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This type of thruster has a number of advantages. The lack of high voltage grids of anodes removes a possible limiting element as a result of grid ion erosion. The plasma exhaust is 'quasi-neutral', which means that positive ions and electrons exist in equal number, which allows simple ion-electron
253:
have attained ~2000 s. This is a significant improvement over the bipropellant fuels of conventional chemical rockets, which feature specific impulses ~450 s. With high impulse, plasma thrusters are capable of reaching relatively high speeds over extended periods of acceleration. Ex-astronaut
276:
Possibly the most significant challenge to the viability of plasma thrusters is the energy requirement. The VX-200 engine, for example, requires 200 kW electrical power to produce 5 N of thrust, or 40 kW/N. This power requirement may be met by fission reactors, but the reactor mass
283:
Due to their extremely low thrust, plasma engines are not suitable for launch-to-Earth-orbit. On average, these rockets provide about 2 pounds of thrust maximum. Plasma thrusters are highly efficient in open space, but do nothing to offset the orbit expense of chemical rockets.
307:
that wraps around a gas chamber creates waves and excites the gas, creating plasma. The plasma is expelled at high velocity to produce thrust via acceleration strategies that require various combinations of electric and magnetic fields of ideal
38:
96:
to accelerate the charged particles in the plasma, but rather use currents and potentials that are generated internally to accelerate the ions, resulting in a lower exhaust velocity given the lack of high accelerating voltages.
312:. They belong to the category of electrodeless thrusters. These thrusters support multiple propellants, making them useful for longer missions. They can be made out of simple materials including a glass soda bottle.
181:
which carried six PPTs that served as actuators of the attitude control system. The PPT propulsion system was tested for 70 minutes on the 14 December 1964 when the spacecraft was 4.2 million kilometers from Earth.
370:(PIT) also use the Lorentz force to generate thrust, but they do not use electrodes, solving the erosion problem. Ionization and electric currents in the plasma are induced by a rapidly varying magnetic field.
197:. The thrust estimates published in that work, however, were subsequently shown to be almost nine times theoretically possible levels even if 100% of the input microwave power were converted to thrust.
265:
Certain plasma thrusters, such as the mini-helicon, are hailed for their simplicity and efficiency. Their theory of operation is relatively simple and can use a variety of gases, or combinations.
770:
280:
Another challenge is plasma erosion. While in operation the plasma can thermally ablate the walls of the thruster cavity and support structure, which can eventually lead to system failure.
193:
satellite. The thruster was the satellite's main propulsion system. The company launched another hall effect thruster that year. In 2020, research on a plasma jet was published by
449:. A 200-megawatt VASIMR engine could reduce the time to travel from Earth to Jupiter or Saturn from six years to fourteen months, and from Earth to Mars from 6 months to 39 days.
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Helicon plasma thrusters use low-frequency electromagnetic waves (Helicon waves) that exist inside plasma when exposed to a static magnetic field. An
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is producing the 200 kW RF generators required to ionize the propellant. Some component tests and "Plasma Shoot" experiments are performed in a
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thruster could send a payload to Mars in as little as 39 days while reaching a maximum velocity of 34 miles per second (55 km/s).
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341:) to generate thrust. The electric charge flowing through the plasma in the presence of a magnetic field causes the plasma to
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85:). However, in the scientific literature, the term "plasma thruster" sometimes encompasses thrusters usually designated as "
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The Costa Rican
Aerospace Alliance announced the development of exterior support for the VASIMR to be fitted outside the
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Some plasma engines have seen active flight time and use on missions. The first use of plasma engines was a
720:"Comment on "Jet propulsion by microwave air plasma in the admosphere" [AIP Adv. 10, 05002 (2020)]"
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Dynamics and control of the vortex flow behind a slender conical forebody by a pair of plasma actuators
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827:"Rocket Aims For Cheaper Nudges In Space; Plasma Thruster Is Small, Runs On Inexpensive Gases"
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226:. This phase of the plan to test the VASIMR in space was expected to be conducted in 2016.
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plasma electrons and ions in the same direction, thereby operating without a neutralizer.
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117:. This fact, combined with the absence of hollow cathodes (which are sensitive to all but
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recombination in the exhaust to neutralize the exhaust plume, removing the need for an
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Wright, Peter; Samples, Stephen; Uchizono, Nolan; Wirz, Richard (15 September 2020).
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These qualities suggest that plasma thrusters have value for many mission profiles.
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644:"Development of Electrojet Engines at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy"
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875:"The 123,000 MPH Plasma Engine That Could Finally Take Astronauts To Mars"
771:"Space Travel Aided by Plasma Thrusters: Past, Present and Future | DSIAC"
105:(hollow cathode). Such a thruster often generates the source plasma using
73:
engines, which generate thrust through extracting an ion current from the
400:
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VASIMR, short for
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket, uses
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Many space agencies developed plasma propulsion systems, including the
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thruster can be throttled for an impulse greater than 12000 s, and
92:
Plasma thrusters do not typically use high voltage grids or anodes/
800:"Antimatter to ion drives: NASA's plans for deep space propulsion"
701:"Could this Chinese plasma drive make green air travel a reality?"
410:
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186:
130:
122:
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619:"Plasma jet engines that could take you from the ground to space"
554:"Australian National University develops helicon plasma thruster"
77:
source, which is then accelerated to high velocities using grids/
933:
Flow
Separation Control over an Airfoil Using Plasma Co-Flow Jet
1648:
946:
27:"Plasma engine" redirects here. For the video game engine, see
434:
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laboratory. This project is led by former NASA astronaut Dr.
445:
then accelerates the plasma out of the engine, generating
277:(including heat rejection systems) may prove prohibitive.
245:
value than most other types of rocket technology. The
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to launch the first hall effect thruster aboard the
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333:(a force resulting from the interaction between a
899:"Traveling to Mars with immortal plasma rockets"
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484:Rocket propulsion technologies (disambiguation)
425:Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
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140:missions due to their high specific impulse.
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65:that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral
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479:Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
851:"Technical Information | Ad Astra Rocket"
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349:is also crucial to the operation of most
1377:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
576:"N.S. company helps build plasma rocket"
495:
1865:Differential technological development
821:
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765:
763:
642:Shchepetilov, V. A. (December 2018).
512:Plasma Sources Science and Technology
395:when under the influence of a strong
7:
474:Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle
1954:Future-oriented technology analysis
598:"Plasma engine passes initial test"
136:Plasma engines are well-suited for
2047:Plasma technology and applications
1282:Field-emission electric propulsion
503:Mazouffre, Stéphane (2016-06-01).
234:Plasma engines have a much higher
25:
1356:Microwave electrothermal thruster
81:. These exist in many forms (see
2008:
1628:
1486:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket
1382:High Power Electric Propulsion
385:Electrodeless plasma thrusters
374:Electrodeless plasma thrusters
327:Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters
316:Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters
153:Australian National University
1:
1981:Technology in science fiction
1341:Helicon double-layer thruster
1310:Electrodeless plasma thruster
1305:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
532:10.1088/0963-0252/25/3/033002
380:Electrodeless plasma thruster
322:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
299:Helicon double-layer thruster
185:In 2011, NASA partnered with
41:A thruster during test firing
1826:Laser communication in space
928:Mini-Helicon Plasma Thruster
391:which acts on any plasma or
224:International Space Station
69:. This is in contrast with
34:Type of electric propulsion
2068:
1986:Technology readiness level
1922:Technological unemployment
922:Plasma Propulsion in Space
422:
377:
368:Pulsed inductive thrusters
360:
357:Pulsed inductive thrusters
319:
296:
203:is developing the VASIMR.
129:air mixtures to astronaut
113:energy, using an external
26:
2004:
1969:Technological singularity
1929:Technological convergence
1626:
1300:Pulsed inductive thruster
363:Pulsed inductive thruster
1831:Orbital propellant depot
1788:Plasma propulsion engine
1783:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1474:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1233:Electric-pump-fed engine
1133:Hybrid-propellant rocket
1123:Liquid-propellant rocket
705:South China Morning Post
648:Physics of Atomic Nuclei
293:Helicon plasma thrusters
59:plasma propulsion engine
1934:Technological evolution
1907:Exploratory engineering
1768:Beam-powered propulsion
1750:Reusable launch vehicle
1530:Beam-powered propulsion
1503:Fission-fragment rocket
1458:Nuclear photonic rocket
1426:Nuclear electric rocket
1192:Staged combustion cycle
1128:Solid-propellant rocket
578:. cbcnews. January 2010
351:pulsed plasma thrusters
201:Ad Astra Rocket Company
1944:Technology forecasting
1939:Technological paradigm
1912:Proactionary principle
1713:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1581:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1431:Nuclear thermal rocket
1331:Pulsed plasma thruster
924:- A.I.P. October, 2000
415:
397:electromagnetic energy
169:Pulsed plasma thruster
54:
42:
2042:Spacecraft propulsion
1870:Disruptive innovation
1676:Emerging technologies
1247:Electrical propulsion
974:Spacecraft propulsion
855:www.adastrarocket.com
556:. Dvice. January 2010
413:
157:double layer thruster
155:, who co-developed a
145:European Space Agency
48:
40:
1917:Technological change
1860:Collingridge dilemma
1479:Antimatter-catalyzed
1277:Hall-effect thruster
1090:Solar thermal rocket
149:Iranian Space Agency
49:Artist rendition of
1974:Technology scouting
1949:Accelerating change
1821:Interstellar travel
1421:Direct Fusion Drive
1336:Vacuum arc thruster
1223:Pressure-fed engine
1202:Gas-generator cycle
1109:Chemical propulsion
1046:Physical propulsion
736:2020AIPA...10i9101W
604:. 14 December 2005.
524:2016PSST...25c3002M
389:ponderomotive force
256:Franklin Chang-Diaz
217:Franklin Chang-Díaz
213:Liberia, Costa Rica
83:electric propulsion
63:electric propulsion
2037:Russian inventions
1991:Technology roadmap
1635:Spaceflight portal
1601:Reactionless drive
1566:Aerogravity assist
1406:Nuclear propulsion
416:
236:specific impulse (
55:
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2052:Engine technology
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1596:Atmospheric entry
1551:Orbital mechanics
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1400:
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1351:Resistojet rocket
1241:
1240:
1216:Intake mechanisms
1149:Liquid propellant
1053:Cold gas thruster
745:10.1063/5.0013575
441:into a plasma. A
16:(Redirected from
2059:
2012:
2011:
1959:Horizon scanning
1875:Ephemeralization
1793:Helicon thruster
1778:Laser propulsion
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1616:Alcubierre drive
1606:Field propulsion
1556:Orbital maneuver
1544:Related concepts
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1262:Colloid thruster
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1015:Specific impulse
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998:Reaction engine
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329:(MPD) use the
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1900:Robot ethics
1787:
1773:Ion thruster
1743:Space tether
1723:Orbital ring
1633:
1576:Space launch
1508:Fission sail
1436:Radioisotope
1267:Ion thruster
1185:Power cycles
1171:Bipropellant
1063:Steam rocket
1058:Water rocket
902:. Retrieved
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103:electron gun
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71:ion thruster
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1964:Moore's law
1895:Neuroethics
1890:Cyberethics
1718:Mass driver
1591:Aerocapture
1586:Aerobraking
1467:Open system
1451:"Lightbulb"
1392:Mass driver
1142:Propellants
1073:Diffractive
658:28 February
469:Spaceflight
431:radio waves
258:claims the
219:(CRC-USA).
179:space probe
119:noble gases
87:ion engines
2031:Categories
1855:Automation
1805:Solar sail
1760:Propulsion
1611:Warp drive
1441:Salt-water
1159:Hypergolic
1068:Solar sail
904:2017-07-29
884:2017-07-29
860:2020-06-01
836:2017-07-29
809:2017-07-29
785:2017-07-29
686:2017-07-29
677:"TacSat-2"
628:2017-07-29
490:References
439:propellant
405:accelerate
343:accelerate
305:RF antenna
230:Advantages
1885:Bioethics
1154:Cryogenic
754:224859826
272:Drawbacks
111:microwave
1446:Gas core
981:Concepts
602:BBC News
540:41287361
453:See also
401:gradient
399:density
387:use the
310:topology
207:company
205:Canadian
191:Tacsat-2
94:cathodes
1728:Skyhook
1535:Tethers
1387:MagBeam
1272:Gridded
1027:Staging
1020:Delta-v
732:Bibcode
582:24 July
520:Bibcode
337:and an
171:on the
163:History
115:antenna
1880:Ethics
1848:Topics
1798:VASIMR
1700:Launch
1683:Fields
1361:VASIMR
1010:Thrust
988:Rocket
752:
560:8 June
538:
447:thrust
435:ionize
419:VASIMR
414:VASIMR
345:. The
260:VASIMR
247:VASIMR
209:Nautel
176:Zond 2
173:Soviet
79:anodes
75:plasma
67:plasma
51:VASIMR
1814:Other
1370:Other
1116:State
750:S2CID
536:S2CID
508:(PDF)
187:Busek
131:urine
123:argon
2015:List
1100:WINE
660:2024
584:2012
562:2012
151:and
740:doi
528:doi
433:to
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