719:; a midline row of 4–13 small, closely spaced thorns is present behind the spiracles, and another row of 0–4 thorns before the stings. The dorsal coloration is grayish green, becoming pinkish towards the disc margins; there is a dark mask-like shape around the eyes and a pair of small dark blotches behind the spiracles. The tail behind the stings has alternating black and white bands of variable width, ending with black at the tip. The underside is plain white and the ventral fin fold is light grayish in color. This species grows to 24 cm (9.4 in) across and 45 cm (18 in) long.
877:. In the present day, this is mostly caused by Australia's Northern Prawn Fishery, which operates throughout its range. Although this species is discarded when caught, it is more delicate-bodied than other maskrays and is thus unlikely to survive encounters with trawling gear. Historically, this species may also have been negatively affected by Japanese, Chinese, and Taiwanese trawlers that fished intensively off northern Australia from 1959 to 1990. These factors, coupled with the plain maskray's limited distribution and low reproductive rate, have resulted in its being assessed as
75:
217:
31:
50:
290:
disc. Its short, whip-like tail has alternating black and white bands with fin folds above and below. There are short rows of thorns on the back and the base of the tail, but otherwise the skin is smooth. While this species possesses the dark mask-like pattern across its eyes common to its genus, it
694:
disc of the plain maskray is thin and diamond-shaped with narrowly rounded outer corners, measuring 1.1–1.3 times longer than wide. The leading margins of the disc are gently concave and converge at a broad angle to the pointed tip of the snout. The small eyes are placed close together, and behind
714:
The tail is short, barely exceeding the length of the disc when intact, and has a broad and flattened base leading to usually two stinging spines. After the stings, the tail becomes slender and bears a long ventral fin fold and a much shorter, lower dorsal fin fold. Most of the body lacks
350:
682:. The two putative species were estimated to have diverged ~4.9 Ma; the precipitating event was likely the splitting of the ancestral population by coastline changes.
1506:
1361:
1560:
882:
334:
1387:
779:. It has been recorded from between 12 and 62 m (39 and 203 ft) deep, and tends to be found farther away from shore than other maskrays in its range.
699:. The nostrils are elongated and have a skirt-shaped flap of skin between them. The small mouth bears prominent furrows at the corners and contains two slender
1493:
1335:
1519:
329:, which it is thought to be less able to withstand than other maskrays due to its gracile build. As it also has a limited distribution and low
1413:
970:
1570:
811:. Larger rays consume a greater variety of prey and relatively more polychaete worms when compared to smaller rays. This species is
1532:
1439:
1575:
847:, on the left. Litter size is one or two; the newborns measure 12–14 cm (4.7–5.5 in) across. Males and females reach
1524:
1296:
1392:
788:
74:
820:
679:
491:
362:
1251:
700:
696:
418:
851:
at disc widths of 20–21 cm (7.9–8.3 in) and 18–19 cm (7.1–7.5 in) respectively. The
744:
651:
189:
1537:
1444:
1283:
703:
on the floor. Small papillae are also found around the outside of the mouth. There are five pairs of
414:
932:
752:
39:
1565:
1131:
Jacobsen, IP; Bennett, MB (2012). "Feeding ecology and dietary comparisons among three sympatric
1049:
868:
522:
229:
69:
1032:
sp. nov., a new species from northern
Australia". In Last, PR; White, WT; Pogonoski, JJ (eds.).
767:. It is the least common of the several maskray species native to the region. This species is a
1511:
1366:
286:. Reaching 24 cm (9.4 in) in width, this species has a diamond-shaped, grayish green
30:
1480:
1426:
1309:
1230:
1152:
1113:
1037:
966:
748:
736:
728:
635:
384:
216:
156:
1431:
1222:
1183:
1144:
1103:
1095:
1004:
927:
852:
764:
643:
565:
398:
272:
1379:
1288:
670:. Furthermore, the individuals sequenced in the study sorted into two genetically distinct
1400:
1301:
1061:
878:
848:
796:
716:
539:
338:
302:
146:
54:
1174:(Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian elasmobranch fishes".
1108:
1079:
443:
126:
116:
1554:
1374:
1226:
1148:
918:
909:
354:
206:
59:
1485:
1314:
871:
768:
691:
631:
326:
294:
287:
1471:
839:("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Mature females have a single functional
1348:
760:
639:
397:, noting that it belonged to the "maskray" species group that also included the
1274:
313:, with females producing litters of one or two young that are nourished during
1009:
992:
836:
828:
740:
708:
659:
318:
310:
275:
1041:
993:"New Australian fishes. Part 14. Two new species of Dasyatis (Dasyatididae)"
874:
804:
800:
756:
732:
704:
667:
330:
314:
306:
283:
166:
86:
1234:
1156:
1117:
1405:
1465:
1322:
1268:
816:
812:
808:
776:
393:
388:
380:
268:
136:
106:
1327:
1498:
1340:
864:
792:
772:
763:. There are unsubstantiated reports that its range extends to southern
391:
were also designated. Last tentatively placed the species in the genus
322:
298:
279:
264:
1353:
1213:
from north-east
Australia, with notes on their reproductive biology".
349:
The first scientific description of the plain maskray was authored by
1099:
844:
832:
96:
1245:
1187:
791:, rather than digging for prey. Its diet consists predominantly of
840:
671:
369:
1084:): a complex example of chondrichthyan radiation in the Cenozoic"
1418:
1249:
1080:"Phylogeography of the Indo-West Pacific maskrays (Dasyatidae,
965:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 450–451.
855:
is estimated to be 9 years for males and 13 years for females.
787:
The plain maskray generally hunts at the surface of the bottom
1028:
Castelnau (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of
903:
901:
899:
897:
351:
Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
1036:. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. pp. 315–325.
321:("uterine milk"). This species lacks economic value but is
1078:
Puckridge, M; Last, PR; White, WT; Andreakis, N (2012).
383:
is a male 21.2 cm (8.3 in) across, caught off
1024:
Last, PR; White, WT (2008). "Resurrection of the genus
1201:
Jacobsen, IP; Bennett, MB (2010). "Age and growth of
863:
The main conservation threat to the plain maskray is
379:("marked"), and refers to the ray's coloration. The
1455:
1258:
956:
954:
952:
950:
1073:
1071:
405:). In 2008, Last and William White elevated the
908:Jacobsen, I.P.; Kyne, P.M.; Last, P.R. (2015).
291:is not ornately patterned like other maskrays.
1170:Campbell, RA; Beveridge, I (2002). "The genus
1034:Descriptions of New Australian Chondrichthyans
933:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T60150A68636040.en
883:International Union for Conservation of Nature
335:International Union for Conservation of Nature
297:in nature, the plain maskray feeds mainly on
8:
827:Like other stingrays, the plain maskray is
666:lineage was estimated to have occurred ~54
1246:
997:Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria
803:are also eaten, along with the occasional
359:Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria
215:
48:
29:
20:
1107:
1008:
931:
278:. It is found in shallow, soft-bottomed
893:
1135:(Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) species".
1057:
1047:
986:
984:
982:
1561:IUCN Red List near threatened species
7:
919:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
514:
507:
483:
459:
435:
428:
409:group to the rank of full genus as
305:, and to a lesser extent on small
14:
1227:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02829.x
1149:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03169.x
73:
727:The plain maskray inhabits the
961:Last, PR; Stevens, JD (2009).
711:are fairly large and pointed.
1:
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
963:Sharks and Rays of Australia
650:) were found to be the most
642:, the plain maskray and the
1571:Taxa named by Peter R. Last
224:Range of the plain maskray
1592:
1010:10.24199/j.mmv.1987.48.14
562:
536:
519:
512:
505:
488:
481:
464:
457:
440:
433:
235:
228:
223:
214:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1176:Invertebrate Systematics
723:Distribution and habitat
337:(IUCN) has listed it as
1215:Journal of Fish Biology
1137:Journal of Fish Biology
680:cryptic species complex
492:Neotrygon ningalooensis
1576:Fish described in 1987
821:Acanthobothrium jonesi
419:molecular phylogenetic
345:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1088:Ecology and Evolution
926:: e.T60150A68636040.
835:sustained to term by
745:Bonaparte Archipelago
620:Phylogenetic tree of
831:with the developing
399:bluespotted stingray
783:Biology and ecology
753:Gulf of Carpentaria
357:in a 1987 issue of
353:(CSIRO) researcher
323:caught incidentally
40:Conservation status
1302:Neotrygon_annotata
1289:Neotrygon_annotata
1260:Neotrygon annotata
1207:Neotrygon annotata
912:Neotrygon annotata
865:incidental capture
859:Human interactions
674:, suggesting that
634:analysis based on
523:Neotrygon leylandi
468:Neotrygon annotata
413:, on the basis of
257:Neotrygon annotata
239:Dasyatis annotatus
199:Neotrygon annotata
1548:
1547:
1457:Dasyatis annotata
1427:Open Tree of Life
1252:Taxon identifiers
1221:(10): 2405–2422.
991:Last, PR (1987).
972:978-0-674-03411-2
749:Western Australia
737:Wellesley Islands
729:continental shelf
628:
627:
614:
613:
605:
604:
596:
595:
587:
586:
578:
577:
551:
550:
385:Western Australia
249:
248:
243:
63:
1583:
1541:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1211:Neotrygon kuhlii
1198:
1192:
1191:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1143:(5): 1580–1594.
1128:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1100:10.1002/ece3.448
1075:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
988:
977:
976:
958:
945:
944:
942:
940:
935:
905:
853:maximum lifespan
797:polychaete worms
765:Papua New Guinea
751:, including the
717:dermal denticles
648:N. ningalooensis
644:Ningaloo maskray
566:Neotrygon kuhlii
515:
508:
484:
460:
436:
429:
424:
423:
303:polychaete worms
241:
219:
201:
181:N. annotata
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
1591:
1590:
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1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1401:Observation.org
1399:
1391:
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1334:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1254:
1242:
1203:Neotrygon picta
1200:
1199:
1195:
1188:10.1071/IT01004
1172:Acanthobothrium
1169:
1168:
1164:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1056:
1046:
1030:Neotrygon picta
1023:
1022:
1018:
990:
989:
980:
973:
960:
959:
948:
938:
936:
907:
906:
895:
891:
879:Near Threatened
861:
849:sexual maturity
793:caridean shrimp
785:
725:
688:
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
552:
540:Neotrygon picta
403:Dasyatis kuhlii
368:comes from the
347:
339:Near Threatened
299:caridean shrimp
210:
203:
197:
184:
147:Myliobatiformes
72:
64:
55:Near Threatened
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1589:
1587:
1579:
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1568:
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1332:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1193:
1182:(2): 237–344.
1162:
1123:
1094:(2): 217–232.
1067:
1058:|journal=
1016:
978:
971:
946:
892:
890:
887:
860:
857:
784:
781:
769:bottom-dweller
724:
721:
687:
684:
626:
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487:
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458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
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444:Taeniura lymma
439:
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346:
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261:brown stingray
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127:Elasmobranchii
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117:Chondrichthyes
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34:
26:
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24:Plain maskray
15:
13:
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4:
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2:
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805:penaeid prawn
802:
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771:that prefers
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766:
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734:
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695:them are the
693:
685:
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681:
677:
673:
669:
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649:
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641:
637:
636:mitochondrial
633:
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415:morphological
412:
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363:specific name
360:
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328:
327:bottom trawls
324:
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282:off northern
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253:plain maskray
240:
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190:Binomial name
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27:
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19:
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1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1003:(1): 57–61.
1000:
996:
962:
937:. Retrieved
923:
917:
911:
872:bottom trawl
862:
826:
819:
786:
761:Arafura Seas
731:of northern
726:
713:
692:pectoral fin
689:
675:
663:
655:
647:
632:phylogenetic
629:
621:
564:
563:
538:
537:
521:
520:
490:
489:
467:
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442:
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375:("not") and
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288:pectoral fin
260:
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238:
198:
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133:Superorder:
18:
1349:iNaturalist
939:12 November
813:parasitized
801:bony fishes
709:pelvic fins
686:Description
676:N. annotata
664:N. annotata
654:members of
640:nuclear DNA
307:bony fishes
1555:Categories
889:References
869:commercial
837:histotroph
829:viviparous
775:with fine
741:Queensland
705:gill slits
660:divergence
630:In a 2012
421:evidence.
387:; several
355:Peter Last
319:histotroph
311:viviparous
276:Dasyatidae
242:Last, 1987
157:Dasyatidae
123:Subclass:
1566:Neotrygon
1472:Q28170569
1133:Neotrygon
1082:Neotrygon
1060:ignored (
1050:cite book
1042:1835-1476
1026:Neotrygon
875:fisheries
789:substrate
735:from the
733:Australia
697:spiracles
656:Neotrygon
622:Neotrygon
411:Neotrygon
389:paratypes
366:annotatus
331:fecundity
315:gestation
284:Australia
175:Species:
168:Neotrygon
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1512:11241977
1466:Wikidata
1367:11788316
1323:FishBase
1275:Q3016837
1269:Wikidata
1235:21155791
1157:22497398
1118:23467194
885:(IUCN).
817:tapeworm
809:amphipod
799:. Small
777:sediment
773:habitats
755:and the
701:papillae
569:complex
394:Dasyatis
381:holotype
309:. It is
280:habitats
269:stingray
230:Synonyms
153:Family:
137:Batoidea
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1499:2419602
1341:2419601
1109:3586632
881:by the
833:embryos
815:by the
743:to the
662:of the
377:notatus
295:Benthic
271:in the
265:species
263:, is a
209:, 1987)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1538:271426
1525:564338
1445:398329
1432:592850
1419:398329
1406:906646
1393:496062
1354:106876
1233:
1155:
1116:
1106:
1040:
969:
845:uterus
707:. The
672:clades
658:. The
407:kuhlii
401:(then
361:. The
333:, the
273:family
1533:WoRMS
1507:IRMNG
1486:6CBSX
1440:WoRMS
1380:60150
1362:IRMNG
1328:15386
1315:46W2X
841:ovary
757:Timor
678:is a
652:basal
370:Latin
259:) or
1520:ITIS
1494:GBIF
1414:OBIS
1388:NCBI
1375:IUCN
1336:GBIF
1231:PMID
1209:and
1153:PMID
1114:PMID
1062:help
1038:ISSN
967:ISBN
941:2021
924:2015
843:and
795:and
759:and
690:The
638:and
417:and
317:via
301:and
251:The
207:Last
1481:CoL
1310:CoL
1297:AFD
1284:ADW
1223:doi
1184:doi
1145:doi
1104:PMC
1096:doi
1005:doi
928:doi
867:by
807:or
747:in
739:in
325:in
267:of
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1180:16
1178:.
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1048:{{
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373:an
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