4534:
934:, has confirmed that these predatory marine reptiles gave birth to single, large, live offspring—contrary to other marine reptile reproduction which typically involves a large number of small babies. Before this study, plesiosauroids had sometimes been portrayed crawling out of water to lay eggs in the manner of sea turtles, but experts had long suspected that their anatomy was not compatible with movement on land. The adult plesiosaur measures 4 m (13 ft) long and the juvenile is 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long.
4519:
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515:
609:
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915:
Unlike their pliosauroid cousins, plesiosauroids (with the exception of the
Polycotylidae) were probably slow swimmers. It is likely that they cruised slowly below the surface of the water, using their long flexible neck to move their head into position to snap up unwary fish or
584:, a poorly known group of small Cretaceous forms. According to traditional classifications, all plesiosauroids have a small head and long neck but, in recent classifications, one short-necked and large-headed Cretaceous group, the
1752:
Massare, J. A. 1994. Swimming capabilities of
Mesozoic marine reptiles: a review. pp. 133–149 In Maddock, L., Bone, Q., and Rayner, J. M. V. (eds.), Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming, Cambridge University
1765:
Storrs, G. W., 1999. An examination of
Plesiosauria (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of central North America, University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, (N.S.), No. 11, 15
927:-like" pose that is often shown. Even if they had been able to bend their necks upward to that degree (which they could not), gravity would have tipped their body forward and kept most of the heavy neck in the water.
490:(then known as 'Series') of western Scotland. Many others have been found, some of them virtually complete, and new discoveries are made frequently. One of the finest specimens was found in 2002 on the coast of
1015:"A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids"
1775:
Welles, S. P. 1962. A new species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of
Columbia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. University of California Publications in Geological Science 46, 96 pp.
1530:
Everhart, M. J. (2005). "Bite marks on an elasmosaur (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) paddle from the
Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) as probable evidence of feeding by the lamniform shark,
1769:
Welles, S. P. 1943. Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with a description of the new material from
California and Colorado. University of California Memoirs 13:125-254. figs. 1-37., pls. 12–29.
538:
It has been determined by teeth records that several sea-dwelling reptiles, including plesiosauroids, had a warm-blooded metabolism similar to that of mammals. They could generate
588:, are included under the Plesiosauroidea, rather than under the traditional Pliosauroidea. Size of different plesiosaurs varied significantly, with an estimated length of
1318:
920:. Their four-flippered swimming adaptation may have given them exceptional maneuverability, so that they could swiftly rotate their bodies as an aid to catching prey.
1322:
482:, in the early 19th century, and were amongst the first fossil vertebrates to be described by science. Plesiosauroid remains were found by the Scottish geologist
1393:
Carpenter, K. 1997. "Comparative cranial anatomy of two North
American Cretaceous plesiosaurs". Pp. 91–216, in Calloway J. M. and E. L. Nicholls, (eds.),
1772:
Welles, S. P. 1952. A review of the North
American Cretaceous elasmosaurs. University of California Publications in Geological Science 29:46-144, figs. 1-25.
1471:
Everhart, M. J. (2000). "Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon
Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), western Kansas".
1598:
Everhart, M. J. (2005). "Elasmosaurid remains from the Pierre Shale (Upper
Cretaceous) of western Kansas. Possible missing elements of the type specimen of
1557:
Everhart, M. J. 2005. "Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon Springs Member (Late Cretaceous) of the Pierre Shale, Western Kansas" (
1337:
1064:
Bernard, A.; Lecuyer, C.; Vincent, P.; Amiot, R.; Bardet, N.; Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Fourel, F.; Martineau, F.; Mazin, J.-M.; Prieur, A. (2010-06-15).
430:
923:
Contrary to many reconstructions of plesiosauroids, it would have been impossible for them to lift their head and long neck above the surface, in the "
415:. After their discovery, some plesiosauroids were said to have resembled "a snake threaded through the shell of a turtle", although they had no shell.
4677:
1414:
Cicimurri, D. J.; Everhart, M. J. (2001). "An elasmosaur with stomach contents and gastroliths form the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous) of Kansas".
4672:
2044:
1661:
930:
On 12 August 2011, researchers from the U.S. described a fossil of a pregnant plesiosaur found on a Kansas ranch in 1987. The plesiosauroid,
4533:
1628:
Everhart, M. J. (2007). "Use of archival photographs to rediscover the locality of the Holyrood elasmosaur (Ellsworth County, Kansas)".
4682:
4639:
1569:
Everhart, M. J. (2005). "Probable plesiosaur gastroliths from the basal Kiowa Shale (Early Cretaceous) of Kiowa County, Kansas".
1050:
558:
of plesiosauroids, which retain the same general appearance and are distinguished by various specific details. These include the
1127:
Benson, R. B. J.; Druckenmiller, P. S. (2013). "Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition".
1014:
1828:
Williston, S. W. 1903. North American plesiosaurs. Field Columbian Museum, Publication 73, Geology Series 2(1): 1-79, 29 pl.
1615:
Everhart, M. J. (2006). "The occurrence of elasmosaurids (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) in the Niobrara Chalk of Western Kansas".
494:(England) by someone fishing from the shore. This specimen, called the Collard specimen after its finder, was on display in
1965:
135:
4518:
992:
2509:
3331:
2037:
1701:
O'Keefe, F. R. (2001). "A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia);".
3620:
1716:
Massare, J. A. (1988). "Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: Implications for method of predation".
1170:
Massare, J. A. (1988). "Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: Implications for method of predation".
1943:
1582:
1427:
1341:
1641:
1551:
952:"Exquisite skeletons of a new transitional plesiosaur fill gap in the evolutionary history of plesiosauroids"
4687:
4526:
3626:
1703:
1464:
2514:
1401:
Carpenter, K (1999). "Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior".
4553:
2974:
2968:
2030:
2962:
4626:
3614:
1995:
1656:
Everhart, M. J. 2007. Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Creatures of the Deep. National Geographic, 192 p.
1312:
487:
2835:
2309:
4667:
4644:
4600:
4591:
2821:
1895:
1857:
1725:
1513:
Everhart, M. J. (2004). "Plesiosaurs as the food of mosasaurs; new data on the stomach contents of a
1270:
1229:
1179:
1079:
523:, a short-necked, long-jawed plesiosauroid, National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA.
495:
2905:
2129:
2012:
2459:
1258:"Viviparity and K-Selected Life History in a Mesozoic Marine Plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)"
4219:
3442:
2431:
2302:
2000:
1913:
1809:
1741:
1645:
1586:
1488:
1431:
1368:"A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior, North America"
1294:
1195:
1152:
1103:
1066:
130:
1215:"Floating point: a computational study of buoyancy, equilibrium, and gastroliths in plesiosaurs"
4631:
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1423:
1382:
1278:
1237:
1187:
1136:
1087:
963:
700:
555:
519:
502:, Yorkshire, England, by an amateur palaeontologist. The preserved skeleton is displayed at
422:
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318:
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4458:
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4149:
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581:
466:
267:
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32:
1825:, a new Cretaceous plesiosaur. Kansas University Science Bulletin, 1(9):241-244, 1 plate.
2006:
Antarctic Researchers to Discuss Difficult Recovery of Unique Juvenile Plesiosaur Fossil
2005:
1899:
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reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs, they did not belong to the latter.
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354:
190:
70:
28:
1792:
Williston, S. W. (1890). "A new plesiosaur from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas".
1756:
Smith, A. S. 2008. Fossils explained 54: plesiosaurs. Geology Today. 24, (2), 71-75
1745:
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498:
in 2007. Another, less complete, skeleton was also found in 2002, in the cliffs at
439:
286:
277:
122:
1035:"Occurrence of Gastroliths in Mesozoic Taxa," in Sanders et al. (2001). Page 168.
987:
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1989:
1973:
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55:
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531:. They retained their ancestral two pairs of limbs, which evolved into large
4486:
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1091:
635:
621:
387:
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2077:
1517:(Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of western Kansas".
491:
451:
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167:
85:
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75:
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157:
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1879:
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1805:
1484:
478:
The first complete plesiosauroid skeletons were found in England by
1908:
1546:
Everhart, M. J. 2005. "Where the Elasmosaurs roamed", Chapter 7 in
4177:
968:
951:
902:
620:
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383:
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2026:
1957:
1944:
Fox News: Possibly Complete Plesiosaur Skeleton Found in Arctic
1548:
Oceans of Kansas: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea
1449:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
330:
1949:
369:
358:
345:
1583:
10.1660/0022-8443(2005)108[0109:ppgftb]2.0.co;2
1428:
10.1660/0022-8443(2001)104[0129:aewsca]2.0.co;2
1375:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
1067:"Warm-blooded marine reptiles at the time of the dinosaurs"
550:
Plesiosauroids evolved from earlier, similar forms such as
339:
336:
1642:
10.1660/0022-8443(2007)110[135:uoaptr]2.0.co;2
638:
follows an analysis by Benson & Druckenmiller (2014).
2013:
Fossil hunters turn up 50-ton monster of prehistoric deep
2008:, from the National Science Foundation, December 6, 2006.
1500:
Everhart, M. J. (2002). "Where the elasmosaurs roam...".
580:, with very long, flexible necks and tiny heads; and the
1982:
Where the elasmosaurs roam: Separating fact from fiction
950:
Sachs, Sven; Eggmaier, Stefan; Madzia, Daniel (2024).
576:), with a medium-long neck and somewhat stocky build;
443:
itself, as all younger taxa were recently found to be
1443:
Cope, E. D. (1868). "Remarks on a new enaliosaurian,
342:
333:
1966:
The name game: plesiosaur-ia, -oidea, -idae, or -us?
1926:
Reports of the National Center for Science Education
327:
324:
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3195:
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3003:
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2856:
2790:
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2724:
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2543:
2480:
2379:
2341:
2283:
2254:
2197:
2144:
2113:
321:
1256:
1065:
458:are frequently found associated with plesiosaurs.
400:-like longest neck to body ratio of any reptile.
1013:Ketchum, Hilary F.; Benson, Roger B. J. (2011).
562:, unspecialized types which are limited to the
2001:The Filey (Yorkshire) Plesiosaur 2002 (part 2)
1996:The Filey (Yorkshire) Plesiosaur 2002 (part 1)
437:Period. The oldest confirmed plesiosauroid is
2038:
1794:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1630:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1571:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1416:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
988:"A Snake Drawn Through the Shell of a Turtle"
470:Autograph letter concerning the discovery of
8:
1673:"Early papers on North American plesiosaurs"
1317:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
527:Plesiosauroids had a broad body and a short
2019:, December 30, 2002. (Monster of Aramberri)
4548:
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1321:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
111:
20:
1907:
1255:F. R. O’Keefe1,*, L. M. Chiappe2 (2011).
967:
1781:Occasional Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist
1338:"Ancient sea dragons had a caring side"
942:
1821:Williston, S. W. 1902. Restoration of
1310:
1078:(5984). Sciencedaily.com: 1379–1382.
7:
1340:. Cosmosmagazine.com. Archived from
981:
979:
542:heat to survive in colder habitats.
808:
783:
758:
731:
675:
651:
641:
474:(NHMUK OR 22656), from Mary Anning.
2015:". Allan Hall and Mark Henderson.
14:
1679:Courier Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg
1559:on-line, updated from article in
1269:(6044). Sciencemag.org: 870–873.
4532:
4525:
4517:
3625:
3619:
3613:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2513:
2508:
1990:Triassic reptiles had live young
1688:Lingham-Soliar, T (1995). "in".
1051:The Geological Society of London
418:Plesiosauroidea appeared at the
317:
134:
4678:Pliensbachian first appearances
1019:Special Papers in Palaeontology
4673:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1:
1974:Oceans of Kansas Paleontology
1880:"North American plesiosaurs:
1834:"North American plesiosaurs:
993:Oceans of Kansas Paleontology
986:Everhart, Mike (2005-10-14).
429:stage) and thrived until the
1397:, Academic Press, San Diego.
486:in 1844 in the rocks of the
375:
364:
1850:American Journal of Science
1669:"Marine Reptile References"
1045:Trewin, N. H., ed. (2002).
4704:
1387:10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259
956:Frontiers in Earth Science
911:pair, one catching a fish.
909:Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus
600:growing to twenty meters.
472:Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus
370:
359:
4683:Maastrichtian extinctions
4514:
4360:
4259:
4144:
3937:
3846:
3833:
3668:
3655:
3651:
3638:
3611:
3469:
3284:
3204:
3014:
2999:
2986:
2959:
2865:
2733:
2554:
2539:
2526:
2506:
2350:
2208:
2193:
2180:
2140:
2122:
2109:
2060:
1932:(May/June 1997) pp 16–28.
1878:Williston, S. W. (1908).
1870:10.2475/ajs.s4-21.123.221
1832:Williston, S. W. (1906).
1738:10.1017/s009483730001191x
1690:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond
1242:10.1080/00241160600799846
1213:Henderson, D. M. (2006).
1192:10.1017/s009483730001191x
828:
813:
806:
788:
781:
763:
756:
736:
729:
714:
697:
680:
673:
656:
649:
250:
245:
131:Scientific classification
129:
119:
110:
23:
16:Extinct clade of reptiles
1958:The Plesiosaur Directory
1823:Dolichorhynchops osborni
1760:the Plesiosaur Directory
1561:Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans.
1552:Indiana University Press
554:. There are a number of
1961:. Dr Adam Stuart Smith.
1779:White, T (1935). "in".
1473:Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans
1465:Kansas University Press
1395:Ancient Marine Reptiles
1283:10.1126/science.1205689
1092:10.1126/science.1187443
1047:The Geology of Scotland
594:being three meters and
1600:Elasmosaurus platyurus
1445:Elasmosaurus platyurus
932:Polycotylus latippinus
912:
631:
618:
524:
475:
4627:Paleobiology Database
1554:, Bloomington, 322 p.
1532:Cretoxyrhina mantelli
1366:Carpenter, K (1996).
906:
624:
611:
517:
488:Great Estuarine Group
469:
368:'near, close to' and
462:History of discovery
433:, at the end of the
120:Life restoration of
1950:The Plesiosaur Site
1900:1908JG.....16..715W
1862:1906AmJS...21..221W
1730:1988Pbio...14..187M
1515:Tylosaurus proriger
1275:2011Sci...333..870O
1234:2006Letha..39..227H
1184:1988Pbio...14..187M
1084:2010Sci...328.1379B
404:are known from the
4220:Plesioelasmosaurus
3443:Stenorhynchosaurus
2432:Protenodontosaurus
2303:Largocephalosaurus
1953:. Richard Forrest.
1888:Journal of Geology
1704:Acta Zool. Fennica
1129:Biological Reviews
913:
632:
619:
525:
476:
447:. While they were
4655:
4654:
4614:Open Tree of Life
4554:Taxon identifiers
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3634:
3633:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3415:Megacephalosaurus
3106:Bishanopliosaurus
2982:
2981:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2852:
2851:
2836:Proneusticosaurus
2578:Pachypleurosauria
2522:
2521:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2476:
2475:
2324:Sinosaurosphargis
2256:Helveticosauridae
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
1677:Hampe, O., 1992:
1662:978-1-4262-0085-4
1502:Prehistoric Times
1141:10.1111/brv.12038
907:Restoration of a
895:
894:
886:
885:
877:
876:
868:
867:
859:
858:
850:
849:
841:
840:
630:, an elasmosaurid
310:
309:
241:
4695:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4549:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4521:
4395:Hydrotherosaurus
4358:
4320:Hydrotherosaurus
4257:
4142:
4094:Dolichorhynchops
4081:
3935:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3666:
3657:
3653:
3640:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3524:Westphaliasaurus
3467:
3282:
3252:Pachycostasaurus
3202:
3185:Yuzhoupliosaurus
3068:Rhomaleosauridae
3012:
3001:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2863:
2739:Brevicaudosaurus
2731:
2666:Majiashanosaurus
2630:Dianopachysaurus
2552:
2541:
2528:
2517:
2512:
2348:
2310:Prosaurosphargis
2206:
2195:
2182:
2142:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2062:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
1985:. Mike Everhart.
1977:. Mike Everhart.
1921:
1911:
1873:
1856:(123): 221–234.
1817:
1788:
1758:PDF document on
1749:
1712:
1697:
1667:Everhart, M. J.
1653:
1636:(1/2): 135–143.
1624:
1611:
1594:
1577:(3/4): 109–115.
1543:
1526:
1509:
1496:
1459:Ellis, R. 2003.
1456:
1439:
1422:(3–4): 129–143.
1410:
1390:
1372:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
983:
974:
973:
971:
947:
809:
784:
759:
732:
701:Westphaliasaurus
676:
652:
642:
617:, a cryptoclidid
520:Dolichorhynchops
506:in Scarborough.
396:. They have the
379:'lizard') is an
378:
373:
372:
367:
362:
361:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
301:
293:
285:
275:
265:
255:
236:
231:
218:
202:
189:
139:
138:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4592:Plesiosauroidea
4590:
4589:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4562:Plesiosauroidea
4556:
4546:
4537:
4524:
4516:
4492:
4459:Alexandronectes
4444:
4347:
4284:
4252:Euelasmosaurida
4246:
4150:Callawayasaurus
4138:
4113:
4085:Dolichorhynchia
4079:
4067:Serpentisuchops
4017:
4005:Plesiopleurodon
3990:
3968:Palmulasaurinae
3962:
3924:
3866:
3827:
3810:
3774:Muraenosaurinae
3768:
3727:
3685:Colymbosaurinae
3679:
3647:
3630:
3597:
3577:
3529:
3489:Franconiasaurus
3462:Plesiosauroidea
3448:
3364:Brachaucheninae
3358:
3271:
3266:Thalassiodracon
3224:Attenborosaurus
3191:
3062:
3008:
2995:
2978:
2945:
2925:
2848:
2843:Silvestrosaurus
2822:Metanothosaurus
2786:
2759:
2720:
2616:Diandongosaurus
2572:
2548:
2546:Eosauropterygia
2535:
2533:Eosauropterygia
2518:
2496:
2482:Eosauropterygia
2472:
2453:Psephosauriscus
2375:
2337:
2285:Saurosphargidae
2279:
2274:Helveticosaurus
2266:Eusaurosphargis
2250:
2236:Pomolispondylus
2202:
2189:
2160:
2136:
2105:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2051:
1940:
1935:
1924:( ), 1997: in
1877:
1831:
1806:10.2307/3623798
1791:
1778:
1715:
1700:
1687:
1627:
1614:
1597:
1568:
1529:
1512:
1499:
1485:10.2307/3627940
1470:
1442:
1413:
1400:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
985:
984:
977:
949:
948:
944:
940:
901:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
646:Plesiosauroidea
606:
582:Cimoliasauridae
548:
512:
464:
431:K-Pg extinction
320:
316:
313:Plesiosauroidea
268:Franconiasaurus
235:
233:Plesiosauroidea
229:
220:Neoplesiosauria
216:
200:
187:
133:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
33:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4701:
4699:
4691:
4690:
4688:Plesiosauroids
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4610:
4597:
4582:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4452:
4450:Aristonectinae
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4427:
4424:Tuarangisaurus
4420:
4413:
4410:Marambionectes
4406:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4355:
4353:Weddellonectia
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4342:Terminonatator
4338:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4292:
4290:Elasmosaurinae
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4241:Woolungasaurus
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4164:Eromangasaurus
4160:
4153:
4145:
4139:
4136:Elasmosauridae
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4046:Mauriciosaurus
4042:
4035:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3977:Pahasapasaurus
3972:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3874:
3872:Leptocleididae
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3756:Ophthalmothule
3752:
3745:
3737:
3735:
3733:Cryptoclidinae
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3661:Cryptoclididae
3649:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3565:Occitanosaurus
3561:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3535:Microcleididae
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3496:Leurospondylus
3492:
3485:
3478:
3475:Eoplesiosaurus
3470:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3422:Monquirasaurus
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3380:Brachauchenius
3376:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3328:
3321:
3318:Megalneusaurus
3314:
3311:Lorrainosaurus
3307:
3300:
3297:Gallardosaurus
3293:
3285:
3279:
3277:Thalassophonea
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3259:Rhaeticosaurus
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3178:Thaumatodracon
3174:
3167:
3164:Sthenarosaurus
3160:
3157:Rhomaleosaurus
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3085:Archaeonectrus
3081:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3049:Sinopliosaurus
3045:
3038:
3030:
3027:Bathyspondylus
3023:
3015:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2858:Pistosauroidea
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2754:Sanchiaosaurus
2750:
2746:Hispaniasaurus
2742:
2734:
2728:
2726:Nothosauroidea
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2708:Serpianosaurus
2704:
2697:
2690:
2687:Prosantosaurus
2683:
2680:Odoiporosaurus
2676:
2673:Neusticosaurus
2669:
2662:
2659:Luopingosaurus
2655:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2381:Cyamodontoidea
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1938:External links
1936:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1909:10.1086/621573
1894:(8): 715–735.
1875:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1789:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1724:(2): 187–205.
1713:
1698:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1654:
1625:
1612:
1595:
1566:
1563:103(1-2):58-69
1555:
1544:
1527:
1510:
1497:
1479:(1–2): 58–69.
1468:
1457:
1440:
1411:
1398:
1391:
1381:(2): 259–287.
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1336:Anthony King.
1328:
1247:
1228:(3): 227–244.
1205:
1178:(2): 187–205.
1162:
1119:
1056:
1053:. p. 339.
1037:
1028:
1005:
975:
941:
939:
936:
900:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
870:
866:
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
835:
834:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:Leptocleididae
812:
807:
805:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:Elasmosauridae
787:
782:
780:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:Cryptoclididae
762:
757:
755:
749:
748:
745:
744:
735:
730:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
717:Microcleididae
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
679:
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
655:
650:
648:
640:
634:The following
605:
602:
578:Elasmosauridae
568:Cryptoclididae
564:Early Jurassic
560:Plesiosauridae
547:
544:
511:
508:
504:Rotunda Museum
496:Taunton Museum
463:
460:
420:Early Jurassic
402:Plesiosauroids
308:
307:
306:
305:
303:Plesiosauridae
297:
295:Microcleididae
289:
281:
271:
261:
258:Eoplesiosaurus
248:
247:
243:
242:
227:
223:
222:
214:
207:
206:
198:
194:
193:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
26:
24:Plesiosauroids
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4700:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4520:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:Chubutinectes
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:Albertonectes
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4279:Thalassomedon
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4234:Wapuskanectes
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:Cimoliasaurus
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4074:Trinacromerum
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4039:Georgiasaurus
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:Eopolycotylus
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4023:Polycotylinae
4020:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3996:Occultonectia
3993:
3987:
3986:
3985:Palmulasaurus
3982:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Polycotylidae
3927:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:Nichollssaura
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3860:Nichollssaura
3857:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3807:
3806:
3805:Vinialesaurus
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3783:Muraenosaurus
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:Kimmerosaurus
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:Colymbosaurus
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3674:Opallionectes
3671:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3572:Seeleyosaurus
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:Sachicasaurus
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:Polyptychodon
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:Hauffiosaurus
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3114:Borealonectes
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3056:Termatosaurus
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:Tanaisosaurus
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:Kwangsisaurus
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:Augustasaurus
2868:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:Germanosaurus
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:Ceresiosaurus
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2792:Nothosauridae
2789:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2715:Wumengosaurus
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:Panzhousaurus
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:Keichousaurus
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:Dianmeisaurus
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:Dactylosaurus
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2511:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2331:Stauromatodon
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:Saurosphargis
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:Atopodentatus
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:Alexeyisaurus
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:Sauropterygia
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Sauropterygia
2183:
2179:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2146:Sauropterygia
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:Sauropterygia
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:Trinacromerum
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:Cimoliasaurus
1837:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:and scans of
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:(4): 170–183.
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:Cope 1868?".
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:(2): 148–173.
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1344:on 2011-10-01
1343:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1006:
995:
994:
989:
982:
980:
976:
970:
969:10.3389/feart
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
937:
935:
933:
928:
926:
921:
919:
910:
905:
898:
891:
890:
882:
881:
873:
872:
864:
863:
855:
854:
846:
845:
837:
836:
833:
832:
831:Polycotylidae
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
811:
810:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
786:
785:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
761:
760:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
741:
734:
733:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
702:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
685:
678:
677:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
661:
654:
653:
647:
644:
643:
639:
637:
629:
628:
623:
616:
615:
614:Muraenosaurus
610:
604:Relationships
603:
601:
599:
598:
593:
592:
591:Trinacromerum
587:
586:Polycotylidae
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
536:
534:
530:
522:
521:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
468:
461:
459:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
416:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
377:
366:
356:
350:
314:
304:
298:
296:
290:
288:
282:
280:
279:
272:
270:
269:
262:
260:
259:
252:
251:
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
226:Superfamily:
225:
224:
221:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:Sauropterygia
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
124:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
30:
29:Late Triassic
22:
19:
4561:
4523:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4466:Aristonectes
4464:
4457:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4417:Morenosaurus
4415:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4387:Fresnosaurus
4385:
4380:Futabasaurus
4378:
4371:
4364:
4340:
4333:
4328:Nakonanectes
4326:
4318:
4313:Fluvionectes
4311:
4306:Elasmosaurus
4304:
4297:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4213:Orophosaurus
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4185:Lagenanectes
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4010:
4003:
3983:
3975:
3955:
3948:
3943:Edgarosaurus
3941:
3919:Vectocleidus
3917:
3911:Umoonasaurus
3909:
3901:
3896:Leptocleidus
3894:
3886:
3881:Brancasaurus
3879:
3858:
3850:
3839:Leptocleidia
3803:
3795:
3790:Picrocleidus
3788:
3781:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3742:Cryptoclidus
3740:
3722:Spitrasaurus
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3694:Abyssosaurus
3692:
3672:
3645:Cryptoclidia
3618:
3583:Cryptoclidia
3570:
3563:
3558:Microcleidus
3556:
3549:
3542:
3522:
3517:Plesiosaurus
3515:
3510:Plesiopterys
3508:
3503:Plesiopharos
3501:
3494:
3487:
3482:Eretmosaurus
3480:
3473:
3461:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3373:Acostasaurus
3371:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3304:Liopleurodon
3302:
3295:
3288:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3245:Marmornectes
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3217:Arminisaurus
3215:
3208:
3197:Pliosauridae
3183:
3176:
3171:Stratesaurus
3169:
3162:
3155:
3150:Meyerasaurus
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3099:Avalonnectes
3097:
3092:Atychodracon
3090:
3083:
3077:Anningasaura
3075:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3025:
3020:Anningasaura
3018:
3006:Plesiosauria
2993:Plesiosauria
2966:
2931:Plesiosauria
2920:Yunguisaurus
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2779:
2772:
2765:Simosauridae
2752:
2744:
2737:
2713:
2706:
2701:Qianxisaurus
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2645:Honghesaurus
2643:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2608:Dawazisaurus
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2567:Cymatosaurus
2565:
2558:
2467:Sinocyamodus
2465:
2460:Psephosaurus
2458:
2451:
2444:
2439:Psephochelys
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2368:
2361:
2356:Paraplacodus
2354:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2272:
2264:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2094:
2017:Times Online
2016:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1929:
1925:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1836:Elasmosaurus
1835:
1822:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1759:
1721:
1718:Paleobiology
1717:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1519:The Mosasaur
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1476:
1472:
1461:Sea Dragons'
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1331:
1313:cite journal
1302:. Retrieved
1266:
1262:
1250:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1175:
1172:Paleobiology
1171:
1165:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1075:
1071:
1059:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
991:
962:(in press).
959:
955:
945:
931:
929:
922:
914:
908:
829:
814:
803:Leptocleidia
789:
764:
753:Cryptoclidia
740:Plesiopterys
738:
737:
715:
699:
698:
684:Eretmosaurus
682:
681:
660:Plesiosaurus
658:
657:
645:
633:
625:
612:
595:
589:
573:Cryptoclidus
571:
549:
537:
526:
518:
477:
471:
445:pliosauroids
440:Plesiosaurus
438:
417:
401:
312:
311:
287:Cryptoclidia
278:Plesiopharos
276:
266:
256:
232:
210:
204:Plesiosauria
184:Superorder:
123:Elasmosaurus
121:
38:210–66
18:
4668:Plesiosaurs
4586:Wikispecies
4480:Morturneria
4438:Zarafasaura
4366:Aphrosaurus
4335:Styxosaurus
4265:Cardiocorax
4227:Scanisaurus
4192:Leivanectes
4171:Goniosaurus
4101:Martinectes
4060:Scalamagnus
4053:Polycotylus
4012:Sulcusuchus
3888:Hastanectes
3852:Hastanectes
3715:Pantosaurus
3394:Kronosaurus
3325:Peloneustes
3290:Eardasaurus
3121:Eurycleidus
2913:Wangosaurus
2899:Pistosaurus
2829:Nothosaurus
2815:Lariosaurus
2774:Paludidraco
2587:Anarosaurus
2446:Psephoderma
2425:Placochelys
2418:Parahenodus
2411:Macroplacus
2397:Glyphoderma
2343:Placodontia
2228:Palatodonta
2099:Neodiapsida
1844:Polycotylus
1800:: 174–178.
1610:(3): 19–32.
1542:(2): 14–24.
1135:(1): 1–23.
918:cephalopods
627:Styxosaurus
540:endothermic
510:Description
484:Hugh Miller
480:Mary Anning
456:Gastroliths
388:carnivorous
4662:Categories
4431:Vegasaurus
4403:Kawanectes
4272:Libonectes
4199:Mauisaurus
4108:Unktaheela
3950:Manemergus
3825:Xenopsaria
3797:Tricleidus
3763:Tatenectes
3708:Djupedalia
3592:see below↓
3551:Lusonectes
3353:Simolestes
3346:Pliosaurus
3334:Pliosaurus
3231:Cryonectes
3143:Maresaurus
3136:Macroplata
3128:Lindwurmia
3042:Lindwurmia
3034:Bobosaurus
2940:see below↓
2885:Chinchenia
2878:Bobosaurus
2781:Simosaurus
2637:Hanosaurus
2560:Corosaurus
2491:see below↓
2244:Hanosaurus
2155:see below↓
2130:Sauropsida
2115:Sauropsida
2088:Subclass:
2084:Sauropsida
1787:: 219–228.
1696:: 155–180.
1617:Paludicola
1403:Paludicola
1348:2011-08-15
1304:2011-08-15
1113:2011-08-15
1025:: 109–129.
999:2010-06-10
938:References
778:Xenopsaria
597:Mauisaurus
552:pistosaurs
435:Cretaceous
427:Sinemurian
410:Cretaceous
246:Subgroups
4487:Wunyelfia
4473:Kaiwhekea
4206:Ogmodirus
3544:Hydrorion
2594:Chusaurus
2295:Hemilopas
2070:Kingdom:
1918:129889740
1108:206525584
636:cladogram
566:period;
546:Evolution
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
4606:46559661
4577:Q1619550
4571:Wikidata
3957:Thililua
3408:Makhaira
3338:andrewsi
3210:Anguanax
2390:Cyamodus
2370:Placodus
2363:Pararcus
2090:Diapsida
2078:Chordata
2076:Phylum:
2072:Animalia
1818:, 2 fig.
1746:85810360
1650:86051586
1591:86124216
1525:: 41–46.
1508:: 24–27.
1455:: 92–93.
1436:86037286
1299:36165835
1291:21836013
1200:85810360
1157:19710180
1149:23581455
1100:20538946
899:Behavior
570:, (e.g.
556:families
533:flippers
492:Somerset
449:Mesozoic
406:Jurassic
394:reptiles
178:Reptilia
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
4619:5758900
3401:Luskhan
3387:Eiectus
2404:Henodus
2082:Class:
1896:Bibcode
1874:, 4 pl.
1858:Bibcode
1814:3623798
1726:Bibcode
1711:: 1–63.
1684:: 1-32.
1604:PalArch
1536:PalArch
1493:3627940
1359:Sources
1271:Bibcode
1263:Science
1230:Bibcode
1222:Lethaia
1180:Bibcode
1080:Bibcode
1072:Science
452:diapsid
413:periods
381:extinct
365:plēsios
360:πλησιος
197:Order:
174:Class:
4645:380399
1916:
1842:, and
1812:
1753:Press.
1744:
1660:
1648:
1589:
1491:
1434:
1297:
1289:
1198:
1155:
1147:
1106:
1098:
425:(late
423:Period
391:marine
376:sauros
371:σαυρος
240:, 1825
4640:WoRMS
4632:38172
4178:Jucha
2095:Clade
1914:S2CID
1852:. 4.
1810:JSTOR
1742:S2CID
1646:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1489:JSTOR
1432:S2CID
1371:(PDF)
1295:S2CID
1218:(PDF)
1196:S2CID
1153:S2CID
1104:S2CID
500:Filey
398:snake
384:clade
355:Greek
211:Clade
2128:see
1930:17.3
1658:ISBN
1323:link
1319:link
1287:PMID
1145:PMID
1096:PMID
925:swan
529:tail
408:and
238:Gray
46:PreꞒ
4601:EoL
1904:doi
1866:doi
1802:doi
1766:pp.
1734:doi
1709:213
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