621:
651:
412:
141:
120:
1904:
1446:
691:
512:, who published his research in 1942. In it, he recognized that they represent a new genus of mosasaur. Camp particularly noticed the highly derived aquatic adaptations that were far more specialized than other mosasaurs, calling it "the most advanced genus yet described in the family Mosasauridae." He named this genus
595:
based on a reexamination of the specimens described by Camp (1942) and new fossils uncovered after it. They found that much of the traits thought to differentiate between the two species were actually shared, and the remaining distinct features were likely the result of intraspecific variation. This
495:
fossil in the
Panoche Hills around forty miles southeast of Bennison's skeleton. This skeleton, first found by Fresno State professor William M. Tucker, was far larger than Bennison's skeleton and consisted of an articulated series of fifty-four dorsal, pygal, and caudal vertebrae. It was sent to UC
471:, two of which he donated to UC Berkeley as UCMP 32943. Bennison was inspired to geology by his science teacher M. Merrill Thompson and continued to study the stratigraphy of surrounding hills. This would turn fruitful, as in 1937 he discovered a partial skeleton from grey sandstone hills near
646:
possessed the highest level of aquatic adaptations in any mosasaur. These features probably enabled them to also be one of the fastest of the mosasaurs. They also had relatively large eyes for keen eyesight, and impressions found with their fossils suggest that they had scaly skin.
504:
between 1938 and 1940 uncovered three additional partial skeletons. The most complete, CIT 2750, consisted of a large skull, thirty-nine front vertebrae, a shoulder girdle, and front paddles, while the other two (CIT 2751 and 2755) preserved the mosasaurs' tails.
1025:
Bruce
Rothschild; Michael J. Everhart (2015). "Co-Ossification of Vertebrae in Mosasaurs (Squamata, Mosasauridae); Evidence of Habitat Interactions and Susceptibility to Bone Disease".
630:
Plotosaurs possessed several adaptations to marine life not seen in other mosasaurs. Compared with their relatives, they had narrower flippers, large tail fins and a streamlined
487:, four ribs, and rib fragments. It was curated to UC Berkeley's museum as UCMP 32778. In August of the same year, a second skeleton was collected by a joint UC Berkeley-
1980:
456:
1891:
128:
638:. Some of the tail vertebrae are fused together; unlike in most mosasaurs this is not a pathological condition but another aquatic adaptation that allowed
483:, Curtis J. Hesse, Owen J. Poe, and Thompson's students to excavate the find. The fossil consisted of a complete skull, eighteen articulated vertebrae, an
2116:
2060:
1967:
548:, albeit tentatively for CIT 2750. If its assignment was correct, this would have provided additional information to differentiate the species from
1068:
Aaron R. H. LeBlanc; Michael W. Caldwell; Johan
Lindgren (2013). "Aquatic adaptation, cranial kinesis, and the skull of the mosasaurine mosasaur
2111:
1186:
759:
1160:
2106:
1155:
488:
497:
452:
1122:
966:
742:
James G. Ogg; Linda A. Hinnov (2012), "Cretaceous", in Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; Gabi M. Ogg (eds.),
1150:
787:
Johan
Lindgren; Michael W. Caldwell; John W. M. Jagt (2008). "New data on the postcranial anatomy of the California mosasaur
1881:
721:
skeleton measuring 8.83 meters (29.0 ft) in length. This would correspond to a length of 5.89 meters (19.3 ft).
140:
620:
1179:
536:
in honor of
Bennison with UCMP 32778 as its holotype. Camp (1942) also identified a second species which he named
1272:
540:
after Tucker. Its holotype was the same skeleton discovered by its namesake (UCMP 33913), differentiated from
1820:
1886:
650:
1922:
2101:
2073:
2006:
1445:
1172:
711:
Camp (1942) estimated the specimen to come from an animal "about two-thirds the size of the specimen of
468:
265:
2047:
1954:
879:
501:
396:
1127:
Lindgren, J., Alwmark, C., Caldwell, M.W., and
Fiorillo, A.R. 2009. Skin of the Cretaceous mosasaur
460:
411:
1907:
1097:
1089:
1050:
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1007:
820:
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509:
480:
436:
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135:
2078:
572:; and a larger interclavicle in proportion to the skull. In 1951, Camp discovered that the name
2011:
552:, namely in its less derived skull morphology as inferred by smaller and shorter nostrils, the
544:
by its larger size and more numerous pygal vertebrae. The
Caltech skeletons were identified as
508:
The fossil skeletons came under the study of the UC Berkeley's Museum of
Paleontology director
1993:
1985:
1589:
1532:
1118:
962:
905:
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1998:
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1300:
1132:
1081:
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A 2008 study by paleontologists Johan
Lindgren, Michael Caldwell, and John Jagt redescribed
432:
119:
1857:
1793:
1758:
1714:
1596:
1575:
1512:
1497:
654:
609:
687:
analysis, plotosaurs are considered to be the most derived branch of mosasaur evolution.
883:
403:, suggesting a much more advanced swimming adaptation than some of its close relatives.
1730:
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1402:
1348:
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in 1951 when Camp discovered that the name had already been assigned to a type of
1131:: implications for aquatic adaptations in giant marine reptiles. Biology Letters
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body shape. This design converges with the morphology and hydrodynamic build of
517:
400:
379:
45:
891:
443:. The first was a pair of caudal vertebrae collected during 1918 or 1920 by an
1703:
1689:
1490:
1423:
1327:
1307:
1279:
717:
659:
479:. Bennison notified Thompson, and the two brought UC Berkeley paleontologists
440:
374:
348:
208:
90:
55:
1945:
1813:
1630:
1483:
1463:
1334:
1251:
791:(Camp, 1942) (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian), and the taxonomic status of
684:
631:
577:
388:
152:
95:
39:
1136:
909:
955:
The
Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
2032:
1939:
1355:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1195:
1117:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 356 pp.
1038:
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344:
221:
192:
172:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
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1972:
459:
under the catalog UCMP 36050. In June 1936, a high school student from
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360:
337:
182:
100:
75:
1286:
1207:
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162:
1916:
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340:
2052:
1959:
1920:
1168:
982:
Johan Lindgren; John W. M. Jagt; Michael W. Caldwell (2007).
1164:
868:"A complete mosasaur skeleton, osseous and cartilaginous"
642:
to achieve a more efficient swimming design. Altogether,
419:
fossils were found in the northwestern regions of the
463:
named Allan Bennison found three vertebrae next to a
447:
resident named Herman G. Walker while exploring the
2022:
1929:
1874:
1751:
1713:
1678:
1651:
1606:
1565:
1531:
1511:
1473:
1453:
1392:
1365:
1317:
1234:
1115:
Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California
782:
780:
778:
1149:Mosasauridae Translation and Pronunciation Guide
872:Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History
496:Berkeley as UCMP 33913. Field expeditions of the
568:; different counts of vertebrae bearing certain
556:not being as extended backwards, less numerous
475:during a survey of Late Cretaceous beds in the
431:were discovered in the early 20th century from
1180:
1154:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1027:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
584:as a portmanteau of the Ancient Greek πλωτώ (
8:
1892:List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units
564:being taller than it is wide, and a smaller
129:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1917:
1562:
1528:
1470:
1314:
1187:
1173:
1165:
838:
836:
834:
383:(meaning "bay lizard"), it was changed to
118:
20:
984:"A fishy mosasaur: the axial skeleton of
899:
849:Memoirs of the University of California
734:
704:
369:, described by Berkeley paleontologist
948:
946:
746:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 793–853,
500:in Moreno Formation outcrops north of
7:
427:The earliest described specimens of
489:California State University, Fresno
373:in 1942 from fossils discovered in
127:Mounted skeleton (CIT 2750) at the
1074:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
797:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
752:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5
532:, "lizard"), and the type species
498:California Institute of Technology
453:University of California, Berkeley
14:
961:: Marshall Editions. p. 87.
2117:Taxa named by Charles Lewis Camp
1903:
1902:
1444:
1004:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00009.x
988:(Reptilia, Squamata) reassessed"
139:
580:, and so renamed the genus to
1:
2112:Fossil taxa described in 1951
1882:Timeline of mosasaur research
1086:10.1080/02724634.2013.726675
391:. Unlike other mosasaurids,
809:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1043
467:fossil in shale hills near
451:. They were donated to the
347:who lived during the Upper
2133:
2107:Mosasaurs of North America
892:10.1126/science.10.260.919
491:party while excavating an
1900:
1752:Related groups and genera
1442:
1202:
1159:UCMP Paleontology Portal
927:, a new generic name for
588:, "swimmer") and σαῦρος.
336:("swimmer lizard") is an
299:
292:
271:
264:
136:Scientific classification
134:
126:
117:
23:
953:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
16:Extinct genus of lizards
1887:List of mosasaur genera
933:Journal of Paleontology
744:The Geologic Time Scale
395:possesses a morphology
1137:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0097
845:"California mosasaurs"
695:
680:
627:
457:Museum of Paleontology
424:
2074:Paleobiology Database
2024:Plotosaurus bennisoni
2007:Paleobiology Database
1070:Plotosaurus bennisoni
866:Osborn, H.F. (1899).
789:Plotosaurus bennisoni
693:
653:
623:
576:was preoccupied by a
534:Kolposaurus bennisoni
528:, "bay") and σαῦρος (
414:
278:Plotosaurus bennisoni
1039:10.1660/062.118.0309
931:Camp, preoccupied".
923:Camp, C.L. (1951). "
679:retracting positions
407:Discovery and naming
1113:Hilton, R.P. 2003.
884:1899Sci....10..919O
843:Camp, C.L. (1942).
713:Tylosaurus dyspelor
608:, making the genus
538:Kolposaurus tuckeri
435:deposits along the
377:. Originally named
319:Plotosaurus tuckeri
715:," referring to a
696:
681:
628:
510:Charles Lewis Camp
481:Samuel Paul Welles
437:San Joaquin Valley
425:
421:San Joaquin Valley
371:Charles Lewis Camp
2089:
2088:
1994:Open Tree of Life
1923:Taxon identifiers
1914:
1913:
1747:
1746:
1647:
1646:
1590:Plesioplatecarpus
1533:Plioplatecarpinae
1507:
1506:
1440:
1439:
761:978-0-444-59425-9
355:) in what is now
329:
328:
323:
315:
307:
257:P. bennisoni
245:
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1988:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1875:Related articles
1865:Vallecillosaurus
1567:Plioplatecarpini
1563:
1529:
1471:
1448:
1367:Prognathodontini
1315:
1301:Plesiotylosaurus
1189:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1106:
1105:
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1059:
1058:
1033:(3–4): 265–275.
1022:
1016:
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803:(4): 1043–1054.
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625:Life restoration
433:Moreno Formation
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29:Temporal range:
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1915:
1910:
1896:
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1858:Portunatasaurus
1794:Dolichosauridae
1759:Aigialosauridae
1743:
1715:Yaguarasaurinae
1709:
1674:
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1597:Plioplatecarpus
1576:Latoplatecarpus
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1513:Russellosaurina
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1498:Phosphorosaurus
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795:(Camp, 1942)".
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655:Cranial kinesis
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1869:
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1707:
1700:
1693:
1684:
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1662:Pannoniasaurus
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1403:Bentiabasaurus
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1389:
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566:pineal foramen
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1653:Tethysaurinae
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1391:
1385:
1384:
1383:Thalassotitan
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1342:Harranasaurus
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:Megapterygius
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
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1256:
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1249:
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1242:
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1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:0-520-23315-8
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
987:
978:
975:
970:
968:1-84028-152-9
964:
960:
956:
949:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
916:
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869:
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839:
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831:
826:
822:
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790:
783:
781:
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771:
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757:
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749:
745:
738:
735:
728:
720:
719:
714:
708:
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692:
688:
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674:
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648:
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637:
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583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Ancient Greek
519:
515:
511:
506:
503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
485:interclavicle
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Panoche Hills
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
418:
415:The earliest
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:North America
354:
353:Maastrichtian
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
334:
320:
317:
312:
309:
304:
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295:
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286:
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279:
270:
267:
266:Binomial name
263:
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217:
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125:
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116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:70.6–66
32:
31:Maastrichtian
26:
22:
19:
2102:Mosasaurines
2023:
1930:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1786:Opetiosaurus
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1680:Tylosaurinae
1667:
1660:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1617:Gavialimimus
1615:
1608:Selmasaurini
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1556:Sarabosaurus
1554:
1549:Ectenosaurus
1547:
1542:Angolasaurus
1540:
1522:Haasiasaurus
1520:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1462:
1455:Halisaurinae
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1410:Eremiasaurus
1408:
1401:
1381:
1376:Prognathodon
1374:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:Globidensini
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1266:Gnathomortis
1264:
1257:
1250:
1245:Amphekepubis
1243:
1236:Mosasaurinae
1128:
1114:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1030:
1026:
1020:
995:
991:
985:
977:
954:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
875:
871:
861:
852:
848:
800:
796:
792:
788:
743:
737:
716:
712:
707:
682:
676:
675:protracting
672:
668:
664:
658:
643:
639:
636:ichthyosaurs
629:
606:P. bennisoni
605:
597:
592:
590:
585:
581:
573:
554:frontal bone
550:K. bennisoni
549:
545:
542:K. bennisoni
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
513:
507:
477:Diablo Range
473:Pacheco Pass
428:
426:
416:
401:ichthyosaurs
392:
384:
378:
366:P. bennisoni
365:
364:
332:
331:
330:
318:
310:
302:
277:
272:
256:
255:
235:
234:
222:Mosasauridae
199:
24:
18:
1931:Plotosaurus
1851:Judeasaurus
1844:Adriosaurus
1828:Pontosaurus
1800:Coniasaurus
1779:Komensaurus
1772:Carsosaurus
1724:Romeosaurus
1669:Tethysaurus
1638:Selmasaurus
1583:Platecarpus
1475:Halisaurini
1431:Plotosaurus
1417:Moanasaurus
1394:Mosasaurini
1273:Jormungandr
1259:Dallasaurus
1129:Plotosaurus
986:Plotosaurus
929:Kolposaurus
925:Plotosaurus
665:Plotosaurus
644:Plotosaurus
640:Plotosaurus
616:Description
593:Plotosaurus
582:Plotosaurus
574:Kolposaurus
518:portmanteau
514:Kolposaurus
429:Plotosaurus
417:Plotosaurus
393:Plotosaurus
385:Plotosaurus
380:Kolposaurus
359:. Only one
333:Plotosaurus
311:Garzasaurus
303:Kolposaurus
236:Plotosaurus
25:Plotosaurus
2096:Categories
2039:Q100851233
1821:Primitivus
1704:Tylosaurus
1690:Kaikaifilu
1491:Halisaurus
1424:Mosasaurus
1328:Carinodens
1308:Stelladens
1280:Kourisodon
793:P. tuckeri
729:References
718:Tylosaurus
660:Tylosaurus
598:P. tuckeri
546:K. tuckeri
493:elasmosaur
441:California
397:converging
375:California
349:Cretaceous
322:Camp, 1951
306:Camp, 1942
209:Mosasauria
1814:Kaganaias
1631:Khinjaria
1484:Eonatator
1464:Pluridens
1335:Globidens
1252:Clidastes
1206:Kingdom:
1196:Mosasaurs
901:2246/5737
770:127523816
685:cladistic
683:Based on
610:monotypic
596:rendered
578:nothosaur
570:processes
469:Patterson
465:hadrosaur
389:nothosaur
345:mosasaurs
250:Species:
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
2033:Wikidata
1940:Wikidata
1908:Category
1356:Xenodens
1226:Squamata
1220:Reptilia
1214:Chordata
1212:Phylum:
1208:Animalia
1102:86389664
1094:42568674
1055:83690496
1047:24887768
1012:84110488
910:17837338
825:84175195
817:20491036
671:resting
657:between
632:fusiform
562:quadrate
502:Coalinga
294:Synonyms
215:Family:
193:Squamata
183:Reptilia
173:Chordata
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
2066:8580935
2053:4518685
1999:4946017
1986:1286129
1973:4819790
1960:4518682
1946:Q140375
1224:Order:
1218:Class:
992:Lethaia
880:Bibcode
855:: 1–68.
520:of the
461:Gustine
445:Oakland
361:species
338:extinct
275:†
254:†
228:Genus:
189:Order:
179:Class:
107:↓
2079:168668
1287:Liodon
1121:
1100:
1092:
1053:
1045:
1010:
965:
959:London
939:: 822.
908:
823:
815:
768:
758:
560:, the
530:saûros
526:kólpos
287:, 1942
244:, 1951
2012:36409
1981:IRMNG
1098:S2CID
1090:JSTOR
1051:S2CID
1043:JSTOR
1008:S2CID
821:S2CID
813:JSTOR
766:S2CID
699:Notes
586:plôtô
341:genus
200:Clade
2061:GBIF
1968:GBIF
1119:ISBN
963:ISBN
906:PMID
756:ISBN
663:and
516:, a
285:Camp
242:Camp
46:PreꞒ
2048:EoL
1955:EoL
1133:doi
1082:doi
1072:".
1035:doi
1031:118
1000:doi
896:hdl
888:doi
805:doi
748:doi
604:of
455:'s
343:of
2098::
2076::
2063::
2050::
2035::
2009::
1996::
1983::
1970::
1957::
1942::
1096:.
1088:.
1078:33
1076:.
1049:.
1041:.
1029:.
1006:.
996:40
994:.
990:.
957:.
945:^
937:25
935:.
904:.
894:.
886:.
874:.
870:.
853:13
851:.
847:.
833:^
819:.
811:.
801:28
799:.
777:^
764:,
754:,
677:C.
673:B.
669:A.
667:;
612:.
600:a
439:,
202::
96:Pg
40:Ma
33:,
1687:?
1188:e
1181:t
1174:v
1139:.
1135::
1104:.
1084::
1057:.
1037::
1014:.
1002::
971:.
912:.
898::
890::
882::
876:1
827:.
807::
750::
423:.
351:(
232:†
219:†
206:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
35:~
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