1132:
124:
144:
1172:). Although prehensility is present in all of these primate species, skeletal and muscular-based morphological differences between these two groups indicate that the trait evolved separately through convergent evolution. The fully prehensile tails that have evolved in Atelidae allow the primates to suspend their entire body weight by only their tails, with arms and legs free for other foraging and locomotive activities. Semi-prehensile tails in
5113:
5835:
3317:
4273:
1160:
in several aspects. The most prominent phenotypic distinction is the nose, which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The clade for New World monkeys, Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed". The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of Old World
825:
The arrangement of the New World monkey families, indeed the listing of which groups consist of families and which consist of lower taxonomic groupings, has changed over the years. McKenna & Bell (1997) used two families: Callitrichidae and
Atelidae, with Atelidae divided into Cebinae,
1168:—in comparison with the shorter, non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World. Prehensility has evolved at least two distinct times in platyrrhines, in the Atelidae family (spider monkeys, woolly spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and woolly monkeys), and in capuchin monkeys (
535:, unlike today, favoured westward dispersal, the climate was quite different, and the width of the Atlantic Ocean was less than the present 2,800 km (1,700 mi) width by about a third (possibly 1,000 km (600 mi) less, based on the current estimate of the Atlantic
1655:
Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano
Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017). "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data".
1577:
Seiffert, Erik R.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Fleagle, John G.; Novo, Nelson M.; Cornejo, Fanny M.; Bond, Mariano; de Vries, Dorien; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E. (2020). "A parapithecid stem anthropoid of
African origin in the Paleogene of South America".
826:
Pitheciinae, and
Atelinae. Rosenberger (2002 following Horowitz 1999) demoted Callitrichidae to a subfamily, putting it under the newly raised Cebidae family. Groves (2005) used four families, but as a flat structure.
1131:
1748:
Perez SI, Tejedor MF, Novo NM, Aristide L (2013) "Divergence times and the evolutionary radiation of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): An analysis of fossil and molecular Data".
1298:
of young. They eat fruits, nuts, insects, flowers, bird eggs, spiders, and small mammals. Unlike humans and most Old World monkeys, their thumbs are not opposable (except for some
1195:
to produce pigments that absorb medium and long wavelength light, which contrasts with short wavelength light. As a result, males rely on a single medium/long pigment gene and are
1631:
Vries, Dorien de; Beck, Robin M. D. (2021-10-22). "Total evidence tip-dating phylogeny of platyrrhine primates and 27 well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences".
1503:
Oliveira, Felipe
Bandoni de; Molina, Eder Cassola; Marroig, Gabriel (2009). "Paleogeography of the South Atlantic: a Route for Primates and Rodents into the New World?".
1389:
Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The
Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini): An Annotated Taxonomy". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW,
1287:, so knowledge of them is less comprehensive than that of the more easily observed Old World monkeys. Unlike most Old World monkeys, many New World monkeys form
5928:
523:
epoch, possibly via several intermediate now submerged islands. Several other groups of animals made the same journey across the
Atlantic, notably including
653:
The following is the listing of the various platyrrhine families, as defined by
Rylands & Mittermeier (2009), and their position in the Order Primates:
5974:
467:
for "broad nosed", and their noses are flatter than those of other simians, with sideways-facing nostrils. Monkeys in the family
Atelidae, such as the
2095:
1553:
1520:
1484:
1404:
2612:
1906:
1889:
1152:(the world's smallest monkey), at 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.5 in) and a weight of 120 to 190 g (4.2 to 6.7 oz), to the
2311:
2227:
Opazo, J. C.; et al. (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates)".
1156:, at 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in) and a weight of 12 to 15 kg (26 to 33 lb). New World monkeys differ slightly from
1984:
Emmons, L. H.; Gentry, A. H. (1983). "Tropical Forest
Structure and the Distribution of Gliding and Prehensile-Tailed Vertebrates".
1447:
1362:
606:
The chromosomal content of the ancestor species appears to have been 2n = 54. In extant species, the 2n value varies from 16 in the
536:
230:
491:. New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America, a line that split off about 40 million years ago.
1244:(consisting of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 2 or 3 molars). This is in contrast with Old World Anthropoids, including
618:
257:
1316:
246:
548:
of Amazonian Peru who might have rafted across the Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago, are nested within the extinct
829:
One possible arrangement of the five families and their subfamilies of Rylands & Mittermeier can be seen in Silvestro
2277:
1679:"An eosimiid primate of South Asian affinities in the Paleogene of Western Amazonia and the origin of New World monkeys"
4025:
1777:
Rosenberger, A. L. (2002). "Platyrrhine paleontology and systematics: the paradigm shifts". In Hartwig, W. C. (ed.).
1420:
143:
1344:
5969:
1939:"Primate tails: Ancestral state reconstruction and determinants of interspecific variation in primate tail length"
5933:
5112:
556:
of Afro-Arabia, suggesting that there were at least two separate dispersal events of primates to South America,
2605:
2035:
Jacobs, G. H.; Neitz, M.; Deegan, J. F.; Neitz, J. (1996). "Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys".
5834:
1176:
can be used for balance by wrapping the tail around branches and supporting a large portion of their weight.
591:
4870:
4688:
4095:
5855:
4149:
3853:
3234:
2304:
5941:
4935:
4619:
4561:
4499:
1733:
de Oliveira EH, Neusser M, Müller S (2012). "Chromosome evolution in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini)."
3316:
2163:
5915:
5902:
5339:
5033:
4526:
4492:
4428:
4169:
3917:
3655:
3532:
3480:
2044:
1782:
1690:
1657:
1632:
1589:
1396:
South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
1311:
796:
648:
544:
5050:
4658:
4272:
3600:
3244:
3134:
3002:
2868:
2732:
5612:
4993:
4708:
4554:
4540:
4371:
4190:
4135:
3546:
3510:
3390:
3125:
2995:
2946:
2826:
2598:
1288:
1284:
1207:
females may possess two alleles with different sensitivities within this range, and so can display
589:
Possible evidence for a third transatlantic dispersal event comes from a fossil molar belonging to
131:
4915:
4643:
3873:
3702:
3271:
3254:
3030:
2882:
2875:
2854:
2755:
1801:
564:
5255:
4820:
4445:
4435:
4385:
4065:
3981:
3627:
3227:
3141:
2981:
2960:
2840:
2833:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2762:
2748:
2283:
2146:
2068:
2017:
2009:
1966:
1613:
1559:
511:) somewhere on the African continent. Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have dispersed to
320:
138:
4547:
3927:
3819:
3712:
3539:
3009:
2988:
2974:
2917:
2910:
2819:
1352:
1191:
vision of Old World monkeys. Colour vision in New World primates relies on a single gene on the
570:
5946:
4533:
3692:
3100:
3086:
3037:
2953:
2936:
2889:
2847:
2776:
2741:
558:
310:
4834:
4810:
4483:
3795:
3107:
3072:
3016:
2924:
2903:
2861:
2721:
2297:
2244:
2215:
2138:
2091:
2060:
2001:
1958:
1919:
1911:
1870:
1829:
1821:
1716:
1605:
1580:
1549:
1516:
1480:
1400:
1368:
1358:
622:
528:
516:
5893:
3466:
3380:
3148:
3114:
3079:
3051:
3023:
1848:
5742:
5386:
5279:
4962:
4745:
4681:
4651:
4588:
3591:
3525:
3436:
3093:
3044:
2544:
2358:
2263:
2236:
2205:
2128:
2052:
1993:
1950:
1901:
1860:
1813:
1706:
1698:
1597:
1541:
1508:
1157:
1153:
812:
508:
484:
422:
377:
123:
5665:
5634:
5626:
5510:
5410:
5265:
5235:
4852:
4698:
4635:
4465:
4415:
4401:
4394:
4348:
4142:
3937:
3607:
3560:
3494:
2809:
1390:
1165:
743:
739:
549:
472:
343:
39:
1938:
2048:
1786:
1711:
1694:
1678:
1593:
5791:
5752:
5683:
5540:
5530:
5500:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5369:
5318:
5303:
5288:
5225:
5204:
5194:
4861:
4841:
4456:
4183:
4160:
3618:
2507:
2440:
2430:
2409:
2268:
1219:
1149:
1034:
1024:
718:
464:
351:
273:
2133:
2116:
1540:. Topics in Geobiology. Vol. 42. Cham: Springer International. pp. 161–184.
5963:
5770:
5605:
5596:
5325:
5295:
5245:
5215:
5057:
5023:
4955:
4877:
4827:
4786:
4765:
4364:
4324:
4045:
4008:
3964:
3957:
3907:
3883:
3503:
3426:
3193:
2368:
2112:
1617:
1473:
1394:
1348:
1295:
1180:
1139:
800:
792:
788:
772:
664:
611:
532:
512:
468:
347:
253:
81:
5907:
2210:
2193:
2175:
2150:
2021:
1970:
1563:
5802:
5731:
5642:
5619:
5567:
5550:
5520:
5362:
5310:
5164:
4945:
4898:
4803:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4628:
4510:
4472:
4357:
4204:
4197:
4105:
3843:
3829:
3762:
3641:
3411:
3369:
3167:
2706:
2512:
2072:
1340:
1208:
1204:
1192:
860:
755:
750:
698:
359:
283:
239:
5887:
5708:
4891:
4772:
4755:
4519:
4125:
4035:
3900:
3863:
3783:
3722:
3443:
2896:
2532:
2517:
2240:
1545:
1512:
1188:
918:
876:
850:
840:
763:
683:
607:
582:
500:
363:
288:
56:
5184:
4976:
4303:
4290:
4240:
4176:
4115:
4018:
4001:
3893:
3836:
3809:
3772:
3742:
3732:
3457:
3183:
3065:
2769:
2714:
2666:
2621:
2554:
2463:
2377:
1865:
1637:
1249:
1200:
1196:
992:
808:
600:
576:
524:
504:
480:
205:
101:
66:
5878:
2005:
1915:
1874:
1825:
1357:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 128–152.
5653:
5583:
5557:
5426:
5376:
5013:
5003:
4926:
4779:
4669:
4568:
4334:
4088:
3991:
3205:
2967:
2683:
2567:
2445:
2435:
2385:
1890:"The recognition and evaluation of homoplasy in primate and human evolution"
1817:
1702:
1601:
1372:
1291:
1265:
1145:
1135:
621:
estimate of the most recent common ancestor of the extant species has a 95%
413:
155:
106:
50:
2248:
2219:
1962:
1923:
1720:
1609:
527:
rodents. At the time the New World monkeys dispersed to South America, the
17:
2289:
2142:
2064:
1907:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(1999)110:29+<189::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-3
1833:
1424:
1278:
1275:
1239:
1236:
1228:
1225:
5872:
5719:
5695:
5488:
5447:
5393:
5332:
4905:
4055:
3948:
3648:
3573:
3473:
3058:
2698:
2639:
2522:
2352:
2340:
1215:
1214:
Platyrrhines also differ from Old World monkeys in that they have twelve
934:
908:
783:
723:
503:
infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and
367:
293:
175:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
43:
5780:
5673:
5400:
5040:
4969:
4221:
4214:
4076:
3971:
3753:
3634:
3580:
3400:
3261:
3218:
2651:
2502:
2475:
2417:
2321:
2013:
1954:
1299:
1257:
1245:
1072:
976:
966:
734:
727:
687:
658:
355:
335:
278:
195:
111:
86:
1937:
Sehner, Sandro; Fichtel, Claudia; Kappeler, Peter M. (December 2018).
5350:
5174:
4983:
4884:
4605:
3802:
3518:
3348:
3335:
3287:
2645:
2633:
2562:
2485:
2390:
2346:
2334:
2056:
1261:
1253:
776:
705:
691:
676:
596:
553:
520:
476:
339:
215:
185:
165:
5849:
1781:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–159.
1737:
634:
627:
1997:
1853:
Western Undergraduate Research Journal: Health and Natural Sciences
1662:
1536:
Defler, Thomas (2019). "Platyrrhine Monkeys: The Fossil Evidence".
2400:
1269:
1130:
672:
668:
1354:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5920:
5760:
4793:
1849:"Evolutionary GEM: The Evolution of the Primate Prehensile Tail"
768:
5853:
5128:
4288:
3333:
2664:
2594:
2293:
2117:"Recent evolution of uniform trichromacy in a New World monkey"
5143:
5130:
5080:
568:
from Peru appear to be at the base of the Platyrrhini, as are
488:
392:
2590:
539:
spreading rate of 25 millimetres per year (1 in/year)).
452:
446:
404:
398:
383:
1148:
monkeys are small to mid-sized primates, ranging from the
437:
431:
1766:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. xii-631.
2264:"Primate Hunting Reaches Crisis Point in Latin America"
2194:"The current status of the New World Monkey phylogeny"
1283:. Many New World monkeys are small and almost all are
475:. New World monkeys' closest relatives are the other
449:
380:
5798:
5787:
5776:
5766:
5748:
5738:
5727:
5679:
5661:
5593:
5563:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5443:
5406:
5382:
5358:
5276:
5261:
5251:
5241:
5231:
5221:
5211:
5200:
5190:
5180:
5170:
5160:
5046:
5029:
5019:
5009:
4999:
4989:
4951:
4941:
4911:
4816:
4799:
4761:
4751:
4734:
4724:
4714:
4704:
4694:
4677:
4616:
4601:
4441:
4412:
4382:
4345:
4330:
4320:
4210:
4131:
4121:
4111:
4101:
4084:
4061:
4051:
4041:
4031:
4014:
3997:
3987:
3977:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3889:
3879:
3869:
3859:
3849:
3825:
3815:
3791:
3768:
3738:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3557:
3491:
3454:
3423:
3407:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3365:
3267:
3250:
3240:
3200:
3189:
3179:
2679:
443:
434:
428:
425:
395:
389:
317:
307:
5862:
5718:
5694:
5652:
5592:
5581:
5487:
5424:
5349:
5275:
5141:
5079:
4925:
4860:
4851:
4668:
4615:
4586:
4509:
4482:
4455:
4411:
4381:
4344:
4301:
4239:
4159:
4075:
3947:
3782:
3752:
3673:
3617:
3590:
3556:
3490:
3453:
3422:
3346:
3286:
3217:
3166:
3124:
2934:
2807:
2731:
2677:
2553:
2531:
2493:
2484:
2462:
2408:
2399:
2376:
2367:
1764:
Classification of mammals – above the species level
440:
386:
1472:
1471:Robert W. Shumaker & Benjamin B. Beck (2003).
1888:Lockwood, Charles A.; Fleagle, John G. (1999).
1683:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1538:History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America
370:. The five families are ranked together as the
2279:Geographic Distributions of Amazonian Primates
2606:
2305:
1802:"Tale of tails: Parallelism and prehensility"
8:
1650:
1648:
1164:New World monkeys are the only monkeys with
1138:-style ceramic sculpture of a monkey at the
1847:Xu, Emily; Gray, Patricia M. (2017-07-28).
401:
5850:
5700:
5589:
5436:
5432:
5153:
5149:
5138:
5125:
5076:
4857:
4594:
4420:
4313:
4309:
4298:
4285:
4236:
3681:
3565:
3358:
3354:
3343:
3330:
3172:
3163:
2690:
2674:
2661:
2613:
2599:
2591:
2537:
2490:
2468:
2405:
2373:
2312:
2298:
2290:
1762:McKenna, M. C.; Bell, S. K., eds. (1997).
940:spider, woolly spider, and woolly monkeys
338:that are found in the tropical regions of
122:
31:
2209:
2132:
1943:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1905:
1894:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1864:
1806:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1710:
1661:
1636:
1453:. University of Edinburgh. pp. 13–17
2198:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
1161:monkeys, and have side-facing nostrils.
595:, which has strong affinities with stem
1327:
1507:. New York: Springer. pp. 55–68.
1335:
1333:
1331:
412:), the only extant superfamily in the
2229:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1384:
1382:
519:across the Atlantic Ocean during the
7:
1498:
1496:
599:primates of South Asian origin, the
1030:
1020:
972:
962:
914:
904:
856:
846:
836:
537:mid-ocean ridge formation processes
2164:New World Monkeys at Animal Corner
1677:Marivaux, Laurent (July 3, 2023).
1423:. ChimpanZoo. 2005. Archived from
1272:, which share a dental formula of
1179:New World monkeys (except for the
1053:tamarins and saddle-back tamarins
25:
5975:Extant Rupelian first appearances
2176:"The Primates: New World Monkeys"
1738:https://doi.org/10.1159/000339296
1479:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
5833:
5111:
4271:
3315:
499:About 40 million years ago, the
471:, are the only primates to have
463:Platyrrhini is derived from the
421:
376:
142:
2211:10.1590/S0001-37652000000200005
1800:Rosenberger, Alfred L. (1983).
1735:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
1317:List of primates by population
1:
2134:10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00078-9
758:or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
1446:Sellers, Bill (2000-10-20).
1040:marmosets and lion tamarins
2241:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.015
2111:Pamela M Kainz; Jay Neitz;
2090:. W.W. Norton and Company.
1546:10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_8
1513:10.1007/978-0-387-78705-3_3
1218:instead of eight; having a
483:("down-nosed"), comprising
5991:
1421:"Platyrrhini and Ceboidea"
1187:) also typically lack the
646:
5830:
5703:
5439:
5435:
5156:
5152:
5137:
5124:
5109:
5075:
4597:
4423:
4316:
4312:
4297:
4284:
4269:
4235:
3684:
3568:
3361:
3357:
3342:
3329:
3312:
3175:
3162:
2693:
2673:
2660:
2628:
2540:
2471:
2426:
2329:
2088:The Making of the Fittest
1866:10.5206/wurjhns.2017-18.4
1779:The Primate Fossil Record
1638:10.1101/2021.10.21.465342
1076:
1051:
1038:
1028:
1018:
996:
980:
970:
960:
938:
922:
912:
902:
880:
864:
854:
844:
815:, apes (including humans)
334:are the five families of
269:
264:
245:
238:
139:Scientific classification
137:
130:
121:
34:
2086:Sean B. Carroll (2006).
1351:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1345:"Infraorder Simiiformes"
1986:The American Naturalist
1818:10.1002/ajpa.1330600114
1703:10.1073/pnas.2301338120
1602:10.1126/science.aba1135
1505:South American Primates
1294:, and show substantial
637: million years ago
630: million years ago
592:Ashaninkacebus simpsoni
531:had not yet formed, so
2192:Schneider, H. (2000).
1142:
5942:Paleobiology Database
1134:
711:Parvorder Platyrrhini
1475:Primates in Question
1312:List of platyrrhines
713:: New World monkeys
649:List of platyrrhines
542:The non-platyrrhini
495:Evolutionary history
27:Parvorder of mammals
4994:Paradolichopithecus
2049:1996Natur.382..156J
1787:2002prfr.book.....H
1695:2023PNAS..12001338M
1689:(28): e2301338120.
1594:2020Sci...368..194S
1448:"Primate Evolution"
132:Brown spider monkey
4620:Victoriapithecidae
4562:Plesiopliopithecus
4500:Platodontopithecus
2284:Marc van Roosmalen
1955:10.1002/ajpa.23703
1143:
882:sakis and uakaris
517:raft of vegetation
5970:New World monkeys
5957:
5956:
5856:Taxon identifiers
5847:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5577:
5576:
5420:
5419:
5120:
5119:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4484:Dionysopithecidae
4386:Propliopithecidae
4280:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4231:
4230:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3325:
3324:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3282:
3281:
3158:
3157:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2273:. March 13, 2007.
2127:(21): 3315–3320.
2115:(December 1998).
2097:978-0-393-06163-5
2043:(6587): 156–158.
1588:(6487): 194–197.
1555:978-3-319-98448-3
1522:978-0-387-78704-6
1486:978-1-58834-176-1
1406:978-0-387-78704-6
1158:Old World monkeys
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1062:
1061:
1007:
1006:
998:squirrel monkeys
949:
948:
891:
890:
813:Old World monkeys
694:, including apes
623:credible interval
529:Isthmus of Panama
509:Old World monkeys
485:Old World monkeys
332:New World monkeys
329:
328:
234:
35:New World monkeys
16:(Redirected from
5982:
5950:
5949:
5937:
5936:
5924:
5923:
5911:
5910:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5851:
5838:
5837:
5800:
5789:
5778:
5768:
5750:
5743:Australopithecus
5740:
5729:
5701:
5681:
5663:
5595:
5590:
5565:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5518:
5508:
5498:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5408:
5384:
5360:
5280:Dendropithecidae
5278:
5263:
5253:
5243:
5233:
5223:
5213:
5202:
5192:
5182:
5172:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5139:
5126:
5115:
5077:
5048:
5031:
5021:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4953:
4943:
4913:
4858:
4818:
4801:
4763:
4753:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4706:
4696:
4682:Cercopithecoides
4679:
4652:Victoriapithecus
4618:
4603:
4595:
4589:Cercopithecoidea
4443:
4421:
4414:
4384:
4347:
4332:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4299:
4286:
4275:
4237:
4212:
4133:
4123:
4113:
4103:
4086:
4063:
4053:
4043:
4033:
4016:
3999:
3989:
3979:
3935:
3925:
3915:
3891:
3881:
3871:
3861:
3851:
3827:
3817:
3793:
3770:
3740:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3682:
3592:Proteopithecidae
3566:
3559:
3493:
3456:
3425:
3409:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3344:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3269:
3252:
3242:
3202:
3191:
3181:
3173:
3164:
2691:
2681:
2675:
2662:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2538:
2491:
2469:
2406:
2374:
2359:Euarchontoglires
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2274:
2252:
2223:
2213:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2136:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2057:10.1038/382156a0
2032:
2026:
2025:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1909:
1900:(S29): 189–232.
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1337:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1166:prehensile tails
1154:southern muriqui
1031:
1021:
973:
963:
915:
905:
857:
847:
837:
744:squirrel monkeys
638:
631:
473:prehensile tails
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
319:
309:
229:
147:
146:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5932:
5927:
5919:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5858:
5848:
5839:
5832:
5808:
5714:
5690:
5666:Chororapithecus
5648:
5635:Pierolapithecus
5627:Hispanopithecus
5586:
5573:
5511:Gigantopithecus
5483:
5429:
5416:
5411:Yuanmoupithecus
5345:
5340:Turkanapithecus
5271:
5266:Samburupithecus
5236:Nacholapithecus
5146:
5133:
5116:
5095:
5063:
5034:Procynocephalus
4921:
4853:Cercopithecinae
4847:
4699:Dolichopithecus
4664:
4636:Nsungwepithecus
4611:
4591:
4574:
4527:Barberapithecus
4505:
4493:Dionysopithecus
4478:
4466:Epipliopithecus
4451:
4429:Krishnapithecus
4416:Pliopithecoidea
4407:
4402:Propliopithecus
4395:Aegyptopithecus
4377:
4349:Oligopithecidae
4340:
4306:
4293:
4276:
4255:
4227:
4155:
4071:
3943:
3918:Proteropithecia
3778:
3748:
3678:
3661:
3656:Ucayalipithecus
3613:
3586:
3561:Parapithecoidea
3552:
3533:Myanmarpithecus
3495:Amphipithecidae
3486:
3481:Phenacopithecus
3449:
3418:
3351:
3338:
3321:
3314:
3302:
3278:
3213:
3154:
3120:
2930:
2810:Anaptomorphinae
2803:
2727:
2687:
2669:
2656:
2624:
2619:
2589:
2572:
2549:
2545:Cercopithecidae
2527:
2480:
2450:
2422:
2395:
2363:
2325:
2318:
2262:
2259:
2226:
2191:
2188:
2186:Further reading
2183:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2121:Vision Research
2110:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1556:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1365:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1308:
1274:
1273:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1129:
1127:Characteristics
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1063:
1008:
950:
924:howler monkeys
892:
651:
645:
633:
626:
550:Parapithecoidea
545:Ucayalipithecus
497:
424:
420:
379:
375:
298:
260:
251:
248:Cebus capucinus
228:
141:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
40:Early Oligocene
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5988:
5986:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5938:
5925:
5912:
5899:
5884:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5792:Sahelanthropus
5785:
5774:
5764:
5757:
5753:Graecopithecus
5746:
5736:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5684:Nakalipithecus
5677:
5670:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5599:
5587:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5561:
5554:
5544:
5541:Lufengpithecus
5534:
5531:Khoratpithecus
5524:
5514:
5504:
5501:Ankarapithecus
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5478:Ouranopithecus
5471:
5468:Nakalipithecus
5461:
5458:Graecopithecus
5451:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5319:Rangwapithecus
5315:
5307:
5304:Nyanzapithecus
5300:
5292:
5289:Dendropithecus
5284:
5282:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5259:
5249:
5239:
5229:
5226:Morotopithecus
5219:
5209:
5205:Kamoyapithecus
5198:
5195:Griphopithecus
5188:
5178:
5168:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5051:Soromandrillus
5044:
5037:
5027:
5017:
5007:
4997:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4871:Allenopithecus
4866:
4864:
4862:Cercopithecini
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4842:Trachypithecus
4838:
4831:
4824:
4814:
4807:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4742:
4732:
4722:
4712:
4702:
4692:
4685:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4659:Zaltanpithecus
4655:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4598:
4592:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4459:
4457:Pliopithecidae
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4208:
4201:
4198:Leontopithecus
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4163:
4161:Callitrichidae
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4129:
4119:
4109:
4099:
4092:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4049:
4039:
4029:
4022:
4012:
4005:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3921:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3867:
3857:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3726:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3685:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3619:Parapithecidae
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3601:Proteopithecus
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3258:
3248:
3245:Hesperotarsius
3238:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3198:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3003:Gunnelltarsius
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2869:Pseudotetonius
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2733:Microchoerinae
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Callitrichidae
2505:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Cheirogaleidae
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2418:Daubentoniidae
2414:
2412:
2410:Chiromyiformes
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2269:Spiegel Online
2258:
2257:External links
2255:
2254:
2253:
2235:(1): 274–280.
2224:
2204:(2): 165–172.
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2156:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2027:
1998:10.1086/284079
1992:(4): 513–524.
1976:
1949:(4): 750–759.
1929:
1880:
1839:
1812:(1): 103–107.
1792:
1769:
1754:
1741:
1726:
1669:
1663:10.1101/178111
1644:
1623:
1569:
1554:
1528:
1521:
1492:
1485:
1463:
1438:
1412:
1405:
1378:
1363:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1220:dental formula
1181:howler monkeys
1150:pygmy marmoset
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:night monkeys
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1035:Callitrichinae
1029:
1027:
1025:Callitrichidae
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:
988:
985:
984:
979:
971:
969:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
943:
942:
937:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
913:
911:
903:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
879:
873:
872:
869:
868:
863:
855:
853:
845:
843:
835:
823:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
817:
816:
805:
804:
803:
801:woolly monkeys
779:
759:
746:
730:
719:Callitrichidae
702:
680:
647:Main article:
644:
643:Classification
641:
533:ocean currents
496:
493:
352:Callitrichidae
327:
326:
325:
324:
314:
301:Incertae sedis
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Callitrichidae
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
252:
243:
242:
236:
235:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5987:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5836:
5805:
5804:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:Kenyanthropus
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5606:Anoiapithecus
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5597:Dryopithecini
5591:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5570:
5569:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5326:Rukwapithecus
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:Micropithecus
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5246:Otavipithecus
5240:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5216:Kenyapithecus
5210:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5114:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5060:
5059:
5058:Theropithecus
5055:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5024:Procercocebus
5018:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4956:Gorgopithecus
4950:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:Cercopithecus
4882:
4880:
4879:
4878:Allochrocebus
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4828:Semnopithecus
4825:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:Rhinopithecus
4808:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4766:Parapresbytis
4760:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4709:Kuseracolobus
4703:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4555:Laccopithecus
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:Egarapithecus
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4372:Talahpithecus
4369:
4367:
4366:
4365:Oligopithecus
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4325:Micropithecus
4319:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4274:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:Protopithecus
4040:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:Plecturocebus
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:Miocallicebus
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3547:Siamopithecus
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:Bugtipithecus
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:Amphipithecus
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:Afrotarsiidae
3421:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:Aseanpithecus
3385:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:Cephalopachus
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:Afrotarsiidae
3188:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3126:Tarkadectinae
3123:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:Ekwiiyemakius
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2947:Ageitodendron
2944:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:Anaptomorphus
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Lepilemuridae
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Strepsirrhini
2366:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:international
2270:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:Maureen Neitz
2107:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1427:on 2008-05-15
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:0-801-88221-4
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:Wilson, D. E.
1346:
1342:
1341:Groves, C. P.
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:paternal care
1293:
1290:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1140:Amparo Museum
1137:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
999:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
978:
975:
974:
968:
965:
964:
958:
957:
954:
953:
945:
944:
941:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
925:
920:
917:
916:
910:
907:
906:
900:
899:
896:
895:
887:
886:
883:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
867:
862:
859:
858:
852:
849:
848:
842:
839:
838:
834:
832:
827:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:woolly spider
794:
790:
786:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:
760:
757:
753:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:
715:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
703:
700:
696:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Strepsirrhini
662:
661:
660:
656:
655:
654:
650:
642:
640:
636:
629:
624:
620:
615:
613:
612:woolly monkey
610:to 62 in the
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
593:
587:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
546:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:South America
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:spider monkey
466:
461:
457:
418:
415:
409:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:South America
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
322:
315:
313:
312:
305:
304:
303:
302:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
268:
263:
259:
255:
250:
249:
244:
241:
237:
232:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
5863:
5803:Paranthropus
5801:
5790:
5779:
5769:
5759:
5751:
5741:
5732:Ardipithecus
5730:
5707:
5682:
5672:
5664:
5643:Rudapithecus
5641:
5633:
5625:
5620:Dryopithecus
5618:
5611:
5604:
5568:Sivapithecus
5566:
5556:
5551:Meganthropus
5549:
5539:
5529:
5521:Indopithecus
5519:
5509:
5499:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5446:
5409:
5401:Symphalangus
5399:
5392:
5385:
5375:
5368:
5363:Bunopithecus
5361:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5311:Oreopithecus
5309:
5302:
5294:
5287:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5224:
5214:
5203:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5165:Afropithecus
5163:
5056:
5049:
5039:
5032:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4992:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4946:Dinopithecus
4944:
4934:
4916:Nanopithecus
4914:
4904:
4899:Erythrocebus
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4809:
4804:Rhinocolobus
4802:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4773:Piliocolobus
4771:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4739:Microcolobus
4737:
4729:Mesopithecus
4727:
4719:Libypithecus
4717:
4707:
4697:
4687:
4680:
4657:
4650:
4644:Prohylobates
4642:
4634:
4629:Noropithecus
4627:
4604:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:Crouzeliidae
4498:
4491:
4473:Pliopithecus
4471:
4464:
4444:
4434:
4427:
4400:
4393:
4370:
4363:
4358:Catopithecus
4356:
4333:
4323:
4220:
4213:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4124:
4114:
4106:Dolichocebus
4104:
4094:
4087:
4064:
4054:
4044:
4034:
4024:
4017:
4007:
4000:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3936:
3926:
3916:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3882:
3874:Mazzonicebus
3872:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3835:
3830:Cebupithecia
3828:
3818:
3808:
3801:
3796:Antillothrix
3794:
3771:
3761:
3741:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3703:Perupithecus
3701:
3691:
3675:
3654:
3647:
3642:Parapithecus
3640:
3633:
3626:
3606:
3599:
3579:
3572:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3502:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3442:
3435:
3412:Phileosimias
3410:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3370:Altiatlasius
3368:
3272:Xanthorhysis
3270:
3260:
3255:Oligotarsius
3253:
3243:
3233:
3226:
3203:
3192:
3182:
3168:Tarsiiformes
3147:
3140:
3133:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3031:Macrotarsius
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2883:Strigorhysis
2881:
2876:Sphacorhysis
2874:
2867:
2860:
2855:Chlororhysis
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2756:Microchoerus
2754:
2747:
2740:
2720:
2713:
2707:Altiatlasius
2705:
2697:
2494:
2286:, Pdf 3,2 Mb
2282:– Tomas and
2278:
2267:
2232:
2228:
2201:
2197:
2170:
2159:
2124:
2120:
2106:
2087:
2081:
2040:
2036:
2030:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1752:8(6):e68029.
1749:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1626:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1537:
1531:
1504:
1474:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1415:
1399:. Springer.
1395:
1353:
1213:
1209:trichromatic
1205:Heterozygous
1193:X-chromosome
1189:trichromatic
1184:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1144:
1077:
1052:
1039:
997:
981:
939:
923:
881:
865:
861:Callicebinae
830:
828:
824:
781:
761:
748:
732:
716:
710:
699:Tarsiiformes
652:
616:
605:
590:
588:
581:
575:
569:
565:Perupithecus
563:
557:
543:
541:
498:
462:
416:
371:
331:
330:
316:
306:
300:
299:
247:
240:Type species
225:
212:Infraorder:
29:
5908:Platyrrhini
5894:Platyrrhini
5888:Wikispecies
5864:Platyrrhini
5351:Hylobatidae
5041:Rungwecebus
4906:Miopithecus
4892:Chlorocebus
4821:Sawecolobus
4756:Paracolobus
4520:Anapithecus
4436:Paidopithex
4191:Leontocebus
4126:Panamacebus
4036:Paralouatta
3972:Brachyteles
3864:Insulacebus
3784:Pitheciidae
3723:Canaanimico
3676:Platyrrhini
3628:Abuqatrania
3444:Afrotarsius
3349:Simiiformes
3336:Simiiformes
3288:Simiiformes
3142:Tarkadectes
2982:Diablomomys
2961:Brontomomys
2897:Teilhardina
2841:Arapahovius
2834:Anemorhysis
2798:Vectipithex
2791:Quercyloris
2784:Pseudoloris
2763:Nannopithex
2749:Melaneremia
2563:Hylobatidae
2533:Catharrhini
2518:Pitheciidae
2495:Platyrrhini
2357:Superorder
2351:Infraclass
1268:, and most
1250:chimpanzees
1197:dichromatic
919:Alouattinae
877:Pitheciinae
851:Pitheciidae
841:Platyrrhini
764:Pitheciidae
706:Simiiformes
704:Infraorder
697:Infraorder
684:Haplorrhini
608:titi monkey
583:Canaanimico
501:Simiiformes
417:Platyrrhini
364:Pitheciidae
289:Pitheciidae
231:É. Geoffroy
226:Platyrrhini
222:Parvorder:
216:Simiiformes
18:Platyrrhini
5964:Categories
5185:Equatorius
5144:Hominoidea
5131:Hominoidea
5090:see below↓
5081:Hominoidea
4977:Mandrillus
4963:Lophocebus
4936:Cercocebus
4787:Procolobus
4548:Fanchangia
4304:Catarrhini
4291:Catarrhini
4250:see below↓
4241:Catarrhini
4177:Callithrix
4116:Killikaike
4019:Mohanamico
4002:Chilecebus
3928:Soriacebus
3894:Nuciruptor
3854:Homunculus
3844:Chiropotes
3837:Cheracebus
3820:Carlocebus
3810:Callicebus
3773:Tremacebus
3743:Lagonimico
3733:Branisella
3713:Szalatavus
3540:Pondaungia
3458:Eosimiidae
3297:see below↓
3184:Archicebus
3066:Shoshonius
3010:Hemiacodon
2989:Dyseolemur
2975:Chumashius
2918:Trogolemur
2911:Tetonoides
2820:Absarokius
2770:Necrolemur
2715:Bownomomys
2667:Haplorhini
2622:Haplorhini
2555:Hominoidea
2464:Haplorhini
2401:Lemuroidea
2378:Lorisoidea
1457:2008-10-23
1323:References
1292:pair bonds
1289:monogamous
1266:orangutans
1201:homozygous
993:Saimirinae
982:capuchins
809:Catarrhini
807:Parvorder
701:: tarsiers
601:Eosimiidae
597:anthropoid
577:Lagonimico
571:Szalatavus
525:caviomorph
507:(apes and
505:Catarrhini
481:Catarrhini
321:Homunculus
206:Haplorhini
202:Suborder:
49:31–0
5654:Gorillini
5584:Homininae
5427:Hominidae
5377:Hylobates
5256:Proconsul
5014:Pliopapio
5004:Parapapio
4927:Papionini
4794:Pygathrix
4780:Presbytis
4670:Colobinae
4569:Pliobates
4534:Crouzelia
4335:Saadanius
4170:Callimico
4089:Acrecebus
4066:Stirtonia
4009:Lagothrix
3992:Cartelles
3938:Xenothrix
3693:Parvimico
3219:Tarsiidae
3206:Omomyidae
3101:Washakius
3087:Uintanius
3038:Nesomomys
2968:Chipetaia
2954:Asiomomys
2937:Omomyinae
2890:Tatmanius
2848:Aycrossia
2777:Paraloris
2742:Indusomys
2684:Omomyidae
2632:Kingdom:
2568:Hominidae
2476:Tarsiidae
2446:Indriidae
2436:Lemuridae
2391:Galagidae
2386:Lorisidae
2006:0003-0147
1916:1096-8644
1875:1923-757X
1826:1096-8644
1618:215550773
1391:Strier KB
1216:premolars
1203:females.
1199:, as are
1183:of genus
1146:New World
1136:Remojadas
740:capuchins
724:marmosets
682:Suborder
663:Suborder
559:Parvimico
552:from the
414:parvorder
311:Parvimico
265:Families
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
5873:Wikidata
5720:Hominina
5696:Hominini
5613:Danuvius
5489:Ponginae
5448:Buronius
5394:Nomascus
5333:Simiolus
4222:Saguinus
4184:Cebuella
4136:Patasola
4056:Solimoea
3958:Alouatta
3949:Atelidae
3901:Pithecia
3649:Qatrania
3574:Arsinoea
3474:Eosimias
3108:Wyomomys
3073:Steinius
3059:Rooneyia
3017:Jemezius
2925:Walshina
2904:Tetonius
2862:Gazinius
2722:Kohatius
2699:Altanius
2652:Primates
2646:Mammalia
2640:Chordata
2638:Phylum:
2634:Animalia
2523:Atelidae
2353:Eutheria
2347:Mammalia
2341:Chordata
2335:Animalia
2333:Kingdom
2324:families
2249:16698289
2220:10932115
2151:11967994
2022:85211169
1971:53008537
1963:30341951
1924:10601987
1750:PLoS One
1721:37399374
1712:10334725
1610:32273470
1564:91938226
1393:(eds.).
1373:62265494
1343:(2005).
1306:See also
1285:arboreal
1258:siamangs
1246:gorillas
1211:vision.
1185:Alouatta
935:Atelinae
909:Atelidae
833:(2017):
784:Atelidae
728:tamarins
688:tarsiers
659:Primates
619:Bayesian
372:Ceboidea
368:Atelidae
336:primates
294:Atelidae
254:Linnaeus
196:Primates
186:Mammalia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
44:Holocene
5921:3014454
5879:Q237157
5781:Orrorin
5674:Gorilla
5370:Hoolock
4746:Nasalis
4689:Colobus
4215:Micodon
4150:Sapajus
4143:Saimiri
4077:Cebidae
4026:Oreonax
3982:Caipora
3803:Cacajao
3754:Aotidae
3635:Apidium
3608:Serapia
3581:Biretia
3467:Bahinia
3437:Afrasia
3401:Nosmips
3381:Amamria
3262:Tarsius
3228:Carlito
3149:Tarkops
3115:Yaquius
3080:Stockia
3052:Ourayia
3024:Loveina
2650:Order:
2644:Class:
2513:Aotidae
2503:Cebidae
2339:Phylum
2322:primate
2320:Extant
2143:9893843
2073:4305822
2065:8700203
2045:Bibcode
2014:2460978
1834:6869497
1783:Bibcode
1691:Bibcode
1658:bioRxiv
1633:bioRxiv
1590:Bibcode
1581:Science
1431:19 July
1279:2.1.2.3
1276:2.1.2.3
1262:gibbons
1254:bonobos
1240:2.1.3.2
1237:2.1.3.2
1229:2.1.3.3
1226:2.1.3.3
1073:Aotidae
977:Cebinae
967:Cebidae
782:Family
777:uakaris
762:Family
751:Aotidae
749:Family
735:Cebidae
733:Family
717:Family
692:monkeys
677:galagos
673:lorises
477:simians
360:Aotidae
356:Cebidae
344:Central
284:Aotidae
279:Cebidae
192:Order:
182:Class:
5175:Ekembo
4970:Macaca
4835:Simias
4606:Alophe
3965:Ateles
3526:Krabia
3519:Ganlea
3094:Utahia
3045:Omomys
2486:Simian
2345:Class
2247:
2218:
2149:
2141:
2094:
2071:
2063:
2037:Nature
2020:
2012:
2004:
1969:
1961:
1922:
1914:
1873:
1832:
1824:
1719:
1709:
1660:
1635:
1616:
1608:
1562:
1552:
1519:
1483:
1403:
1371:
1361:
1300:cebids
1270:humans
866:titis
831:et al.
799:, and
793:spider
789:howler
775:, and
679:, etc.
669:lemurs
657:Order
580:, and
554:Eocene
521:Eocene
479:, the
366:, and
340:Mexico
233:, 1812
5947:40843
5558:Pongo
5387:Junzi
4984:Papio
4096:Cebus
3763:Aotus
3135:Tarka
2147:S2CID
2069:S2CID
2018:S2CID
2010:JSTOR
1967:S2CID
1859:(1).
1614:S2CID
1560:S2CID
1451:(PDF)
1347:. In
1174:Cebus
1170:Cebus
773:sakis
769:titis
756:night
515:on a
465:Greek
5934:9479
5929:NCBI
5761:Homo
4446:Kapi
4205:Mico
2245:PMID
2216:PMID
2139:PMID
2092:ISBN
2061:PMID
2002:ISSN
1959:PMID
1920:PMID
1912:ISSN
1871:ISSN
1830:PMID
1822:ISSN
1717:PMID
1606:PMID
1550:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1433:2009
1401:ISBN
1369:OCLC
1359:ISBN
742:and
726:and
562:and
489:apes
487:and
346:and
258:1758
57:PreꞒ
5916:EoL
5903:ADW
5709:Pan
2237:doi
2206:doi
2129:doi
2053:doi
2041:382
1994:doi
1990:121
1951:doi
1947:167
1902:doi
1898:110
1861:doi
1814:doi
1707:PMC
1699:doi
1687:120
1598:doi
1586:368
1542:doi
1509:doi
1302:).
1233:or
1222:of
625:of
460:).
5966::
5944::
5931::
5918::
5905::
5890::
5875::
2266:.
2243:.
2233:40
2231:.
2214:.
2202:72
2200:.
2196:.
2145:.
2137:.
2125:38
2123:.
2119:.
2067:.
2059:.
2051:.
2039:.
2016:.
2008:.
2000:.
1988:.
1965:.
1957:.
1945:.
1941:.
1918:.
1910:.
1896:.
1892:.
1869:.
1855:.
1851:.
1828:.
1820:.
1810:60
1808:.
1804:.
1715:.
1705:.
1697:.
1685:.
1681:.
1647:^
1612:.
1604:.
1596:.
1584:.
1558:.
1548:.
1515:.
1495:^
1381:^
1367:.
1330:^
1264:,
1260:,
1256:,
1252:,
1248:,
811::
795:,
791:,
787::
771:,
767::
754::
738::
722::
690:+
686::
675:,
671:,
667::
639:.
635:31
628:27
617:A
614:.
603:.
586:.
574:,
453:aɪ
447:aɪ
393:ɔɪ
362:,
358:,
354:,
350::
342:,
256:,
107:Pg
51:Ma
46:,
5799:†
5795:?
5788:†
5784:?
5777:†
5767:†
5756:?
5749:†
5739:†
5735:?
5728:†
5687:?
5680:†
5669:?
5662:†
5638:?
5630:?
5594:†
5564:†
5547:†
5537:†
5527:†
5517:†
5507:†
5497:†
5474:†
5464:†
5454:†
5444:†
5407:†
5383:†
5359:†
5314:?
5299:?
5277:†
5262:†
5252:†
5242:†
5232:†
5222:†
5212:†
5208:?
5201:†
5191:†
5181:†
5171:†
5161:†
5047:†
5030:†
5020:†
5010:†
5000:†
4990:†
4952:†
4942:†
4912:†
4817:†
4800:†
4762:†
4752:†
4735:†
4725:†
4715:†
4705:†
4695:†
4678:†
4647:?
4639:?
4617:†
4602:†
4442:†
4413:†
4383:†
4346:†
4331:†
4321:†
4211:†
4132:†
4122:†
4112:†
4102:†
4085:†
4062:†
4052:†
4042:†
4032:†
4015:†
3998:†
3988:†
3978:†
3934:†
3924:†
3914:†
3890:†
3880:†
3870:†
3860:†
3850:†
3826:†
3816:†
3792:†
3769:†
3739:†
3729:†
3719:†
3709:†
3699:†
3689:†
3558:†
3514:?
3492:†
3455:†
3429:?
3424:†
3415:?
3408:†
3404:?
3397:†
3387:†
3377:†
3373:?
3366:†
3275:?
3268:†
3251:†
3241:†
3210:?
3208:"
3204:"
3201:†
3197:?
3190:†
3180:†
2939:"
2935:"
2812:"
2808:"
2710:?
2702:?
2686:"
2682:"
2680:†
2614:e
2607:t
2600:v
2313:e
2306:t
2299:v
2251:.
2239::
2222:.
2208::
2178:.
2153:.
2131::
2100:.
2075:.
2055::
2047::
2024:.
1996::
1973:.
1953::
1926:.
1904::
1877:.
1863::
1857:8
1836:.
1816::
1789:.
1785::
1723:.
1701::
1693::
1666:.
1641:.
1620:.
1600::
1592::
1566:.
1544::
1525:.
1511::
1489:.
1460:.
1435:.
1409:.
1375:.
632:-
456:/
450:n
444:r
441:ˈ
438:ɪ
435:t
432:æ
429:l
426:p
423:/
419:(
408:/
405:ə
402:.
399:i
396:d
390:b
387:ˈ
384:ə
381:s
378:/
374:(
318:†
308:†
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
42:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
