Play (activity) - Knowledge (XXG)

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behaviors and signals (nudging, barking, growling, pawing, jumping, etc.) were used by the other dog to communicate the intent and/or desire to continue on with the dyadic play. Stronger or more frequent signaling was used if the attention of the other dog was not captured. These observations tell us that these dogs know how play behavior and signaling can be used to capture attention, communicate intent and desire, and manipulate one another. This characteristic and skill, called the "attention-getting skill" has generally only been seen in humans, but is now being researched and seen in many different species.

1330: 48: 1305:). The social benefits of play for many animals, for example, could instead be garnered by grooming. Patrick Bateson maintains that equifinality is exactly what play teaches. In accordance with the flexibility hypothesis, play may teach animals to avoid "false endpoints". In other words, they harness the childlike tendency to keep playing with something that works "well enough", eventually allowing them to come up with something that might work better, if only in some situations. This also allows mammals to build up various skills that could come in handy in entirely novel situations. 1080:

other age groups, the elderly are more likely to experience a variety of barriers, such as difficulty with environmental hazards and accessibility issues, that may hinder their abilities to play. Although playing may benefit seniors, it also has the potential to negatively impact their health. For example, those who play may be more susceptible to injury. Investigating these barriers may assist in the creation of useful interventions and/or the development of preventative measures, such as establishing safer recreational areas, that promote play throughout elderly life.

1130: 1195: 1114: 536: 141: 555: 283: 895: 942:. Overlooked are the benefits of play for adults—more specifically, adults who spend a lot of time in the workplace. Many adults in North America are in the workforce and spend half of their waking hours in a workplace environment with little to no time for play. Play in this context refers to leisure-type activities with colleagues during lunch breaks or short breaks throughout the working day. Leisure activities might include physical 747:(e.g., making friends). Electronics are a form of playtime, but researchers have found that most electronic play leads to lack of motivation, no social interaction, and can lead to obesity. Play is children using their creativity while developing their imagination, dexterity, and physical, cognitive, and emotional strength. Dramatic play is common in younger children. For youth to benefit from playtime, the following are recommended: 1272: 854:, and other related diseases. According to research by the Australian Early Childhood Mental Health Initiative, children can be assisted in dealing with and managing stress by developing their sense of optimism when playing sports. Young people also tend to be more nutrition-conscious in their food choices when they participate in sport. Girls involved in sport are less likely to experience teenage 1284: 88:. Accordingly, play can range from relaxed, free-spirited, spontaneous, and frivolous to planned or even compulsive. Play is not just a pastime activity; it has the potential to serve as an important tool in numerous aspects of daily life for adolescents, adults, and cognitively advanced non-human species (such as primates). Not only does play promote and aid in physical development (such as 4521: 1402:

versus playing styles with fathers and how it influences child social development. "ntegral to positive development is the child's social competence or, more precisely, the ability to regulate their own emotions and behaviors in the social contexts of early childhood to support the effective accomplishment of relevant developmental tasks."

1352:, the father of the child study movement that sparked an interest in the developmental, mental, and behavioral world of babies and children. Play promotes healthy development of parent-child bonds, establishing social, emotional, and cognitive developmental milestones that help them relate to others, manage stress, and learn resiliency. 2695: 1031:

tries to down-key playfight invitations to "treatment" or "learning," but playfighting also offers youth and staff identificatory respite from the institutional regime. Playfighting is a recurrent pattern in the social life of a youth care institution and sits at the core of what inmates and staff have to deal with

453:, game researcher and theorist Jesper Juul explores the relationship between real rules and unreal scenarios in play, such as winning or losing a game in the real world when played together with real-world friends, but doing so by slaying a dragon in the fantasy world presented in the shared video game. 1434:

Before and after the two hours of play, the children have the opportunity to express their plans and discuss with their peers. After the play, they get the opportunity to draw, write or explain what they did. Then, they watch the videos recorded the same day and explain how they played and comment on

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Social benefits of play have been measured using basic interpersonal values such as getting along with peers. Play with parents reduces anxiety in children. Having play time with parents that involves socially acceptable behaviour makes it easier for children to relate to be more socially adjusted to

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Play and activity tend to decline with age which may result in negative outcomes such as social isolation, depression, and mobility issues. American studies found that only 24% of seniors took part in regular physical activity and only 42% use the internet for entertainment purposes. In comparison to

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for entertainment. Another study indicated a common pattern in game preferences among older adults: seniors often favor activities that encourage mental and physical fitness, incorporate past interests, have some level of competition, and foster a sense of belonging. Researchers investigating play in

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Similar to the data surrounding children and adults, play and activity are associated with improved health and quality of life among seniors. Additionally, play and activity tend to affect successful aging as well as boost well-being throughout the lifespan. Although children, adults, and seniors all

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Although adults who engage in high amounts of play may find themselves described as "childish" or "young at heart" by less playful adults, play is an important activity, regardless of age. Creativity and happiness can result from adult play, where the objective can be more than fun alone, as in adult

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This definition of play as constituting a separate and independent sphere of human activity is sometimes referred to as the "magic circle" notion of play, a phrase also attributed to Huizinga. Many other definitions exist. Jean Piaget stated, "the many theories of play expounded in the past are clear

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Play time can be a way for children to learn the different ways of their culture. Many communities use play to emulate work. The way in which children mimic work through their play can differ according to the opportunities they have access to, but it is something that tends to be promoted by adults.

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Parent interactions at playtime also differ within communities. Parents in the Mayan culture interact with their children in a playful mindset while parents in the United States tend to set aside time to play and teach their children through games and activities. In the Mayan community, children are

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Summing up the formal characteristic of play, we might call it a free activity standing quite consciously outside "ordinary" life as being "not serious" but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained

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While planning, experimenting, building, and using the structures to play, the children have the opportunity to interact with peers, to think critically about what may work, to discuss the plan, and organize the construction work. The process is observed and recorded by the teachers and instructors

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of the University of California, the communication and attention-getting skills of dogs were investigated. In a natural setting, dyadic play behavior was observed; head-direction and posture was specifically noted. When one of the two dogs was facing away or otherwise preoccupied, attention-getting

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A moderate level of play has numerous positive outcomes in the lives of senior citizens. To support and promote play within the older population, institutions should set up more diverse equipment, improve conditions within recreational areas, and create more video games or online forums that appeal

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The ability to incorporate play into one's routine is important because these activities allow participants to express creativity, improve verbal and non-verbal intelligence, and enhance balance. These benefits may be especially crucial to seniors because cognitive and physical functioning declines

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Contests, team-building exercises, fitness programs, mental health breaks, and other social activities make the work environment fun, interactive, and rewarding. Playfighting, i.e. playful fights or fictive disputes, may contribute to organizations and institutions, as in youth care settings. Staff

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Companies that encourage play at work, whether short breaks throughout the day or during lunch breaks, are more successful because this leads to positive emotion among employees. Risk taking, confidence in presenting novel ideas, and embracing unusual and fresh perspectives are associated with play

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Some cultures, such as Euro-American ones, encourage play time in order to stress cognitive benefits and the importance of learning how to care for one's self. Other cultures, such as people of African American or Asian American heritages, stress more group oriented learning and play where kids can

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in traditional Chinese) is an educational method based on children's self-directed play in outside spaces, using simple tools made of natural material. The teachers and instructors only observe and document the children's independent play. The method was created by Cheng Xueqin and is organized as

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Various forms of play, physical or mental, influence cognitive abilities in individuals. As little as ten minutes of exercise (including physical play), can improve cognitive abilities. An "exergame" is a game that incorporates some physical movement but is not formal exercise. Such games increase

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evolutionary biologist) proposes a "flexibility" hypothesis that attempts to incorporate these neurological findings. It argues that play helps animals learn to switch and improvise all behaviors more effectively, to be prepared for the unexpected. There may, however, be other ways to acquire even

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At an indigenous community of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, children's play is highly valued and encouraged by leaders and parents. They interact with the children of different ages and explore together different environments to let the children express themselves as part of the group.

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uses imagination to transcend what is known in the current state, to create a higher state. For example, a person might experiment to find a new way to use a musical instrument, thereby taking that form of music to a higher plane; or, as Einstein was known to do, a person might wonder about things

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Free-form play gives children the freedom to decide what they want to play and how it will be played. Both the activity and the rules are subject to change in this form, and children can make any changes to the rules or objectives of the play at any time. Some countries in the twenty-first century

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Evolutionary psychologists believe that there must be an important benefit of play, as there are so many other reasons to avoid it; observations have shown it has arisen independently in such varied groups as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. Animals are often injured

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Groups of children in Efe of the Democratic Republic of Congo can be seen making ‘food’ from dirt or pretending to shoot bows and arrows much like their elders. These activities are similar to other forms of play worldwide. For instance, children can be seen comforting their toy dolls or animals,

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and games and children's drive for freedom to play. In the colonial era, toys were makeshift and children taught each other very simple games with little adult supervision. The market economy of the 19th century enabled the modern concept of childhood as a distinct, happy life stage. Factory-made

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Play can also influence one's social development and social interactions. Much of the research focuses on the influence play has on child social development. There are different forms of play that influence child social development. One study explored the influence of playing styles with mothers

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Observing play behavior in various species can tell much about the player's environment (including the welfare of the animal), personal needs, social rank (if any), immediate relationships, and eligibility for mating. Play activity, often observed through action and signals, serves as a tool for

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Playing video games is one of the most common mediums of play for children and adults today. There have been mixed reviews on the effects of video games. One study found " was positively associated with skills strongly related to academic success, such as time management, attention, executive

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by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings that tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress the difference from the common world by disguise or other means.

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and social skills, and can even act as a stepping stone into the world of integration, which can be a very stressful process. Play is something that most children partake in, but the way play is executed is different between cultures, and the way that children engage with play varies.

1235:. While mimicking adult behavior, attacking actions such as kicking and biting are not completely fulfilled, so playmates do not generally injure each other. In social animals, playing might also help to establish dominance rankings among the young to avoid conflicts as adults. 1023:, and stress. Decreased stress leads to less illness, which results in lower health care costs. Play at work may help employees function and cope when under stress, refresh body and mind, encourage teamwork, trigger creativity, and increase energy while preventing burnout. 922:. Play also offers adults the opportunity to practice concepts that may not have been explicitly or formally taught (e.g. how to manage misinformation or deceit). Thus, even though play is just one of many tools used by effective adults, it remains a necessary one. 1051:

tend to benefit from play, older adults often perform it in unique ways to account for possible issues, such as health restrictions, limited accessibility, and revised priorities. For this reason, elderly people may partake in physical exercise groups, interactive

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Anji play is also called "true play" and its guiding principles are love, risk, joy, engagement, and reflection. This method of self-initiated and self-directed play is applied at the pre-schools (children from three to six years old) in Anji county, East China.

523:, thousands of local playgrounds and ball fields opened, promoting softball especially as a sport for all ages and genders. By the 21st century, Chudacoff notes, the old tension between parental controls and a child's individual freedom was being played out in 423:. Play can consist of an amusing, pretend, or imaginary activity alone or with another. Some forms of play are rehearsals or trials for later life events, such as "play fighting", pretend social encounters (such as parties with dolls), or flirting. Findings in 1320:

that came into association with each other during food provisioning by pilgrims at the Ambagarh Forest Reserve, near Jaipur, India, shows the interspecific interaction that developed between the juveniles of the two species when opportunity presented itself.

132:. The definition reads as follows: "play is freely chosen, personally directed, intrinsically motivated behaviour that actively engages the child." This definition focuses more on the child's freedom of choice and personal motivation related to an activity. 1187:

communication and expression. Through mimicry, chasing, biting, and touching, animals act out in ways that send messages to one another; whether it's an alert, initiation of play, or expressing intent. When play behavior was observed for a study in

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All around the world, children use natural materials like stones, water, sand, leaves, fruits, sticks, and a variety of resources to play. In addition, there are groups that have access to crafts, industrialized toys, electronics, and video-games.

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for example, players kick a ball in a certain direction and push opponents out of their way as they do so. While appropriate within the sport's play space, these same behaviors might be inappropriate or even illegal outside the playing field.

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Play is positively correlated with coping with daily stressors in children. By playing, children regulate their emotions. This is important for adaptive functioning because without regulation, emotions could be overwhelming and stressful.

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relationship between higher intelligence in humans and its relationship to play, i.e., the relationship of play to the progress of whole evolutionary groups as opposed to the psychological implications of play to a specific individual.

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Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational, and leisure

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play by running and leaping as they acquire speed and agility. Hoofed mammals also practice kicking their hind legs to learn to ward off attacks. Indeed, time spent in physical play accelerates motor skill acquisition in wild

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to a point where everything else seems irrelevant. Sport fans can also imagine what it feels like to play for their preferred team. The feelings people experience can be so surreal that it affects their emotions and behavior.

911:" are examples of such creative play. In creative professions, such as design, playfulness can dispel more serious attitudes (such as shame or embarrassment) that impede brainstorming or artistic experimentation in design. 573:

In Brazil, children can be found playing with balls, kites, marbles, pretend houses, or mud kitchens, like in many other countries. In smaller communities they use mud balls, little stones or cashews to replace marbles.

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pleasure and enjoyment. Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but may be engaged in at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably

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Play can take the form of improvisation, pretense, interaction, performance, mimicry, games, sports, and thrill-seeking (including extreme or dangerous sports like sky-diving, high-speed racing, etc.).

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suggest that play promotes flexibility of mind, including adaptive practices such as discovering multiple ways to achieve a desired result, or creative ways to improve or reorganize a given situation.

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at work. Play can increase self-reported job satisfaction and well-being. Employees experiencing positive emotions are more cooperative, more social, and perform better when faced with complex tasks.

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Some children in the Sahara use clay figures as their forms of playful toys. Toys in general are a representation of cultural practices. They usually illustrate characters and objects of a community.

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Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.

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can provide a positive outcome for youth development. Research shows adolescents are more motivated and engaged in sports than any other activity, and these conditions predict a richer personal and

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physically active play is performed also during periods of low food availability and even if it is at the expense of growth, which highlights the developmental and evolutionary importance of play.

1258:(the outer areas of the brain—part of what distinguishes mammals). There is evidence that play helps the brain clean up this excess of cells, resulting in a more efficient cerebrum at maturity. 1191:, it was discovered that play signals weren't always used to initiate play; rather, these signals were viewed primarily as methods of communication (sharing information and attention-getting). 1068:

older adults are also interested in the benefits of technology and video games as therapeutic tools. These outlets can lower the risk of developing particular diseases, reduce feelings of

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with dedicated equipment and structures to promote active and social play. Some play spaces go even farther in specialization to bring the play indoors, and charge admission, as seen at

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and stress, and promote creativity and the maintenance of cognitive skills. As a result, play has been integrated into physiotherapy and occupational therapy interventions for seniors.

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predicted an increase of those aged 60 and above from 629 million in 2002 to approximately two billion in 2050 but increased life expectancy does not necessarily translate to a better

449:, researchers Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman outline 18 schemas for games, using them to define "play", "interaction", and "design" formally for behaviorists. Similarly, in his book 2839:

Lockett, Donna; Willis, Alette; Edwards, Nancy (2005). "Through Seniors' Eyes: An Exploratory Qualitative Study to Identify Environmental Barriers to and Facilitators of Walking".

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development. Anxiety, depression and obesity can stem from lack of activity and social interaction. There is a high correlation between the amount of time that youth spend playing

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during play, become distracted from predators, and expend valuable energy. In rare cases, play has even been observed between different species that are natural enemies such as a

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dolls and doll houses delighted young girls. Organized sports filtered down from adults and colleges, and boys learned to play with a bat, a ball, and an impromptu playing field.

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with age. However, it might not be aging itself that is associated with the decline in cognitive and physical capabilities, but the higher levels of inactivity in older adults.

1242:, discovered that the amount of time spent at play for many mammals (e.g. rats and cats) peaks around puberty, and then drops off. This corresponds to the development of the 1055:, and social forums specifically geared towards their needs and interests. One qualitative research study found older adults often chose to engage in specific games such as 1004:, and liveliness that play provides. This provides the employee with the sense that they are integrated within the organization, and therefore they feel and perform better. 508:

With the rise of motor vehicle traffic in the 20th century, teenagers were increasingly organized into club sports supervised and coached by adults, with swimming taught at

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The act of play time is a cross-cultural phenomenon that is universally accepted and encouraged by most communities; however, it can differ in the ways that is performed.

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supported in their playing but also encouraged to play while watching their parents do household work in order to become familiar with how to follow in their footsteps.

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Leone, M.; Lariviere, G.; Comtois, A.S. (2002). "Discriminant analysis of anthropometric and biomotor variables among elite adolescent female athletes in four sports".

6506: 1479: 985:, during their engagement with a task. While people are engaged in work, positive affect increases the satisfaction they feel from the work, and this increases their 3997:

Raudenská, Jaroslava; Gumančík, Jiří; Raudenský, Martin; Pasqualucci, Alberto; Narvaez Tamayo, Marco Antonio; Varrassi, Giustino; Javůrková, Alena (15 August 2023).

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peers at school or at play. Social development involving child interaction with peers is thus an area of influence for playful interactions with parents and peers.

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Play is often interpreted as frivolous; yet the player can be intently focused on their objective, particularly when play is structured and goal-oriented, as in a

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In Australia, games and sports are part of play. There, play can be considered as preparation for life and self-expression, like in many other countries.

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an infant explores the ways in which his or her body works and interacts with the world, such as making funny sounds or discovering what happens in a fall

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play of learning and language that develops intellect, such as a parent reading aloud to a child, or a child retelling the story in his or her own words

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Free, imaginative play is crucial for normal social, emotional and cognitive development. It makes us better adjusted, smarter and less stressed.

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The social cognitive complexity of numerous species, including dogs, have been explored in experimental studies. In one such study, conducted by

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tasks as well as other tasks. The development of a persistent motivational style charged with positive affect may lead to lasting work success.

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one's heart rate to the level of aerobics exercise and result in significant improvements in mental faculties such as math and recall memory.

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in Alberta, Canada, discovered that play may shape the brain in other ways, too. Young mammals have an overabundance of brain cells in their

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to describe the momentary disruption of perception that comes from forms of physical play that disorient the senses, especially balance.

878:. Sport provides an arena for young people to be physically active and so reduces the time spent in sedentary pursuits, such as watching 6880: 6792: 5537: 4572: 607:

Sport activities are one of the most universal forms of play. Different continents have their own popular/dominant sports. For example,

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Beets, M.W.; Pitetti, K H. (2005). "Contribution of physical education and sport to health-related fitness in high school students".

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Free to Learn: Why Unleashing the Instinct to Play Will Make Our Children Happier, More Self-Reliant, and Better Students for Life

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is used as a clinical application of play aimed at treating children who suffer from trauma, emotional issues and other problems.

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Chen, Tinghao; Sun, Kuo-Shun (2012). "Exploring the strategy to improve senior citizens' participations on recreational sports".

1113: 3718:"When do octopuses play? Effects of repeated testing, object type, age, and food deprivation on object play in Octopus vulgaris" 6559: 6492: 5847: 5200: 5046: 5367: 1427:

two hours of free play during which the children choose the available material they want to use and build structures to play.

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By participating regularly in a variety of sports, children can develop and become more proficient at various skills (such as

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involves others in activities such as tumbling, making faces, and building connections with another child or group of children

5490: 5357: 3401:"Problem of reptile play: Environmental enrichment and play behavior in a captive Nile soft-shelled turtle,Trionyx triunguis" 254:

a child invents scenarios from his or her imagination and acts within them as a form of play, such as princess or pirate play

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Youth should have a group of supportive people around them (teammates, coaches, and parents) with positive relationships.

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Galpayage Dona, Hiruni Samadi; Solvi, Cwyn; Kowalewska, Amelia; Mäkelä, Kaarle; MaBouDi, HaDi; Chittka, Lars (2022).

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play by chasing, pouncing, pawing, wrestling, and biting, as they learn to stalk and kill prey. Prey animals such as

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The benefits of parent-child play for the social development of preschoolers with varying levels of anxiety problems

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have added emphasis of free play into their values for children in early childhood, for example Taiwan and Hungary.

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One theory—"play as preparation"—was inspired by the observation that play often mimics adult themes of survival.

7111: 6727: 6594: 5588: 5352: 5311: 5147: 4867: 4699: 3106:"Games for a better life: effects of playing wii games on the well‑being of seniors in a long‑term care facility" 2412:

Brown, E.W.; Clark, M.A.; Ewing, M.E.; Malina, R.M. (1998). "Participation in youth sports: Benefits and risks".

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is used to describe the concept and theory of play and its relationship to rules and game design. In their book,

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As children get older, they engage in board games, video games, and computer play, and in this context the word

177:". Other play is unstructured or open-ended. Both types of play promote adaptive behaviors and mental states of 7164: 7121: 6644: 6371: 5939: 5547: 4719: 2111: 1251: 919: 489: 1988:"Cultural variation in young children's access to work or involvement in specialised child-focused activities" 215:

businesses that facilitate play and entertainment, while Children's Museums and Science Centers are typically

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Horowitz, Alexandra (January 2009). "Attention to attention in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) dyadic play".

6639: 6281: 5175: 4565: 1928:"Toys, Play, Culture and Society. An anthropological approach with reference to North Africa and the Sahara" 1194: 1001: 3208:"The Development of Social Interaction, Play, and Metacommunication in Mammals: An Ethological Perspective" 1904: 1171:. Animals on the lower strata, e.g. stressed and starving animals, generally do not play. However, in wild 6870: 6174: 6019: 5805: 5710: 5428: 5008: 4847: 4225:

Sinclair, Jeff; Hingston, Philip; Masek, Martin (2009). "Exergame development using the dual flow model".

4129: 2239: 1356: 1310: 1297: 875: 535: 3924:"The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds" 3312: 2621: 1532: 6629: 5954: 5398: 5337: 4898: 4822: 4749: 4714: 4458: 4182: 2501:"Participation in school sports clubs and related effects on cardiovascular risk factors in young males" 2302: 1337: 809: 396: 93: 89: 4266: 1909:

Making sense of developmentally and culturally appropriate practice (DCAP) in early childhood education

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Youth should possess skill development; such as physical, interpersonal, and knowledge about the sport.

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Larson, R.; Kleiber, D.A. (1993). "Daily experience of adolescents". In Tolan, P.; Cohler, B. (eds.).

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behaviors, as much as building general connections in the brain. Sergio Pellis and colleagues at the

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such as playing with toys, banging pots and pans, handling physical things in ways that use curiosity

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Colella, Massimo (2023). "Rinascimento ludens: Girolamo Bargagli ei «giuochi» delle veglie senesi".

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which are not yet known and play with unproven ideas as a bridge to the discovery of new knowledge.

158: 3790:"Locomotor play drives motor skill acquisition at the expense of growth: A life history trade-off" 7184: 6609: 5974: 5603: 5510: 5439: 5256: 4993: 4729: 4558: 4157: 3870: 3431: 3188: 3132: 2927: 2802: 2744: 2597: 2565: 2481: 2198: 2010: 1179: 823: 4537: 4510: 3717: 1834: 1625:

Elbeltagi, Reem; Al-Beltagi, Mohammed; Saeed, Nermin Kamal; Alhawamdeh, Rawan (9 January 2023).

1167:. Yet play seems to be a normal activity with animals who occupy the higher strata of their own 1956:

A Typology of the Traditional Games of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

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Eisenbeiser, Sofia; Serbe-Kamp, Étienne; Gage, Gregory J.; Marzullo, Timothy C. (2022-06-30).

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Hoppes, S.; Hally, C.; Sewell, L. (2000). "An interest inventory of games for older adults".

6717: 6692: 6075: 5969: 5822: 5522: 5495: 5485: 5391: 5230: 5066: 5041: 5033: 4789: 4673: 4652: 4470: 4435: 4393: 4139: 4089: 4079: 4020: 4010: 3935: 3854: 3817: 3809: 3729: 3696: 3655: 3616: 3567: 3549: 3508: 3490: 3451: 3412: 3371: 3332: 3283: 3250: 3219: 3170: 3159:"Motivators, Barriers, and Beliefs Regarding Physical Activity in an Older Adult Population" 3124: 3116: 3081: 3054: 3025: 2984: 2882: 2794: 2734: 2660: 2591: 2549: 2512: 2473: 2373: 2249: 2182: 2002: 1883: 1805: 1648: 1638: 1605: 1232: 1172: 1069: 1019:, stronger or new social bonds, improved job performance, and a decrease in staff turnover, 915: 732: 554: 170: 3999:"Play as a Stress-Coping Method Among Children in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review" 3207: 2739: 2722: 894: 7141: 7091: 7020: 6995: 6965: 6875: 6722: 6436: 6149: 6083: 6004: 5433: 5261: 5180: 5017: 4877: 4627: 4474: 1349: 1188: 1044: 996:

Work and play are mutually supportive. Employees need to experience the sense of newness,

990: 974: 813: 744: 204: 28: 4068:"Bridge Over Troubled Water: Perspective Connections between Coping and Play in Children" 3014:"Turning Training into Play: Emobodied gaming, seniors, physical training and motivation" 302: 4025: 3998: 3805: 3612: 3596: 3595:

Burghardt, Gordon M.; Dinets, Vladimir; Murphy, James B. (2015). Ebensperger, L. (ed.).

3447: 3328: 3238: 2431: 2054: 1729: 842:

Regular participation in sport and physical activity is associated with a lower risk of

7131: 7015: 6955: 6619: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6564: 6195: 5573: 5516: 5321: 5301: 5296: 5286: 5246: 4923: 4852: 4642: 4094: 4067: 3822: 3789: 3572: 3537: 3513: 3478: 3336: 2377: 2173:

Weiss, Maureen R. (2008). "Field of dreams: Sport as a Context for Youth Development".

1653: 1626: 1525: 1360: 1316: 1271: 1104: 1040: 766:

Youth should have experiences that are on par with their needs and developmental level.

680: 461: 153: 112: 35: 6322: 6246: 3358:

Barabanov, Valerij; Gulimova, Victoria; Berdiev, Rustam; Saveliev, Sergey (May 2015).

495:

American historian Howard Chudacoff studied the interplay between parental control of

187:

with defined rules take place within designated play spaces, such as sports fields—in

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Older adults represent one of the fastest growing populations around the world. The

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Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

2477: 2186: 1302: 1064: 1008: 683:

showcase countries competing with each other and are broadcast all over the world.

652: 424: 390: 386: 366: 359: 69: 55: 3716:

Kuba, Michael J.; Byrne, Ruth A.; Meisel, Daniela V.; Mather, Jennifer A. (2006).

3701: 3684: 1610: 1593: 914:

Imaginative play and role play may allow adults to practice useful habits such as

4436: 4186: 3175: 3158: 3157:

Costello, Ellen; Kafchinski, Marcia; Vrazel, JoEllen; Sullivan, Patricia (2011).

2886: 1806: 763:

Youth should be able to make their own decisions about their sport participation.

7081: 7076: 7050: 6940: 6925: 6906: 6865: 6833: 6828: 6666: 6544: 6034: 5924: 5842: 5765: 5715: 5618: 5276: 5251: 5097: 4933: 4918: 4704: 4632: 4622: 4330:. Translated by Barash, Meyer. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 3733: 3072:

Hoppes, S.; Wilcox, T.; Graham, G. (2001). "Meanings of play for older adults".

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Singer, Dorothy G.; Singer, Jerome L.; D'Agostino, Heidi; DeLong, Raeka (2009).

1283: 1052: 1020: 982: 955: 951: 939: 883: 871: 867: 819: 720: 692: 509: 222:

The California-based National Institute for Play describes seven play patterns:

196: 107: 3276:"Play behaviour by captive tree monitors, Varanus macraei and Varanus prasinus" 2253: 1707: 1627:"Play therapy in children with autism: Its role, implications, and limitations" 751:

Give children ample, unscheduled time to be creative to reflect and decompress.

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Brady, F. (2004). "Children's organized sports: A developmental perspective".

2006: 1734: 1395: 1277:

Playing in the surf is among the favorite activities of children at the beach.

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Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment

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Proceedings from the 6th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment

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Playing games may promote a persistent and optimistic motivational style and

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The Interrelationship of Leisure and Play: Play as Leisure, Leisure as Play

4407: 4103: 4034: 3949: 3940: 3923: 3866: 3831: 3813: 3749: 3581: 3538:"Salmonid Jumping and Playing: Potential Cultural and Welfare Implications" 3522: 3463: 3254: 3184: 2998: 2852: 2561: 2526: 2385: 2261: 2194: 1888: 1662: 4520: 3660: 3085: 3058: 3012:

Aarhus, Rikke; Gronvall, Erik; Larsen, Simon B.; Wollsen, Susanne (2011).

2517: 2500: 2324:"Children's Pastimes and Play in Sixteen Nations: Is Free-Play Declining?" 2230:

Larson, R.W. (2000). "Toward a psychology of positive youth development".

1643: 7096: 7035: 7025: 6960: 6797: 6777: 6702: 6484: 6467: 6388: 6329: 6209: 6117: 5999: 5919: 5877: 5852: 5827: 5775: 5705: 5650: 5613: 5608: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5271: 5205: 4612: 4015: 1255: 1211: 1060: 1056: 959: 843: 792: 788: 740: 708: 640: 516: 442: 404: 212: 3495: 3288: 3128: 128:

Another definition of play from the twenty-first century comes from the

27:"Playing" redirects here. For the jazz album by Old and New Dreams, see 7055: 7030: 6807: 6443: 6429: 6362: 6302: 6295: 6260: 6223: 6188: 5944: 5867: 5837: 5790: 5750: 5675: 5633: 4908: 4872: 3554: 908: 859: 851: 799: 784: 780: 776: 704: 700: 688: 668: 435: 3620: 3597:"Highly Repetitive Object Play in a Cichlid Fish ( Tropheus duboisi )" 3417:

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:3<223::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-D

2727:

Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior

2659:

Erez & Isen, 2002; Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987; Staw &

2499:

Kawabe, H.; Murata, K.; Shibata, H.; Hirose, H.; Tsujiola, M. (2000).

1531:. Translated by Gattegno, C.; Hodgson, F.M. New York: Norton. p. 6980: 6767: 6752: 6515: 6411: 6403: 6274: 6253: 6202: 6181: 6139: 6130: 6107: 6024: 5755: 5414: 5132: 5051: 4647: 4607: 4602: 4597: 2696:"National Health Costs Could Decrease if Managers Reduce Work Stress" 2676:

Robinson, Lawrence; Smith, Melinda; Segal, Jeanne; Shubin, Jennifer.

1016: 728: 684: 660: 624: 616: 608: 184: 74: 3223: 1927: 290:

is a form of competition that requires cooperation with a partner.

111:

first published in 1944 with several subsequent editions, in which

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Toys are often arranged by children in extraordinary circumstances

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Give children "true" toys, such as blocks or dolls for creativity.

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anything that they have modeled from adults in their communities.

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such as children pretending to be animals or a storybook character

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Cognitive effects and academic consequences of video game playing

3479:"Gills Just Want to Have Fun: Can Fish Play Games, Just like Us?" 2929:

State of world population 2002: People, poverty and possibilities

1348:. Some of the earliest studies of play started in the 1890s with 907:

expression of the arts, or curiosity-driven science. Some adult "

6671: 6459: 6451: 5909: 5832: 5670: 4739: 4124:(2012). "The acute cognitive benefits of casual exergame play". 2142:

Sheed, Wilson (1995). "Endangered pastimes: Why sports matter".

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There has been extensive research on the benefits of play among

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Play and Evolution: Second Thoughts on the Behaviour of Animals

2785:

Wästerfors, David (2016). "Playfights as Trouble and Respite".

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Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds

1199: 1164: 791:, etc.) if they focus on skill mastery and development. Young 496: 451:

Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds

1986:

Morelli, Gilda A.; Rogoff, Barbara; Angelillo, Cathy (2003).

211:. Family Entertainment Centers (or Play Zones) are typically 4550: 3360:"Object play in thick-toed geckos during a space experiment" 3104:

Jung, Y.; Li, K.J.; Ng, J.S.; Wong, G.L.C.; Lee, K. (2009).

1872:"Cultural Variations in Parental Support of Children's Play" 558:

This elephant was made out of mud during play with children.

229:

establishes a connection, such as between newborn and mother

4545: 4346:"Play as a Foundation for Hunter-Gatherer Social Existence" 3644:"Probable Play Behavior in a Surgeonfish (Naso vlamingii )" 2166:

Handbook of Clinical Research and Practice with Adolescents

1564:. National Playing Fields Association. 2000. Archived from 1015:

and innovation, higher job satisfaction, greater workplace

879: 350:

such as playing with toy versions of food in a play kitchen

5383: 3399:

Burghardt, Gordon M.; Ward, Brian; Rosscoe, Roger (1996).

1431:

without intervention, even in instances of possible risk.

323:

such as playing on a team or making up a new game together

105:

The seminal text in the field of play studies is the book

4294:

Bateson, Gregory (1955). "A theory of play and fantasy".

2721:

Diener, Ed; Thapa, Stuti; Tay, Louis (21 January 2020).

1487:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 4181:(Master of Science thesis). University of Mississippi. 4066:

Capurso, Michele; Ragni, Benedetta (26 December 2016).

3959:

The Genius of Play: Celebrating the Spirit of Childhood

2646: 2644: 1246:, suggesting that play is not so much about practicing 125:

proof that the phenomenon is difficult to understand."

6236: 2028:

Gosso, Yumi; Almeida Carvalho, Ana Maria (June 2013).

6073: 6050: 3890:"Interspecific Play Behaviour between Hanuman Langur 2913:

Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Canadian Perspective

2466:

Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance

1558:

Best Play: What Play Provision Should Do For Children

1376:

Evolutionary psychologists have begun to explore the

294:

Another classification system uses these categories:

1394:

control, memory, and spatial abilities—when playing

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Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture

699:it is an important part of "civilization process". 456:Play is explicitly recognized in Article 31 of the 1926: 1524: 866:. Young athletes have shown lower levels of total 329:such as making up a new story or drawing a picture 3313:"Precocious Courtship and Play in Emydid Turtles" 3074:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 3047:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 2638:Prodaniuk, Plotnikoff, Spence, & Wilson, 2004 1340:has been long recognized as a critical aspect of 977:. Positive affect enhances people's experiences, 2973:"The Fun Culture in Seniors' Online Communities" 2671: 2669: 1677:"Unstructured Vs Structured Play & Examples" 4339:(in Italian). Vol. XXVII. pp. 87–118. 3788:Berghänel, A.; Schülke, O.; Ostner, J. (2015). 3648:International Journal of Comparative Psychology 1995:International Journal of Behavioral Development 117: 4242:"Child's play preparations for future success" 4214:(Master of Arts thesis). Concordia University. 4115: 4113: 3311:Kramer, Matthew; Burghardt, Gordon M. (1998). 1598:International Journal of Early Years Education 7010:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 6500: 6465: 6449: 5399: 4566: 3902:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3099: 3097: 3095: 1778:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1460:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1421: 1415: 1264:Humans and non-human animals playing in water 219:organisations for educational entertainment. 44:Voluntary, intrinsically motivated recreation 8: 3783: 3781: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 1905:"Culture and Development in Children's Play" 547:learn what they can do with and for others. 358:(cooperative and competitive) or building a 6401: 6378: 6369: 6360: 4200: 4198: 4196: 2034:Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development 1007:Incorporating play at work results in more 395:In young children, play is associated with 6507: 6493: 6485: 6040: 5506:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues 5406: 5392: 5384: 4573: 4559: 4551: 4382:"Physical Activity and School Performance" 2290:. Archived from the original on 2017-04-24 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 838:increased likelihood of maintaining weight 4397: 4133: 4093: 4083: 4024: 4014: 3939: 3821: 3764:"Stuart Brown says play is more than fun" 3700: 3659: 3571: 3553: 3512: 3494: 3375: 3287: 3174: 3029: 2988: 2738: 2516: 2243: 2175:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2082:"Top 10 Most Popular Sports in The World" 1920: 1918: 1887: 1876:Online Readings in Psychology and Culture 1652: 1642: 1609: 2581: 2579: 1925:Rossie, Jean-Pierre (21 November 2013). 1527:Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood 460:(adopted by the General Assembly of the 5553:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths 3888:Manohar, B. Ram; Mathur, Reena (1992). 1791:Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals 1448: 1301:these benefits of play (the concept of 1094: 918:, which is helpful in managing fear or 4442:. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2740:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2300: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 1981: 1979: 1865: 1863: 1789:Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2003). 771:Research findings on benefits in youth 667:are played amongst common folks, with 464:, November 29, 1989), which declares: 4475:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0209-22 3642:Tribelhorn, Gunnar Wyn (2024-07-16). 3430:Burghardt, Gordon M. (January 2015). 3163:Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2764:"Playing at work and working at play" 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2076: 2074: 1854:Children at Play: An American History 1587: 1585: 458:Convention on the Rights of the Child 7: 6625:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 3432:"Play in fishes, frogs and reptiles" 2620:Henig, Robin M. (17 February 2008). 2059:Harvard Graduate School of Education 1631:World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 512:and through supervised playgrounds. 169:Structured play has clearly defined 5538:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers 4056:Campos, Frankel, & Camras, 2004 2787:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 1870:Vandermaas-Peeler, Maureen (2002). 1812:. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. 1728:Braga, Matthew (6 September 2022). 808:enhanced functioning and health of 659:are played professionally; however 365:Separate from self-initiated play, 130:National Playing Fields Association 5373:Parents Against Child Exploitation 3337:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00028.x 2587:"Tim Brown on Creativity and Play" 2378:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.tb00005.x 1793:. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. 1751:Doctor Toy's Smart Play Smart Toys 1730:"How Do You Make the Perfect Toy?" 1308:A study on two species of monkeys 989:and improves their performance on 407:and recreation often incorporates 195:Other designed play spaces can be 173:and rules. Such play is called a " 156:wrote about play in his 1961 book 25: 5343:Mothers Apart from Their Children 3722:Journal of Comparative Psychology 2915:(2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson. 2678:"The Benefits of Play for Adults" 4519: 4419:. Utrecht: International Books. 4399:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00026.x 4267:"How Did "Anji Play" Go Global?" 1835:"What Park Did You Hang Out At?" 1355:Modern research in the field of 1282: 1270: 1143: 1128: 1112: 1097: 870:and other favorable profiles in 581:Child playing around the kitchen 6560:Breastfeeding and mental health 5201:Management of domestic violence 5047:Corporal punishment in the home 4546:The National Institute for Play 4047:Goldstein & Russ, 2000–2001 3212:The Quarterly Review of Biology 2053:Bauld, Andrew (7 August 2017). 1238:John Byers, a zoologist at the 739:(e.g., subjective well-being), 735:(e.g., better general health), 5491:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues 5358:National Fatherhood Initiative 2478:10.1080/07303084.2004.10608557 2187:10.1080/02701367.2008.10599510 1704:"The Science–Patterns of Play" 1138:cubs playing with their mother 707:in sports can influence one's 354:Some forms overlap, such as a 1: 6555:Breastfeeding and medications 5363:National Parents Organization 5088:Adverse childhood experiences 4415:Kortmulder, Koenraad (1998). 4307:Burghardt, Gordon M. (2006). 3961:. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press. 3922:Ginsburg, Kenneth R. (2007). 3702:10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.08.013 1702:National Institute for Play. 1611:10.1080/09669760.2018.1527278 623:(also known as ‘football’ in 521:Works Progress Administration 477:History of childhood playtime 362:(construction and creative). 7117:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 6738:Infant cognitive development 6635:Neonatal intensive care unit 6140: 6131: 6108: 5128:Effects of domestic violence 4770:Social emotional development 4511:Resources in other libraries 4434:Stebbins, Robert A. (2015). 4296:Psychiatric Research Reports 3536:Fagen, Robert (2017-05-30). 3176:10.1519/jpt.0b013e31820e0e71 2911:Crocker, Peter R.E. (2011). 2887:10.1016/j.knosys.2011.07.008 2768:Kansas Employment Law Letter 2282:Bilich, Karin (2006-10-25). 2088:. 2014-09-08. Archived from 1289:Dolphins playing in the surf 531:Cultural differences of play 317:such as building with blocks 209:Family Entertainment Centers 7041:Supplemental nursing system 6237: 6074: 6051: 4944:Identification (psychology) 4459:"The Serious Need for Play" 4205:Sullivan, Caroline (2003). 3734:10.1037/0735-7036.120.3.184 3282:(149, Autumn 2019): 28–31. 3274:Kane, Daniel (2019-10-01). 3031:10.4017/gt.2011.10.2.005.00 2723:"Positive Emotions at Work" 2030:"Play and Cultural Context" 1749:Auerbach, Stevanne (2004). 1385:Physical, mental and social 874:parameters associated with 743:(e.g., school grades), and 695:. According to sociologist 251:imaginative or pretend play 7201: 6793:Prenatal development table 6733:Irritant diaper dermatitis 5368:Parent–teacher association 5143:Parental abuse by children 5024:Positive Parenting Program 4974:Parent management training 4969:Normative social influence 4538:Encyclopedia: Play Science 4309:The Genesis of Animal Play 4265:Jing, Chang (2016-10-26). 2762:Byers, Boyd (2007-02-23). 2542:Journal of Sports Sciences 2432:"Why Sports Are Important" 2254:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.170 1852:Chudacoff, Howard (2008). 1107:playing with a monkey doll 970:, and boot-camp sessions. 600: 376: 26: 7112:Prenatal cocaine exposure 6900:Infant care and equipment 6817:Socialization and Culture 6728:Infant visual development 6595:Infant and toddler safety 5353:National Childbirth Trust 5148:Stress in early childhood 4868:Taking children seriously 4700:Applied behavior analysis 4506:Resources in your library 3986:Affective Neuroscience 98 3957:Jenkinson, Sally (2001). 3859:10.1007/s10071-008-0175-y 3456:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.027 3377:10.1007/s10164-015-0426-8 2554:10.1080/02640410252925116 2414:Spotlight on Youth Sports 2307:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2007:10.1080/01650250244000335 1774:Sutton-Smith, B. (1997). 1422: 1416: 1084:to the needs of seniors. 539:Museum of toys – Portugal 383:Children's street culture 115:defines play as follows: 34:. For the 2007 film, see 7122:Parental child abduction 6645:Oral rehydration therapy 5009:The talk (sex education) 4720:Developmental psychology 4533:American Journal of Play 4457:Wenner, Melinda (2009). 4386:Journal of School Health 4353:American Journal of Play 4311:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 4175:Hollis, Sean D. (2014). 4085:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01953 3237:Ficken, S. (July 1977). 2799:10.1177/0891241614554087 2366:Journal of School Health 2331:American Journal of Play 2284:"The Importance of Play" 1753:. Educational Insights. 1435:each other's creations. 1325:Development and learning 1252:University of Lethbridge 490:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 7127:Parental responsibility 6640:Newborn care and safety 5216:Parental responsibility 5176:Cost of raising a child 4240:Euronews (2016-08-10). 4144:10.1145/2207676.2208323 4072:Frontiers in Psychology 3280:Herpetological Bulletin 3121:10.1145/1746050.1746055 2926:United Nations (1996). 2875:Knowledge-Based Systems 2622:"Taking Play Seriously" 2055:"The Diversity of Play" 1911:. New York: Peter Lang. 1420:in simplified Chinese, 1398:occurs in moderation". 1150:Tigers playing in water 92:), but it also aids in 66:intrinsically motivated 6871:Grandparent visitation 6466: 6450: 6402: 6379: 6370: 6361: 4380:Taras, Howard (2009). 4326:Caillois, R. (2001) . 3941:10.1542/peds.2006-2697 3814:10.1126/sciadv.1500451 3685:"Do bumble bees play?" 2971:Nimrod, Galit (2010). 1889:10.9707/2307-0919.1054 1856:. New York: NYU Press. 1594:"The play's the thing" 1357:affective neuroscience 1334: 1311:Semnopithecus entellus 1298:University of Colorado 1207: 903: 876:cardiovascular disease 582: 559: 540: 492: 438: 434:Children playing in a 291: 145: 122: 58: 6630:Infant sleep training 5955:Righteous indignation 5338:Families Need Fathers 4899:After-school activity 4823:Concerted cultivation 4818:Buddha-like parenting 4750:Nature versus nurture 4715:Cognitive development 4528:at Wikimedia Commons 4271:China Education Daily 3661:10.46867/IJCP...20283 3206:Bekoff, Marc (1972). 3086:10.1300/j148v18n03_04 3059:10.1300/j148v18n02_05 2990:10.1093/geront/gnq084 2700:HBS Working Knowledge 2518:10.1291/hypres.23.227 2505:Hypertension Research 2232:American Psychologist 1953:Edwards, Ken (2012). 1804:Juul, Jesper (2011). 1776:The Ambiguity of Play 1644:10.5409/wjcp.v12.i1.1 1592:Murray, Jane (2018). 1523:Piaget, Jean (1962). 1478:Huizinga, J. (1980). 1338:Learning through play 1332: 1197: 897: 691:activity or within a 675:. Events such as The 601:Further information: 580: 557: 538: 484: 433: 403:. Play that promotes 397:cognitive development 377:Further information: 341:such as playing with 285: 143: 94:cognitive development 90:hand-eye coordination 50: 6788:Prenatal development 6688:Attachment parenting 6662:Shaken baby syndrome 5473:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā 5196:Right to family life 5123:Dysfunctional family 4833:Free-range parenting 4808:Attachment parenting 4798:Achievement ideology 4328:Man, play, and games 4016:10.7759/cureus.43550 3255:10.1093/auk/94.3.573 2650:Ventura et al., 2013 2144:The Wilson Quarterly 189:association football 68:activities done for 7102:Infant ear piercing 5543:Theological virtues 5446:Positive psychology 5211:Parental alienation 5138:Narcissistic parent 5062:Positive discipline 4883:Work at home parent 4863:Strict father model 4848:Nurturant parenting 4755:Parental investment 4590:Kinship terminology 4463:Scientific American 4337:La parola del testo 3894:and Rhesus Macaque 3806:2015SciA....1E0451B 3613:2015Ethol.121...38B 3496:10.3390/ani12131684 3448:2015CBio...25...R9B 3364:Journal of Ethology 3329:1998Ethol.104...38K 3289:10.33256/hb149.2831 2438:. 28 November 2018. 2168:. pp. 125–145. 1839:Somerville Archives 1833:Warner, Stephanie. 1456:Garvey, C. (1990). 1240:University of Idaho 687:can be played as a 515:Under the American 159:Man, Play and Games 6610:Infant food safety 5975:Self-transcendence 5567:Individual virtues 5511:Nine Noble Virtues 5440:Nicomachean Ethics 5257:T. Berry Brazelton 4994:Social integration 4730:Identity formation 4367:. ERIC #EJ1069037. 3892:Presbytis entellus 3555:10.3390/ani7060042 2626:The New York Times 2112:"Story of Cricket" 1335: 1208: 1180:Alexandra Horowitz 1169:hierarchy of needs 904: 795:can also develop: 583: 560: 541: 493: 439: 311:such as a footrace 301:such as solving a 292: 201:Children's Museums 146: 59: 7152: 7151: 7012: 6849:Children's rights 6763:Object permanence 6585:Failure to thrive 6482: 6481: 6478: 6477: 5629:Conscientiousness 5496:Epistemic virtues 5381: 5380: 5191:Family disruption 5113:Cinderella effect 5093:Child abandonment 5067:Tactical ignoring 4964:Moral development 4843:Helicopter parent 4838:Gatekeeper parent 4803:Atlas personality 4780:Social psychology 4725:Human development 4710:Child development 4695:Attachment theory 4524:Media related to 4492:Library resources 4426:978-90-5727-013-0 4372:Gray, P. (2013), 4344:Gray, P. (2009). 4318:978-0-262-52469-8 4153:978-1-4503-1015-4 3968:978-1-903458-04-4 3621:10.1111/eth.12312 2977:The Gerontologist 2942:978-0-89714-650-0 2702:. 26 January 2015 2436:Sports Domain Lab 2116:BBC World Service 1969:978-0-9872359-0-9 1903:Hyun, E. (1998). 1760:978-1-56767-652-5 1683:. 7 December 2016 1681:Playground Centre 1494:978-0-7100-0578-6 1346:child development 1233:Assamese macaques 1173:Assamese macaques 810:cardiorespiratory 716:Benefits in youth 651:, sports such as 645:American football 631:countries prefer 314:construction play 288:three-legged race 275:storytelling play 144:People having fun 16:(Redirected from 7192: 7008: 6693:Baby-led weaning 6509: 6502: 6495: 6486: 6471: 6455: 6407: 6384: 6375: 6366: 6242: 6145: 6136: 6113: 6079: 6056: 6041: 5970:Self-cultivation 5523:Prussian virtues 5486:Cardinal virtues 5408: 5401: 5394: 5385: 5231:Shared parenting 5042:Blanket training 5034:Child discipline 4674:In loco parentis 4653:Shared parenting 4575: 4568: 4561: 4552: 4523: 4481: 4453: 4441: 4430: 4411: 4401: 4376: 4368: 4350: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4303: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4246:www.euronews.com 4237: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4202: 4191: 4190: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4137: 4128:. p. 1863. 4117: 4108: 4107: 4097: 4087: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4028: 4018: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3953: 3943: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3847:Animal Cognition 3842: 3836: 3835: 3825: 3794:Science Advances 3785: 3776: 3775: 3770:. Archived from 3760: 3754: 3753: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3689:Animal Behaviour 3680: 3674: 3673: 3663: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3557: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3498: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3178: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3110: 3101: 3090: 3089: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2992: 2968: 2947: 2946: 2934: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2891: 2890: 2870: 2857: 2856: 2836: 2811: 2810: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2770:. Archived from 2759: 2753: 2752: 2742: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2673: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2617: 2602: 2601: 2596:. Archived from 2583: 2574: 2573: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2520: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2461: 2440: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2409: 2390: 2389: 2361: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2333:. Archived from 2328: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2279: 2266: 2265: 2247: 2227: 2210: 2206: 2169: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2139: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2025: 2019: 2018: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1961: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1922: 1913: 1912: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1811: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1706:. Archived from 1699: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1656: 1646: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1589: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1530: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1503: 1497:. Archived from 1486: 1475: 1462: 1461: 1453: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1286: 1274: 1189:Tonkean macaques 1147: 1132: 1116: 1101: 1070:social isolation 916:learned optimism 822:, mobility, and 814:muscular systems 619:countries enjoy 486:Children's Games 379:Children's games 320:cooperative play 308:competitive play 21: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7165:Play (activity) 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7142:Paternity fraud 7092:Closed adoption 7065: 7021:Infant clothing 6996:Haberman Feeder 6966:Car seat safety 6895: 6876:Infant swimming 6854:UN Child rights 6812: 6723:Gestational age 6676: 6519: 6513: 6483: 6474: 6417: 6335: 6162: 6089: 6039: 5562: 5548:Three Treasures 5465:Virtue families 5460: 5434:Moral character 5417: 5412: 5382: 5377: 5326: 5307:Matthew Sanders 5262:Rudolf Dreikurs 5235: 5221:Parents' rights 5181:Deadbeat parent 5158: 5152: 5076: 5028: 5004:The talk (race) 4887: 4878:Tiger parenting 4784: 4679: 4628:Extended family 4584: 4579: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4500: 4499: 4497:Play (activity) 4495: 4488: 4456: 4450: 4433: 4427: 4414: 4379: 4371: 4348: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4319: 4306: 4293: 4290: 4288:Further reading 4285: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4204: 4203: 4194: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4154: 4135:10.1.1.248.3183 4119: 4118: 4111: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3956: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3436:Current Biology 3429: 3428: 3424: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3156: 3155: 3144: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3018:Gerontechnology 3011: 3010: 3006: 2970: 2969: 2950: 2943: 2932: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2909: 2894: 2872: 2871: 2860: 2838: 2837: 2814: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2619: 2618: 2605: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2463: 2462: 2443: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2411: 2410: 2393: 2363: 2362: 2345: 2337: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2281: 2280: 2269: 2245:10.1.1.468.2523 2229: 2228: 2213: 2209: 2172: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2141: 2140: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2026: 2022: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1970: 1959: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1591: 1590: 1583: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1484: 1477: 1476: 1465: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1412: 1387: 1350:G. Stanley Hall 1327: 1296:Marc Bekoff (a 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1266: 1265: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1139: 1133: 1124: 1117: 1108: 1102: 1090: 1045:quality of life 1037: 991:problem-solving 981:, and sense of 975:positive affect 928: 892: 773: 745:social benefits 718: 605: 599: 533: 506: 479: 393: 375: 226:attunement play 205:Science Centers 138: 103: 45: 42: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7198: 7196: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7134: 7132:Parenting plan 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7016:Infant carrier 7013: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6956:Baby transport 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6620:Infant massage 6617: 6615:Infant formula 6612: 6607: 6605:Infant feeding 6602: 6600:Infant bathing 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6565:Bottle feeding 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6521: 6520: 6518:and their care 6514: 6512: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6463: 6456: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6376: 6367: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6105: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6080: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5574:Accountability 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5348:Mothers' Union 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5322:Benjamin Spock 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5302:Penelope Leach 5299: 5297:Annette Lareau 5294: 5289: 5287:Alan E. Kazdin 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5247:Mary Ainsworth 5243: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5159:social aspects 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4924:Dishabituation 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4853:Slow parenting 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4684:Theories 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4663:Blended family 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4643:Nuclear family 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4535: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486:External links 4484: 4483: 4482: 4454: 4448: 4431: 4425: 4412: 4392:(6): 214–218. 4377: 4369: 4359:(4): 476–522. 4341: 4332: 4323: 4317: 4304: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4257: 4232: 4217: 4192: 4167: 4152: 4122:Mandryk, Regan 4109: 4058: 4049: 4040: 3989: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3954: 3934:(1): 182–191. 3918: 3911: 3896:Macaca mulatta 3880: 3853:(1): 107–118. 3837: 3777: 3774:on 2009-05-31. 3755: 3728:(3): 184–190. 3708: 3675: 3634: 3587: 3528: 3469: 3422: 3411:(3): 223–238. 3391: 3370:(2): 109–115. 3350: 3303: 3266: 3249:(3): 573–582. 3229: 3224:10.1086/407400 3218:(4): 412–434. 3198: 3169:(3): 138–147. 3142: 3091: 3064: 3037: 3024:(2): 110–120. 3004: 2983:(2): 226–237. 2948: 2941: 2918: 2892: 2858: 2812: 2793:(2): 168–197. 2777: 2774:on 2010-02-17. 2754: 2713: 2687: 2665: 2652: 2640: 2631: 2603: 2600:on 2009-03-25. 2575: 2548:(6): 443–449. 2532: 2511:(3): 227–232. 2491: 2441: 2423: 2391: 2343: 2340:on 2013-10-24. 2314: 2267: 2238:(1): 170–183. 2211: 2208: 2207: 2181:(4): 434–449. 2170: 2160: 2153: 2127: 2103: 2070: 2045: 2020: 1975: 1968: 1945: 1914: 1895: 1859: 1844: 1825: 1818: 1796: 1781: 1766: 1759: 1741: 1720: 1694: 1668: 1617: 1604:(4): 335–339. 1581: 1548: 1541: 1515: 1493: 1463: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1411: 1408: 1386: 1383: 1363:used the word 1361:Roger Caillois 1326: 1323: 1317:Macaca mulatta 1288: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1109: 1105:Cocker spaniel 1103: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1041:United Nations 1036: 1033: 927: 924: 891: 888: 840: 839: 836: 826: 816: 806: 772: 769: 768: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 717: 714: 681:FIFA World Cup 629:North American 613:South American 598: 595: 532: 529: 505: 502: 478: 475: 474: 473: 469: 462:United Nations 374: 371: 352: 351: 348: 345: 339: 338:nurturing play 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 299: 298:challenge play 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 260: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 243: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 227: 154:Roger Caillois 137: 134: 113:Johan Huizinga 102: 99: 64:is a range of 43: 24: 18:Play behaviour 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7197: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7107:Open adoption 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7087:Child neglect 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921:Hidden camera 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844:Child custody 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758:Nursery rhyme 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6748:Kangaroo care 6746: 6744: 6743:Infant crying 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6657:Preterm birth 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6550:Breastfeeding 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6498: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995:Sportsmanship 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5960:Righteousness 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5873:Nonattachment 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Seven virtues 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5480:Brahmavihārās 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5456:Virtue ethics 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422:About virtues 5420: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331:Organizations 5329: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5317:B. F. Skinner 5315: 5313: 5312:William Sears 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282:Thomas Gordon 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:Child support 5169: 5167: 5166:Child custody 5164: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108:Child neglect 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939:Homeschooling 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775:Socialization 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Paternal bond 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745:Maternal bond 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658:Single parent 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:Alloparenting 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4449:9781137513038 4445: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4258: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4218: 4210: 4209: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4009:(8): e43550. 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3442:(1): R9–R10. 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3267: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115:. Australia. 3114: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2714: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2682:HelpGuide.org 2679: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2092:on 2015-09-24 2091: 2087: 2086:Sporty Ghost! 2083: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1965: 1958: 1957: 1949: 1946: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1819:9780262284134 1815: 1810: 1809: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1710:on 2014-07-29 1709: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1571:on 2018-12-06 1567: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1542:9780393001716 1538: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1519: 1516: 1504:on 2015-07-01 1500: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1391: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1285: 1273: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1202:plays with a 1201: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1088:Other animals 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 925: 923: 921: 917: 912: 910: 901: 896: 889: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864:breast cancer 862:, or develop 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:heart disease 845: 837: 835: 831: 827: 825: 821: 817: 815: 811: 807: 805: 801: 798: 797: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 770: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 749: 748: 746: 742: 738: 737:psychological 734: 730: 726: 725:interpersonal 722: 715: 713: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:Norbert Elias 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Olympic Games 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 604: 603:Street sports 596: 594: 590: 587: 579: 575: 571: 567: 564: 556: 552: 548: 544: 537: 530: 528: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 503: 501: 498: 491: 487: 483: 476: 470: 467: 466: 465: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 447:Rules of Play 444: 437: 432: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401:socialization 398: 392: 388: 384: 380: 372: 370: 368: 363: 361: 357: 349: 346: 344: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 326:creative play 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 300: 297: 296: 295: 289: 284: 277: 274: 273: 269: 266: 265: 261: 258: 257: 253: 250: 249: 244: 242:creative play 241: 240: 236: 233: 232: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 193: 190: 186: 182: 180: 176: 172: 167: 163: 161: 160: 155: 150: 142: 135: 133: 131: 126: 121: 116: 114: 110: 109: 100: 98: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 71: 67: 63: 57: 53: 49: 40: 38: 33: 31: 19: 7070:Other topics 7009: 6976:Cradle board 6971:Cloth diaper 6931:Baby shampoo 6917:Baby monitor 6907:Baby bouncer 6861:Circumcision 6782: 6708:Birth defect 6590:Immunization 6540:Birth weight 6458: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6410: 6394: 6387: 6353: 6346: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6229: 6222: 6217:Brahmacharya 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6155: 6148: 6123: 6116: 6100: 6082: 6066: 6059: 6015:Tranquillity 5965:Self-control 5935:Renunciation 5893:Philanthropy 5888:Perspicacity 5848:Magnificence 5801:Intelligence 5781:Impartiality 5701:Faithfulness 5589:Authenticity 5515: 5501:Five virtues 5478: 5471: 5451:Trait theory 5438: 5267:David Elkind 5118:Codependency 5103:Child labour 4978: 4959:Latchkey kid 4949:Introjection 4735:Introjection 4685: 4672: 4638:Noncustodial 4541:Scholarpedia 4518: 4496: 4478: 4466: 4462: 4437: 4416: 4389: 4385: 4373: 4356: 4352: 4336: 4327: 4308: 4302:(39): 39–51. 4299: 4295: 4274:. 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