1333:) consisted of six interlinked stories nested inside each other in a Russian doll fashion. The first story (that of Adam Ewing in the 1850s befriending an escaped slave) is interrupted halfway through and revealed to be part of a journal being read by composer Robert Frobisher in 1930s Belgium. His own story of working for a more famous composer is told in a series of letters to his lover Rufus Sixsmith, which are interrupted halfway through and revealed to be in the possession of an investigative journalist named Luisa Rey and so on. Each of the first five tales are interrupted in the middle, with the sixth tale being told in full, before the preceding five tales are finished in reverse order. Each layer of the story either challenges the veracity of the previous layer, or is challenged by the succeeding layer. Presuming each layer to be a true telling within the overall story, a chain of events is created linking Adam Ewing's embrace of the abolitionist movement in the 1850s to the religious redemption of a post-apocalyptic tribal man over a century after the fall of modern civilization. The characters in each nested layer take inspiration or lessons from the stories of their predecessors in a manner that validates a belief stated in the sixth tale that "Our lives are not our own. We are bound to others, past and present and by each crime, and every kindness, we birth our future."
900:, the protagonist describes coming home to the funeral of his father, one of a long line of traditional Arabic storytellers. Throughout the narrative, the author becomes hakawati (an Arabic word for a teller of traditional tales) himself, weaving the tale of the story of his own life and that of his family with folkloric versions of tales from Qur'an, the Old Testament, Ovid, and One Thousand and One Nights. Both the tales he tells of his family (going back to his grandfather) and the embedded folk tales, themselves embed other tales, often 2 or more layers deep.
757:
938:, a significant proportion of the book features a fictional but authentically formatted mystery novel by Alan Conway, titled 'Magpie Murders'. The secondary novel ends before its conclusion returning the narrative to the original, and primary, story where the protagonist and reviewer of the book attempts to find the final chapter. As this progresses characters and messages within the fictional 'Magpie Murders' manifest themselves within the primary narrative and the final chapter's content reveals the reason for its original absence.
43:
3447:), and within this story they find the book "Provocative Adventures of Achilles and the Tortoise Taking Place in Sundry Spots of the Globe", which they begin to read, the Tortoise taking the part of the Tortoise, and Achilles taking the part of Achilles. Within this self-referential narrative, the two characters find the book "Provocative Adventures of Achilles and the Tortoise Taking Place in Sundry Spots of the Globe", which they begin to read, this time each taking the other's part. The 1979 experimental novel
1205:. Farmer collaborated in the writing of this novel with an American psychiatrist, Dr. A. James Giannini. Dr. Giannini had previously used the World of Tiers series in treating patients in group therapy. During these therapeutic sessions, the content and process of the text and novelist was discussed rather than the lives of the patients. In this way subconscious defenses could be circumvented. Farmer took the real life case-studies and melded these with adventures of his characters in the series.
510:). In the movie, a grandfather is reading the story of "The Princess Bride" to his grandson. In the book, a more detailed frame story has a father editing a much longer (but fictive) work for his son, creating his own "Good Parts Version" (as the book called it) by leaving out all the parts that would bore or displease a young boy. Both the book and the movie assert that the central story is from a book called "The Princess Bride" by a nonexistent author named
1635:(ca. 1608) a supposed common citizen from the audience, actually a "planted" actor, condemns the play that has just started and "persuades" the players to present something about a shopkeeper. The citizen's "apprentice" then acts, pretending to extemporise, in the rest of the play. This is a satirical tilt at Beaumont's playwright contemporaries and their current fashion for offering plays about London life.
3901:, many of the best-known features were spun off from each other. The best known was "Strong Bad Emails", which depicted the villain of the original story giving snarky answers to fan emails, but that in turn spawned several other long-running features which started out as figments of Strong Bad's imagination, including the teen-oriented cartoon parody "Teen Girl Squad" and the anime parody "20X6".
100:
1921:
161:
two stories, and the fiction of the inner story is used to reveal the truth in the outer story. Often the stories within a story are used to satirize views, not only in the outer story, but also in the real world. When a story is told within another instead of being told as part of the plot, it allows the author to play on the reader's perceptions of the characters—the motives and the
1567:: in the first act a son stages a play to impress his mother, a professional actress, and her new lover; the mother responds by comparing her son to Hamlet. Later he tries to come between them, as Hamlet had done with his mother and her new husband. The tragic developments in the plot follow in part from the scorn the mother shows for her son's play.
3352:). An early version is found in an ancient Chinese proverb, in which an old monk situated in a temple found on a high mountain recursively tells the same story to a younger monk about an old monk who tells a younger monk a story regarding an old monk sitting in a temple located on a high mountain, and so on. The same concept is at the heart of
1835:, there are three play within a plays. First, when Lestat visits his childhood friend, Nicolas, who works in a theater, where he discovers his love for theater; and two more when the Theater of the Vampires perform. One is used as a plot mechanism to explain the vampire god, Marius, which sparks an interest in Lestat to find him.
3693:, the main character Caden Cotard is a skilled director of plays who receives a grant, and ends up creating a remarkable theater piece intended as a carbon copy of the outside world. The layers of copies of the world ends up several layers deep. The same conceit was previously used by frequent Kaufman collaborator
3680:
into a
Hollywood blockbuster. As his onscreen self succumbs to the temptation to commercialize the narrative, Kaufman incorporates those techniques into the script, including tropes such as an invented romance, a car chase, a drug-running sequence, and an imaginary identical twin for the protagonist.
168:
Stories within a story may disclose the background of characters or events, tell of myths and legends that influence the plot, or even seem to be extraneous diversions from the plot. In some cases, the story within a story is involved in the action of the plot of the outer story. In others, the inner
160:
Stories within stories can be used simply to enhance entertainment for the reader or viewer, or can act as examples to teach lessons to other characters. The inner story often has a symbolic and psychological significance for the characters in the outer story. There is often some parallel between the
1762:
has a concurrent double plot with the convention of a play within a play. Felice and Clare are siblings and are both actor/producers touring "The Two-Character Play". They have supposedly been abandoned by their crew and have been left to put on the play by themselves. The characters in the play are
1361:
Richard
Wharfinger. The events of the play broadly mirror those of the novel and give the character Oedipa Maas a greater context to consider her predicament; the play concerns a feud between two rival mail distribution companies, which appears to be ongoing to the present day, and in which, if this
2449:
that the stuntman is an
American and the girl Persian—the stuntman's voiceover refers to "Indians," "a squaw" and "a teepee," but the visuals show a Bollywood-style devi and a Taj Mahal-like castle. The same conceit of an unreliable narrator was used to very different effect in the 1995 crime drama
2448:
stories to a little girl with a broken arm to pass time in the hospital, which the film visualizes and presents with the stuntman's voice becoming voiceover narration. The fantasy tale bleeds back into and comments on the film's "present-tense" story. There are often incongruities based on the fact
1592:, a drunken tinker, that he is a nobleman watching a private performance, but the device has no relevance to the plot (unless Katharina's subservience to her "lord" in the last scene is intended to strengthen the deception against the tinker) and is often dropped in modern productions. The musical
3400:
features the main character discovering a diary apparently written by a version of himself, with incidents that usually reflect, but sometimes contrast with the main narrative. The last section of the book is taken up entirely by journal entries, about which readers must choose whether to take as
2535:
has four layers of narration; starting with a young girl at the author's memorial reading his book, it cuts to the old author in 1985 telling of an incident in 1968 when he, as a young author, stayed at the hotel and met the owner, old Zero. He was then told the story of young Zero and M Gustave,
1828:
sings "The Ballad of Billy McCaw". (However, many productions of the show omit "Growltiger's Last Stand", and "The Ballad of Billy McCaw" has at times been replaced with a mock aria, so this metastory isn't always seen.) Depending on the production, there is another musical scene called The Awful
3362:, which prominently features a book of the same title. This is later revealed to be the same book the audience is reading, when it begins to be retold again from the beginning, thus creating an infinite regression that features as a plot element. Another story that includes versions of itself is
2560:
confuses the audience in the opening scenes with a play, "The
Naughty Nazis", about Adolf Hitler which appears to be taking place within the actual plot of the film. Thereafter, the acting company players serve as the protagonists of the film and frequently use acting/costumes to deceive various
1706:
to justify the re-allocation of their farmland: the tale describes how a child is awarded to a servant-girl rather than its natural mother, an aristocrat, as the woman most likely to care for it well. This kind of play-within-a-play, which appears at the beginning of the main play and acts as a
1489:
mirror the murder of Hamlet's father in the main action, and Prince Hamlet writes additional material to emphasize this. Hamlet wishes to provoke the murderer, his uncle, and sums this up by saying "the play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king." Hamlet calls this new play
1110:
is the tale of a man who finds a manuscript telling the story of a documentary that may or may not have ever existed, contains multiple layers of plot. The book includes footnotes and letters that tell their own stories only vaguely related to the events in the main narrative of the book, and
2512:, his wife, and the nameless woodcutter—recount the events of one afternoon in a grove. But it is also a flashback within a flashback, because the accounts of the witnesses are being retold by a woodcutter and a priest to a ribald commoner as they wait out a rainstorm in a ruined gatehouse.
361:
has a deeply nested frame story structure, that features the narration of Walton, who records the narration of Victor
Frankenstein, who recounts the narration of his creation, who narrates the story of a cabin dwelling family he secretly observes. Another classic novel with a frame story is
378:
is about a rich bachelor who finds an essay written by someone who learned to "see" playing cards from the reverse side. The full text of this essay is included in the story, and itself includes a lengthy sub-story told as a true experience by one of the essay's protagonists, Imhrat Khan.
594:, tells a story for the first two albums but reveals that the story is being actively written by a character called the Writer in the third. During the album, the Writer delves into his own story and kills one of the characters, much to the dismay of the main character.
2797:
has been cited as a rare example of a video game in which the entire concept is a video game within a video game: The player takes on the role of a character who is playing a "Virtual
Reality Simulator", in which he in turn takes on the role of the hero Redd Ace. The
2670:
is an opera which is going to be held the night of the events of the movie. All of the principal characters of the film play a role in the opera, though the audience watching the opera is unaware that some of the events portrayed are more than drama. The 1990 biopic
3705:," which features a musical that is about, in part, the creation of that musical. A mini-theater and small audience appear on stage to watch the musical-within-a-musical, and at some point, within that second musical a yet-smaller theater and audience appear.
3619:
is about the actors filming a fictional third installment in the Stab series. The actors playing the trilogy's characters end up getting killed, much in the same way as the characters they are playing on screen and in the same order. In between the events of
3571:
about a buffoonish team of filmmakers trying to make the first
Hollywood silent film in forty years—which is essentially that film itself (another forty years later, life imitated art imitating art, when an actual modern silent movie became a hit, the Oscar
1046:
about a girl who is actually a character in a book that is being read by Hilde, a girl in another dimension. Later on in the book Sophie questions this idea, and realizes that Hilde too could be a character in a story that in turn is being read by another.
3565:, where the villains are able to locate the heroes by watching a copy of the movie they are in on VHS video tape (a comic exaggeration of the phenomenon of films being available on video before their theatrical release). Brooks also made the 1976 parody
984:
will be recognized. Unbeknownst to anyone in her family, Irvel served as a spy in OSS (she had told everyone she was a nurse), and the story would have been lost but for her father finding a set of forgotten videotapes while remodeling his childhood
778:, where through somewhat mystical means the narrator's reading of the story within a story influences the reality of the story he has been telling, so that what happens in "The Mad Trist" begins happening in "The Fall of the House of Usher". Also, in
3656:
was criticized. Additionally, late in the film, Mindy watches the first Stab by herself. During the depiction of
Ghostface sneaking up behind Randy on the couch from the first film in Stab, Ghostface sneaks up on Mindy and attacks and stabs her.
3527:, an anime that exists within its universe and that many characters are fans of, that involves the characters of that show watching Nadesico. The episode ends with the crew of the Nadesico watching the very same episode of Gekigangar, causing a
445:, the characters tell tales suited to their personalities and tell them in ways that highlight their personalities. The noble knight tells a noble story, the boring character tells a very dull tale, and the rude miller tells a smutty tale.
3479:
dramatizes its own creation, and the life stories of its own original cast members. The famous final number does double duty as the showstopper for both the musical the audience is watching and the one the characters are appearing in.
1460:
around 1587, where the play is presented before an audience of two of the characters, who comment upon the action. From references in other contemporary works, Kyd is also assumed to have been the writer of an early, lost version of
1434:) provide a narrative counterpoint and add a touch of surrealism to the main narrative. They additionally raise the question of whether works of artistic genius justify or atone for the sins and crimes of their creators. Auster's
3380:
features a deeply nested set of stories within stories, most of which explore alternate versions of the main characters. The frame device is that the main character is telling stories to a woman in a coma (similar to Almodóvar's
250:, an inter-woven series of colorful animal tales are told with one narrative opening within another, sometimes three or four layers deep, and then unexpectedly snapping shut in irregular rhythms to sustain attention. In the epic
2156:
protagonist drinks a potion that makes him progressively smaller. The resulting seven-minute scene, which is readily intelligible and enjoyable as a stand-alone short subject, is considerably more overtly comic than the rest of
1368:, the director makes changes to the original script; in this instance, a couplet that was added, possibly by religious zealots intent on giving the play extra moral gravity, are said only on the night that Oedipa sees the play.
201:", where a supplemental story is used to help tell the main story. Typically, the outer story or "frame" does not have much matter, and most of the work consists of one or more complete stories told by one or more storytellers.
2872:, players can chance upon a number of ongoing television shows when activating or happening upon various television sets within the game environs, depending on where they are within the unfolding game narrative. Among them are
1393:, which features a theater company that produces elaborate staged spectacles for randomly selected single-person audiences. Plays produced by the "Caws of Art" theater company also feature in Russell Hoban's modern fable,
1063:
The experimental modernist works that incorporate multiple narratives into one story are quite often science-fiction or science fiction influenced. These include most of the various novels written by the
American author
788:, there are many stories within the story that influence the hero's actions (there are others that even the author himself admits are purely digressive). Most of the first part is presented as a translation of a
2585:
as the actors prepare for their roles on stage. The early part of the film follows the actors in these "stage" performances and only later does the action almost imperceptibly expand to the full realism of the
169:
story is independent, and could either be skipped or stand separately, although many subtle connections may be lost. Often there is more than one level of internal stories, leading to deeply-nested fiction.
3496:
is framed as a screening of the movie itself, and the screenplay for the movie is present inside the movie, which ends with an abstracted, abbreviated re-staging of its own events. The 1985 Tim Burton film
2838:, the player can acquire individual NES emulations through various means and place them within their house, where they are playable in their entirety. When placed in the house, the games take the form of a
1182:, the novel within the novel details an alternative to this history in which the Allies overcome the Axis and bring stability to the world – a victory which itself is quite different from real history.
2521:
has a deeply nested structure that is itself part of the setting, as the characters travel deeper and deeper into layers of dreams within dreams. Similarly, in the beginning of the music video for the
2934:
comments on the levels of violence and acceptable behaviour in the media and allow criticism of the outer cartoon to be addressed in the cartoon itself. Similarly, on the long running animated sitcom
2854:, the protagonist can find several cartridges throughout the wasteland that can be played on their pip-boy (an electronic device that exists only in the world of the game) or any terminal computer.
3652:, an eighth Stab film is mentioned having been released before the film takes place. The characters in the film, several of which are fans of the series, heavily criticize the film, similar to how
3096:
2779:'s 80s era text-only game Fazuul (also the world's first online multiplayer game), in which one of the objects that the player can create is a minigame. Another early use of this trope was in
1308:
841:—ideas originally intended to be used later in the novel—but as the writing progressed, these plot ideas eventually proved impossible to fit around the characters that Melville went on to
2811:
More commonly, however, the video game within a video game device takes the form of mini-games that are non-plot-oriented, and optional to the completion of the game. For example, in the
2211:, where three washed-up silent film stars are expected to live out a real-life version of their old hit movies. The same idea of life being forced to imitate art was also reprised in the
1371:
From what
Pynchon relates, this is the only mention in the play of Thurn and Taxis' rivals' name—Trystero—and it is the seed for the conspiracy that unfurls. A significant portion of
2205:") when their fed-up writer and director decide to abandon them in the middle of the jungle, forcing them to fight their way out. The concept was perhaps inspired by the 1986 comedy
149:; a film may show the characters watching a short film; or a novel may contain a short story within the novel. A story within a story can be used in all types of narration including
1665:
features a ghostly troupe of actors who perform a play about murder that similarly mirrors the lives of their hosts, from whom they depart, leaving them with the plague as nemesis.
1289:
338:
3736:
Occasionally, a story within a story becomes such a popular element that the producer(s) decide to develop it autonomously as a separate and distinct work. This is an example of a
2024:. There are a wealth of other movies that revolve around the film industry itself, even if not centering exclusively on one nested film. These include the darkly satirical classic
2685:, which was selected by the orphanage's visionary leader as a way of preparing his charges for their own impending death. That same production is also featured in the stage play
820:, which is told by one brother to another to explain, in part, his view on religion and morality. It also, in a succinct way, dramatizes many of Dostoevsky's interior conflicts.
3166:" features the members of New Directions starring in a black-and-white Christmas television special that is presented within the episode itself. The special is a homage to both
2804:
franchise also gives the concept a central role. It features a narrative in which internet advancements have created an MMORPG franchise called The World. Protagonists Kite and
2418:
presented the same narrative several different times, as recounted by different storytellers, but with both factual and aesthetic differences. Similarly, in the whimsical 1988
3415:
3257:
featured a biopic of the titular character which was called The Mask Collector, and its production served as the catalyst for the last 4 episodes of Barry's final season.
862:. There, as inner stories, function both poems and short stories by the main character Fyodor Cherdyntsev as well as the whole Chapter IV, a critical biography of Nikolay
318:
845:. Instead of discarding the ideas altogether, Melville wove them into a coherent short story and had the character Ishmael demonstrate his eloquence and intelligence by
3376:(issue #55) where one of the inmost levels corresponds to one of the outer levels, turning the story-within-a-story structure into an infinite regression. Jesse Ball's
988:
The next story (set in 1989) features Irvel being diagnosed with Alzheimer's; she and Hank decide to videotape their story before it is lost to Irvel's failing memory.
337:
tells a story to mislead the would-be murderer, who later discovers that he was misled after another character narrates the truth to him. As the story concludes, the "
3388:
Richard Adams' classic Watership Down includes several memorable tales about the legendary prince of rabbits, El-Ahraira, as told by master storyteller, Dandelion.
2161:—the protagonist climbs giant breasts as if they were rock formations and even ventures his way inside a (compared to him) gigantic vagina. Critics have noted that
3798:
873:, writers experimented with ways in which multiple narratives might nest imperfectly within each other. A particularly ingenious example of nested narratives is
607:
is presented as a stage show by the fictional eponymous band, and one of its songs, "A Day in the Life" is in the form of a story within a dream. Similarly, the
2661:
adaption of sorts as the scenes are frequently acted all around the prison, outside of rehearsals, and the prison life becomes indistinguishable from the play.
3457:
follows a reader, addressed in the second person, trying to read the very same book, but being interrupted by ten other recursively nested incomplete stories.
1549:
2056:'s book. In addition to the Victorian love story of the book, Pinter creates a present-day background story that shows a love affair between the main actors.
1622:, and Shakespeare has the ghost of Gower "assume man's infirmities" to introduce his work to the contemporary audience and comment on the action of the play.
1508:, in which two theater critics are drawn into the murder mystery they are watching. The audience is similarly absorbed into the action in Woody Allen's play
3308:
2526:
387:
3545:
studio lot; the fight spills out onto an adjacent musical set, then into the studio canteen, and finally onto the streets. The two protagonists arrive at
1775:, remains faithful to its roots by having the modern actors play the sincere, naïve tradesmen and women as they take part in the original performances.
1287:(which adopts the conceit that it is a book from the future by an author called Gen Jaramet-Sauner), and J. R. Rasmussen's "Research" in the anthology
3181:
2232:
1040:, where the protagonist receives a small book from a baker, in which the baker tells the story of a sailor who tells the story of another sailor, and
3276:
of children's books, set in the recognisable everyday world, take part in fantastic adventures of piracy in distant lands: two of the twelve books,
603:
3933:
2044:
1878:
is about actors engaged in a play about military airmen; the actors themselves become at times unsure whether they are actors or actual airmen.
2259:
trapped in a cartoon that an unseen animator repeatedly manipulates. At the end, it is revealed that the whole cartoon was being controlled by
3503:
ends with the main characters watching a film version of their own adventures, but as reimagined as a Hollywood blockbuster action film, with
4536:
4379:
3982:
3300:
uses a story within a story format to tell a purely fantastic fairy tale within a relatively more realistic frame-story. The film version of
1942:
3102:
403:(1871), have several multiple poems that are mostly recited by several characters to the titular character. The most notable examples are "
3449:
2808:
try to uncover the mysteries of the events surrounding The World. Characters in .hack are self-aware that they are video game characters.
2732:
is about a person who grows to adulthood without ever realizing that he is the unwitting hero of the immersive eponymous television show.
1887:
is about a group of kids putting on a musical to raise money. The central plot device was retained for the popular 1939 film version with
2016:) and shows the interactions of the actors as they are making this movie about a woman who falls for her husband's father. The story of
393:
3425:
the main character discovers he is a character in a book that (along with its author) also exists in the same universe. The 1979 book
2882:
2424:
1854:) to their English guests. The play mirrors Tuptim's situation, as she wishes to run away from slavery to be with her lover, Lun Tha.
536:
374:
4678:
4617:
4404:
4336:
4300:
4262:
4132:
4079:
3421:
1968:
909:
714:
627:
86:
64:
2628:
is a romantic comedy about the eponymous musical itself. A high school production is also featured in the gay teen romantic comedy
2283:, in which Bugs was the victim, Daffy was the animator, and it was made on a computer instead of a pencil and paper. In 2007, the
1824:, which include the song "Growltiger's Last Stand" — a recollection of an old play by Gus the Theatre Cat — the character of Lady
991:
The innermost story (set between 1940–1945) tells of Hank and Irvel's relationship before and after WWII, and her work within OSS.
2957:
2612:
1681:
1418:
408:
3638:
before they get killed. There's also a party in which all seven Stab movies were going to be shown. References are also made to
2789:, a thematically linked narrative puzzle game, in which several of the puzzles were semi-independent games played against NPCs.
1125:
1119:
139:
becomes the narrator of a second story (within the first one). Multiple layers of stories within stories are sometimes called
4432:
3755:
2556:
1946:
1786:
1778:
Alternatively, a play might be about the production of a play, and include the performance of all or part of the play, as in
1149:
is interspersed with excerpts from a novel written by one of the main characters; the novel-within-a-novel itself contains a
774:
209:
3320:
2606:
Ironically the film itself was later made into its own Broadway musical (although a more intentionally successful one). The
2020:
involves lust, betrayal, death, sorrow, and change, events that are mirrored in the experiences of the actors portrayed in
3490:. Near the ending, the events of the film itself are revealed to be a movie being enjoyed by the characters. Jim Henson's
3190:
3163:
3029:
2979:
offers an ironic commentary on the main show's theme of interracial relationships. Similarly, each season of the HBO show
2965:
2839:
2780:
2508:-within-a-flashback technique. The story unfolds in flashback as the four witnesses in the story—the bandit, the murdered
1255:
1210:
3856:, created by one of the characters, Dave Strider. It was later adapted to its own ongoing series. Similarly, the popular
3810:
3546:
3325:
3302:
2971:
2823:
franchises, there are playable arcade machines featuring other Sega games that are scattered throughout the game world.
2618:
1631:
1572:
1179:
1084:
981:
416:
4449:
1409:
is a graphic novel about a middle-school musical production, and the tentative romantic fumblings of its cast members.
652:(consisting of music he wrote for the musical of the same name), most of the songs are (very) loosely inspired by both
4254:
4065:
3714:
3541:
leaves its Western setting when the climactic fight scene breaks out, revealing the setting to have been a set in the
3482:
3270:
2915:, the player can watch several TV channels which include many programs: reality shows, cartoons, and even game shows.
2085:, Keaton's protagonist actually enters into a film while it is playing in a cinema, as does the main character in the
1355:
1175:
878:
404:
305:
3368:
1422:, ekphrases on various old movies, some real, and some fictional, make up a substantial portion of the narrative. In
941:
Dreams are a common way of including stories inside stories, and can sometimes go several levels deep. Both the book
4553:
3790:
Such spin-offs may be produced as a way of providing additional information on the fictional world for fans. In the
2590:. By way of increasingly more artificial sets (based on mediaeval paintings) the film finally returns to The Globe.
3804:
3517:
3499:
2708:
2704:
2699:
1694:
1644:
is about a troupe of actors who perform a play about marital infidelity that mirrors their own lives, and composer
1514:
1166:
882:
552:). The same device of an adult narrator representing the older version of a young protagonist is used in the films
503:
3324:, the main story was realistic fiction, with live action human characters, while an inner story took place in the
3318:
subverts the trope by allowing the dream figures to enter and interact with the "real" world. In each episode of
2677:, about the last days of a Jewish children's orphanage in Nazi occupied Poland, features an amateur production of
2438:, the bulk of the film is a series of stories told by an (extremely) unreliable narrator. In the 2006 Tarsem film
115:. Having a character have a dream is a common device to embed one narrative or scene within another. (Painting by
4683:
3473:
being pitched a movie version of his own story, complete with an unlikely happy ending. The long-running musical
3436:
3168:
2793:
2598:
2174:
2117:
1903:
1131:
541:
507:
399:
4663:
4578:
4033:
3853:
2531:
2529:", the heroine is terrorized by her monster boyfriend in what turns out to be a movie within a dream. The film
2148:
to Alicia, a long-term comatose patient whom Benigno, a male nurse, is assigned to care for. The film presents
1931:
1608:
858:
613:
57:
51:
3413:, featuring what appears to be himself, except as living twenty years earlier. The title book in Charles Yu's
980:
The outermost story (set in 2018) features their granddaughter, Audra, at a ceremony where the members of the
976:
features a series of three nested stories, all centering around the main characters of Hank and Irvel Myers:
313:), where the general story is narrated by an unknown narrator, and in this narration the stories are told by
3827:
3296:
2716:
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2342:
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1950:
1935:
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3687:, previously written by Kaufman and directed by Jonze.) Similarly, in Kaufman's self-directed 2008 film
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3107:
2888:
2868:
1983:
1897:
1874:
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episode featuring a production of Hamlet which leads to the exposure of a murderer (although not a king).
1283:
1078:
816:
68:
3419:
exists within itself as a stable creation of a closed loop in time. Likewise, in the Will Ferrell comedy
4199:
4159:
3358:
3173:
2505:
2086:
1988:
1685:, illuminating the ascendance of human values over the disillusionment of high politics in the meeting.
1666:
1435:
1405:
943:
863:
793:
736:
727:
718:(1797–1805) has an interlocking structure with stories-within-stories reaching several levels of depth.
697:
572:
330:
4008:
3832:
3553:; they enter the cinema to watch the conclusion of their own film. Brooks recycled the gag in his 1987
2924:
1531:
2657:
Italian prisoners rehearsing the same play in the same prison. In addition, the film itself becomes a
739:(a story-internal version of the book itself) as a history compiled by several of the characters. The
3689:
3683:
3328:, in which most characters were puppets, except Lady Aberlin and occasionally Mr. McFeely, played by
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2004:
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writer who enhances the morals of the novels through plot descriptions of his stories. Books such as
961:
870:
804:
688:
670:, and the song "Fish and Bird" is presented as a retold story that the narrator heard from a sailor.
635:'s albums outline a sprawling, loosely interconnected science fiction narrative, as do the albums of
527:
427:
295:
4352:
Pearce, Richard (1993). "Chekhov into English: the case of 'The Seagull'". In Miles, Patrick (ed.).
1738:, all of act two is a series of scenes within scenes, sometimes two levels deep. This increases the
4061:
3702:
3141:
3035:
2911:
2678:
2624:
2587:
2573:
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2115:
is about a movie character exiting the movie to interact with the real world. Allen's earlier film
1831:
1812:
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1456:
1442:
by Theodore Roszak (1991) also rely heavily on fictional films within their respective narratives.
1431:
1321:
812:
785:
654:
545:
334:
204:
The earliest examples of "frame stories" and "stories within stories" were in ancient Egyptian and
162:
3294:
as a third), are adventures supposedly made up by the characters. Similarly, the film version of
368:, the majority of which is recounted by the central family's housekeeper to a boarder. Similarly,
4500:
4071:
3868:
3777:
3722:, which eventually becomes apparent to be happening in the same environment the player is in; in
3648:
3598:
3583:
3432:
3207:
2942:
2813:
2451:
1759:
1570:
Shakespeare adopted the play-within-a-play device for many of his other plays as well, including
1430:, descriptions of movies by director/antihero Carlos (loosely inspired by controversial director
1145:
1114:
749:("There and Back Again") is depicted as part of a rejected title of this book within a book, and
740:
591:
554:
432:
346:
224:
3862:
series of children's graphic novels is presented as a creation of the main characters of author
3100:(1984) was originally intended as an alternative theatrical re-telling of the television series
2832:
there are several video games that can be played in an arcade in the Gold Saucer theme park. In
2297:
2152:
in the form of a black-and-white silent melodrama. To prove his love to a scientist girlfriend,
2131:
1199:
is used to intertwine its fictional layers. This novel is part of a science-fiction series, the
1174:, which was written by the Man in the High Castle. As Dick's novel details a world in which the
4292:
4286:
4224:
3312:
books use the same device of a dream as an excuse for fantasy, while Carroll's less well-known
2181:, an annual survey of online cinephiles and critics invited each year by critic Mike D'Angelo.
534:
Sometimes a frame story exists in the same setting as the main story. On the television series
4613:
4532:
4428:
4400:
4375:
4332:
4296:
4258:
4168:
4128:
4105:
4075:
3978:
3972:
3879:
3666:
3574:
3253:
3230:, a parody of artsy but exploitative foreign films. The trippy, metaphysically loopy thriller
3131:
3054:
dealt with the main characters developing a sitcom about their lives. The gag was reprised on
2828:
2467:
2364:
2349:
2169:, the comatose Alicia is discovered to be pregnant and Benigno is sentenced to jail for rape.
2123:
1866:
1715:
1614:
1389:
1303:
1187:
1042:
965:, the use of vast stories-within-stories creates a sense of dream-like quality in the reader.
866:(also written by Fyodor). This novel is considered one of the first metanovels in literature.
560:
364:
342:
329:
narrated by Scheherazade. Within the story, after the murderer reveals himself, he narrates a
205:
112:
2956:
also parodied this structure with numerous 'layers' of sub-stories in the Season 17 episode "
4673:
4164:
4148:
4124:
3769:
3737:
3676:
3492:
3487:
3314:
3290:
3158:
3150:
2568:
2414:
2279:
2236:
consists almost entirely of a poorly made film that the protagonists created, complete with
2060:
1829:
Battle of the Pekes and the Pollices where the Jellicles put on a show for their leader. In
1798:
1739:
1709:
1626:
1553:, which even features a third-level puppet theatre version within their play. Similarly, in
1400:
1246:
1196:
1192:
1089:
1000:
This structure is also found in classic religious and philosophical texts. The structure of
929:
889:
853:
842:
837:
and contains many plot ideas that Melville had conceived during the early stages of writing
789:
732:
705:
693:
684:
566:
522:
422:
322:
2602:, revolves around a scheme to make money by producing a disastrously bad Broadway musical,
1139:
enables many writers who are characters in the books to interact with their own creations.
823:
An example of a "bonus material" style inner story is the chapter "The Town Ho's Story" in
760:
Cervantes finds the manuscript with the further adventures of Don Quixote. Illustration by
4668:
4246:
3897:
3671:
3537:
3111:
2906:
sometimes prophesies events or character motives yet to occur in the Max Payne narrative.
2834:
2746:
2728:
2639:
2522:
2496:
2359:
2069:
1992:
1589:
1495:
1439:
1150:
1140:
1106:
1073:
1033:
973:
956:
824:
769:
667:
511:
257:
176:
132:
2472:
4269:
Andrea and Revenge...'sit and see'...the play proper is staged for them; in this sense,
3787:
universe, has spawned merchandise of its own, and been remade into a series on its own.
2550:
features a fictitious musical within a film, called "Spectacular Spectacular". The 1942
1312:(Volume Two) to tell us that the story "Far Beyond the Stars"—and, by extension, all of
4505:
3944:
3884:
3750:
3719:
3523:
3306:
does the same thing by making its inner story into a dream. Lewis Carroll's celebrated
3266:
3236:
2948:
2758:
2673:
2551:
2484:
2445:
2302:
2289:
2269:
2185:
1840:
1820:
1729:
1721:
1689:
1671:
1656:
1347:
1326:
1260:
1219:
1201:
1161:
1102:
has several levels of storytelling. All levels tell stories of the same person, Trurl.
934:
761:
618:
586:
326:
285:
236:
4474:
3728:
the narrative itself is constructed around the player playing a game called Superhot.
756:
4657:
4606:
4328:
4321:
4099:
3849:
3822:
3818:
3694:
3486:
begins with an action film opening, which turns out to be a sequence being filmed by
3475:
3460:
3454:
3440:
3391:
3348:, where an image contains a smaller version of itself (also a common feature in many
3345:
3329:
3125:
3073:
2742:
2582:
2546:
2480:
2419:
2328:
2318:
2076:
2049:
2032:
1892:
1883:
1792:
1734:
1594:
1554:
1500:
1384:
1295:
1136:
1069:
1065:
1002:
874:
846:
701:
663:
659:
636:
549:
382:
171:
116:
1742:
and also makes more poignant the inevitable failure of the relationship between the
666:. The song "Poor Edward", however, is presented as a story told by a narrator about
17:
3792:
3567:
3542:
3508:
3504:
3444:
3402:
3353:
3333:
3079:
2936:
2488:
2456:
2219:
2207:
2081:
1888:
1772:
1747:
1703:
1383:
on the subject of an epic puppet theater presentation. Another example is found in
1372:
1268:
1250:
1232:
narrates the story within his journal, while the main story is being told from the
1224:
1135:) propose the idea that every real universe is a fiction in another universe. This
1098:
904:
476:
357:
352:
314:
269:
246:
241:
213:
4188:"Are you a kaurava or a pandava at work?: Management lessons from the mahabharata"
3753:
is an animated toy action figure, which was based on a fictitious cartoon series,
617:
is presented as the soundtrack to a fictional movie, as are several other notable
321:, and even in some of these, there are some other stories. An example of this is "
99:
4633:
4591:
4203:
2610:
music video for the song "Roses" is a short film about a high school musical. In
2273:(1955), in which Bugs Bunny turns out to be the victim of the sadistic animator (
197:
The literary device of stories within a story dates back to a device known as a "
4420:
3938:
3905:
3661:
3643:
3363:
3248:
3041:
2893:
2776:
2737:
2630:
2567:
also serves as an important throughline in the film, as suggested by the title.
2476:
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2337:
2308:
2243:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2136:
2106:
2065:
2053:
2039:
1920:
1858:
1825:
1804:
1719:(1926) is a play-within-a-play performed in the foyer of the theatre during his
1559:
1413:
1055:, an Indian epic that is also the world's longest epic, has a nested structure.
1051:
948:
914:
780:
709:
622:
598:
412:
252:
230:
198:
192:
4187:
4057:
3915:
3863:
3709:
3561:
3532:
3284:
3278:
3198:
3186:
3006:
2985:
has featured a different fictional show, including the slavery-era soap opera
2930:
2898:
2850:
2723:
2712:
2593:
2578:
2501:
2429:
2274:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2097:
1780:
1676:
1653:
1649:
1619:
1451:
1358:
1330:
1229:
808:
745:
722:
369:
303:
extend the depths of framing to several degrees. Another early example is the
4172:
3521:
is essentially a clip show, but has several newly animated segments based on
2715:
being shown on a television situated in an underfunded, unmistakably British
2322:
one of the character watches a video of the fictional Nazi exploitation film
2121:
featured liberal use of characters, dialogue and clips from the film classic
852:
One of the most complicated structures of a story within a story was used by
341:" is narrated within it. This perennially popular work can be traced back to
3889:
3844:
3783:
3745:
3555:
3372:
which contains several instances of multiple storytelling levels, including
3222:
had a number of reoccurring fictional films, including a sci-fi film called
3116:
2844:
2754:
2517:
2379:
2213:
1640:
1519:
1467:
1380:
1241:
829:
800:
643:
484:
472:
437:
136:
4529:
Modern mysteries: contemporary productions of medieval English cycle dramas
2745:
learns that he was based on the lead character of the same name of a 1950s
2030:
about an aging star and her parasitic victim, and the Coen Brothers' farce
1802:
presents the story of Don Quixote as an impromptu play staged in prison by
1481:
retains this device by having Hamlet ask some strolling players to perform
3773:, a film described as the source material for the toy and cartoon series.
2775:
The first example of a video game within a video game is almost certainly
955:
feature an endless series of waking from one dream into another dream. In
3724:
3698:
3626:
3607:
3589:
3470:
3396:
3349:
3194:
3050:
2770:
2650:
2434:
2373:
460:
456:
290:
218:
180:
31:
3759:, which did not exist in the real world except for snippets seen within
3593:, the opening scene takes place in a movie theater where a screening of
2105:, which features a young woman entering a cartoon universe. Conversely,
696:
introduces a number of stories within the story, ranging in length from
143:. A play may have a brief play within it, such as in Shakespeare's play
4573:
3950:
3858:
3528:
3091:
3023:
3001:
2819:
2607:
2509:
2312:, the protagonist goes to the cinema to see the fictional slasher film
2247:
1699:
1512:, which is about two failed playwrights in Ancient Greece. The phrase
1029:
1021:
464:
451:
459:' adventures at sea are all narrated by Odysseus to the court of king
179:
term for a similar literary device (also referring to the practice in
3646:
as a plot device. In the fifth installment of the series, also named
2563:
2397:
1477:
1364:
1008:
834:
632:
608:
145:
3344:
Some stories feature what might be called a literary version of the
3090:
The concept of a film within a television series is employed in the
1844:, where Princess Tuptim and the royal dancers give a performance of
3712:
to play with the concept of player choice: In the first chapter of
467:. Other shorter tales, many of them false, account for much of the
3920:
3814:, presenting fairy tales told to children of the wizarding world.
3512:
3083:
anthology television series is about a man who is obsessed with a
3014:, which has characters and storylines almost identical to that of
2805:
2800:
2392:, an early-'60s sci-fi/horror movie about a man who turns into an
2227:
1743:
1025:
1017:
1013:
768:
An example of an interconnected inner story is "The Mad Trist" in
755:
446:
261:
108:
104:
98:
3630:, four other Stab films are released. In the opening sequence of
3135:
features a fictional TV show with an almost identical premise to
2267:
plot was essentially replicated in one of Jones' later cartoons,
498:
A well-known modern example of framing is the fantasy genre work
2237:
2102:
1016:, is of a story within a story within a story. In the Christian
300:
154:
150:
4356:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 220.
3971:
Herman, David; Jahn, Manfred; Ryan, Marie-Laure (13 May 2013).
3087:-like show and recreates it as part of a virtual reality game.
2643:, stars real-life Italian prisoners who rehearse Shakespeare's
921:, in which the character Jake Westmorland writes a book called
4288:
Beyond The Spanish tragedy: a study of the works of Thomas Kyd
3767:
was produced in the real world and was itself later joined by
2393:
2072:
claims to be a semi-biographical account of how they all met.
2068:
sitting down in a theater to watch the eponymous movie, which
1914:
1865:, the story is about staging a school play based on a poem by
333:
of events leading up to the murder. Within this flashback, an
36:
4450:"Pagliacci and Vesti La Giubba – The Million Selling Record!"
1763:
also brother and sister and are also named Clare and Felice.
1218:
also features a character who writes a book by that name. In
4531:. Melton, Suffolk, England: Boydell and Brewer. p. 86.
4291:. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p.
925:, where the character Sparg writes a book with no language.
708:, and even inspire the fashioning of individual characters.
183:
of placing the image of a small shield on a larger shield).
3914:, which originated as a parody of Tyler Perry films in the
3097:
The Super Dimension Fortress Macross: Do You Remember Love?
1170:, each character comes into interaction with a book called
471:. Many modern children's story collections are essentially
4358:
A dominant motif in the play is the recurrent Hamlet theme
3796:
series, three such supplemental books have been produced:
1309:
The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh
540:, each episode was framed as though it were being told by
3048:
An extended plotline on the semi-autobiographical sitcom
1995:
based on the story "What Nancy Wanted" by Norma Barzman.
833:; that chapter tells a fully formed story of an exciting
276:, which itself is narrated by a character in Ugrasrava's
525:, a visitor to a farm in north Wales tells the story of
3149:, including using a "younger and edgier" cast, or even
317:. In many of Scheherazade's narrations, there are also
2144:) has the chief character Benigno tell a story called
2095:. A similar device is used in the seminal music video
1362:
is the case, Oedipa has found herself involved. As in
1316:
itself—is the creation of 1950s writer Benny Russell.
1094:
Tale of the Three Storytelling Machines of King Genius
725:
of the story is sometimes explained internally, as in
631:
is presented as testimony at a trial. The majority of
4101:
The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Volume 1
2277:). A similar plot was also included in an episode of
1032:
that Jesus told. In more modern philosophical works,
4399:. Ware, England: Wordsworth Editions. pp. 5–8.
3681:(The movie also features scenes about the making of
3265:
Stories inside stories can allow for genre changes.
2711:, features a send-up of a typical American hospital
1245:
tales are stories or events within stories, such as
1072:
in many of his novels. Trout acts as the mysterious
30:"Metastory" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4370:Aspinall, Dana (2001). "The play and the critics".
3409:, the main character discovers a book, also called
3401:completing the narrator's own story. Similarly, in
3269:uses the device to let his young characters in the
2753:, which was seemingly cancelled due to the rise of
4605:
4320:
3947: – Pastiche novel with in-universe continuity
3416:How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe
3064:co-creator Larry David, when the long-anticipated
3060:, another semi-autobiographical show by and about
2757:and children wanting to play with space toys like
1504:). Christie's work was parodied in Tom Stoppard's
4327:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. p.
3068:reunion was staged entirely inside the new show.
2536:from 1932, which makes up most of the narrative.
2008:is about the making of a fictitious movie called
1598:is about the production of a fictitious musical,
1036:'s books often feature this device. Examples are
4009:"What Is a Story within a Story? (with picture)"
3114:as a popular movie within the television series
2952:), often echoes the plotlines of the main show.
2368:, which glorifies a soldier in the German army.
1838:A play within a play also occurs in the musical
1450:This dramatic device was probably first used by
4592:Grand Theft Auto IV Shifts Into Media Overdrive
3507:as a more stereotypically manly version of the
2471:had three animated sequences, all based on the
1588:is a play-within-a-play, presented to convince
700:to full-blown stories, many of them drawn from
4121:Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights
3674:'s struggles to adapt the non-cinematic book
3581:The film-within-a-film format is used in the
2689:also inspired by the same historical events.
1028:. However, they also include within them the
441:are also classic frame stories. In Chaucer's
268:, which itself is narrated by a character in
8:
4427:. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 2–6.
3953: – Secondary strand of a narrative plot
3597:is played which depicts the events from the
1895:. A similar plot was recycled for the films
1350:has several characters seeing a play called
1088:are sprinkled with these plot descriptions.
1068:. Vonnegut includes the recurring character
4251:The Spanish Tragedy, Revels Student Edition
3732:From story within a story to separate story
3670:is a fictionalized version of screenwriter
2571:sets the opening scene of his 1944 film of
1949:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
947:and the curse of "eternal waking" from the
3974:Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory
3839:, published under the name Kilgore Trout.
3045:feature a sketch show within the TV show.
2332:, the characters go to see a movie called
2293:("Nipple Ring-Ring Goes to Foster Care").
4499:Davidson Sorkin, Amy (17 February 2011).
3708:Fractal fiction is sometimes utilized in
3145:, depicts ideas for a possible reboot of
2993:and the investigative documentary series
2444:, an injured silent-movie stuntman tells
1969:Learn how and when to remove this message
1539:, which in turn includes a production of
1024:are accounts of the life and ministry of
704:texts, that further the plot, illuminate
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
4608:Arthur Ransome and Captain Flint's Trunk
2616:, the middle-schoolers put on a play of
2165:essentially is a sex metaphor. Later in
2052:, is a film-within-a-film adaptation of
1471:), with a play-within-a-play interlude.
475:works connected by this device, such as
50:This article includes a list of general
3963:
3934:List of films featuring fictional films
3799:Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
2396:. In one scene, the protagonists see a
1675:(1985-7) features a surreal version of
1606:, and features several scenes from it.
1550:Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead
1180:succeeded in dominating the known world
3941: – Genre of fiction about fiction
3808:, a book from the school library; and
3802:, a guidebook used by the characters;
349:, and Indian storytelling traditions.
3876:Captain Proton: Defender of the Earth
3835:wrote a science-fiction novel called
3549:, which is showing the "premiere" of
2500:, based on the Japanese short story "
1771:, a modern reworking of the medieval
1498:later took for the long-running play
604:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
531:to those gathered around the hearth.
491:, and Phillip and Hillary Sherlock's
7:
4003:
4001:
3611:, a second film was released called
3103:The Super Dimension Fortress Macross
2896:-style film narrative, particularly
1947:adding citations to reliable sources
544:when he was older (usually acted by
3718:, the player is required to play a
3511:title character. Episode 14 of the
3394:'s great surrealist sci-fi classic
2886:and the pinnacle television serial
2306:feature a film within the film. In
968:The 2023 Christian fictional novel
658:, and the book's real-life author,
590:, a tale told through the music of
4527:Normington, Katie (October 2007).
4323:The New Penguin Shakespeare Hamlet
2425:The Adventures of Baron Munchausen
2240:'s typical, sarcastic commentary.
1612:draws in part on the 14th-century
674:Examples of nested stories by type
537:The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
375:The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar
339:Tale of Núr al-Dín Alí and his Son
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4423:(1968). "Critical introduction".
4374:. London: Routledge. p. 19.
4186:Ramachandran, Prema (June 2013).
3895:In the animated online franchise
3882:, was adapted from the holonovel
3450:If on a winter's night a traveler
3443:, who in turn borrowed them from
2475:stories, told as moral fables by
2233:The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya
1604:Shakespeare play of the same name
919:Lo! The Flat Hills of My Homeland
910:Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years
715:The Manuscript Found in Saragossa
187:Frame stories and anthology works
4448:Mercaldo, David (8 March 2018).
4425:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
2989:, the rebooted black 90s sitcom
2958:The Seemingly Never-Ending Story
1991:structure, with a screenplay by
1919:
1818:In most stagings of the musical
1563:there are specific allusions to
394:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
113:a dream about a ladder to heaven
41:
4273:is itself a play within a play.
2494:The seminal 1950 Japanese film
2465:'s 1946 live-action drama film
1485:. The action and characters in
1126:The Cat Who Walks Through Walls
493:Ears and Tails and Common Sense
165:are automatically in question.
4634:"从前有个山,山上有个庙,庙里有个和尚,他在 – 手机爱问"
3765:Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
3756:Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
3743:In the fictional world of the
3174:Judy Garland Christmas Special
1707:"frame" for it, is called an "
1325:(later adapted into a film by
753:is a part of the final title.
455:too makes use of this device;
260:is narrated by a character in
210:Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor
163:reliability of the storyteller
135:in which a character within a
1:
4604:Hardyment, Christina (1988).
4552:French, Philip (2013-03-03).
3435:includes a narrative between
3224:The Flaming Globes of Sigmund
3164:Extraordinary Merry Christmas
3030:Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip
2840:Nintendo Entertainment System
2455:(which garnered an Oscar for
2324:Vera - Todesengel der Gestapo
2045:The French Lieutenant's Woman
1290:Star Trek: Strange New Worlds
1256:Star Trek: The Motion Picture
409:'Tis the Voice of the Lobster
4354:Chekhov on the British stage
4307:the first play-within-a-play
3831:. In 1975 real-world author
3811:The Tales of Beedle the Bard
3634:two characters are watching
3463:'s satirical Hollywood noir
3356:'s classic children's novel
3326:Neighborhood of Make-Believe
3234:is a central element of the
3010:features a television show,
2483:) to seven-year-old Johnny (
2296:All feature-length films by
2193:revolving around a group of
1632:Knight of the Burning Pestle
1085:God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater
982:Office of Strategic Services
417:The Walrus and the Carpenter
4571:"ProReview: Power Factor".
4397:Shakespeare—Four late plays
4255:Manchester University Press
4225:"Use of fiction in therapy"
4067:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
3825:has written a novel called
3697:in his music video for the
3601:. In between the events of
3483:Austin Powers in Goldmember
3321:Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
3201:TV series within the show:
3197:that includes a fictional
2940:, Bart's favorite cartoon,
2858:TV show within a video game
2412:The 2002 martial arts epic
2400:-style family movie called
1846:Small House of Uncle Thomas
1618:(itself a frame story), by
1518:also became the title of a
1377:Labyrinth of Dreaming Books
1176:Axis Powers of World War II
405:You Are Old, Father William
306:One Thousand and One Nights
4700:
4581:. April 1993. p. 164.
4554:"Caesar Must die – review"
4192:IUP Journal of Soft Skills
3977:. Routledge. p. 134.
3904:One unique example is the
3852:, there is a comic called
3805:Quidditch Through the Ages
3518:Martian Successor Nadesico
3439:(characters borrowed from
3151:Thunderbirds-style puppets
2768:
2709:1969 play of the same name
2491:) and Toby (Glenn Leedy).
2402:The Shook-Up Shopping Cart
1872:Joseph Heller's 1967 play
1695:The Caucasian Chalk Circle
1535:are about a production of
1515:The Conscience of the King
1337:Play or film within a book
1216:Knights of the Morningstar
1172:The Grasshopper Lies Heavy
1167:The Man in the High Castle
1111:footnotes for fake books.
849:to his impressed friends.
775:Fall of the House of Usher
564:, and the television show
190:
29:
4612:. London: Jonathan Cape.
4395:Buchanan, Judith (2001).
3547:Grauman's Chinese Theatre
3437:Achilles and the Tortoise
3193:, is notable for being a
3169:Star Wars Holiday Special
2487:) and his friends Ginny (
2287:sequence was parodied on
2226:The first episode of the
2201:film (itself also named "
1796:. Similarly, the musical
1713:". Brecht's one-act play
1573:A Midsummer Night's Dream
1132:To Sail Beyond the Sunset
799:A commonly independently
597:The critically acclaimed
400:Through the Looking-Glass
127:, also referred to as an
4679:Metafictional techniques
4223:Giannini, A. J. (2001).
3854:Sweet Bro and Hella Jeff
3369:The Sandman: Worlds' End
3288:(and some would include
2878:Captain Baseball Bat Boy
2664:The main plot device in
2561:characters in the film.
2532:The Grand Budapest Hotel
1698:, a play is staged as a
1506:The Real Inspector Hound
1419:Kiss of the Spider Woman
1153:story written by one of
208:, such as the Egyptian "
4372:The Taming of the Shrew
4253:. Manchester, England:
4119:Pinault, David (1992).
3837:Venus on the Half-Shell
3828:Venus on the Half-Shell
3500:Pee-Wee's Big Adventure
3297:Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
3182:Don't Hug Me I'm Scared
3106:(1982), but was later "
2667:Repo! The Genetic Opera
2504:" (1921), utilizes the
2336:, which is a parody of
2014:Je vous présente Pamela
1787:A Chorus of Disapproval
1682:Red Detachment of Women
1600:The Taming of the Shrew
1585:The Taming of the Shrew
1396:The Mouse and His Child
1279:Margaret Wander Bonanno
1120:The Number of the Beast
996:Religion and philosophy
71:more precise citations.
4154:The Return of the King
3911:Boo! A Madea Halloween
3261:Fantasy within realism
3179:The British TV series
2925:Terrance & Phillip
2892:– heavily inspired by
2604:Springtime for Hitler.
2334:Mon dejeuner avec Vera
1875:We Bombed in New Haven
1755:The Two-Character Play
1646:Richard Rodney Bennett
1582:. Almost the whole of
1284:Strangers from the Sky
1079:Breakfast of Champions
1059:Nested science fiction
817:The Brothers Karamazov
765:
580:Frame stories in music
519:Aelwyd F'Ewythr Robert
120:
4319:Barton, Anne (1980).
4167:. "The Grey Havens".
4160:The Lord of the Rings
3422:Stranger than Fiction
3378:The Way Through Doors
3359:The Neverending Story
3215:Film within a TV show
3021:The television shows
2741:, the lead character
2693:TV show within a film
2637:A 2012 Italian film,
2127:as a central device.
2087:Arnold Schwarzenegger
1863:Always the Same Dream
1541:The Murder of Gonzago
1483:The Murder of Gonzago
1436:The Book of Illusions
1352:The Courier's Tragedy
1038:The Solitaire Mystery
944:The Arabian Nightmare
794:Cide Hamete Benengeli
764:for the 1880 edition.
759:
751:The Lord of the Rings
737:Red Book of Westmarch
728:The Lord of the Rings
573:How I Met Your Mother
102:
4501:"Kissinger in China"
4285:Erne, Lukas (2001).
3690:Synecdoche, New York
3684:Being John Malkovich
3385:, mentioned above).
3272:Swallows and Amazons
3242:New York, I Love You
3203:Grolton & Hovris
3057:Curb Your Enthusiasm
2613:Diary of a Wimpy Kid
2355:Inglourious Basterds
2343:My Dinner with André
2112:Purple Rose of Cairo
2092:The Last Action Hero
1943:improve this section
1702:to villagers in the
1662:The Mines of Sulphur
1343:The Crying of Lot 49
1300:Far Beyond the Stars
1298:'s novelization of "
1274:The Final Reflection
1234:third-person limited
1157:novel's characters.
962:Melmoth the Wanderer
805:The Grand Inquisitor
735:, which depicts the
489:The Little Swineherd
428:The Canterbury Tales
125:story within a story
18:Play-within-the-play
4454:The Italian Tribune
4271:The Spanish Tragedy
4013:Language Humanities
3866:'s earlier series,
3428:Gödel, Escher, Bach
3226:and, most notably,
3139:. A later episode,
3110:" into the Macross
3036:Sonny with a Chance
2912:Grand Theft Auto IV
2703:, an adaptation of
2700:The National Health
2687:Korczak's Children,
2679:Rabindranath Tagore
2625:High School Musical
2588:Battle of Agincourt
2408:Story within a film
2171:The Shrinking Lover
2163:The Shrinking Lover
2154:The Shrinking Lover
2150:The Shrinking Lover
2146:The Shrinking Lover
2048:(1981), written by
1981:The 1946 film noir
1832:Lestat: The Musical
1813:Miguel de Cervantes
1579:Love's Labours Lost
1473:William Shakespeare
1457:The Spanish Tragedy
1432:Pier Paolo Pasolini
883:Lost in Translation
813:psychological novel
786:Miguel de Cervantes
655:Alice in Wonderland
517:In the Welsh novel
335:unreliable narrator
237:Vikrama and Vethala
4638:m.iask.sina.com.cn
4475:"Mines of Sulphur"
4098:(September 2003).
4072:Palgrave Macmillan
3908:comedy/horror hit
3869:Captain Underpants
3833:Philip José Farmer
3781:, a series in the
3778:Kujibiki Unbalance
3587:horror series. In
3433:Douglas Hofstadter
3228:Rochelle, Rochelle
3208:Wallace and Gromit
3004:television series
2995:Looking for LaToya
2943:Itchy and Scratchy
2874:Lords & Ladies
2765:Nested video games
2557:To Be or Not to Be
2540:Play within a film
2452:The Usual Suspects
2175:Best Scene of 2002
2118:Play it Again, Sam
1987:contains a nested
1904:The Blues Brothers
1760:Tennessee Williams
1532:A Midwinter's Tale
1354:by the fictitious
1228:, the protagonist
1146:The Blind Assassin
1115:Robert A. Heinlein
871:literary modernism
843:create and develop
766:
662:, and inspiration
592:Coheed and Cambria
500:The Princess Bride
225:Seven Wise Masters
129:embedded narrative
121:
4538:978-1-84384-128-9
4381:978-0-8153-3515-3
4229:Psychiatric Times
4149:Tolkien, J. R. R.
4106:Project Gutenberg
4038:changingminds.org
3984:978-1-134-45840-0
3880:Dean Wesley Smith
3147:Wormhole X-Treme!
3132:Wormhole X-Treme!
2966:Dear White People
2866:video game title
2829:Final Fantasy VII
2786:The Fool's Errand
2468:Song of the South
2459:'s performance).
2350:Quentin Tarantino
2000:François Truffaut
1979:
1978:
1971:
1881:The 1937 musical
1851:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1716:The Elephant Calf
1615:Confessio Amantis
1390:Trouble on Triton
869:With the rise of
847:telling the story
646:'s concept album
561:A Christmas Story
528:Uncle Tom's Cabin
365:Wuthering Heights
206:Indian literature
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
4691:
4684:Plot (narrative)
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4326:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4247:Bevington, David
4243:
4237:
4236:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4165:Houghton Mifflin
4145:
4139:
4138:
4125:Brill Publishers
4116:
4110:
4109:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4034:"Nested Stories"
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3968:
3817:In the works of
3677:The Orchid Thief
3493:The Muppet Movie
3488:Steven Spielberg
3336:in both realms.
3315:Sylvie and Bruno
3303:The Wizard of Oz
2619:The Wizard of Oz
2569:Laurence Olivier
2280:New Looney Tunes
2197:actors making a
2061:The Muppet Movie
2027:Sunset Boulevard
1974:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1923:
1915:
1810:
1799:Man of La Mancha
1740:dramatic tension
1627:Francis Beaumont
1403:'s best-selling
1401:Raina Telgemeier
1302:" partners with
1247:Gene Roddenberry
1197:recursive method
1193:Philip J. Farmer
1117:'s later books (
1012:, attributed to
930:Anthony Horowitz
917:writes the book
890:Rabih Alameddine
854:Vladimir Nabokov
790:found manuscript
733:J. R. R. Tolkien
702:ancient Egyptian
685:historical novel
567:The Wonder Years
523:Gwilym Hiraethog
443:Canterbury Tales
323:The Three Apples
319:stories narrated
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4664:Fictional works
4654:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4642:
4640:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4577:. No. 55.
4570:
4569:
4565:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4265:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4206:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4096:Burton, Richard
4094:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4074:. p. 312.
4064:, eds. (1999).
4056:
4055:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3930:
3898:Homestar Runner
3734:
3672:Charlie Kaufman
3551:Blazing Saddles
3538:Blazing Saddles
3535:'s 1974 comedy
3342:
3340:Fractal fiction
3291:Great Northern?
3263:
3217:
3185:, based on the
3077:episode of the
2949:Tom & Jerry
2921:
2919:Nested TV shows
2904:Address Unknown
2889:Address Unknown
2860:
2835:Animal Crossing
2773:
2767:
2751:Woody's Roundup
2729:The Truman Show
2695:
2683:The Post Office
2653:prison playing
2640:Caesar Must Die
2542:
2523:Michael Jackson
2428:, and the 2003
2410:
2372:is directed by
2360:Nazi propaganda
2298:Jörg Buttgereit
2132:Pedro Almodóvar
2070:Kermit the Frog
1993:Sheridan Gibney
1975:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1940:
1924:
1913:
1898:White Christmas
1857:In stagings of
1808:
1602:, based on the
1590:Christopher Sly
1496:Agatha Christie
1465:(the so-called
1448:
1339:
1236:point of view.
1151:science fiction
1141:Margaret Atwood
1107:House of Leaves
1074:science fiction
1061:
1034:Jostein Gaarder
998:
974:Karen Kingsbury
957:Charles Maturin
898:The Storyteller
825:Herman Melville
792:by (fictional)
770:Edgar Allan Poe
681:
676:
668:Edward Mordrake
582:
258:Kurukshetra War
195:
189:
133:literary device
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
27:Literary device
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4625:
4618:
4596:
4584:
4563:
4544:
4537:
4519:
4506:The New Yorker
4491:
4479:Opera Scotland
4466:
4440:
4433:
4412:
4405:
4387:
4380:
4362:
4344:
4337:
4311:
4301:
4277:
4263:
4249:, ed. (1996).
4238:
4215:
4178:
4140:
4133:
4127:. p. 94.
4111:
4087:
4080:
4049:
4025:
3997:
3983:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3945:Parallel novel
3942:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3885:Captain Proton
3751:Buzz Lightyear
3733:
3730:
3720:text adventure
3715:Stories Untold
3524:Gekigangar III
3469:ends with the
3341:
3338:
3267:Arthur Ransome
3262:
3259:
3237:Master of None
3216:
3213:
3205:, a parody of
2920:
2917:
2859:
2856:
2769:Main article:
2766:
2763:
2759:Buzz Lightyear
2749:show known as
2697:The 1973 film
2694:
2691:
2552:Ernst Lubitsch
2544:The 2001 film
2541:
2538:
2485:Bobby Driscoll
2446:heroic fantasy
2409:
2406:
2370:Nation's Pride
2365:Nation's Pride
2290:Drawn Together
2270:Rabbit Rampage
2203:Tropic Thunder
2186:Tropic Thunder
2142:Hable con ella
2038:The script to
1977:
1976:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1841:The King and I
1730:Jean Giraudoux
1722:Man Equals Man
1690:Bertolt Brecht
1672:Nixon in China
1657:Beverley Cross
1543:, as does the
1529:and the movie
1494:(a title that
1492:The Mouse-trap
1447:
1444:
1348:Thomas Pynchon
1338:
1335:
1327:The Wachowskis
1261:J. A. Lawrence
1220:Matthew Stover
1202:World of Tiers
1188:Red Orc's Rage
1162:Philip K. Dick
1060:
1057:
1043:Sophie's World
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
986:
935:Magpie Murders
923:Sparg of Kronk
879:modernist poem
811:from his long
762:Ricardo Balaca
680:
677:
675:
672:
619:concept albums
587:The Amory Wars
581:
578:
548:, but once by
512:S. Morgenstern
327:murder mystery
311:Arabian Nights
286:The Golden Ass
191:Main article:
188:
185:
141:nested stories
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4696:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4619:0-224-02590-2
4615:
4610:
4609:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4555:
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4534:
4530:
4523:
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4508:
4507:
4502:
4495:
4492:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4406:1-84022-104-6
4402:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4338:0-14-070734-4
4334:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4302:0-7190-6093-1
4298:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4264:0-7190-4344-1
4260:
4257:. p. 5.
4256:
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4219:
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4156:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4134:90-04-09530-6
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4081:9780312198695
4077:
4073:
4069:
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4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3878:, a story by
3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3850:Andrew Hussie
3847:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3823:Kilgore Trout
3820:
3819:Kurt Vonnegut
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3695:Michel Gondry
3692:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3476:A Chorus Line
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3461:Robert Altman
3458:
3456:
3455:Italo Calvino
3452:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3441:Lewis Carroll
3438:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:Long Division
3408:
3407:Long Division
3404:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3392:Samuel Delany
3389:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:Droste effect
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:Betty Aberlin
3327:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3249:series finale
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:Stargate SG-1
3134:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:Stargate SG-1
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:USS Callister
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2946:(a parody of
2945:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:Cliff Johnson
2778:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:Peter Nichols
2702:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2659:Julius Caesar
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2646:Julius Caesar
2642:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2599:The Producers
2595:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:Globe Theatre
2580:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:Moulin Rouge!
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:James Baskett
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2420:Terry Gilliam
2417:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2329:Nekromantik 2
2325:
2321:
2320:
2319:Der Todesking
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:Buster Keaton
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:Harold Pinter
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:Hail, Caesar!
2029:
2028:
2023:
2022:Day for Night
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2005:Day for Night
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1970:
1962:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1928:This section
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1893:Mickey Rooney
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:Babes in Arms
1879:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1773:mystery plays
1770:
1769:
1768:The Mysteries
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1595:Kiss Me, Kate
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:Anton Chekhov
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:I Hate Hamlet
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:The Mousetrap
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1385:Samuel Delany
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Steven Barnes
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:Mudd's Angels
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:Stanisław Lem
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1070:Kilgore Trout
1067:
1066:Kurt Vonnegut
1058:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:The Symposium
995:
990:
987:
983:
979:
978:
977:
975:
971:
966:
964:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:James Merrill
872:
867:
865:
864:Chernyshevsky
861:
860:
856:in his novel
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
826:
821:
819:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
763:
758:
754:
752:
748:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:
724:
719:
717:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Bolesław Prus
691:
690:
686:
678:
673:
671:
669:
665:
664:Alice Liddell
661:
660:Lewis Carroll
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
640:
638:
637:Janelle Monae
634:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
605:
600:
595:
593:
589:
588:
579:
577:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:Harrison Ford
547:
543:
539:
538:
532:
530:
529:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
383:Lewis Carroll
380:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
360:
359:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
296:Metamorphoses
292:
288:
287:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
232:
227:
226:
221:
220:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
173:
172:Mise en abyme
166:
164:
158:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
117:William Blake
114:
110:
106:
101:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4641:. Retrieved
4637:
4628:
4607:
4599:
4587:
4572:
4566:
4558:The Guardian
4557:
4547:
4528:
4522:
4510:. Retrieved
4504:
4494:
4482:. Retrieved
4478:
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4453:
4443:
4424:
4421:Gurr, Andrew
4415:
4396:
4390:
4371:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4287:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4207:. Retrieved
4195:
4191:
4181:
4158:
4152:
4143:
4120:
4114:
4100:
4090:
4066:
4052:
4041:. Retrieved
4037:
4028:
4017:. Retrieved
4015:. 2023-09-06
4012:
3988:. Retrieved
3973:
3966:
3919:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3857:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3793:Harry Potter
3791:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3723:
3713:
3707:
3703:Bachelorette
3688:
3682:
3675:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3568:Silent Movie
3566:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3543:Warner Bros.
3536:
3522:
3516:
3509:Paul Reubens
3505:James Brolin
3498:
3491:
3481:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3448:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3403:Kiese Laymon
3395:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3357:
3354:Michael Ende
3343:
3334:David Newell
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3232:Death Castle
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3202:
3180:
3178:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3084:
3080:Black Mirror
3078:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2963:On the show
2962:
2954:The Simpsons
2953:
2947:
2941:
2937:The Simpsons
2935:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2887:
2883:Dick Justice
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2849:
2843:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2799:
2794:Power Factor
2792:
2791:
2784:
2783:'s 1987 hit
2774:
2750:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2698:
2696:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2572:
2562:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2516:
2514:
2495:
2493:
2489:Luana Patten
2473:Br'er Rabbit
2466:
2461:
2457:Kevin Spacey
2450:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2362:film called
2353:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2268:
2264:
2250:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2220:Galaxy Quest
2218:
2212:
2208:Three Amigos
2206:
2202:
2189:(2008) is a
2184:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2082:Sherlock Jr.
2080:
2074:
2064:begins with
2059:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1956:
1941:Please help
1929:
1911:Nested films
1902:
1896:
1889:Judy Garland
1882:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1819:
1817:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1752:
1748:water sprite
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1704:Soviet Union
1693:
1687:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1547:-based film
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1446:Nested plays
1428:Boys of Life
1427:
1424:Paul Russell
1417:
1411:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1376:
1373:Walter Moers
1370:
1363:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1272:
1269:John M. Ford
1264:
1254:
1251:novelization
1240:
1238:
1225:Shatterpoint
1223:
1215:
1211:Quantum Leap
1209:
1207:
1200:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1099:The Cyberiad
1097:
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1049:
1041:
1037:
1007:
1001:
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969:
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942:
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933:
927:
922:
918:
908:
905:Sue Townsend
902:
897:
894:The Hakawati
893:
887:
868:
857:
851:
838:
828:
822:
815:
801:anthologised
798:
779:
773:
767:
750:
744:
726:
720:
713:
687:
683:In his 1895
682:
679:Nested books
653:
647:
641:
628:The Carnival
626:
612:
602:
596:
585:
583:
571:
565:
559:
553:
535:
533:
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516:
499:
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488:
480:
477:Arnold Lobel
468:
450:
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436:
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398:
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386:
381:
373:
363:
358:Frankenstein
356:
353:Mary Shelley
351:
315:Scheherazade
310:
304:
294:
284:
282:
277:
273:
270:Vaisampayana
265:
251:
247:Panchatantra
245:
242:Vishnu Sarma
235:
229:
223:
217:
214:Indian epics
203:
196:
170:
167:
159:
144:
140:
128:
124:
122:
83:
74:
55:
4235:(7): 56–57.
4062:Grant, John
4058:Clute, John
3939:Metafiction
3906:Tyler Perry
3710:video games
3662:Spike Jonze
3644:time travel
3383:Talk to Her
3364:Neil Gaiman
3195:puppet show
3042:Kappa Mikey
2894:David Lynch
2777:Tim Stryker
2738:Toy Story 2
2631:Love, Simon
2581:of the old
2579:tiring room
2477:Uncle Remus
2463:Walt Disney
2338:Louis Malle
2309:Nekromantik
2244:Chuck Jones
2199:Vietnam War
2195:prima donna
2191:comedy film
2167:Talk to Her
2159:Talk to Her
2137:Talk to Her
2107:Woody Allen
2066:the Muppets
2054:John Fowles
2040:Karel Reisz
2010:Meet Pamela
1859:Dina Rubina
1826:Griddlebone
1560:The Seagull
1438:(2002) and
1414:Manuel Puig
1322:Cloud Atlas
1052:Mahabharata
953:The Sandman
949:Neil Gaiman
781:Don Quixote
710:Jan Potocki
623:Wyclef Jean
555:Stand by Me
546:George Hall
521:(1852), by
481:Mouse Tales
413:Jabberwocky
397:(1865) and
278:Mahabharata
253:Mahabharata
231:Hitopadesha
199:frame story
193:Frame story
69:introducing
4658:Categories
4643:2019-04-30
4434:0050015710
4209:2023-04-15
4204:1434052357
4163:. Boston:
4043:2023-09-15
4019:2023-09-15
3958:References
3916:Chris Rock
3892:universe.
3864:Dav Pilkey
3667:Adaptation
3642:involving
3599:first film
3575:The Artist
3562:Spaceballs
3533:Mel Brooks
3466:The Player
3285:Missee Lee
3279:Peter Duck
3199:claymation
3187:web series
3094:universe.
3016:Father Ted
3012:Father Ben
3007:Father Ted
2977:Defamation
2931:South Park
2899:Twin Peaks
2851:Fallout 76
2724:Jim Carrey
2719:hospital.
2713:soap opera
2594:Mel Brooks
2515:The movie
2502:In a Grove
2430:Tim Burton
2358:depicts a
2285:Duck Amuck
2275:Elmer Fudd
2265:Duck Amuck
2261:Bugs Bunny
2257:Daffy Duck
2252:Duck Amuck
2173:was named
2124:Casablanca
2098:Take on me
1984:The Locket
1959:March 2022
1811:s author,
1781:Noises Off
1667:John Adams
1654:librettist
1650:playwright
1638:The opera
1620:John Gower
1487:The Murder
1452:Thomas Kyd
1359:playwright
1331:Tom Tykwer
1230:Mace Windu
1137:hypothesis
809:Dostoevsky
803:story is "
746:The Hobbit
723:provenance
706:characters
370:Roald Dahl
77:March 2022
52:references
4198:(2): 56.
4173:519647821
3890:Star Trek
3845:Homestuck
3784:Genshiken
3770:Lightyear
3763:. Later,
3761:Toy Story
3746:Toy Story
3660:Director
3556:Star Wars
3374:Cerements
3191:same name
3172:and the "
3162:episode "
3117:Macross 7
3108:retconned
3085:Star Trek
2987:Due North
2869:Max Payne
2845:Fallout 4
2655:fictional
2518:Inception
2506:flashback
2380:Joe Dante
2214:Star Trek
2130:The 2002
2042:'s movie
1989:flashback
1930:does not
1746:Hans and
1710:induction
1677:Madam Mao
1641:Pagliacci
1525:The play
1520:Star Trek
1468:Ur-Hamlet
1381:ekphrasis
1319:The book
1314:Star Trek
1242:Star Trek
1222:'s novel
1195:a doubly
1164:'s novel
1143:'s novel
970:Just Once
959:'s novel
892:'s novel
839:Moby-Dick
830:Moby-Dick
827:'s novel
698:vignettes
644:Tom Waits
614:The Score
508:the movie
485:Paula Fox
473:anthology
438:Decameron
433:Boccaccio
372:'s story
331:flashback
216:like the
105:the Bible
4200:ProQuest
4151:(1955).
3928:See also
3749:movies,
3738:spin-off
3725:Superhot
3654:Scream 4
3632:Scream 4
3627:Scream 4
3622:Scream 3
3617:Scream 3
3608:Scream 3
3603:Scream 2
3590:Scream 2
3559:parody,
3471:antihero
3397:Dhalgren
3350:fractals
3240:episode
3220:Seinfeld
3129:episode
3120:(1994).
3066:Seinfeld
3062:Seinfeld
3051:Seinfeld
2982:Insecure
2771:Minigame
2651:Rebibbia
2622:, while
2596:' film,
2527:Thriller
2497:Rashomon
2441:The Fall
2435:Big Fish
2388:depicts
2374:Eli Roth
2246:'s 1953
2179:Skandies
1861:'s play
1750:Ondine.
1732:'s play
1609:Pericles
1356:Jacobean
1304:Greg Cox
1239:Several
1030:parables
877:'s 1974
859:The Gift
741:subtitle
621:, while
504:the book
461:Alcinous
457:Odysseus
415:", and "
291:Apuleius
219:Ramayana
181:heraldry
32:metaplot
4674:Fiction
4574:GamePro
4512:28 June
4484:28 June
4459:28 June
3990:30 July
3951:Subplot
3888:in the
3859:Dog Man
3529:paradox
3515:series
3189:of the
3092:Macross
3024:30 Rock
2991:Kev'yn,
2975:parody
2972:Scandal
2862:In the
2820:Shenmue
2755:Sputnik
2747:Western
2674:Korczak
2608:Outkast
2577:in the
2574:Henry V
2554:comedy
2510:samurai
2385:Matinee
2326:and in
2303:Schramm
2300:except
2248:cartoon
2230:series
2217:parody
2177:in the
1951:removed
1936:sources
1867:Pushkin
1805:Quixote
1700:parable
1440:Flicker
1022:gospels
951:series
689:Pharaoh
599:Beatles
469:Odyssey
465:Scheria
452:Odyssey
423:Chaucer
391:books,
347:Persian
274:Bharata
175:is the
131:, is a
119:, 1805)
65:improve
4669:Comedy
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3701:song "
3649:Scream
3640:Stab 5
3636:Stab 7
3613:Stab 2
3584:Scream
3572:winner
3274:series
3039:, and
2969:, the
2864:Remedy
2814:Yakuza
2564:Hamlet
2525:song "
2398:Disney
2263:. The
2255:shows
2018:Pamela
1793:Lilies
1744:mortal
1735:Ondine
1565:Hamlet
1545:Hamlet
1537:Hamlet
1478:Hamlet
1463:Hamlet
1379:is an
1365:Hamlet
1214:novel
1020:, the
1009:Phaedo
915:Adrian
835:mutiny
633:Ayreon
611:album
609:Fugees
601:album
502:(both
343:Arabic
256:, the
212:" and
177:French
153:, and
146:Hamlet
54:, but
3921:Top 5
3918:film
3699:Björk
3513:anime
3309:Alice
3254:Barry
3112:canon
3002:Irish
2928:from
2842:. In
2806:Haseo
2801:.hack
2743:Woody
2726:film
2432:film
2422:film
2316:. In
2228:anime
2134:film
2089:film
2002:film
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1406:Drama
1096:from
1026:Jesus
1018:Bible
1014:Plato
985:home.
896:, or
807:" by
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447:Homer
388:Alice
325:", a
283:Both
262:Vyasa
240:. In
155:songs
151:poems
137:story
109:Jacob
4614:ISBN
4533:ISBN
4514:2023
4486:2023
4461:2023
4429:ISBN
4401:ISBN
4376:ISBN
4333:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4259:ISBN
4169:OCLC
4129:ISBN
4076:ISBN
3992:2013
3979:ISBN
3624:and
3605:and
3595:Stab
3445:Zeno
3332:and
3282:and
3247:The
3159:Glee
3156:The
3123:The
3071:The
3000:The
2848:and
2817:and
2722:The
2415:Hero
2390:Mant
2314:Vera
2238:Kyon
2103:A-ha
1998:The
1934:any
1932:cite
1901:and
1891:and
1848:(or
1821:Cats
1648:and
1576:and
1329:and
1208:The
1178:had
1155:that
1129:and
1082:and
1006:and
721:The
570:and
558:and
542:Indy
506:and
431:and
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407:", "
301:Ovid
293:and
266:Jaya
234:and
111:has
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3848:by
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2826:In
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