarctic glaciation that already started by the Eocene-Oligocene transition. The Oi-1 glaciation, similar to the first glaciation event, caused large drops in sea level and pushed the global climate towards a coolhouse/icehouse environment. The extinctions of a majority of endemic artiodactyls have been attributed to competition with immigrant faunas, environmental changes from cooling climates, or some combination of the two. 1644: 4722: 3688: 4341:. Because of their likely tendencies to browse on higher plants, evident by their long necks and the woodland environments that they inhabited, it is unlikely that ground minerals, usually consumed from grazing on ground plants, significantly affected the tooth wear of either of the genera. The tooth wear in both genera could have been the result of scratches from chewing on fruit seeds. It is likely that 3784: 5393: 3842: 123: 4298:. The evolutionary history of the palaeotheres might have had emphasized macrosmatic (derived smell) traits rather than sight or hearing, evident by the smaller orbits and a seeming lack of a derived auditory system. The macrosmatic trait could have allowed palaeotheres to keep track of their herds, implying gregarious behaviours. This is evident in 5433:

The seaway dynamics separating western Europe from other landmasses to strong extents but allowing for some levels of dispersals prior to the Grande Coupure are complicated and contentious, but many palaeontologists agreed that glaciation and the resulting drops in sea level played major roles in the

5414:

events of cooler and more seasonal climates, the result being a 60% extinction rate of western European mammalian lineages while Asian faunal immigrants replaced them. The Grande Coupure is often marked by palaeontologists as part of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary as a result at 33.9 Ma, although some

3858:

is known by a few incomplete skeletons, the first of which was studied originally by Georges Cuvier in 1804. According to Remy, the gypsum skeleton has been lost; he stated that the individual was a pregnant female. It was figured by Cuvier and later Blainville in 1839–1864, and the latter naturalist

3754:

by its longer postcanine diastemata and greater degree of hypsodonty, and the former has proportionally narrow and oblique lingual lophs in its upper cheek teeth compared to that of the latter. The latter also has a stronger degree of heterodonty from its premolars and smaller internal cusps compared

1098:

sculptures and is in a sitting position unlike the other two. The models' resemblances to tapirs reflected early perceptions that the palaeothere species resembled them in body plan appearances. Despite this, the sculptures differ from living tapirs in several ways, such as shorter plus taller faces,

5607:

Although the Eocene-Oligocene transition marked long-term drastic cooling global climates, western Eurasia was still dominated by humid climates, albeit with dry winter seasons in the Oligocene. Europe during the Oligocene had environments largely adapted to winter-dry seasons and humid seasons that

5438:

is often proposed as the main European seaway barrier prior to the Grande Coupure, but some researchers challenged this perception recently, arguing that it completely receded already 37 Ma, long before the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Alexis Licht et al. suggested that the Grande Coupure could have

4570:

mammalian faunas of western Europe were therefore mostly isolated from other continents including Greenland, Africa, and eastern Eurasia, allowing for endemism to occur within western Europe. The European mammals of the late Eocene (MP17 - MP20 of the Mammal Palaeogene zones) were mostly descendants

3811:

individuals have no reported deciduous or permanent first premolars in either jaw, probably due to displacement by the second premolars. The first premolar, when present, appears to be small, elongated, and narrow. The metacone cusp of P evolutionarily shrunk over time, and P at least sometimes lost

4487:

was also probably a less selective browser in the more easily available old and tough leaves that took more effort to consume, but it probably avoided younger leaves and shoots. The less specialized browsing diet could have been due to seasonal climates as well, in which the availability of certain

4469:

has a high amount of scratches resulting from wear created from the infrequent consumption of fruits and seeds, although its main diet consisted mainly of tough leaves. Its larger consumption of fruit is evident by the lower amount of round cusps and the few pits recorded in the teeth (the presence

4169:

is characterized by the inclusion of small to medium-sized species, the skull base length ranging from 140 mm (5.5 in) to 400 mm (16 in) depending on the species. The length of the P to M dental row ranges from 60 mm (2.4 in) to 121 mm (4.8 in). According to

3867:

is also known from another assembled skeleton that was originally documented by Fraas in the later 19th century, although Stehlin referenced that Fraas paid little attention to studying the limb bones. Remy in 2004 noted that the postcranial bones of palaeotheriids are not as well-studied, meaning

3779:

have somewhat oblique outermost edges. The third incisors appear to be the most differentiated incisor variants and are the smallest ones. The canines have labial surfaces that are convex compared to their lingual counterparts. The widths of the canines vary because of sexual dimorphism. While the

3762:

are currently known by fossil incisors, the incisors of known species reveal a common trait of chisel-like shapes typical of the equoids. The outermost edges of the incisors are of identical lengths but take different forms from each other. The edges of the incisors are sharp and thin, giving them

4368:

species that they studied all have brachyodont dentitions, but they also noted a general trend in hypsodonty within the genus over time. More specifically, they pointed out that early species tended to be very brachyodont but that later species tended to have more hypsodont dentition, potentially

3828:

sometimes lacks any coronal cementum. Within the upper molars, each ectoloph lobe has a middle rib developed on them. The paraconule cusp is separated from the protocone cusp, and the metaloph ridge only touches the ectoloph at advanced stages of dental wear. The crescents of the lower molars are

868:

extinction event, likely because some of its species were well-adapted towards major environmental trends as a result of their dietary changes and cursorial nature. It was able to adapt to more seasonal climates after the Grande Coupure and coexisted with immigrant faunas from the faunal turnover

8301:

Hutchinson, David K.; Coxall, Helen K.; Lunt, Daniel J.; Steinthorsdottir, Margret; De Boer, Agatha M.; Baatsen, Michiel L.J.; Von der Heydt, Anna S.; Huber, Matthew; Kennedy-Asser, Alan T.; Kunzmann, Lutz; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Lear, Caroline; Moraweck, Karolin; Pearson, Paul; Piga, Emanuela;

4293:

contains several species of a wide range of sizes that are known from postcranial fossils that suggest different paces of locomotion, with some having bulky builds and some others being more cursorial. Similar trends in limb morphological diversity and size diversity are also observed in a

3398:

is diagnosed in part as having skull lengths that vary by species and range from 170 mm (6.7 in) to 400 m (1,300 ft). It is also defined by many other unique cranial traits, among them being the skull's elongated facial region, especially in later species, that is more

4071:

derives from. As a tridactyl footprint, it is diagnosed as having a middle digit that is much longer and wider than its two somewhat assymetrical side digits. The ichonospecies measures between 5 cm (2.0 in) and 6 cm (2.4 in) total. The assignment of the ichnogenus to

3802:

has well-documented deciduous premolars, totaling at four in each of each first permanent molar before they are replaced by the three permanent premolars. Remy argued that the first deciduous premolar was replaced by the first permanent premolar based on juvenille dentition of

845:

over time was observed to have consumed less hard foods (fruits, seeds) and became more specialized but less selective towards tough, abrasive, and older leaves in response to environmental trends in the late Eocene to early Oligocene. Its dietary habits would have allow it to

4474:

have similar amount of pits but has more rounded cusps and slightly less scratches, suggesting that it consumed less fruit and more abrasive leaves. In Soumailles and Ronzon, both French localities dating after the Grande Coupure extinction event (MP21), the cheek teeth of

7039:

Casanovas-Cladellas, María Lourdes; Santafé Llopis, José Vicente (1981). "Descripcion de elementos tarsales y metatarsales de Plagiolophus annectens y Anchilophus dumasi (Palaeotheriidae, Perissodactyla) del yacimiento de Roc de Santa (Area del Noguera Pallaresa)".

3710:

is defined by brachyodont dentitions that became progressively hypsodont (low-crowned) to semi-hypsodont evolutionarily, the premolars being semi-molarized and the molars increasing in size from the front end to the back end of the dental row. The dental formula of

2036:

has been suggested to have potentially made an appearance by MP12. It was by MP14 that the subfamily proceeded to diversify, and the plagiolophines were generally replaced but still reached the late Eocene. In addition to more widespread palaeothere genera such as

1110:

sculpture, sheep-sized, originally had a short head that probably measured about 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) in length and had pointed ears, large eyes, long lips, a stocky proboscis, a muscular neck, and a short plus slender tail. It looks similar to the

3658:

The horizontal ramus of the manible is robust but varies in such based on factors pertaining to species morphology and sexual dimorphism, its underside being mostly convex but also straight at the front area. The vertical ramus is extensive like in

7696:

Martin, Jeremy E.; Pochat-Cottilloux, Yohan; Laurent, Yves; Perrier, Vincent; Robert, Emmanuel; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2022). "Anatomy and phylogeny of an exceptionally large sebecid (Crocodylomorpha) from the middle Eocene of southern France".

3701:

Derived palaeotheres are generally diagnosed as having selenolophodont upper molars and selenodont lower molars that are mesodont, or medium-crowned, in height. The canines strongly protrude and are separated from the premolars by medium to long

836:

was largely present, was an archipelago that was isolated from the rest of Eurasia, meaning that it lived in an environment with various other faunas that also evolved with strong levels of endemism. While many species had short temporal ranges,

8255:

Costa, Elisenda; Garcés, Miguel; Sáez, Alberto; Cabrera, Lluís; López-Blanco, Miguel (2011). "The age of the "Grande Coupure" mammal turnover: New constraints from the Eocene–Oligocene record of the Eastern Ebro Basin (NE Spain)".

7858:

Robinet, Céline; Remy, Jean Albert; Laurent, Yves; Danilo, Laure; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2015). "A new genus of Lophiodontidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of La Borie (Southern France) and the origin of the genus

5419:, an abrupt shift from a greenhouse world characterizing much of the Paleogene to a coolhouse/icehouse world of the early Oligocene onwards. The massive drop in temperatures stems from the first major expansion of the Antarctic 4194:

could reach 99 mm (3.9 in) to 109 mm (4.3 in) long. The former species has an estimated skull length of 300 mm (12 in) while the latter's skull length could have measured 350 mm (14 in).

4549:

Land-based connections to the north of the developing Atlantic Ocean were interrupted around 53 Ma, meaning that North America and Greenland were no longer well-connected to western Europe. From the early Eocene up until the

5902:"Suite de recherches sur les os fossiles de la pierre à plâtre des environs de Paris. Cinquiéme Mémoire. Sur les os du Tronc. Premiére Section. Description d'un squelette presque entier trouvé dans les carriéres de Pantin" 4153:

because of the presence of three digits, the middle one of which is longer and wider than the other two side digits. The undefined ichnospecies could potentially have belonged a small to medium-sized palaeothere such as

6965:

Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Badiola, Ainara; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Astibia, Humberto (2022). "New Eocene fossil remains of Palaeotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from Mazaterón (Soria, Castile and Leon, Spain)".

6916:

Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Merceron, Gildas; Badiola, Ainara; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda (2022). "The evolutionary ecology of the endemic European Eocene Plagiolophus (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)".

7249: 6811:

Remy, Jean A.; Krasovec, Gabriel; Lopez, Éric; Marandat, Bernard; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2019). "The Palaeotheriidae (Equoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene fauna of Aumelas (Hérault department, France)".

1953:; not all authors agree on the latter as a palaeotheriid subfamily, however. Some authors have also considered the Plagiolophinae to be a separate subfamily, while others group its genera into the Palaeotheriinae. 2070:

The phylogenetic tree for several members of the family Palaeotheriidae within the order Perissodactyla (including three outgroups) as created by Remy in 2017 and followed by Remy et al. in 2019 is defined below:

5875:"Suite des Recherches: Suite de recherches sur les os fossiles de la pierre à plâtre des environs de Paris. Troisième mémoire. Restitution des pieds. Première section. Restitution des différens pieds de derrière" 7944:

Solé, Floréal; Fischer, Valentin; Le Verger, Kévin; Mennecart, Bastien; Speijer, Robert P.; Peigné, Stéphane; Smith, Thierry (2022). "Evolution of European carnivorous mammal assemblages through the Paleogene".

7552:

Hellmund, Meinolf (2000). "Erstnachweis von Plagiolophus cartieri Stehlin (Palaeotheriidae, Perissodactyla) in der unteren Mittelkohle (uMK, MP 12) des Geiseltales bei Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland)".

3517:, an earlier-appearing species; the former species also has a longer anterior orbital region, a higher orbit position, implying different arrangements of facial muscles compared to the latter. The orbit of 6762:

Badiola, Ainara; Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Astibia, Humberto; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda (2022). "A synthesis of Eocene equoids (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Iberian Peninsula: new signs of endemism".

5524:

changed its dietary habits most likely in response to increasingly abrasive plants, the result of environmental changes following the Oi-1 glaciation. Afterward, the climate in MP21 was stable enough that

7510:

Licht, Alexis; Métais, Grégoire; Coster, Pauline; İbilioğlu, Deniz; Ocakoğlu, Faruk; Westerweel, Jan; Mueller, Megan; Campbell, Clay; Mattingly, Spencer; Wood, Melissa C.; Beard, K. Christopher (2022).

6285:

Dietrich, Wilhelm Otto (1922). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der säugetierführenden Bohnerzformation in Schwaben. 1. Ein vergessenes, neu erschlossenes Höhlenvorkommen terrestrischen Eozäns auf der Ulmer Alb".

3965:

based on its foot bones being more slender and its side toes being lesser-developed (or smaller and thinner) compared to its middle toe, suggesting that the digits are not well-supported anatomically.

778:

and brachyodont (high-crowned) dentition that evolutionarily progressed towards hypsodonty (low-crowned) in response to climatic trends. It is also defined in part by an elongated facial region, deep

5529:

did not need to respond with further dietary changes. The climatic trends from the Grande Coupure event favored palaeothere species that had light body builds and were built for cursoriality such as

7166:

Belvedere, Matteo; Fabre, Emmanuel; Pandolfi, Luca; Legal, Stephane; Coster, Pauline (2023). "Stepping into Oligocene. A reassessment of the early Oligocene mammal tracks from Saignon (SE France)".

4534:

For much of the Eocene, a hothouse climate with humid, tropical environments with consistently high precipitations prevailed. Modern mammalian orders including the Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and

7898:

Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Badiola, Ainara; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier (2022). "A remarkable new paleotheriid (Mammalia) in the endemic Iberian Eocene perissodactyl fauna".

744:

was promoted to genus rank by subsequent palaeontologists and today includes as many as seventeen species. As proposed by the French palaeontologist Jean A. Remy in 2004, it is defined by three

3780:

upper canines appear to be inclined forward and outwards due to the positions of their roots, the lower canines and their crowns have straighter positions, although the crowns diverge as well.

7124:

Santamaria, R.; Gregorio, López; Casanovas-Cladellas, María Lourdes (1989–1990). "Nuevos yacimientos con icnitas de mamíferos del Oligoceno de los alrededores de Agramunt (Lleida, España)".

6414:

Brunet, Michel; Jehenne, Yves (1989). "Révision des genres Plagiolophus Pomel, 1847 et Paloplotherium Owen, 1848, Mammalia, Palaotheriidae du Paléogène d'Europe; intérêt biochronologique".

3501:

appears slightly triangular in shape, has a maximum width either above or in front of where the mandible articulates with other skull bones, and has a wider front area compared to that of

4554:

extinction event (56 Ma - 33.9 Ma), the western Eurasian continent was separated into three landmasses, the former two of which were isolated by seaways: western Europe (an archipelago),

6595:"Le genre Plagiolophus (Palaeotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia): révision systématique, morphologie et histologie dentaires, anatomie crânienne, essai d'interprétation fonctionnelle" 5410:

event of western Europe is well-recognized in the palaeontological record as one of the largest extinction and faunal turnover events in the Cenozoic era. The event is coincident with

4606:

in MP13 (the latter species of which is endemic to the Iberian peninsula and is restricted to the faunal unit). By then, it would have coexisted with perissodactyls (Palaeotheriidae,

7379:

Joomun, Sarah C.; Hooker, Jerry J.; Collins on, Margaret E. (2010). "Changes in Dental Wear of Plagiolophus minor (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) Across the Eocene—Oligocene Transition".

6057:"On the Fossil remains of Mammalia referable to the genus Palæotherium, and to two genera, Paloplotherium and Dichodon, hitherto undefined: from the Eocene Sand at Hordle, Hampshire" 4178:

is the smallest species of its genus, with the basal skull length being less than or equal to 200 mm (7.9 in) and the P to M dental row measuring 69 mm (2.7 in).

6461:

Ruiz-Colmenares, Miguel Ángel Cuesta (1994). "Los Plagiolophinae (Remy, 1976) nuevo rango (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) del Eoceno de la Cuenca del Duero (Castilla y Leon, España)".

4321:

have dentitions that are both capable of chewing through harder items such as fruits without wearing their teeth down quickly compared to their pachynolophine predecessors (i.e.

4278:

from Euzet weighed 34.8 kg (77 lb) while the same species from Roc de Santa I measured 40.6 kg (90 lb). The same year, Perales-Gogenola et al. estimated that

4199:

is known only from a male juvenile mandible with a dental row measuring 121.2 mm (4.77 in) long. With a potential adult skull length of about 400 mm (16 in),

1127:

body normally, the back portion of the cranium was removed and the neck lengthened. This resulted in the sculpture appearing to look forward instead of upwards like before. The

4465:

is evident from dental morphology and scratches in several localities of different time ranges. In the Late Eocene French locality of La Débruge (MP18), the cheek dentition of

5635:

is last recorded in MP22, but several other species are known to have originated during or after the Grande Coupure event. MP21 records the restricted temporal appearances of

4186:

with a basicranial length of 350 mm (14 in) and a P to M dental row length of 100 mm (3.9 in) to 118 mm (4.6 in). The mandibular dental row of

3807:, but Kenneth D. Rose et al. in 2017 argued that the demonstrated evidence did not prove Remy's hypothesis, meaning that it requires further research for proof. Most adult 1012:, was smaller than a sheep, and was cursorial based on the slender morphologies of its leg bones. Such a behaviour and small size would have differed from other species of 5926:

Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles de quadrupèdes: où l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs espèces d'animaux que les révolutions du globe paroissent avoir détruites

3423:, the middle of the mandible, is elongated and contains projecting incisors. The horizontal ramus (or body) of the mandible is wide from front to back and has a prominent 3771:. The lingual (back) face is shorter than the labial face, takes a concave shape, and is surrounded by a cingulum that ascends up to the outermost edge of the incisor. I 7321:

Joomun, Sarah C.; Hooker, Jerry J.; Collinson, Margaret E. (2008). "Dental wear variation and implications for diet: An example from Eocene perissodactyls (Mammalia)".

1139: 8531:

Solé, Floréal; Fischer, Fischer; Denayer, Julien; Speijer, Robert P.; Fournier, Morgane; Le Verger, Kévin; Ladevèze, Sandrine; Folie, Annelise; Smith, Thierry (2020).

5157:

occurred, marking the disappearances of the lophiodonts and European hyrachyids as well as the extinctions of all European crocodylomorphs except for the alligatoroid

4885:

lived across western Europe in what is now Spain, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Switzerland. Despite being almost entirely recorded from western Europe,

1131:

sculpture lost its head twice more, once recently in 2014 when its head was tossed into a lake of the Crystal Palace by an unknown criminal and had to be recovered.

7989:"Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Dams (Quercy, SW France): phylogenetic relationships and evolution around the Eocene–Oligocene transition (MP19–MP21)" 6241:"Die eocaene Säugethiere-Welt von Egerkingen. Gesammtdarstellung und dritter Nachtrag zu den "Eocänen Säugethieren aus dem Gebiet des schweizerischen Jura" (1862)" 4546:". By the late Eocene (approx. 37–33 Ma), most of the ungulate form dentitions shifted from bunodont cusps to cutting ridges (i.e. lophs) for folivorous diets. 3763:

flat appearances. The frontmost incisors, the first incisors, have elongated labial (or front in relation to the mouth) faces that are equal in size to that of

3706:

and from the incisors by short ones in both the upper and lower dentition. The other teeth are paired closely with each other in both the upper and lower rows.

961:. According to Cuvier, the quarry workers previously thought the skeleton to be of a ram, and it was presented as such in public newspapers. The French prefect 4470:

of more pits than scratches indicates more folivorous diets). In a later Late Eocene German locality of Frohnstetten (MP20) in comparison, the cheek teeth of

7765:"Rapid colonization and diversification of a large-bodied mammalian herbivore clade in an insular context: New embrithopods from the Eocene of Balkanatolia" 8760:

Mennecart, Bastien; Métais, Grégoire (2015). "Mosaicomeryx gen. nov., a ruminant mammal from the Oligocene of Europe and the significance of 'gelocids'".

7365:. 69th Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology and the 57th Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy (SVPCA). Vol. 29. 1115:

sculpture overall but lacks skin details. Although the original head's form is poorly known, it appeared to have been longer and more robust than that of

949:), although he did not elaborate further on them. In a later journal of the same year, he described a nearly completely skeleton from the quarries of the 3849: 3554: 2000:

made their first appearances there. A majority of the genera persisted to the MP8-MP10 units, and "pachynolophines" (probably true palaeotheres) such as

966: 5537:

in comparison had a stockier build, a body build type that was likely unfavorable for early Oligocene environmental trends in relation to palaeotheres.

7460:"Western European middle Eocene to early Oligocene Chiroptera: systematics, phylogeny and palaeoecology based on new material from the Quercy (France)" 4433:), often avoiding hard foods (fruits, nuts, seeds, bark) and preferring tough leaves and related plant material. The changes in dietary behaviours in 138: 8850: 5852:

Due to archaic species naming conventions, authors of the 19th and 20th centuries tended to capitalize species names based on individuals or places.

3829:

separate from each other. Except for those in deciduous molars, the metastylid and metaconid cusps are nearly identical to each other. The internal

1099:

higher eye positions, slender legs, longer tails, and the presence of three toes on the forelimbs unlike the four toes of the forelimbs of tapirs.

5219:

both made their first fossil record appearances by MP18. Also, several migrant mammal groups had reached western Europe by MP17a-MP18, namely the

3903:, has high spinous processes and appears pointed at its end. The tail is short in length and slender in spite of being made up of many vertebrae. 3824:

on the cheek teeth tend to thicken from the front end to the back end of the dental arch, and it tended to grow evolutionarily thicker over time.

887: 7763:

Métais, Grégoire; Coster, Pauline; Kaya, Mustafa; Licht, Alexis; Miller, Kristen; Ocakoğlu, Faruk; Rust, Kathleen; Beard, K. Christopher (2024).

832:

and other members of the Palaeotheriinae likely descended from the earlier subfamily Pachynolophinae in the middle Eocene. Western Europe, where

4538:(or the suborder Euprimates) appeared already by the early Eocene, diversifying rapidly and developing dentitions specialized for folivory. The 3775:

is inclined and appears to project forward. The second and third incisors have less symmetrical crown shapes compared to the first. Both I and I

8906: 8351:

Toumoulin, Agathe; Tardif, Delphine; Donnadieu, Yannick; Licht, Alexis; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Kunzmann, Lutz; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022).

7987:

Weppe, Romain; Blondel, Cécile; Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Escarguel, Gilles; Pelissie, Thierry; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Orliac, Maeva J. (2020).

6874:

Remy, Jean-Albert (2015). "Les Périssodactyles (Mammalia) du gisement Bartonien supérieur de Robiac (Éocène moyen du Gard, Sud de la France)".

6330:"Die Säugetiere des schweizerischen Eocaens. Critisher Catalog der Materialen. Zweiter Teil: Palaeotherium. — Plagiolophus. — Propalaeotherium" 3969:

has particularly slender foot bones; the morphologies of the limb bones suggest that it was better-adapted to cursoriality than any species of

6122:

Die Geognostische Sammlung Wurttembergs: Im Erdgeschoss Des Koniglichen Naturalien-Cabinets Zu Stuttgart Ein Fuhrer Fur Die Besucher Derselben

5930: 2049:, some of their species reaching medium to large sizes, various other palaeothere genera that were endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, such as 6507:, une nouvelle espèce de Palaeotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) de l'Oligocène inférieur (Rupélien, MP 23), à Murs (Vaucluse, France)". 5886: 3820:

in comparison is short and a crescentlike shape. Within the molars, the ectoloph crest tends to stick out over the large cusps. The coronal

1739:. The species was named after an individual named R.J. Curtis, who found the specimens for the former subspecies. In 1989, palaeontologists 896: 8215:"Unearthing deep-time biodiversity changes: The Palaeogene mammalian metacommunity of the Quercy and Limagne area (Massif Central, France)" 7061:"Esqueleto postcraneal de los Equoidea de talla media del yacimiento Ludiense de Roc de Santa (área del Noguera Pallaresa, Lleida, España)" 6993:

Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Luckett, Patrick (2018). "Deciduous premolars of Eocene Equidae and their phylogenetic significance".

5616:

or purely broadleaved deciduous forests aligning with the northernmost belt between 40°N and 50°N, the middle belt of warmth-adapted mixed

3643:'s roof is located, taking different shapes in different species. The underside of the ear canal does not take a canalized form except in 8705:"Ruminants reveal Eocene Asiatic palaeobiogeographical provinces as the origin of diachronous mammalian Oligocene dispersals into Europe" 8142:"Eocene–Oligocene mammalian faunal turnover in the Hampshire Basin, UK: calibration to the global time scale and the major cooling event" 1234:

in 1848 wrote about a nearly complete lower jaw with both deciduous and permanent dental sets that was uncovered from the Eocene beds of

1000:

based on known fossil remains of the species including the mostly complete skeleton. He also suggested theoretical lifestyles of several

3407:, found on the front lower edge of the maxilla, is generally deep, ranges from P to M, and has its lower edges formed from those of the 1810:

and that the species would be defined by its smaller size and primitive characteristics compared to other species. He proposed the name

1433: 7191:"New mammal and bird tracks from the Lower Oligocene of the Ebro Basin (NE Spain): implications for the Palaeogene ichnological record" 6202:

Mémoire sur les animaux vertébrés: trouvés dans le terrain sidérolitique du Canton de Vaud et appartenant a la faune éocène: supplément

3447:

in having a deep nasal notch is always behind P and a larger skull size, but the former also shares the lack of any preorbital fossae.

8911: 8394:"Age and driving mechanisms of the Eocene–Oligocene transition from astronomical tuning of a lacustrine record (Rennes Basin, France)" 6619:

Bai, Bin (2017). "Eocene Pachynolophinae (Perissodactyla, Palaeotheriidae) from China, and their palaeobiogeographical implications".

973:

species. He noted that the majority of the fossil bones were detached from others and/or damaged but that postcranial fossils such as

8901: 8302:

Pound, Matthew J.; Salzmann, Ulrich; Scher, Howie D.; Sijp, Willem P.; Śliwińska, Kasia K; Wilson, Paul A.; Zhang, Zhongshi (2021).

7649: 7408:"Mountain uplift explains differences in Palaeogene patterns of mammalian evolution and extinction between North America and Europe" 5416: 3648: 3110: 1314: 325: 770:

is an evolutionarily derived member of its family with tridactyl (or three-toed) forelimbs and hindlimbs. It has longer postcanine

7972:

Erfurt, Jörg; Métais, Grégoire (2007). "Endemic European Paleogene Artiodactyls". In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.).

5533:, allowing them to transverse across more open lands and escape from newly arrived predators where shelter otherwise was scarce. 3424: 8353:"Evolution of continental temperature seasonality from the Eocene greenhouse to the Oligocene icehouse –a model–data comparison" 1806:. In 1997, another Spanish palaeontologist Lluís Checa Soler analyzed a dental specimen, stating his belief that it belonged to 1299:

derives from the Ancient Greek words παλαιός ("ancient"), ὅπλον ("arms"), and θήρ ("wild beast") meaning "ancient armed beast".

1258:

that similarly had nearly complete dentition but evolutionarily lost a premolar. After comparing the dentition to those of both

8574:"Oligocene vegetation of Europe and western Asia-Diversity change and continental patterns reflected by plant functional types" 7139:

Abbassi, Nasrollah; Lucas, Spencer G.; Gholam, Reza Zaare (2015). "First report of Oligocene vertebrate footprints from Iran".

4174:

could have measured 176 mm (6.9 in) to 179 mm (7.0 in) long. Despite being a high, wide, and robust skull,

3539:

and varies in form by species, generally becoming less hollow in later species contrary to the evolutionary trends observed in

1830: 794:, as a species-rich genus, has a wide body mass range extending from less than 10 kg (22 lb) in the smallest species 8214: 4901:

suggest some periodic connectivity between Balkanatolia and other Eurasian regions, allowing faunas to disperse between land.

8896: 4258:

at 78.9 kg (174 lb). In 2022, Leire Perales-Gogenola et al. made five weight estimates of different populations of

3652: 3628: 3489: 1829:. The species was named after Johannes Hürzeler, Swiss palaeontologist and former director of the oteology department of the 1740: 6842:

Remy, Jean A. (2017). "Critical comments on the genus Propachynolophus Lemoine, 1891 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equoidea)".

8615:"Palaeoclimatic reconstruction for the Late Oligocene La Val fossil site (Estadilla, Huesca, Spain) based on CLAMP and LMA" 8572:

Utescher, Torsten; Erdei, Boglárka; François, Louis; Henrot, Alexandra-Jane; Mosbrugger, Volker; Popova, Svetlana (2020).

5624:

broadleaved forests aligning between 40°N and 30°N, and the last belt containing tropical vegetation aligning below 30°N.

3580:; it is separated from other foramen like in other palaeotheres and stretches more forwards compared to equines. Those of 1857:, named after Ruch fossil deposit discoverer Michel Ringead and known by a skull of an adult female with cheek teeth, and 1756: 1527:, but he only wrote that it was known from Egerkingen and did not elaborate further on it. In 1904, Swiss palaeontologist 1272:

was similarly to that of the former but differed mainly by the absence of the first premolar. He wrote that the permanent

8190:

Legendre, Serge; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Hugueney, Marguerite; Maitre, Elodie; Sigé, Bernard; Escarguel, Gilles (2006).

4542:

forms mostly either switched to folivorous diets or went extinct by the middle Eocene (47–37 Ma) along with the archaic "

7294:

Engels, Sandra; Schultz, Julia A. (2018). "Evolution of the power stroke in early Equoidea (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)".

5434:

drying of the seaways previously acting as major barriers to eastern migrants from Balkanatolia and western Europe. The

3695: 6139:

Catalogue méthodique et descriptif des Vertébrés fossiles découverts dans le bassin hydrographique supérieur de la Loir

4586:. The classification is typically only tentatively accepted by paleontologists due to the poor differentiation between 4511: 150: 4234:, could have had a body weight of over 150 kg (330 lb). Later in 2015, he placed a body weight estimate of 3390:

that are wide open in the back area and are located in the middle of the skull or in a slight frontal area of it. The

1083: 3513:, one of the latest species to have existed, has a more elongated and skull (making it more equinelike) than that of 958: 841:

was long-lasting to the extent that researchers observed trends in changes in its dietary habits. More specifically,

8533:"The upper Eocene-Oligocene carnivorous mammals from the Quercy Phosphorites (France) housed in Belgian collections" 5946:

Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts

3941:

is forward-facing with a slightly narrow neck (its back being wider than its front) and a shortened upper edge. The

8304:"The Eocene-Oligocene transition: A review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model-data comparisons" 8192:"Dynamique de la diversité des mammifères et des oiseaux paléogènes du Massif Central (Quercy et Limagnes, France)" 5169: 1492: 1302: 869:

event. Its eventual extinction by the later early Oligocene marked the complete extinction of the Palaeotheriidae.

7250:"Palaeotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) Del Paleogene Dell'Europa Centrale: Note E Considerazioni Preliminari" 5660: 5601: 2897:

consistute a paraphyletic clade in relation to members of the derived and monophyletic subfamily Palaeotheriinae (

2865:(in a strict sense) is defined as amongst the first offshoots of the family and a member of the Pachynolophinae. " 7988: 3613: 8492:"Earliest record of rhinocerotoids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Switzerland: systematics and biostratigraphy" 6218:"Recherches sur les phosphorites du Quercy: etude des fossiles qu'on y rencontre et spécialement des mammifères" 3929:. It is tridactyl, or three-toed, in its forelimbs and hindlimbs like most species of the fellow palaeotheriine 3600:, or anatomical walls that separate them and therefore lead to two different optic canals for each foramen. The 3546: 3521:

is slightly behind the midlength of the skull, making its position more similar to that of the Palaeogene equid

1652: 913:(left) and an 1812 drawn skeletal reconstruction based on the Pantin skeleton and additional fossil material by 8891: 7682:(in French). École Pratique des Hautes Études-Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Montpellier. pp. 769–850. 7189:

Montes, Martín Linares; Luzón, Aránzazu; Cuenca-Bescós, Gloria; Canudo, José Ignacio; Castanera, Diego (2022).

1075: 1055: 7349: 4437:

were likely the result of environmental changes in western Europe during the late Eocene to early Oligocene.

4064: 1972:

The Perissodactyla makes its earliest known appearance in the European landmass in the MP7 faunal unit of the

1548: 6651:"First occurrence of Palaeotheriidae (Perissodactyla) from the late–middle Eocene of eastern Thrace (Greece)" 3868:

that future studies would require studying traits of postcranial fossils of palaeotheres at the genus level.

7513:"Balkanatolia: The insular mammalian biogeographic province that partly paved the way to the Grande Coupure" 5979:"Essai monographie sur un nouveau genre de mammifère fossile trouvé dans la Haute-Loire, et nommé Entélodon" 4501: 4479:

has more rounded cusps, smaller pits, and more pits than scratches. The dental evidence likely implies that

3871:

According to Remy, if the skeletal images as drawn by Cuvier and Blainville are accurate, then the back of

8805: 1973: 1791: 8392:

Boulila, Slah; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume; Galbrun, Bruno; Bauer, Hugues; Châteauneuf, Jean-Jacques (2021).

7676:

Aguilar, Jean-Pierre; Legendre, Serge; Michaux, Jacques (1997). "Synthèses et tableaux de corrélations".

4021:

bones being visible from the foot's front and the neck of the astragalus being visible. The astragali of

1119:. Within the later half of the 20th century, the original head was lost and replaced with a head cast of 8863: 5199:

at MP18 (the former of which is restricted to the unit). MP20 records both the continuous occurrence of

4890: 1170: 4995: 4055: 3371: 7095:"Modern tapirs as morphofunctional analogues for locomotion in endemic Eocene European perissodactyls" 5544:

in MP21 localities such as in Soumailles coexisted with both pre-Grande Coupure and immigrant faunas.

4246:

at 77 kg (170 lb). Jamie A. MacLaren and Sandra Nauwelaerts in 2020 estimated the weight of

3509:

generally increases over time as part of an evolutionary trend of species. For instance, the skull of

3432: 1907: 1621: 1519:

and that it was also known from the locality of Robiac. The year after in 1902, Swiss palaeontologist

8837: 8769: 8716: 8626: 8454: 8405: 8364: 8315: 8265: 8226: 8156: 8093: 8046: 8037:

Rage, Jean-Claude (2012). "Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us?".

8003: 7907: 7872: 7706: 7599: 7524: 7471: 6772: 6662: 5458: 5439:

possibly been synchronous with the Oi-1 glaciation (33.5 Ma), which records a decline in atmospheric

5106: 4783: 4663: 4085: 3420: 2051: 1814:

but sought to not formally define it until more complete material assigned to the species was found.

134: 17: 6392: 6079: 6056: 6001: 5767: 5705: 5134: 4671: 4635: 3588:

pierce through the skull and connect with each other as part of a single optic canal path; those of

2933:

are classified in one of three subgenera. The following table defines the species and subspecies of

7060: 6949:

Revision der Gattung Palaeotherium Cuvier, 1804 (Palaeotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Band 1

6352: 6306: 6263: 6240: 6154: 6098: 6027: 5791: 5590: 5280: 5116: 5041: 4830: 4667: 4627: 4111: 4063:. The ichonogenus is dated to the early Oligocene of Spain and may originated from the locality of 3617: 3476: 2883: 2452: 2255: 2014: 1079: 1059: 945:

based on some postcranial fossils from the gypsum quarries of the outskirts of Paris (known as the

8664:"Evolutionary history of hoofed mammals during the Oligocene–Miocene transition in Western Europe" 7272: 6329: 6200: 6177: 5924: 5901: 5785: 5737: 5727: 5235:, rich assemblage of lizards are known in western Europe as well from MP16-MP20, representing the 5047: 5013: 4952: 4814: 3918: 3467: 2096: 1473: 8785: 8685: 8644: 8595: 8554: 8513: 8472: 8423: 8333: 8172: 8062: 8019: 7923: 7817: 7744:. STRATI 2013: First International Congress on Stratigraphy At the Cutting Edge of Stratigraphy. 7722: 7489: 6788: 6694: 5874: 5809: 5797: 5035: 4979: 4946: 4802: 4642:

made their first appearances by the level MP14. The stratigraphic ranges of the early species of

4619: 4611: 4392: 3876: 3798:

had four upper and lower premolars whereas later species have evolutionarily lost them. However,

3003: 2681: 2063: 2020: 1795: 1627: 1528: 1520: 1405: 950: 856: 497: 367: 145: 7796:"A sebecosuchian in a middle Eocene karst with comments on the dorsal shield in Crocodylomorpha" 5803: 5693: 5684: 5374: 5286: 5078: 5001: 4974: 4936: 4769: 4369:

reaching a hypsodonty level similar to that in the Miocene North American endemic grazing equid

3177: 2858:

clade, meaning that it did not leave any derived descendant groups in its evolutionary history.

2057: 1588: 1504: 353: 8868: 7020:

Stehlin, Hans Georg (1938). "Zur Charakteristik einiger Palaeotheriumarten des oberen Ludien".

6435:"Une faunule de vertébrés sous la base des Grès de Célas (Eocène supérieur) à St-Dézéry (Gard)" 6159:

Neue Denkschriften der Allg. Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften

5923:

Cuvier, Geoges (1812). "Résumé général et rétablissement des Squelettes des diverses espèces".

5717: 5711: 5082: 4881:

was one of several palaeothere species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. By the middle Eocene,

4787: 4099: 2234: 2008: 1039: 8742: 8119: 8080:

Sun, Jimin; Ni, Xijun; Bi, Shundong; Wu, Wenyu; Ye, Jie; Meng, Jin; Windley, Brian F. (2014).

7645: 7437: 6370:"Un nouveau genre de Paléothéridé (Perissodactyla) de l'Eocène supérieur du Midi de la France" 5743: 5478: 5306: 5220: 5094: 4820: 4774: 4266:

from Mazaterón has a body weight of 118.71 kg (261.7 lb). According to the authors,

3910: 3676: 3664: 3609: 1802:, also from the Duero Basin; it was named after the Mazaterón province in the municipality of 1386: 1016:, several of which according to Cuvier had stockier limb bone builds. He also identified that 669: 7222:"Icnitas de perisodáctilos en el Oligoceno de Navarra: posición estratigráfica y sistemática" 7059:

Casanovas-Cladellas, María Lourdes; Checa-Soler, Lluis; Santafé Llopis, José Vicente (1993).

5781: 5368: 4983: 4710:, and MP13 sites are stratigraphically the latest to have yielded remains of the bird clades 4222:

has an estimated weight range of 90 kg (200 lb) to 110 kg (240 lb) while

8777: 8732: 8724: 8675: 8634: 8585: 8544: 8503: 8462: 8413: 8372: 8323: 8281: 8273: 8234: 8164: 8109: 8101: 8082:"Synchronous turnover of flora, fauna, and climate at the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in Asia" 8054: 8011: 7954: 7915: 7880: 7807: 7776: 7745: 7714: 7637: 7607: 7562: 7532: 7479: 7427: 7419: 7388: 7330: 7303: 7202: 7171: 7148: 7106: 7002: 6975: 6926: 6883: 6851: 6821: 6780: 6737: 6706: 6670: 6628: 6516: 6470: 6264:"Sur un nouveau gisement de mammifères de l'Eocène moyen à Robiac, près Saint-Mamert (Gard)" 6035: 5772: 5415:

estimate that the event began 33.6-33.4 Ma. The event correlates directly with or after the

4968: 4748: 4651: 3982: 3914: 3900: 3880: 3738:

in having cheek teeth that appear narrower and more lophodont. The postcanine diastemata of

2887:, defined as pachynolophines, are defined as monophyletic genera. The other pachynolophines 2654: 2630: 2606: 2581: 2548: 2002: 1604: 1437: 6354:

Monographie de la faune de mammifères fossiles du Ludien inférieur d'Euzet-les-Bains (Gard)

5659:

in MP25. Several major faunal events occurred in the early Oligocene of Europe, namely the

5520:

survived past the Grande Coupure. Research by Sarah C. Joomun et al. in 2010 suggests that

4721: 4345:

ate softer food such as younger leaves and fleshy fruit that may have had hard seeds while

4170:

Remy, the basicranial (lower part of the skull) length of the Ma-PhQ-349 skull specimen of

3403:. The maxilla, at the area with the canine, is wide; the muzzle in comparison is thin. The 1102:

Hawkins and other workers seemingly used Cuvier's research for reference to the anatomy of

7628:

Franzen, Jens Lorenz (2003). "Mammalian faunal turnover in the Eocene of central Europe".

6393:"Mammals from the Bartonian (middle late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England" 5944:

Rudwick, Martin J. S. (1997). "Chapter 6: The Animals from the Gypsum Beds around Paris".

5462: 5411: 5216: 5154: 4707: 4699: 4687: 4623: 4563: 4515: 4453:

consumed increasingly abrasive plant material during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, but

4445: 4383:

but that it was neither as rapid nor as dramatic a trend as in the hypsodonty observed in

3431:

is defined by a shallow nasal notch that is always located in front of P, the lack of any

3416: 3387: 2667: 2152: 1950: 1946: 1916: 1643: 1342: 962: 847: 783: 708: 228: 215: 7406:

Eronen, Jussi T.; Janis, Christine M.; Chamberlain, Charles Page; Mulch, Andreas (2015).

6488:

Soler, Lluís Checa (1997). "Los perisodàctilos (Mammalia, Ungulata) del eoceno catalàn".

4578:

is thought to have made its earliest appearance in MP12 based on dental fossils from the

4076:

is based on its middle digit being longer and wider than the other digits unlike that of

3909:

has several limb bone fossils attributed to it, although it is unclear as to whether the

3671:, is narrow, elongated, and sloped. The coronoid process of the mandible is wide like in 1082:

in the United Kingdom, open to the public since 1854 and constructed by English sculptor

8773: 8720: 8630: 8458: 8409: 8368: 8319: 8269: 8230: 8160: 8097: 8050: 8007: 7911: 7876: 7710: 7603: 7528: 7475: 6776: 6726:"A primitive perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Le Quesnoy (MP7, France)" 6666: 4357:

is supported by the two having somewhat different chewing functions from each other and

4190:

could measure 90 mm (3.5 in) to 98 mm (3.9 in) long whereas that of

3883:

facing forward. Its arched back appears to be more similar to modern reconstructions of

3459:

differs from the other two subgenera solely by the presence of a deep preorbital fossa.

1945:

than to the Palaeotheriidae. It is also usually thought to consist of two families, the

1941:. Alternatively, some authors have proposed that equids are more closely related to the 864:

was consistently diverse for much of its evolutionary history and survived far past the

802:. The postcranial builds of several species suggest that some had stockier body builds ( 722:

in 1804 based on postcranial material including a now-lost skeleton originally from the

8737: 8704: 8703:

Mennecart, Bastien; Aiglstorfer, Manuela; Li, Yikun; Li, Chunxiao; Wang, Shiqi (2021).

8443:"Hogs, hippos or bears? Paleodiet of European Oligocene anthracotheres and entelodonts" 8114: 8081: 7679:

Actes du Congrès Bio-chroM'97. Mémoires et Travaux de l'EPHE Institut de Montpellier 21

7432: 7407: 5474: 5466: 5440: 5407: 5256: 5224: 5212: 5063: 4989: 4932: 4808: 4765: 4711: 4607: 4559: 4551: 4303: 4226:

has an estimated weight range of 50 kg (110 lb) to 70 kg (150 lb).

4127:

is currently known from Spain. It is possible that the ichnospecies is correlated with

4116: 3687: 3601: 3560:

The body of the premaxilla is elongated but low height and hosts all the incisors. The

3412: 3308: 3285: 1966: 1563:

with official fossil descriptions to replace the previous species name and synonymized

1273: 1162: 924: 914: 865: 719: 297: 274: 202: 8441:

Rivals, Florent; Belyaev, Ruslan I.; Basova, Vera B.; Prilepskaya, Natalya E. (2023).

7611: 7584: 7566: 6520: 6217: 6137: 4483:

became a specialized browser to the extent that fruit is nearly absent from its diet.

4282:

has a weight estimate range of 95 kg (209 lb) to 130 kg (290 lb).

4218:

to have a body weight range of 90 kg (200 lb) to 110 kg (240 lb).

1821:

individual that was within a sandstone block originally from the French department of

1472:

based on fossil jaws including that from the fossil collection of the French official

993:

were found. The naturalist also provided a figure of the skeleton within the journal.

8885: 8689: 8648: 8599: 8558: 8476: 8427: 8337: 8191: 8176: 8141: 8066: 8023: 7927: 7726: 7677: 7094: 6792: 6725: 6434: 6369: 5832: 5776: 5761: 5666:

In the MP25 French locality of Le Garouillas, the last surviving palaeothere species

5470: 5435: 5342: 5232: 5228: 5007: 4715: 4703: 4659: 4639: 4527: 3668: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 2722: 2166: 1978: 1958: 1264: 1212: 1194: 1182: 1149: 1049: 929: 737: 728: 688: 248: 75: 8789: 8517: 7836: 7821: 7537: 7512: 7493: 6825: 4399:

not showing a stricter preference towards abrasive plants based on dental evidence.

7220:

Murelaga, Xabier; Baceta, Juan Ignacio; Astibia, Humberto; Badiola, Ainara (1999).

6724:

Bronnert, Constance; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Godinot, Marc; Métais, Grégoire (2017).

6710: 5818: 5596: 5398: 5069: 5057: 4679: 4615: 4555: 3605: 3154: 2980: 2855: 1962: 1942: 1879: 1465: 1334: 1231: 712: 339: 311: 257: 8015: 7919: 7884: 7749: 7718: 7206: 7175: 7006: 6979: 6784: 6741: 3783: 2012:

arose by MP10. The MP13 unit saw the appearances of later pachynolophines such as

1511:

to fossil material originally from the fossil deposits from the French commune of

8781: 8639: 8614: 8467: 8442: 8277: 7958: 7334: 7274:

Functional and morphological changes in the molar morphology of early Hippomorpha

7221: 7152: 6930: 6120: 5978: 4915:

are located in the MP16 French locality of Robiac along with the herpetotheriids

4041:

point towards short and robust legs that were less adapted towards cursoriality.

3993:, suggesting that its limb bone morphologies could have been similar to those of 3730:

is appearing less lophodont and lesser degree of heterodonty in its cheek teeth.

3639:

and has parallel front and back walls. The process is where the hollowing of the

1782:

In 1994, Spanish palaeontologist Miguel Ángel Cuesta Ruiz-Colmenares erected two

8662:

Scherler, Laureline; Mennecart, Bastien; Hiard, Florent; Becker, Damien (2013).

7742:

Stratigraphic Distribution of Large Flightless Birds in the Palaeogene of Europe

6594: 5749: 5613: 5502: 5263:, most of which were able to thrive in the warm temperatures of western Europe. 5029: 4921: 4793: 4683: 4543: 4523: 4371: 4270:

from St. Capraise d'Eymet potentially weighed 26.56 kg (58.6 lb), and

3942: 3404: 1990: 1764: 1728: 1338: 1174: 996:

In 1812, Cuvier published published his drawing of a skeletal reconstruction of

946: 779: 723: 50: 8828: 8728: 8238: 7780: 7110: 6675: 6650: 5962:

Witton, Mark P.; Michel, Ellinor (2022). "Chapter 4: The sculptures: mammals".

5608:

were composed of three separate vegetational belts by latitude, with temperate

5392: 4059:, named in 1989–1990 by R. Santamaria et al. and suggested to have belonged to 969:, where Cuvier was then able to observe that it must have been a skeleton of a 8680: 8663: 8508: 8491: 8058: 7641: 7484: 7459: 7392: 7307: 5814: 5617: 5498: 5494: 5482: 5450: 5420: 5312: 5260: 5244: 5240: 5100: 5023: 4927: 4893:

in Bulgaria, dating to the middle to late Eocene. The sporadic occurrences of

4760: 4754: 4695: 4647: 4539: 4403:

may have adopted dietary strategies similar to mixed-feeding deer such as the

4391:

having a hypsodonty level similar to later Neogene equids suggests a distinct

4330: 4018: 3990: 3523: 3408: 3391: 2889: 2522: 2139: 1984: 1930: 1394: 95: 60: 8613:

Moreno-Domínguez, Rafael; Postigo-Mijarra, José Mª.; Barrón, Eduardo (2021).

6474: 4742:

The Geiseltal Obere Mittelkhole locality, dating to MP13, records fossils of

1476:, who he named the species after. Ruetimeyer in 1891 erected another species 8418: 8393: 8168: 5621: 5574: 5564: 5454: 5300: 5252: 5236: 5175: 4798: 4778: 4727: 4655: 4579: 4567: 4488:

plants by season varied. There are no significant changes in dental wear in

4449: 4420: 4379:

was previously documented by Remy in 2004, who said that it is not known in

4274:

from Villebramar weighed 53.61 kg (118.2 lb). They also said that

4105: 4050: 3841: 3640: 3593: 2113: 1996: 1556: 986: 814:) while some others were lightly built for cursorial (running) adaptations ( 745: 162: 122: 112: 100: 44: 38: 8746: 8377: 8352: 8328: 8303: 8123: 7812: 7795: 7441: 7423: 5402:, a rhinocerotid genus that arrived in western Europe by the Grande Coupure 4457:

was purely a folivorous browser and therefore never consumed fruits unlike

4349:

leaned towards consuming tough food such as older leaves and harder fruit.

3746:

but display varying degrees of such based on sex and species. The subgenus

1123:. Because the size and form of the head made it difficult to attach to the 711:. It lived in Europe from the middle Oligocene to the early Oligocene. The 7585:"The Eocene-Oligocene ungulates from Western Europe and their environment" 5430:

decreases and an estimated drop of ~70 m (230 ft) in sea level.

3721: 3718: 1929:

belongs to the Palaeotheriidae, largely considered to be one of two major

1286: 1283: 8822: 8549: 8532: 6040: 5755: 5699: 5689: 5558: 5490: 5380: 5248: 5088: 4691: 4675: 4631: 4535: 4415: 4404: 4214:

could have weighed less than 10 kg (22 lb). He also calculated

4005:. Both species have slender limb bones roughly corresponding to those of 3946: 3860: 3830: 3821: 3703: 1961:, one of three proposed tribes within the Palaeotheriinae along with the 1934: 1920: 1866: 1822: 1611:

based on the size and morphology of its premolars. He also reclassified "

1480:, stating that its size based on fossil material would have been that of 1239: 1201: 1166: 1074:) was amongst the fossil mammal species represented as sculptures in the 771: 704: 182: 90: 85: 70: 65: 55: 7190: 6887: 6855: 6695:"Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin" 3816:

has a high talonid cusp but lacks any entoconid cusp; the entoconid of P

8855: 7280:. Jahrestagung der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft 2010. pp. 33–34. 6632: 5609: 5486: 5266:

The MP18 locality of La Débruge in France holds fossil records of both

4146: 3938: 1938: 1912: 1862: 1767:. Remy in 1994, however, rejected the claim by Brunet and Jehenne that 1512: 1251: 974: 105: 80: 8286: 8105: 5983:

Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Sciences, Arts et Commerce du Puy

3973:

and other palaeothere genera. The cursoriality adaptation in multiple

1238:, England by Alexander Pytts Falconer, observing that it had one less 8140:

Hooker, Jerry J.; Collinson, Margaret E.; Sille, Nicholas P. (2004).

4958: 4736: 4519: 4409: 3597: 2854:

As shown in the above phylogeny, the Palaeotheriidae is defined as a

1625:. In 1965, French palaeontologist Jean Albert Remy erected the genus 1559:. In one of his monographies, written the same year, Stehlin erected 1349:

using fossils from there in 1853. In 1853, Pomel listed in the genus

1235: 978: 954: 910: 786:

for the eyes that are more positioned backwards compared to those of

192: 172: 34: 8799: 8590: 8573: 6103:

Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg

5449:

The earliest Oligocene marked the arrivals of later anthracotheres,

2877:, is defined as a sister taxon to more derived palaeotheriids. Both 7764: 7348:

Joomun, Sarah C.; Hooker, Jerry J.; Collinson, Margaret E. (2009).

4492:

from the older Soumailles locality to the younger Ronzon locality.

4361:

having a high rate of efficiency in shearing food at lower energy.

4131:

or another medium to large species based on their temporal ranges.

4119:, differs by its oval shape and varying from three to five digits. 1404:

as a synonymous genus. In 1865 for example, French palaeontologist

6084:

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, Paläontologie, Stuttgart

5822:. MP25 corresponds to a period of high aridity in western Europe. 5589: 5391: 5168: 4720: 4706:). Other MP13-MP14 sites have also yielded fossils of turtles and 4510: 4426: 4353:

consuming more leaf and woody material and less fruit compared to

3840: 3782: 3686: 3545: 3380: 3370: 1906: 1803: 1491: 1301: 1138: 1038: 1009: 982: 8842: 4594:

in terms of the lower molars. The earliest undisputed records of

2024:

along with definite records of the first palaeotheriines such as

1976:. During the temporal unit, many genera of basal equoids such as 16:

This article is about the mammal genus. For the plant genus, see

5424: 4142: 1460:

based on a mandible that was smaller in proportion that that of

1345:

from Frohnstetten since 1851, assembling a complete skeleton of

8803: 6245:

Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen paläontologischen Gesellschaft

4873:, the former three of which were exclusive to the faunal unit. 2909:), thus making Pachynolophinae a paraphyletic subfamily clade. 1575:

based on Egerkingen fossils, arguing that its size was between

6334:

Abhandlungen der schweizerischen paläontologischen Gesellschaf

1452:

were all valid genera and erected two species for the latter:

990: 5631:

was the sole remaining palaeothere genus present in Europe.

3863:

surrounding the skeleton whose whereabouts are also unclear.

3386:

The Palaeotheriidae is diagnosed in part as generally having

1222: 1216: 698: 692: 4049:

Palaeotheriids are known from footprint tracks assigned to

8213:

Escarguel, Gilles; Legendre, Serge; Sigé, Bernard (2008).

7351:

Differences in the Dietary Responses of the Perissodactyl

5179:, a contemporary mammal that was endemic to western Europe 4849:

appears and also records the final temporal appearance of

4845:

The MP14 faunal unit marks the only known period in which

3859:

also figured skeletal elements from the French commune of

7837:"Lower Paleogene Crocodilians from Silveirinha, Portugal" 6061:

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London

4029:

are both short and stocky. The limb bone morphologies of

1751:

and erected for the former genus two additional species:

1106:

and reproduced its size and proportions accordingly. The

798:

to over 150 kg (330 lb) in the largest species

6397:

Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology

6288:

Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie

4582:

locality in Germany that are classified as belonging to

4080:

which has roughly equal sizes in all three of its toes.

3608:

are both well-developed, the latter displaying stronger

1727:

using fossils from fragmentary cranial remains from the

1679:

In 1986, British palaeontologist Jerry J. Hooker listed

703:(crest) meaning "oblique crest") is an extinct genus of 7412:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6199:

Pictet, François Jules; Humbert, Aloïs Humbert (1869).

4558:, and eastern Eurasia (Balkanatolia was in between the 3435:

and a thinner body of the mandible compared to that of

6307:"Sur les mammifères des Sables bartoniens du Castrais" 5906:

Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris

5879:

Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris

4395:

dietary strategy from contemporary palaeotheres, with

3726:, totaling at 42 to 44 teeth present. It differs from 3455:

in having a thinner horizontal ramus of the mandible.

7555:

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Geologie Paläontologie

6268:

Comptes Rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences

6155:"Eocaene Säugethiere Gebiet des Schweizerischen Jura" 4889:

sp. is recorded from an eastern European locality in

4364:

Similarly, Perales-Gogenola et al. observed that the

3488:

skull remains, held at the fossil collections of the

1731:

of the United Kingdom and recognized two subspecies:

1193:. The year after in 1847, the French palaeontologist 1177:, noting that it was the approximate size of that of 5548:

was found in Soumailles along with the theridomyids

4001:

are slightly shorter and wider compared to those of

3875:

appears convex, its peak being on par with the last

1515:. They said that the species was barely larger than 264: 8812: 7359:

to the Eocene/Oligocene Transition Events in Europe

6837: 6835: 5964:

The Art and Science of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs

5663:in MP23 and a major faunal turnover event at MP24. 3394:are slightly extensive to very extensive in depth. 1393:based on dental remains from the Swiss locality of 732:the same year but was reclassified to the subgenus 5674:) coexisted with the likes of the herpetotheriids 4853:. MP16 marks the first appearances of the species 4210:Remy in 2004 calculated that the smallest species 3812:its mesostyle cusp and often lost hypocone cusp. P 3675:but may sometimes be wider; it is able to support 1775:, instead suggesting to convert the former into a 1547:from a fossil mandible from the French commune of 1242:for a total of 3 of them than in other species of 8619:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 8447:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 8258:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 7976:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59–84. 7592:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 7323:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 7141:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6951:(Inaugural Dissertation). University of Freiburg. 6919:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6456: 6454: 6452: 6182:Nouvelles archives du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 5643:. Subsequent units contain one unique species of 4109:, has more divergent outer digit imprints, while 1919:and are typically grouped within the superfamily 1915:are commonly defined as the closest relatives of 1607:, arguing that it was a more advanced species of 1456:using fossil molars from a museum collection and 718:was initially described by the French naturalist 7093:MacLaren, Jamie A.; Nauwelaerts, Sandra (2020). 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6374:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris 5516:are recorded to have gone extinct by MP20 while 5183:The Late Eocene marks the latest appearances of 1291:for a total of 40 teeth and erected the species 7505: 7503: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 1957:has also been suggested to belong to the tribe 1496:Upper dentition (top) and mandible (bottom) of 1353:multiple previously recognized species, namely 7939: 7937: 6693:Bronnert, Constance; Métais, Grégoire (2023). 6028:"A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals" 4306:, a portion of the brain concerning smell, in 3953:is concave in shape, contrasting with that of 3663:but is wider at the area of articulation. The 3620:like in most other palaeotheres but unlike in 2925:only has one species with defined subspecies, 7453: 7451: 6688: 6686: 5191:at MP17 followed by the first appearances of 4571:of endemic middle Eocene groups as a result. 4182:is mentioned to have been 20-25% larger than 3415:is narrow and elevates up to the back of the 1883:(doubtful taxon names). Remy reiterated both 1333:based on fossils from the German locality of 8: 8135: 8133: 7630:Geological Society of America Special Papers 7578: 7576: 6960: 6958: 6942: 6940: 4149:, dating to the Oligocene. It is similar to 3667:of the mandible, which articulates with the 1507:and G. Carrière designated the species name 957:, originally found by the French naturalist 7623: 7621: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 6311:Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 6114: 6112: 6080:"Mitteilungen an Professor Bronn gerichtet" 6078:von Meyer, Christian Erich Hermann (1852). 6021: 6019: 6006:Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 5929:(in French). Vol. 3. Chez Deterville. 4877:is known only from the United Kingdom, and 4123:is known from both France and Iran whereas 1715:as valid species, although he doubted that 1250:based on the mandible. He then described a 8800: 7691: 7689: 7243: 7241: 7239: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6751: 3981:is supported by the elongated and gracile 3850:State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart 3555:National Museum of Natural History, France 2939: 1817:In 2000, Remy described a skull of a male 1790:, named after the Spanish municipality of 1185:morphologies from it and the small-sized " 1004:species. In particular, he suggested that 967:National Museum of Natural History, France 121: 24: 8736: 8679: 8638: 8589: 8548: 8507: 8466: 8417: 8376: 8327: 8285: 8113: 8039:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 7947:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 7811: 7740:Buffetaut, Eric; Angst, Delphine (2014). 7536: 7483: 7431: 7296:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 7289: 7287: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6674: 6644: 6642: 6614: 6612: 6039: 6002:"Note critique sur le genre Paléothérium" 5957: 5955: 3985:which are of equal proportional lengths. 3833:of the lower molars are reduced or gone. 3790:dentition, Natural History Museum, London 2873:, formerly part of the now-invalid genus 1865:with partial dentition from Robiac for a 1853:. Remy, in 2004, followed up by erecting 1669:(left) and an image of the limb bones of 1583:plus that its fossils resembled those of 139:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart 6099:"Beitrage zu der Palaeotheriumformation" 4141:ichsp. from the Spanish municipality of 3627:The postglenoid process, located in the 2937:and additional information about them: 1054:(right) as they appeared as part of the 965:later acquired it and brought it to the 111:(Possible earliest record of up to 46.3 7374: 7372: 6262:Depéret, Charles; Carrière, G. (1901). 5865: 5845: 4302:based on an implied development of the 1798:. The second species he recognized was 663: 644: 622: 600: 578: 556: 534: 512: 8250: 8248: 6649:Métais, Grégoire; Sen, Sevket (2017). 4630:, and Anoplotheriidae), and primates ( 4425:) as well as the browsing-specialized 3933:and unlike the earlier pachynolophine 1268:, he determined that the dentition of 7671: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7661: 5540:In contrast to earlier faunal units, 5477:), carnivorans (later Amphicyonidae, 4518:of Europe and Asia during the middle 1428:into it and erecting another species 487: 288: 7: 5966:. The Crowood Press. pp. 68–91. 5231:. In addition to snakes, frogs, and 3899:are elongated. It tail, composed of 2921:where many species have subspecies, 1825:, assigning it the new species name 8762:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7996:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5627:In the early Oligocene after MP21, 4238:at about 50 kg (110 lb), 3957:which is convex. The foot bones of 3917:bones from the Spanish locality of 3399:well-developed compared to that of 2697: 2673: 2646: 2622: 2598: 2573: 2459: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2360: 2338: 2316: 2269: 2262: 2250: 2226: 2204: 2182: 2158: 2088: 2081: 2074: 1755:from the fossil collections of the 1381:). He also erected another species 1227:("crest") meaning "oblique crest". 1135:Later 19th century research history 1036:were all tridactyl, or three-toed. 7900:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7699:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7381:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6490:Paleontologia I Evolucio, Sabadell 6178:"Remarques sur les Paloplotherium" 5203:and the restricted appearances of 4626:(possibly polyphyletic, however), 4622:), endemic European artiodactyls ( 4254:at 34.8 kg (77 lb), and 4053:, among them being the ichnogenus 3653:basilar part of the occipital bone 3629:squamous part of the temporal bone 3535:is positioned higher than that of 1587:. In 1917, French palaeontologist 1555:using fossils from the commune of 1432:. In 1869, Swiss palaeontologists 14: 8149:Journal of the Geological Society 7065:Revista Española de Paleontología 6026:Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). 4337:indicates it ate more fruit than 4242:at 99 kg (218 lb), and 4097:by its smaller and wider digits. 3891:. The cervical vertebrae of both 3879:and its spinous processes of its 3649:petrous part of the temporal bone 3592:and species originating from the 2067:, appeared by the middle Eocene. 1595:(also recognizing it by the name 1385:. In 1862, Swiss palaeontologist 1321:as a distinct genus and emending 1315:Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer 774:(gaps between teeth) compared to 6222:Annales des sciences géologiques 5933:from the original on 2023-07-31. 5889:from the original on 2023-07-27. 4151:Plagiolophustipus montfalcoensis 4069:Plagiolophustipus montfalcoensis 4013:differs from the aforementioned 3475: 3466: 1651: 1642: 1434:François Jules Pictet de la Rive 1313:In 1852, German palaeontologist 1161:In 1846, French palaeontologist 895: 886: 149: 7835:Antunes, Miguel Telles (2003). 7538:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103929 6826:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a13 3527:than the more forward orbit of 1831:Natural History Museum of Basel 1603:from fossils in the commune of 1341:. Fraas had studied fossils of 959:Auguste Nicholas de Saint-Genis 927:, having established the genus 923:In 1804, the French naturalist 7769:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 7464:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 7099:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 6711:10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a9 5948:. University of Chicago Press. 5489:), eastern Eurasian rodents ( 5274:along with the herpetotheriid 5211:. Within the late Eocene, the 4746:along with the herpetotheriid 4250:at 19.3 kg (43 lb), 4067:, which the sole species name 3989:has similarly tall and narrow 3490:Natural History Museum, London 1571:. He also erected the species 1400:Not all taxonomists agreed on 1211:to. The genus name derives in 1090:sculpture is smaller than the 941:), recognized a third species 486:For subspecies suggested, see 1: 8907:Fossil taxa described in 1847 8016:10.1080/14772019.2019.1645754 7974:The Evolution of Artiodactyls 7920:10.1080/02724634.2023.2189447 7885:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.11.003 7800:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 7750:10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_190 7719:10.1080/02724634.2023.2193828 7612:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00252-2 7207:10.1080/08912963.2022.2104644 7176:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286275 7007:10.1080/08912963.2017.1291637 6980:10.1080/08912963.2021.2025363 6785:10.1080/08912963.2022.2060098 6742:10.1080/08912963.2017.1341502 6521:10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80082-0 4834:, and the other palaeotheres 4614:), non-endemic artiodactyls ( 3961:are distinguished from those 3604:(midline of skull's top) and 1895:and created a third subgenus 1757:Quercy Phosphorites Formation 1464:. In 1877, French naturalist 905:1804 sketch of a skeleton of 850:with other palaeotheres like 8782:10.1080/14772019.2014.948505 8668:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 8640:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110302 8496:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 8468:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111363 8278:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.005 7335:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.001 7153:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.08.039 7022:Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 6931:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110962 6328:Stehlin, Hans Georg (1904). 6305:Stehlin, Hans Georg (1904). 5661:Bachitherium Dispersal Event 5602:Bachitherium Dispersal Event 5600:, a namesake arrival of the 4598:are from the appearances of 4230:, as the largest species of 3696:Milan Natural History Museum 2582:Propalaeotherium cf. gaudryi 1933:families in the superfamily 1861:, which was assigned a left 1743:and Yves Jehenne considered 628:Depéret & Carrière, 1901 425:Brunet & Jehenne, 1989 414:Brunet & Jehenne, 1989 7567:10.1127/njgpm/2000/2000/205 6153:Ruetimeyer, Ludwig (1862). 5508:In regard to palaeotheres, 5417:Eocene-Oligocene transition 5215:and derived members of the 4461:. The change in dieting in 1763:from the French commune of 1539:and erected two species of 1084:Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins 8928: 8729:10.1038/s41598-021-96221-x 8239:10.1016/j.crte.2007.11.005 7959:10.1093/biolinnean/blac002 7794:Martin, Jeremy E. (2015). 7781:10.1007/s10914-024-09711-w 7111:10.1007/s10914-019-09460-1 6676:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.01.001 6593:Remy, Jean-Albert (2004). 6368:Remy, Jean Albert (1965). 6239:Rütimeyer, Ludwig (1891). 5120:, and other palaeotheres ( 4499: 4375:. The hypsodonty trend in 4203:is the largest species of 4083:By extent, the ichnogenus 3655:and is slightly hollowed. 2655:Propalaeotherium isselanum 2549:Propalaeotherium hassiacum 1771:was a distinct genus from 1661:Sketches of limb bones of 1488:20th-21st century taxonomy 1412:as valid genus instead of 1223: 1217: 699: 693: 650:Brunet & Jehenne, 1989 15: 8912:Prehistoric mammal genera 8681:10.1007/s00015-013-0140-x 8509:10.1007/s00015-009-1330-4 8219:Comptes Rendus Geoscience 8059:10.1007/s12549-012-0087-3 7642:10.1130/0-8137-2369-8.455 7485:10.1007/s13358-014-0069-3 7393:10.1080/02724631003618124 7308:10.1007/s12549-018-0341-4 6947:Franzen, Jens L. (1968). 6391:Hooker, Jerry J. (1986). 6351:Depéret, Charles (1917). 4310:based on skull evidence. 4294:contemporary palaeothere 3767:but smaller than that of 3758:While not all species of 3742:are longer than those of 3614:post-orbital constriction 3576:, is larger than that of 2719: 2702: 2695: 2678: 2671: 2651: 2644: 2627: 2620: 2603: 2596: 2578: 2571: 2545: 2519: 2495: 2480: 2464: 2457: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2380: 2365: 2358: 2343: 2336: 2321: 2314: 2290: 2274: 2267: 2260: 2248: 2231: 2224: 2209: 2202: 2187: 2180: 2163: 2156: 2136: 2110: 2093: 2086: 2079: 1891:as defined subgenera for 1869:specimen. He also listed 1786:species, the first being 1525:Paloplotherium Rütimeyeri 1509:Paloplotherium lugdunense 1189:", establishing the name 933:and some of its species ( 625:Paloplotherium lugdunense 537:Plagiolophus tenuirostris 503: 496: 287: 282: 263: 256: 146:Scientific classification 144: 129: 120: 27: 8902:Oligocene Perissodactyla 7583:Blondel, Cécile (2001). 7248:Santi, Guiseppe (2000). 7126:Paleontologia i Evolució 7042:Paleontologia i Evolució 6475:10.3989/egeol.94503-4323 6416:Annales de Paléontologie 6205:. Vol. 2. H. Georg. 6176:Gaudry, Jean A. (1865). 5977:Aymard, Auguste (1846). 5900:Cuvier, Georges (1804). 5873:Cuvier, Georges (1804). 5670:(the largest species of 5378:, and the anthracothere 2607:Propalaeotherium gaudryi 1833:. Remy had also emended 1561:Palaeotherium Rütimeyeri 1373:(by extent synonymizing 1293:Paloplotherium annectens 1230:British palaeontologist 1207:, which he reclassified 1076:Crystal Palace Dinosaurs 1056:Crystal Palace Dinosaurs 707:belonging to the family 581:Paloplotherium annectens 8490:Becker, Damien (2009). 8419:10.5194/cp-17-2343-2021 8169:10.1144/0016-764903-091 7458:Maitre, Elodie (2014). 7271:Engels, Sandra (2010). 6505:Plagiolophus huerzeleri 6503:Remy, Jean A. (2000). " 6136:Pomel, Auguste (1853). 6000:Pomel, Auguste (1847). 5501:), and eulipotyphlans ( 4731:, which coexisted with 4502:Mammal Palaeogene zones 3531:. The nasal opening in 2962:Taxon publication year 2631:Propalaeotherium sudrei 2167:Hyracotherium leporinum 1974:Mammal Palaeogene zones 1849:as valid subgenera for 1537:Palaeotherium castrense 1246:and erecting the genus 726:. It was classified to 33:Temporal range: Middle 8378:10.5194/cp-18-341-2022 8329:10.5194/cp-17-269-2021 7813:10.4202/app.00072.2014 7424:10.1098/rspb.2015.0136 6655:Comptes Rendus Palevol 6433:Remy, Jean A. (1994). 6216:Filhol, Henri (1877). 6055:Owen, Richard (1848). 5604: 5578:, and the palaeothere 5403: 5180: 4739: 4735:in the middle to late 4574:In the fossil record, 4531: 3852: 3794:The oldest species of 3791: 3698: 3557: 3505:. The skull length of 3383: 3077:P. curtisi creechensis 2097:Cardiolophus radinskyi 1937:, the other being the 1923: 1737:P. curtisi creechensis 1671:Plagiolophus annectens 1500: 1470:Paloplotherium Javalii 1329:, erected the species 1310: 1158: 1145:Plagiolophus annectens 1063: 603:Paloplotherium javalii 443:P. mazateronensis 356:& Carrière, 1901 8897:Eocene Perissodactyla 8864:Paleobiology Database 7517:Earth-Science Reviews 6119:Fraas, Oscar (1869). 6097:Fraas, Oscar (1852). 5593: 5395: 5172: 4724: 4646:also overlapped with 4562:of the north and the 4514: 4500:Further information: 4103:, likely produced by 3844: 3786: 3690: 3651:largely contacts the 3549: 3374: 3264:Brunet & Jehenne 3201:Brunet & Jehenne 2941:Comparative table of 2212:"Hyracotherium" remyi 2190:"Hyracotherium" levei 2032:. The palaeotheriine 1910: 1565:Paloplotherium javali 1549:Viviers-lès-Montagnes 1533:Paloplotherium magnum 1503:In 1901, researchers 1495: 1478:Paloplotherium magnum 1305: 1142: 1042: 432:P. casasecaensis 8550:10.20341/gb.2020.006 7355:and the Artiodactyl 6041:10.3996/nafa.23.0001 6032:North American Fauna 5423:that caused drastic 5011:), carnivoraformes ( 4385:Leptolophus stehlini 4115:, attributed to the 4065:Montfalco d'Agramunt 4017:species by the side 3979:Palaeotherium medium 3921:are attributable to 3837:Postcranial skeleton 3564:stretches up to the 3421:mandibular symphysis 2723:Palaeotherium magnum 2140:Pliolophus vulpiceps 1747:to be distinct from 1591:erected the species 1482:Palaeotherium magnum 1337:originally found by 1179:Palaeotherium curtum 1169:with teeth from the 909:from the commune of 666:Plagiolophus minutus 647:Paloplotherium majus 559:Palaeotherium ovinum 18:Plagiolophus (plant) 8774:2015JSPal..13..581M 8721:2021NatSR..1117710M 8631:2021PPP...56710302M 8459:2023PPP...61111363R 8410:2021CliPa..17.2343B 8398:Climate of the Past 8369:2022CliPa..18..341T 8357:Climate of the Past 8320:2021CliPa..17..269H 8308:Climate of the Past 8270:2011PPP...301...97C 8231:2008CRGeo.340..602E 8161:2004JGSoc.161..161H 8098:2014NatSR...4E7463S 8051:2012PdPe...92..445R 8008:2020JSPal..18..541W 7912:2022JVPal..42E9447P 7877:2015Geobi..48...25R 7711:2022JVPal..42E3828M 7604:2001PPP...168..125B 7529:2022ESRv..22603929L 7476:2014SwJP..133..141M 6888:10.18563/pv.39.1.e3 6856:10.18563/pv.41.1.e3 6777:2022HBio...34.1623B 6667:2017CRPal..16..382M 6463:Estudios Geológicos 4566:of the south). The 4262:. They stated that 4145:in the province of 3997:. The astragali of 3631:, is large in both 3618:postorbital process 3375:1935 photograph of 3282:18, 19, 20, 21, 22 2959:Author(s) of taxon 2946: 2682:Leptolophus nouleti 2523:Eurohippus parvulus 1841:and suggested both 1792:Casaseca de Campeán 1619:into its own genus 1569:Plagiolophus fraasi 1357:(reclassified from 1143:Cranial fossils of 1080:Crystal Palace Park 1060:Crystal Palace Park 943:Palaeotherium minus 617:P. lugdunensis 476:P. mamertensis 363:P. cartailhaci 349:P. lugdunensis 8709:Scientific Reports 8578:Geological Journal 8086:Scientific Reports 7418:(1809): 20150136. 7195:Historical Biology 7168:Historical Biology 6995:Historical Biology 6968:Historical Biology 6765:Historical Biology 6730:Historical Biology 6633:10.1111/pala.12319 5605: 5404: 5340:, anoplotheriids ( 5181: 5173:Reconstruction of 5055:, anoplotheriids ( 4740: 4532: 4393:niche partitioning 3927:Anchilophus dumasi 3877:thoracic vertebrae 3853: 3792: 3734:also differs from 3699: 3679:well for chewing. 3677:temporalis muscles 3616:occurs behind the 3558: 3451:also differs from 3384: 3056:P. curtisi curtisi 2953:Proposed subgenus 2940: 2706:Plagiolophus minor 2324:P. ruscassierensis 2114:Hallensia matthesi 1924: 1875:P. plesiomorphicus 1812:P. plesiomorphicus 1733:P. curtisi curtisi 1723:. He also erected 1719:was distinct from 1667:Plagiolophus minor 1529:Hans Georg Stehlin 1521:Hans Georg Stehlin 1501: 1406:Jean Albert Gaudry 1327:Plagiolophus minor 1323:Plagiolophus minus 1311: 1181:but had different 1159: 1078:attraction in the 1072:Plagiolophus minor 1064: 1058:sculptures of the 1045:Plagiolophus minor 907:Plagiolophus minor 454:P. huerzeleri 269:Plagiolophus minor 131:Plagiolophus minor 8879: 8878: 8806:Taxon identifiers 8537:Geologica Belgica 8225:(9–10): 602–614. 8198:. 1 (in French). 8106:10.1038/srep07463 6492:. 30–31: 149–234. 6142:. J.B. Bailliere. 6125:. Self-published. 5721:), theridomyids ( 5479:Amphicynodontidae 5221:Anthracotheriidae 5189:P. mazateronensis 5039:, choeropotamids 4996:Paracynohyaenodon 4879:P. mazateronensis 4871:P. mazateronensis 4821:Amphirhagatherium 4812:, choeropotamids 4752:, carnivoraforme 4530:dispersal routes. 4280:P. mazateronensis 4264:P. mazateronensis 4139:Plagiolophustipus 4137:is also known by 4135:Plagiolophustipus 4125:Plagiolophustipus 4095:Plagiolophustipus 4056:Plagiolophustipus 3887:than to those of 3665:condyloid process 3610:sexual dimorphism 3572:, located in the 3411:and maxilla. The 3359: 3358: 3231:P. mazateronensis 2929:. All species of 2851: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2734: 2733: 2560: 2559: 2534: 2533: 2508: 2507: 2420: 2419: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2401: 2393: 2392: 2303: 2302: 2235:Orolophus maldani 2125: 2124: 1911:Horses and other 1800:P. mazateronensis 1635:into the taxon. 1454:P. siderolithicus 1387:Ludwig Ruetimeyer 1361:and emended from 1171:French department 680: 679: 660: 641: 619: 597: 575: 573:P. annectens 553: 531: 509: 481: 470: 465:P. ringeadei 459: 448: 437: 426: 415: 404: 393: 382: 371: 357: 343: 329: 315: 307:P. annectens 301: 252: 135:Baden-Württemberg 8919: 8872: 8871: 8859: 8858: 8846: 8845: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8801: 8794: 8793: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8740: 8715:(17710): 17710. 8700: 8694: 8693: 8683: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8642: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8593: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8552: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8511: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8470: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8421: 8404:(6): 2343–2360. 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8331: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8252: 8243: 8242: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8146: 8137: 8128: 8127: 8117: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8034: 8028: 8027: 7993: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7841:Palaeovertebrata 7832: 7826: 7825: 7815: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7673: 7656: 7655: 7625: 7616: 7615: 7598:(1–2): 125–139. 7589: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7487: 7455: 7446: 7445: 7435: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7376: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7291: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7254:Natura Bresciana 7245: 7234: 7233: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7201:(9): 1616–1636. 7186: 7180: 7179: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7090: 7073: 7072: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7017: 7011: 7010: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6974:(8): 1388–1398. 6962: 6953: 6952: 6944: 6935: 6934: 6913: 6892: 6891: 6876:Palaeovertebrata 6871: 6860: 6859: 6844:Palaeovertebrata 6839: 6830: 6829: 6808: 6797: 6796: 6771:(8): 1623–1631. 6759: 6746: 6745: 6736:(1–2): 237–250. 6721: 6715: 6714: 6690: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6646: 6637: 6636: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6599:Palaeovertebrata 6590: 6525: 6524: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6469:(3–4): 253–279. 6458: 6447: 6446: 6439:Palaeovertebrata 6430: 6424: 6423: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6116: 6107: 6106: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6023: 6014: 6013: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5870: 5853: 5850: 5807:, lophiomerycid 5676:Amphiperatherium 5328:, choeropotamid 5104:), amphimerycid 5075:Mouillacitherium 5027:), cebochoerids 4972:, pseudosciurid 4917:Amphiperatherium 4836:Propalaeotherium 4749:Amphiperatherium 4652:Herpetotheriidae 4604:P. casasecaensis 4592:Propalaeotherium 4327:Propalaeotherium 3983:metacarpal bones 3977:spp. along with 3935:Propalaeotherium 3901:caudal vertebrae 3885:Propalaeotherium 3881:lumbar vertebrae 3736:Paraplagiolophus 3725: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3537:Propalaeotherium 3479: 3470: 3433:preorbital fossa 3425:coronoid process 3035:P. casasecaensis 2947: 2913:List of lineages 2895:Propalaeotherium 2875:Propachynolophus 2698: 2674: 2647: 2623: 2599: 2574: 2460: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2368:P. livinierensis 2361: 2339: 2317: 2270: 2263: 2251: 2227: 2205: 2183: 2159: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2030:Paraplagiolophus 2003:Propalaeotherium 1788:P. casasecaensis 1699:(emended name), 1683:as a synonym of 1655: 1646: 1631:, reclassifying 1622:Paraplagiolophus 1585:P. codidiciensis 1290: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1226: 1225: 1221:("oblique") and 1220: 1219: 899: 890: 873:Research history 702: 701: 696: 695: 673: 658: 651: 636: 629: 614: 607: 592: 585: 570: 563: 548: 541: 526: 519: 507: 479: 468: 457: 446: 435: 424: 421:P. ministri 413: 402: 391: 380: 377:P. cartieri 366: 352: 338: 324: 310: 296: 266: 247: 240: 227: 214: 154: 153: 125: 110: 47: 25: 8927: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8892:Palaeotheriidae 8882: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8867: 8862: 8854: 8849: 8841: 8836: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8808: 8798: 8797: 8759: 8758: 8754: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8591:10.1002/gj.3830 8571: 8570: 8566: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8264:(1–4): 97–107. 8254: 8253: 8246: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8131: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8036: 8035: 8031: 7991: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7943: 7942: 7935: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7863:Cuvier, 1822". 7857: 7856: 7852: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7695: 7694: 7687: 7675: 7674: 7659: 7652: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7574: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7329:(3–4): 92–106. 7320: 7319: 7315: 7293: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7247: 7246: 7237: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7092: 7091: 7076: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7001:(1–2): 89–118. 6992: 6991: 6987: 6964: 6963: 6956: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6915: 6914: 6895: 6873: 6872: 6863: 6841: 6840: 6833: 6810: 6809: 6800: 6761: 6760: 6749: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6592: 6591: 6528: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6460: 6459: 6450: 6445:(1–4): 211–216. 6432: 6431: 6427: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6118: 6117: 6110: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6025: 6024: 6017: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5828: 5594:Restoration of 5588: 5586:Early Oligocene 5459:Lophiomerycidae 5444: 5428: 5412:climate forcing 5396:Restoration of 5390: 5372:, amphimerycid 5332:, cebochoerids 5316:, palaeotheres 5278:, theridomyids 5217:Anoplotheriinae 5167: 5155:faunal turnover 5107:Pseudamphimeryx 4993:, hyaenodonts ( 4775:archaeonycterid 4725:Restoration of 4708:crocodylomorphs 4700:Hyainailourinae 4688:carnivoraformes 4664:Paroxyclaenidae 4624:Choeropotamidae 4564:Neotethys Ocean 4516:Palaeogeography 4509: 4504: 4498: 4288: 4164: 4121:Palaeotheriipus 4093:, differs from 4086:Palaeotheriipus 4047: 3839: 3819: 3815: 3778: 3774: 3755:to the former. 3717: 3716: 3685: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3471: 3443:contrasts from 3427:. The subgenus 3381:Euzet-les-Bains 3369: 3364: 3180:& Carrière 2915: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2668:Palaeotheriinae 2561: 2535: 2509: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2383:P. cesserasicus 2304: 2153:Palaeotheriidae 2126: 2052:Cantabrotherium 1951:Pachynolophinae 1947:Palaeotheriinae 1905: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1589:Charles Depéret 1505:Charles Depéret 1490: 1383:P. tenuirostris 1282: 1281: 1137: 963:Nicolas Frochot 921: 920: 919: 918: 902: 901: 900: 892: 891: 880: 875: 848:niche partition 709:Palaeotheriidae 676: 668: 662: 661: 659:Dubious species 654: 649: 643: 642: 632: 627: 621: 620: 610: 605: 599: 598: 588: 583: 577: 576: 566: 561: 555: 554: 544: 539: 533: 532: 522: 517: 511: 510: 399:P. curtisi 392:Depéret, 1917 381:Stehlin, 1904 278: 272: 246: 238: 229:Palaeotheriinae 225: 216:Palaeotheriidae 212: 148: 116: 109: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 43:44.9–27.3 42: 41: 31: 21: 12: 11: 5: 8925: 8923: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8884: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8860: 8847: 8834: 8818: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8796: 8795: 8768:(7): 581–600. 8752: 8695: 8674:(2): 349–369. 8654: 8605: 8584:(2): 628–649. 8564: 8523: 8502:(3): 489–504. 8482: 8433: 8384: 8363:(2): 341–362. 8343: 8314:(1): 269–315. 8293: 8244: 8205: 8182: 8155:(2): 161–172. 8129: 8092:(7463): 7463. 8072: 8045:(4): 445–457. 8029: 8002:(7): 541–572. 7979: 7964: 7953:(4): 734–753. 7933: 7890: 7850: 7827: 7806:(3): 673–680. 7786: 7755: 7732: 7685: 7657: 7650: 7617: 7572: 7544: 7499: 7470:(2): 141–242. 7447: 7398: 7387:(2): 563–576. 7368: 7340: 7313: 7302:(2): 271–291. 7283: 7263: 7235: 7212: 7181: 7158: 7131: 7128:(23): 141–152. 7116: 7105:(2): 245–263. 7074: 7051: 7031: 7012: 6985: 6954: 6936: 6893: 6861: 6831: 6820:(1): 525–585. 6798: 6747: 6716: 6705:(9): 277–326. 6682: 6661:(4): 382–396. 6638: 6627:(6): 837–852. 6608: 6526: 6515:(4): 489–503. 6495: 6480: 6448: 6425: 6406: 6383: 6360: 6357:. Lyon A. Rey. 6343: 6320: 6297: 6277: 6254: 6231: 6208: 6191: 6168: 6145: 6128: 6108: 6089: 6070: 6047: 6015: 5992: 5969: 5951: 5936: 5915: 5892: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5827: 5824: 5795:, cainotheres 5768:Cadurcotherium 5706:Vespertiliavus 5587: 5584: 5568:, cebochoerid 5475:Eggysodontidae 5467:Rhinocerotidae 5463:rhinocerotoids 5442: 5426: 5408:Grande Coupure 5389: 5388:Grande Coupure 5386: 5310:, amphicyonid 5298:, hyaenodonts 5290:, ischyromyid 5257:Helodermatidae 5225:Hyaenodontinae 5213:Cainotheriidae 5166: 5163: 5153:After MP16, a 5135:Metanchilophus 5086:, xiphodonts ( 5064:Catodontherium 4990:Pseudoltinomys 4962:, ischyromyid 4913:P. mamertensis 4909:P. cartailhaci 4863:P. mamertensis 4855:P. cartailhaci 4847:P. lugdunensis 4824:, lophiodonts 4809:Messelobunodon 4712:Gastornithidae 4680:eulipotyphlans 4672:Theridomyoidea 4636:Amphimerycidae 4608:Lophiodontidae 4560:Paratethys Sea 4552:Grande Coupure 4522:with possible 4508: 4505: 4497: 4494: 4304:rhinencephalon 4287: 4284: 4244:P. mamertensis 4240:P. cartailhaci 4163: 4160: 4117:Rhinocerotidae 4089:, assigned to 4046: 4043: 3838: 3835: 3826:Paloplotherium 3817: 3813: 3776: 3772: 3752:Paloplotherium 3684: 3681: 3612:in males. The 3602:sagittal crest 3484: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3453:Paloplotherium 3441:Paloplotherium 3437:Paloplotherium 3413:zygomatic arch 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3324:Paloplotherium 3321: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3236:Paloplotherium 3233: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3215:Paloplotherium 3212: 3210:P. mamertensis 3206: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3194:Paloplotherium 3191: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3170:Paloplotherium 3167: 3165:P. lugdunensis 3161: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3082:Paloplotherium 3079: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3061:Paloplotherium 3058: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3040:Paloplotherium 3037: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3019:Paloplotherium 3016: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2996:Paloplotherium 2993: 2991:P. cartailhaci 2987: 2986: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2973:Paloplotherium 2970: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2914: 2911: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2346:P. eulaliensis 2342: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2073: 1967:Palaeotheriini 1904: 1903:Classification 1901: 1889:Paloplotherium 1859:P. mamertensis 1847:Paloplotherium 1769:Paloplotherium 1745:Paloplotherium 1701:P. cartailhaci 1697:P. lugdunensis 1681:Paloplotherium 1660: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1613:Paloplotherium 1553:P. Cartailhaci 1489: 1486: 1446:Paloplotherium 1410:Paloplotherium 1402:Paloplotherium 1375:Paloplotherium 1317:, recognizing 1297:Paloplotherium 1278:Paloplotherium 1274:dental formula 1270:Paloplotherium 1256:Paloplotherium 1248:Paloplotherium 1163:Auguste Aymard 1153:(fig. 5), and 1136: 1133: 1043:Sculptures of 951:French commune 925:Georges Cuvier 915:Georges Cuvier 904: 903: 894: 893: 885: 884: 883: 882: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 866:Grande Coupure 755:Paloplotherium 720:Georges Cuvier 678: 677: 675: 674: 657: 656: 655: 653: 652: 635: 634: 633: 631: 630: 613: 612: 611: 609: 608: 595:P. javali 591: 590: 589: 587: 586: 569: 568: 567: 565: 564: 551:P. ovinus 547: 546: 545: 543: 542: 525: 524: 523: 521: 520: 515:Paloplotherium 508:Genus synonymy 506: 505: 504: 501: 500: 494: 493: 483: 482: 471: 460: 449: 447:Cuesta, 1994 438: 436:Cuesta, 1994 427: 416: 405: 403:Hooker, 1986 394: 383: 372: 358: 344: 335:P. javali 330: 321:P. fraasi 316: 302: 293:P. ovinus 285: 284: 283:Other species 280: 279: 273: 261: 260: 254: 253: 236: 232: 231: 223: 219: 218: 210: 206: 205: 203:Perissodactyla 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 142: 141: 133:skeleton from 127: 126: 118: 117: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 48: 32: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8924: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8870: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8753: 8748: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8625:(3): 110302. 8624: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8543:(1–2): 1–16. 8542: 8538: 8534: 8527: 8524: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8385: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8294: 8288: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8209: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7831: 7828: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7756: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7736: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7681: 7680: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7651:9780813723693 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7545: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7399: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7275: 7267: 7264: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7132: 7127: 7120: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7032: 7028:(2): 263–292. 7027: 7023: 7016: 7013: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6814:Geodiversitas 6807: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699:Geodiversitas 6696: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6621:Palaeontology 6615: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6407: 6403:(4): 191–478. 6402: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6361: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6232: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6195: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5919: 5916: 5911: 5908:(in French). 5907: 5903: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5881:(in French). 5880: 5876: 5869: 5866: 5859: 5849: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5833:Palaeotherium 5830: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792:Metriotherium 5789:, dichobunid 5788: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5777:Schizotherium 5774: 5770: 5769: 5765:), amynodont 5764: 5763: 5762:Dinailurictis 5758: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5747:, nimravids ( 5746: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5723:Blainvillimys 5720: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5682:, nyctithere 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5655:in MP23, and 5654: 5653:P. huerzeleri 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5580:Palaeotherium 5577: 5576: 5572:, eggysodont 5571: 5567: 5566: 5562:, entelodont 5561: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5550:Blainvillimys 5547: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5471:Amynodontidae 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5453:, ruminants ( 5452: 5447: 5445: 5437: 5436:Turgai Strait 5431: 5429: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5400: 5394: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5366:, cainothere 5365: 5361: 5358:, xiphodonts 5357: 5354:), tapirulid 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5343:Anoplotherium 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330:Choeropotamus 5327: 5324:, dichobunid 5323: 5319: 5318:Palaeotherium 5315: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5292:Plesiarctomys 5289: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5281:Blainvillimys 5277: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5229:Amphicyonidae 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5144:Pachynolophus 5141: 5140:Lophiotherium 5137: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122:Palaeotherium 5119: 5118: 5117:Chasmotherium 5113: 5110:, lophiodont 5109: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5073:, dichobunid 5072: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5042:Choeropotamus 5038: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008:Cynohyaenodon 5004: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4895:Palaeotherium 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4840:Lophiotherium 4837: 4833: 4832: 4831:Paralophiodon 4827: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4806:, dichobunid 4805: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4784:paroxyclaenid 4781: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4758:, hyaenodont 4757: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4716:Palaeognathae 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704:Proviverrinae 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684:apatotherians 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668:Ischyromyidae 4665: 4661: 4660:Pantolestidae 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4644:Palaeotherium 4641: 4640:Xiphodontidae 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628:Cebochoeridae 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580:Geiseltal uMK 4577: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4528:perissodactyl 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507:Middle Eocene 4506: 4503: 4496:Palaeoecology 4495: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4446:anoplotheriid 4443: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4381:Palaeotherium 4378: 4374: 4373: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4359:Palaeotherium 4356: 4352: 4351:Palaeotherium 4348: 4344: 4343:Palaeotherium 4340: 4339:Palaeotherium 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323:Hyracotherium 4320: 4316: 4315:Palaeotherium 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4296:Palaeotherium 4292: 4286:Palaeobiology 4285: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:P. huerzeleri 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4180:P. huerzeleri 4177: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4129:P. huerzeleri 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4112:Rhinoceripeda 4108: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4091:Palaeotherium 4088: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4078:Palaeotherium 4075: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999:P. huerzeleri 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971:Palaeotherium 3968: 3964: 3963:Palaeotherium 3960: 3956: 3955:Palaeotherium 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931:Palaeotherium 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897:Palaeotherium 3894: 3890: 3889:Palaeotherium 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3770: 3766: 3765:Palaeotherium 3761: 3756: 3753: 3750:differs from 3749: 3745: 3744:Palaeotherium 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3673:Palaeotherium 3670: 3669:temporal bone 3666: 3662: 3661:Palaeotherium 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645:P. huerzeleri 3642: 3638: 3637:Palaeotherium 3634: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3622:Palaeotherium 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3578:Palaeotherium 3575: 3574:sphenoid bone 3571: 3570:optic foramen 3567: 3566:lacrimal bone 3563: 3562:palatine bone 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3541:Palaeotherium 3538: 3534: 3530: 3529:Palaeotherium 3526: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511:P. huerzeleri 3508: 3504: 3500: 3497:The skull of 3491: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3457:Fraasiolophus 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3401:Palaeotherium 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121:P. huerzeleri 3119: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3103:Fraasiolophus 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919:Palaeotherium 2912: 2910: 2908: 2907:Palaeotherium 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2884:Lophiotherium 2880: 2879:Pachynolophus 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2863:sensu stricto 2861: 2860:Hyracotherium 2857: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2819: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2453:Lophiotherium 2450: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2406: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2256:Pachynolophus 2253: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2043:Palaeotherium 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Palaeotherium 2023: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2015:Pachynolophus 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1979:Hyracotherium 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:Plagiolophini 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1897:Fraasiolophus 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827:P. huerzeleri 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Palaeotherium 1746: 1742: 1741:Michel Brunet 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:Palaeotherium 1682: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Palaeotherium 1654: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:P. codiciense 1514: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:Palaeotherium 1439: 1438:Aloïs Humbert 1435: 1431: 1430:P. codiciense 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:Palaeotherium 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1265:Anoplotherium 1261: 1260:Palaeotherium 1257: 1254:belonging to 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Palaeotherium 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1214: 1213:Ancient Greek 1210: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199:Palaeotherium 1196: 1195:Auguste Pomel 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1156: 1155:Palaeotherium 1152: 1151: 1150:Anoplotherium 1146: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1050:Palaeotherium 1046: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:Palaeotherium 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002:Palaeotherium 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:Palaeotherium 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931: 930:Palaeotherium 926: 916: 912: 908: 898: 889: 878:Early history 877: 872: 870: 867: 863: 859: 858: 853: 852:Palaeotherium 849: 844: 840: 835: 831: 827: 825: 824:P. huerzeleri 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788:Palaeotherium 785: 781: 777: 776:Palaeotherium 773: 769: 765: 763: 762: 761:Fraasiolophus 757: 756: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738:Auguste Pomel 735: 731: 730: 729:Palaeotherium 725: 721: 717: 714: 710: 706: 690: 689:Ancient Greek 686: 685: 671: 667: 664: 648: 645: 640: 639:P. major 626: 623: 618: 604: 601: 596: 582: 579: 574: 560: 557: 552: 538: 535: 530: 529:P. minor 516: 513: 502: 499: 495: 492: 491: 489: 478: 477: 472: 467: 466: 461: 456: 455: 450: 445: 444: 439: 434: 433: 428: 423: 422: 417: 412: 411: 410:P. major 406: 401: 400: 395: 390: 389: 388:P. oweni 384: 379: 378: 373: 369: 365: 364: 359: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 337: 336: 331: 327: 323: 322: 317: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 295: 294: 289: 286: 281: 276: 271: 270: 262: 259: 255: 250: 245: 244: 237: 234: 233: 230: 224: 221: 220: 217: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 152: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 114: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 46: 40: 36: 30: 26: 23: 19: 8814:Plagiolophus 8813: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8540: 8536: 8526: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8450: 8446: 8436: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8311: 8307: 8296: 8261: 8257: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8152: 8148: 8089: 8085: 8075: 8042: 8038: 8032: 7999: 7995: 7982: 7973: 7967: 7950: 7946: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7871:(1): 25–38. 7868: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7741: 7735: 7702: 7698: 7678: 7633: 7629: 7595: 7591: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7520: 7516: 7467: 7463: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7384: 7380: 7358: 7354: 7353:Plagiolophus 7350: 7343: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7299: 7295: 7273: 7266: 7257: 7253: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7198: 7194: 7184: 7167: 7161: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7125: 7119: 7102: 7098: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7025: 7021: 7015: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6971: 6967: 6948: 6922: 6918: 6879: 6875: 6847: 6843: 6817: 6813: 6768: 6764: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6702: 6698: 6658: 6654: 6624: 6620: 6602: 6598: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6489: 6483: 6466: 6462: 6442: 6438: 6428: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6380:: 4362–4364. 6377: 6373: 6363: 6353: 6346: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6201: 6194: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6138: 6131: 6121: 6102: 6092: 6083: 6073: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6031: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5963: 5945: 5939: 5925: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5848: 5831: 5819:Bachitherium 5817: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5786:Doliochoerus 5784: 5775: 5773:chalicothere 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5738:Eucricetodon 5736: 5735:), cricetid 5732: 5728:Issiodoromys 5726: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5697:, erinaceid 5692: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5672:Plagiolophus 5671: 5667: 5665: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5645:Plagiolophus 5644: 5641:P. ringeadei 5640: 5636: 5632: 5629:Plagiolophus 5628: 5626: 5606: 5597:Bachitherium 5595: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5542:Plagiolophus 5541: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5448: 5432: 5405: 5399:Ronzotherium 5397: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5352:Dacrytherium 5351: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5233:salamandrids 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185:P. annectens 5184: 5182: 5174: 5159:Diplocynodon 5158: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5114:, hyrachyid 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5070:Robiatherium 5068: 5062: 5058:Dacrytherium 5056: 5052: 5051:, tapirulid 5048:Haplobunodon 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5014:Simamphicyon 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4980:theridomyids 4973: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4953:Microchoerus 4951: 4945: 4941: 4940:, omomyids ( 4935: 4926: 4925:, apatemyid 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4905:P. annectens 4904: 4903: 4899:Plagiolophus 4898: 4894: 4887:Plagiolophus 4886: 4883:Plagiolophus 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4867:P. annectens 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4815:Rhagatherium 4813: 4807: 4801: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4766:amphilemurid 4759: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4733:Plagiolophus 4732: 4726: 4666:), rodents ( 4648:metatherians 4643: 4634:). Both the 4616:Dichobunidae 4603: 4599: 4596:Plagiolophus 4595: 4591: 4588:Plagiolophus 4587: 4583: 4576:Plagiolophus 4575: 4573: 4556:Balkanatolia 4548: 4533: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4459:Plagiolophus 4458: 4454: 4448: 4442:Plagiolophus 4441: 4439: 4435:Plagiolophus 4434: 4430: 4419: 4408: 4401:Plagiolophus 4400: 4397:Plagiolophus 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4377:Plagiolophus 4376: 4370: 4366:Plagiolophus 4365: 4363: 4358: 4355:Plagiolophus 4354: 4350: 4347:Plagiolophus 4346: 4342: 4338: 4335:Plagiolophus 4334: 4326: 4322: 4319:Plagiolophus 4318: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4300:Plagiolophus 4299: 4295: 4291:Plagiolophus 4290: 4289: 4279: 4276:P. annectens 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4260:Plagiolophus 4259: 4255: 4252:P. annectens 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236:P. annectens 4235: 4232:Plagiolophus 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4205:Plagiolophus 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167:Plagiolophus 4166: 4165: 4156:Plagiolophus 4155: 4150: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4074:Plagiolophus 4073: 4068: 4061:Plagiolophus 4060: 4054: 4048: 4038: 4034: 4031:P. annectens 4030: 4027:P. annectens 4026: 4022: 4015:Plagiolophus 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3975:Plagiolophus 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959:Plagiolophus 3958: 3954: 3951:Plagiolophus 3950: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3923:P. annectens 3922: 3919:Roc de Santa 3907:Plagiolophus 3906: 3905: 3896: 3893:Plagiolophus 3892: 3888: 3884: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3846:Plagiolophus 3845: 3825: 3809:P. annectens 3808: 3805:P. annectens 3804: 3800:P. annectens 3799: 3796:Plagiolophus 3795: 3793: 3787: 3768: 3764: 3760:Plagiolophus 3759: 3757: 3751: 3748:Plagiolophus 3747: 3743: 3740:Plagiolophus 3739: 3735: 3732:Plagiolophus 3731: 3727: 3713:Plagiolophus 3712: 3708:Plagiolophus 3707: 3700: 3692:P. annectens 3691: 3672: 3660: 3657: 3644: 3636: 3633:Plagiolophus 3632: 3626: 3621: 3606:nuchal lines 3589: 3585: 3582:P. annectens 3581: 3577: 3559: 3550: 3540: 3536: 3533:Plagiolophus 3532: 3528: 3522: 3519:Plagiolophus 3518: 3515:P. annectens 3514: 3510: 3507:Plagiolophus 3506: 3502: 3499:Plagiolophus 3498: 3496: 3486:P. annectens 3485: 3456: 3452: 3449:Plagiolophus 3448: 3445:Plagiolophus 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429:Plagiolophus 3428: 3400: 3396:Plagiolophus 3395: 3385: 3377:P. annectens 3376: 3345:Plagiolophus 3344: 3340:P. ringeadei 3339: 3323: 3318: 3301:Plagiolophus 3300: 3295: 3278:Plagiolophus 3277: 3272: 3257:Plagiolophus 3256: 3251: 3235: 3230: 3214: 3209: 3193: 3188: 3169: 3164: 3147:Plagiolophus 3146: 3141: 3126:Plagiolophus 3125: 3120: 3102: 3097: 3081: 3076: 3060: 3055: 3039: 3034: 3023:12?, 13, 14 3018: 3013: 2995: 2990: 2972: 2968:P. annectens 2967: 2943:Plagiolophus 2942: 2935:Plagiolophus 2934: 2931:Plagiolophus 2930: 2926: 2923:Plagiolophus 2922: 2918: 2916: 2906: 2903:Plagiolophus 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2856:monophyletic 2853: 2721: 2720: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2680: 2679: 2653: 2652: 2629: 2628: 2605: 2604: 2580: 2579: 2547: 2546: 2521: 2520: 2497: 2496: 2482: 2481: 2466: 2465: 2451: 2382: 2381: 2367: 2366: 2345: 2344: 2323: 2322: 2292: 2291: 2276: 2275: 2254: 2233: 2232: 2211: 2210: 2189: 2188: 2165: 2164: 2138: 2137: 2112: 2111: 2095: 2094: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039:Plagiolophus 2038: 2034:Plagiolophus 2033: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1963:Leptolophini 1955:Plagiolophus 1954: 1943:Tapiromorpha 1927:Plagiolophus 1926: 1925: 1917:palaeotheres 1896: 1893:Plagiolophus 1892: 1888: 1885:Plagiolophus 1884: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1858: 1855:P. ringeadei 1854: 1851:Plagiolophus 1850: 1846: 1843:Plagiolophus 1842: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1819:Plagiolophus 1818: 1816: 1811: 1808:Plagiolophus 1807: 1799: 1787: 1784:Plagiolophus 1783: 1781: 1777:Plagiolophus 1776: 1773:Plagiolophus 1772: 1768: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1705:P. annectens 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609:Plagiolophus 1608: 1600: 1597:P. annectens 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1577:P. annectens 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1544: 1541:Plagiolophus 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:synonymized 1524: 1516: 1508: 1502: 1497: 1481: 1477: 1474:Ernest Javal 1469: 1466:Henri Filhol 1461: 1458:P. valdensis 1457: 1453: 1450:Plagiolophus 1449: 1445: 1441: 1429: 1426:P. annectens 1425: 1421: 1417: 1414:Plagiolophus 1413: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1390: 1389:established 1382: 1379:Plagiolophus 1378: 1374: 1371:P. annectens 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351:Plagiolophus 1350: 1346: 1343:palaeotheres 1335:Frohnstetten 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319:Plagiolophus 1318: 1312: 1307: 1306:Mandible of 1296: 1292: 1277: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1232:Richard Owen 1229: 1208: 1205:Plagiolophus 1204: 1198: 1197:erected the 1190: 1186: 1178: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1147:(fig. 1-4), 1144: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1095: 1091: 1088:Plagiolophus 1087: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1048: 1044: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008:resembled a 1005: 1001: 997: 995: 970: 942: 938: 934: 928: 922: 906: 862:Plagiolophus 861: 855: 851: 842: 838: 834:Plagiolophus 833: 830:Plagiolophus 829: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 804:P. annectens 803: 799: 795: 792:Plagiolophus 791: 787: 775: 768:Plagiolophus 767: 766: 760: 759: 754: 753: 750:Plagiolophus 749: 742:Plagiolophus 741: 734:Plagiolophus 733: 727: 715: 713:type species 697:(oblique) + 684:Plagiolophus 683: 682: 681: 665: 646: 638: 637:Synonyms of 624: 616: 615:Synonyms of 606:Filhol, 1877 602: 594: 593:Synonyms of 580: 572: 571:Synonyms of 562:Aymard, 1846 558: 550: 549:Synonyms of 536: 528: 527:Synonyms of 514: 485: 484: 475: 474: 469:Remy, 2004 464: 463: 458:Remy, 2000 453: 452: 442: 441: 431: 430: 420: 419: 409: 408: 398: 397: 387: 386: 376: 375: 362: 361: 348: 347: 334: 333: 320: 319: 306: 305: 292: 291: 268: 267: 258:Type species 243:Plagiolophus 242: 241: 130: 29:Plagiolophus 28: 22: 7636:: 455–461. 7561:: 205–216. 7071:(1): 37–55. 6882:(1): 1–98. 6422:(1): 23–52. 5885:: 442–472. 5810:Lophiomeryx 5798:Plesiomeryx 5750:Quercylurus 5680:Peratherium 5649:P. ministri 5614:broadleaved 5570:Acotherulum 5556:, nimravid 5503:Erinaceidae 5451:entelodonts 5338:Acotherulum 5334:Cebochoerus 5322:Anchilophus 5276:Peratherium 5165:Late Eocene 5130:Anchilophus 5126:Leptolophus 5036:Acotherulum 5030:Cebochoerus 4947:Pseudoloris 4922:Peratherium 4891:Cherno More 4851:P. cartieri 4803:Nannopithex 4794:Europolemur 4744:P. cartieri 4696:hyaenodonts 4656:cimolestans 4620:Tapirulidae 4612:Hyrachyidae 4600:P. cartieri 4584:P. cartieri 4544:condylarths 4524:artiodactyl 4431:Alces alces 4389:Leptolophus 4372:Merychippus 4272:P. ministri 4184:P. ministri 4003:P. ministri 3987:P. ministri 3943:iliac crest 3769:Leptolophus 3728:Leptolophus 3596:have thick 3590:P. cartieri 3503:Leptolophus 3405:nasal notch 3392:nasal bones 3379:skull from 3362:Description 3252:P. ministri 3014:P. cartieri 2956:MP unit(s) 2899:Leptolophus 2498:L. cervulum 2483:L. pygmaeum 2064:Iberolophus 2047:Leptolophus 2021:Anchilophus 1991:Cymbalophus 1880:nomen dubia 1796:Duero Basin 1794:within the 1765:Villebramar 1761:P. ministri 1729:Barton Beds 1693:P. cartieri 1687:and listed 1628:Leptolophus 1573:P. cartieri 1440:wrote that 1416:, grouping 1408:recognized 1339:Oscar Fraas 1175:Haute-Loire 1165:recorded a 1047:(left) and 947:Paris Basin 857:Leptolophus 820:P. ministri 780:nasal notch 736:, named by 724:Paris Basin 540:Pomel, 1853 480:Remy, 2004 222:Subfamily: 8886:Categories 8453:: 111363. 8287:2445/34510 8202:: 275–282. 7523:: 103929. 6317:: 445–475. 6294:: 209–224. 6274:: 616–618. 6228:: 160–167. 6105:: 218–251. 6086:: 831–833. 6012:: 584–587. 5989:: 227–267. 5860:References 5815:bachithere 5813:, and the 5804:Cainomeryx 5733:Theridomys 5694:Myxomygale 5685:Darbonetus 5618:mesophytic 5610:needleleaf 5554:Theridomys 5499:Castoridae 5495:Cricetidae 5483:Nimravidae 5421:ice sheets 5375:Amphimeryx 5313:Cynodictis 5287:Theridomys 5261:Varanoidea 5245:Gekkonidae 5241:Lacertidae 5148:Eurohippus 5101:Haplomeryx 5079:robiacinid 5024:Paramiacis 5019:Quercygale 5002:Paroxyaena 4975:Sciuroides 4956:), adapid 4942:Necrolemur 4937:Saturninia 4933:nyctithere 4928:Heterohyus 4875:P. curtisi 4859:P. curtisi 4770:Amphilemur 4761:Proviverra 4755:Quercygale 4540:omnivorous 4331:tooth wear 4045:Footprints 4019:metapodial 3915:metatarsal 3848:sp. limb, 3704:diastemata 3694:mandible, 3553:mandible, 3524:Mesohippus 3409:premaxilla 2927:P. curtisi 2890:Eurohippus 2058:Franzenium 1985:Pliolophus 1931:hippomorph 1871:P. minutus 1779:subgenus. 1725:P. curtisi 1717:P. javalii 1713:P. javalii 1633:P. nouleti 1617:codiciense 1545:P. Nouleti 1395:Egerkingen 1391:P. minutus 1030:P. crassum 772:diastemata 670:Ruetimeyer 584:Owen, 1848 518:Owen, 1848 8690:128585686 8649:233968947 8600:216198894 8559:224860287 8477:254801829 8428:244097729 8338:234099337 8177:140576090 8067:128651937 8024:202026238 7928:258663753 7861:Lophiodon 7727:258361595 7357:Diplobune 7226:Geogaceta 7147:: 78–89. 6793:248164842 5741:, glirid 5718:Stehlinia 5712:Vaylatsia 5668:P. javali 5657:P. javali 5651:in MP22, 5637:P. ovinus 5622:evergreen 5575:Eggysodon 5565:Entelodon 5535:P. fraasi 5514:P. fraasi 5455:Gelocidae 5356:Tapirulus 5348:Diplobune 5326:Dichobune 5301:Hyaenodon 5294:, glirid 5253:Scincidae 5237:Iguanidae 5205:P. fraasi 5176:Diplobune 5112:Lophiodon 5083:Robiacina 5053:Tapirulus 4966:, glirid 4964:Ailuravus 4826:Lophiodon 4791:, adapid 4788:Pugiodens 4779:Matthesia 4728:Lophiodon 4568:Holarctic 4455:Diplobune 4450:Diplobune 4423:capreolus 4421:Capreolus 4228:P. javali 4224:P. fraasi 4201:P. javali 4197:P. javali 4188:P. fraasi 4106:Lophiodon 4100:Lophiopus 4051:ichnotaxa 4039:P. javali 4035:P. fraasi 4023:P. javali 4011:P. fraasi 3991:astragali 3831:cingulids 3722:3.1.3-4.3 3719:3.1.3-4.3 3683:Dentition 3641:ear canal 3594:Oligocene 3296:P. ovinus 3142:P. javali 3111:von Meyer 3098:P. fraasi 2945:lineages 2293:P. duvali 2009:Orolophus 1997:Hallensia 1721:P. fraasi 1709:P. fraasi 1557:Peyregoux 1422:P. ovinus 1363:P. ovinum 1355:P. ovinus 1331:P. fraasi 1308:P. javali 1191:P. ovinum 1121:P. medium 1117:P. medium 1113:P. medium 1096:P. medium 1092:P. magnum 1034:P. curtum 1022:P. magnum 1018:P. medium 987:vertebrae 939:P. magnum 935:P. medium 812:P. javali 808:P. fraasi 800:P. javali 746:subgenera 740:in 1847. 326:von Meyer 169:Kingdom: 163:Eukaryota 39:Oligocene 8843:47141480 8829:Q3906176 8823:Wikidata 8790:56365084 8747:34489502 8518:67817430 8124:25501388 7822:54002673 7494:84066785 7442:26041349 7260:: 15–22. 7232:: 15–18. 7170:: 1–17. 7048:: 29–37. 6850:: 1–18. 6251:: 61–62. 6188:: 15–24. 5931:Archived 5912:: 66–81. 5887:Archived 5826:See also 5756:Nimravus 5744:Gliravus 5703:, bats ( 5700:Tetracus 5633:P. minor 5559:Eusmilus 5546:P. minor 5531:P. minor 5527:P. minor 5522:P. minor 5518:P. minor 5510:P. major 5491:Eomyidae 5381:Elomeryx 5364:Dichodon 5360:Xiphodon 5307:Pterodon 5272:P. minor 5268:P. oweni 5249:Agamidae 5209:P. major 5201:P. minor 5197:P. minor 5193:P. oweni 5095:Dichodon 5089:Xiphodon 4692:Miacidae 4682:, bats, 4676:Gliridae 4632:Adapidae 4536:Primates 4490:P. minor 4485:P. minor 4481:P. minor 4477:P. minor 4472:P. minor 4467:P. minor 4463:P. minor 4444:and the 4416:roe deer 4405:red deer 4308:P. minor 4268:P. minor 4256:P. major 4248:P. minor 4220:P. major 4212:P. minor 4192:P. major 4176:P. minor 4172:P. minor 4007:P. minor 3995:P. minor 3967:P. minor 3947:hip bone 3873:P. minor 3865:P. minor 3861:Monthyon 3856:P. minor 3822:cementum 3788:P. minor 3586:P. minor 3551:P. minor 3331:Depéret 3319:P. oweni 3273:P. minor 3189:P. major 3026:Stehlin 2950:Lineage 1935:Equoidea 1921:Equoidea 1877:both as 1867:holotype 1839:P. major 1835:P. majus 1823:Vaucluse 1753:P. majus 1689:P. minor 1593:P. Oweni 1581:P. minor 1523:erected 1498:P. minor 1468:erected 1462:P. minor 1418:P. minor 1367:P. minor 1347:P. minor 1240:premolar 1209:P. minus 1202:subgenus 1187:P. minus 1167:mandible 1157:(fig. 6) 1129:P. minor 1125:P. minor 1108:P. minor 1104:P. minor 1068:P. minus 1026:P. minus 1006:P. minus 998:P. minus 975:scapulae 843:P. minor 839:P. minor 816:P. minor 796:P. minor 716:P. minor 498:Synonyms 370:, 1904 342:, 1877 328:, 1852 314:, 1848 300:, 1846 209:Family: 193:Mammalia 183:Chordata 179:Phylum: 173:Animalia 159:Domain: 37:– Early 8856:3239484 8770:Bibcode 8738:8421421 8717:Bibcode 8627:Bibcode 8455:Bibcode 8406:Bibcode 8365:Bibcode 8316:Bibcode 8266:Bibcode 8227:Bibcode 8157:Bibcode 8115:4264005 8094:Bibcode 8047:Bibcode 8004:Bibcode 7908:Bibcode 7873:Bibcode 7865:Geobios 7847:: 1–26. 7707:Bibcode 7600:Bibcode 7525:Bibcode 7472:Bibcode 7433:4590438 6773:Bibcode 6663:Bibcode 6509:Géobios 6165:: 1–98. 5487:Ursidae 5369:Oxacron 4984:Elfomys 4799:omomyid 4694:), and 4412:elephus 4147:Navarre 3945:of the 3939:scapula 3243:Cuesta 3240:16, 17 3178:Depéret 3089:Hooker 3068:Hooker 3047:Cuesta 3004:Stehlin 2977:16, 17 2917:Unlike 1939:Equidae 1863:maxilla 1673:(right) 1513:Lissieu 1287:3.1.3.3 1284:3.1.3.3 1252:cranium 1218:πλαγιοϛ 917:(right) 705:equoids 694:πλαγιοϛ 368:Stehlin 354:Depéret 235:Genus: 199:Order: 189:Class: 8788: 8745: 8735: 8688: 8647: 8598: 8557: 8516: 8475: 8426: 8336: 8196:STRATA 8175: 8122: 8112: 8065: 8022: 7926: 7820: 7775:(15). 7725: 7648: 7492: 7440: 7430: 6791: 6605:(1–4). 6034:(23). 5690:talpid 5497:, and 5485:, and 5350:, and 5296:Glamys 5259:, and 5227:, and 5067:, and 5021:, and 5005:, and 4969:Glamys 4959:Adapis 4950:, and 4911:, and 4869:, and 4737:Eocene 4610:, and 4520:Eocene 4414:) and 4410:Cervus 4037:, and 3937:. The 3911:tarsal 3647:. The 3568:. The 3419:. The 3388:orbits 3309:Aymard 3286:Cuvier 3155:Filhol 2905:, and 2467:L. sp. 2277:P. sp. 2061:, and 2045:, and 1994:, and 1913:equids 1711:, and 1605:Gargas 1448:, and 1424:, and 1369:, and 1236:Hordle 1086:. The 1062:, 2009 1052:medium 1032:, and 989:, and 983:femora 979:humeri 955:Pantin 911:Pantin 784:orbits 782:, and 758:, and 672:, 1862 340:Filhol 298:Aymard 277:, 1804 275:Cuvier 251:, 1847 35:Eocene 8869:57541 8786:S2CID 8686:S2CID 8645:S2CID 8596:S2CID 8555:S2CID 8514:S2CID 8473:S2CID 8424:S2CID 8334:S2CID 8173:S2CID 8145:(PDF) 8063:S2CID 8020:S2CID 7992:(PDF) 7924:S2CID 7906:(4). 7818:S2CID 7723:S2CID 7705:(4). 7588:(PDF) 7490:S2CID 7363:(PDF) 7278:(PDF) 6789:S2CID 6313:. 4. 6008:. 2. 5840:Notes 5782:suoid 4440:Both 4427:moose 4313:Both 3598:septa 3417:orbit 3367:Skull 3355:2004 3352:Remy 3334:1917 3313:1846 3290:1804 3267:1989 3246:1994 3225:2004 3222:Remy 3204:1989 3183:1901 3159:1877 3136:2000 3133:Remy 3115:1852 3092:1986 3071:1986 3050:1994 3029:1904 3008:1904 2985:1848 2871:remyi 1804:Soria 1601:Oweni 1599:mut. 1567:with 1535:with 1377:with 1224:λοφος 1215:from 1183:molar 1070:" (= 1010:tapir 700:λοφος 488:below 249:Pomel 8851:GBIF 8743:PMID 8120:PMID 7646:ISBN 7438:PMID 5801:and 5678:and 5639:and 5620:and 5552:and 5512:and 5406:The 5362:and 5336:and 5320:and 5304:and 5284:and 5270:and 5207:and 5195:and 5187:and 5045:and 5033:and 4987:and 4919:and 4897:and 4838:and 4828:and 4818:and 4714:and 4638:and 4618:and 4602:and 4590:and 4526:and 4325:and 4317:and 4162:Size 4143:Mues 4025:and 3913:and 3895:and 3635:and 3584:and 2981:Owen 2893:and 2881:and 2585:AUM 2469:AUM 2279:AUM 2028:and 2018:and 2006:and 1965:and 1949:and 1887:and 1873:and 1845:and 1759:and 1735:and 1665:and 1579:and 1551:and 1436:and 1262:and 1094:and 991:ribs 937:and 854:and 312:Owen 51:PreꞒ 8838:EoL 8778:doi 8733:PMC 8725:doi 8676:doi 8672:106 8635:doi 8623:567 8586:doi 8545:doi 8504:doi 8500:102 8463:doi 8451:611 8414:doi 8373:doi 8324:doi 8282:hdl 8274:doi 8262:301 8235:doi 8223:340 8165:doi 8153:161 8110:PMC 8102:doi 8055:doi 8012:doi 7955:doi 7951:135 7916:doi 7881:doi 7808:doi 7777:doi 7746:doi 7715:doi 7638:doi 7634:369 7608:doi 7596:168 7563:doi 7533:doi 7521:226 7480:doi 7468:133 7428:PMC 7420:doi 7416:282 7389:doi 7331:doi 7327:263 7304:doi 7203:doi 7172:doi 7149:doi 7145:440 7107:doi 7003:doi 6976:doi 6927:doi 6923:594 6884:doi 6852:doi 6822:doi 6781:doi 6738:doi 6707:doi 6671:doi 6629:doi 6517:doi 6471:doi 6378:260 6272:133 6036:doi 5505:). 5461:), 5425:pCO 5150:). 4999:, 4678:), 4654:), 4333:in 3949:in 3925:or 3715:is 3349:21 3328:18 3305:21 3261:22 3219:16 3198:20 3174:14 3151:25 3130:23 3107:20 3086:16 3065:16 3044:13 3000:16 1837:to 1365:), 1325:to 1280:is 1276:of 1173:of 953:of 826:). 8888:: 8866:: 8853:: 8840:: 8825:: 8784:. 8776:. 8766:13 8764:. 8741:. 8731:. 8723:. 8713:11 8711:. 8707:. 8684:. 8670:. 8666:. 8643:. 8633:. 8621:. 8617:. 8594:. 8582:56 8580:. 8576:. 8553:. 8541:24 8539:. 8535:. 8512:. 8498:. 8494:. 8471:. 8461:. 8449:. 8445:. 8422:. 8412:. 8402:17 8400:. 8396:. 8371:. 8361:18 8359:. 8355:. 8332:. 8322:. 8312:17 8310:. 8306:. 8280:. 8272:. 8260:. 8247:^ 8233:. 8221:. 8217:. 8200:13 8194:. 8171:. 8163:. 8151:. 8147:. 8132:^ 8118:. 8108:. 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Plagiolophus (mammal)

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