552:, or 'spirit', to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent 'spirit' was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was immanent in the universe as God, and in man as the soul and life-giving principle. Clearly it is not a long step from this to the 'Holy Spirit' of Christian theology, the 'Lord and Giver of life', visibly manifested as tongues of fire at Pentecost and ever since associated – in the Christian as in the Stoic mind – with the ideas of vital fire and beneficient warmth.
1601:
2469:
1400:
294:
breathing and the power of cooling by moisture with a view to the conservation of the heat in that part. We will discuss this later on. In bloodless animals and insects and creatures which do not respire, the naturally inherent breath is seen expanding and contraction in the part which corresponds to the heart in other animals." 456a1–13.
279:
The inborn spirit causes movement in the body by expanding and contracting. Each of these implies not only a movement but also a change in the degree of power and strength of the animal. "when it contracts it is without force, and one and the same cause gives it force and enables it to thrust."
293:
animals this is the region about the heart; for all sanguineous animals possess a heart, and both movement and the dominant sense-perception originate there. As for movement, it is clear that breathing and in general the process of cooling takes its rise here, and that nature has supplied both
390:, or 'spirit', to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent 'spirit' was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was immanent in the universe as God, and in man as the soul and life-giving principle.
612:
is then translated as "wind" in verse eight, followed by the rendering "Spirit": "The wind (pneuma) bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit (pneuma)."
207:
is the warm mobile "air" that plays many roles in
Aristotle's biological texts. It is in sperm and is responsible for transmitting the capacity for locomotion and certain sensations to the offspring. These movements derive from the soul of the parent and are embodied by the
314:
Aristotle explains that if there is an excess of heat created in the heart the animal will "burn out" by excessively consuming the power sustaining its life (474b10–24). Its heat must be kindled (474b13) and in order to preserve (sōtērias) life, a cooling must take place
486:
in structuring matter, both in animals and in the physical world. This divine pneuma that is the soul of the cosmos supplies the pneuma in its varying grades for everything in the world, a spherical continuum of matter held together by the orderly power of
607:
is the Greek word translated into
English as "spirit": "Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit (pneuma), he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." In some translations such as the King James version, however,
311:"We have said before that life and the possession of heat depend upon some degree of heat; for digestion, by which animals assimilate their food, cannot take place apart from the soul and heat; for all food is rendered digestible by fire." 474a25–27.
265:), which moves by being itself moved." (703a5-6). Aristotle furthers this idea of being a "middle cause" by furnishing the metaphor of the movement of the elbow, as it relates to the immobility of the shoulder (703a13). The inborn
472:, the cosmos is a whole and single entity, a living thing with a soul of its own. Everything that exists depends on two first principles which can be neither created nor destroyed: matter, which is passive and inert, and the
831:
was not a new one. The
Methodic school, however, appears to have done away with much of the theory. The Pneumatic school, in choosing to oppose the Methodic school, adopted a firmly established principle, and chose the
1270:(Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 136. White suggests that a number of Stoic terms are used interchangeably, or with subtle contextual distinctions, for the principle that acts on and within the physical world:
845:
was indispensable to medicine, and Galen tells us that the
Pneumatic school would rather have betrayed their country than renounce their opinions. Athenaeus had also adopted much of the doctrines of the
427:, and at the same time inwards, providing unity and substance. An individual is defined by the equilibrium of its inner pneuma, which holds it together and also separates it from the world around it.
996:
143:, "air") as the element from which all else originated. This usage is the earliest extant occurrence of the term in philosophy. A quotation from Anaximenes observes that "just as our soul (
301:
2008:
2510:
2500:
995:
François, Alexandre (2008), "Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages", in
Vanhove, Martine (ed.),
1421:
394:
In the Stoic universe, everything consists of matter and pneuma. There are three grades or kinds of pneuma, depending on their proportion of fire and air.
1585:
449:); it pervades the organism, governs its movements, and endows it with powers of perception and reproduction. This concept of pneuma is related to
276:
the origin of the soul," the soul as the center of causality. This "spirit" is not the soul itself but a limb of the soul that helps it move.
1341:
1140:
1027:
2001:
1543:
218:
is necessary for life, and as in medical theory is involved with preserving the "vital heat," but some commentators think the
Aristotelian
297:"Since it is impossible to make any movement, or do any action without strength, and the holding of the breath produces strength" 456a17.
1155:
Michael J. White, "Stoic
Natural Philosophy (Physics and Cosmology)," p. 134, and Dorothea Frede, "Stoic Determinism," p. 186, both in
775:
had enjoyed its greatest reputation, from which the
Pneumatic school differed principally in that, instead of the mixture of primitive
2525:
1638:
2350:
2335:
1578:
1561:
1537:
1412:
1386:
289:"In another place it has been laid down that sense-perception originates in the same part of an animal's body as movement does...In
977:
2355:
1316:
692:. In the corpse, arteries are empty; hence, in the light of these preconceptions they were declared to be vessels for conveying
2520:
2515:
2473:
1994:
878:
was the most suitable for the preservation of health. Heat and dryness give rise to acute diseases, cold and moisture produce
2345:
453:'s theory that the pneuma in sperm conveys the capacity for locomotion and for certain sensory perceptions to the offspring.
411:) to things; it is a force that exists even in objects such as a stone, log, or cup. The 4th-century Christian philosopher
2131:
1900:
502:) that drives the cyclical generation and destruction of the Stoic cosmos. When a cycle reaches its end in conflagration (
1567:
981:
2191:
1948:
2340:
2325:
1733:
1723:
1655:
2320:
2246:
781:
580:
708:, inhaled from the outside air, rushes through the arteries till it reaches the various centres, especially the
2418:
2330:
2017:
1934:
1798:
862:) of the animal body; but he often regarded them as real substances, and gave to the whole of them the name of
753:
86:
59:
1913:
2360:
2236:
2081:
1927:
1703:
630:
31:
2101:
2086:
1631:
925:
749:
622:
186:
45:
2251:
2226:
858:
much more than the
Methodic school had done. He recognised in the four elements the positive qualities (
689:
257:) and exercise their strength in virtue of it." (703a10). This inborn spirit is used to explain desire (
128:
1001:, Studies in Language Companion Series, vol. 106, Amsterdam, New York: Benjamins, pp. 163–215
2216:
2211:
2196:
2066:
1918:
1708:
761:
424:
1527:
2241:
2136:
1683:
1678:
1371:
638:
369:, it exists even in inanimate objects. In the foreword to his 1964 translation of Marcus Aurelius'
225:
194:
106:), which originally meant "breath of life", but is regularly translated as "spirit" or most often "
94:
67:
2261:
2176:
2161:
2141:
2071:
2038:
1908:
1894:
1698:
855:
560:
2505:
2495:
2370:
2307:
2282:
2231:
2171:
2106:
1864:
1624:
1574:
1557:
1533:
1517:
1382:
1378:
1337:
1312:
1181:
1136:
1033:
1023:
517:
342:
1017:
2441:
2408:
2166:
2151:
2116:
2043:
1970:
1405:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
908:
540:
Another Stoic concept which offered inspiration to the Church was that of 'divine Spirit'.
2449:
2398:
2383:
2378:
2296:
2186:
2181:
1718:
1296:
1120:
772:
685:
124:
633:
necessary for the systemic functioning of vital organs. It is the material that sustains
101:
2530:
2454:
2388:
2289:
2121:
2033:
2025:
1822:
1663:
1301:
1125:
903:
834:
741:
545:
383:
1600:
2489:
2403:
2146:
2126:
2111:
1783:
1416:
1406:
1308:
1132:
998:
From
Polysemy to Semantic change: Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations
920:
634:
600:
328:
51:
1965:
930:
847:
820:
697:
533:
304:
is the process by which breathing helps to cool and moderate the inner vital heat (
82:
1850:
504:
78:
2275:
1975:
1940:
1885:
1857:
1742:
1361:
1090:
955:
935:
883:
870:, they nevertheless paid attention to the mixture of the elements. The union of
665:
524:
371:
950:
349:
is the active, generative principle that organizes both the individual and the
2221:
1836:
1765:
1693:
1673:
1605:
879:
673:
669:
654:
642:
596:
576:
479:
71:
17:
1425:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 942–951.
478:, or divine reason, which is active and organizing. The 3rd-century BC Stoic
66:". It has various technical meanings for medical writers and philosophers of
2315:
2091:
2058:
1772:
1758:
1713:
1688:
1668:
1365:
1050:
Silvia Benso, "The Breathing of the Air: Presocratic Echoes in Levinas," in
819:
developed the theory even more and applied it to the functions of the body.
804:
768:
541:
469:
450:
379:
204:
190:
55:
1986:
528:, the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth discussed the profound impact of
445:
The pneuma in its most rarefied and fiery form serves as the animal soul (
2393:
2201:
2156:
1843:
1829:
1647:
1086:
875:
729:
677:
529:
420:
415:
attributes the power of pneuma in Stoic thought to its "tensile motion" (
412:
334:
284:
1272:
pur, to hêgemonikon, pneuma, theos, nous, sperma, hexis, tonikê kinêsis.
2431:
2048:
811:, for which, Aristotle was the first to describe the ways in which the
790:
701:
1266:
Michael J. White, "Stoic Natural Philosophy (Physics and Cosmology),"
2426:
2206:
2096:
1792:
866:. Although the Pneumatici attributed the majority of diseases to the
816:
786:
672:
to be the function of the breath within the organism. Around 300 BC,
435:
366:
350:
230:
172:
166:
160:
154:
148:
132:
118:
30:
This article is about the philosophical concept. For other uses, see
797:
that we learn the doctrines of the founder of the Pneumatic school.
508:), the cosmos becomes pure pneuma from which it regenerates itself.
494:
Pneuma in its purest form can thus be difficult to distinguish from
2076:
1751:
940:
887:
842:
800:
794:
776:
713:
709:
681:
658:
646:
556:
474:
407:
290:
222:
is less precisely and thoroughly defined than that of the Stoics.
1356:
Philip J. van der Eijk, "The Heart, the Brain, the Blood and the
465:) of the mature human being, which grants the power of judgment.
405:
This unifying and shaping pneuma provides stability or cohesion (
1037:
871:
827:
act a great part in health and disease. Thus, the theory of the
757:
650:
488:
457:
A fourth grade of pneuma may also be distinguished. This is the
107:
63:
1990:
1620:
1374:: Doctors and Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease
696:
to the different parts of the body. A generation afterwards,
570:
564:
138:
99:
43:
815:
is introduced into the body and the sanguineous system. The
1616:
945:
587:
is for the light breathing of human men while the stronger
886:. Everything dries up and becomes cold at the approach of
365:
that is the soul of the Deity. As a force that structures
779:, they adopted an active principle of immaterial nature,
548:'creative fire', had been the first to hit upon the term
386:'creative fire', had been the first to hit upon the term
341:
is the concept of the "breath of life," a mixture of the
269:
is, likewise, tethered to the soul, or as he says here,
1184:, "The Vital Heat, the Inborn Pneuma and the Aether,"
491:
through the causality of the pneuma that pervades it.
419:); that is, the pneuma moves both outwards, producing
345:
air (in motion) and fire (as warmth). For the Stoics,
123:, "air in motion, breath, wind", is equivalent in the
300:
Pneuma also played an important role in respiration.
1332:
Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Kittel, Gerhard (1967).
807:
had already laid the foundations of the doctrine of
92:
In classical philosophy, it is distinguishable from
2440:
2417:
2369:
2306:
2260:
2057:
2024:
1958:
1878:
1814:
1782:
1741:
1732:
1654:
1110:(University of California Press, 2006), pp. 98–104.
165:) encompass the whole world." In this early usage,
1300:
1124:
916:The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies
716:, and there causes thought and organic movement.
1376:(Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 131–132
1022:. History of Philosophy. Routledge. p. 29.
1547:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
1238:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
1236:David Sedley, "Stoic Physics and Metaphysics,"
1212:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
1210:David Sedley, "Stoic Physics and Metaphysics,"
1095:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
261:), which is classified as the "central origin (
2002:
1632:
785:, or spirit. This principle was the cause of
74:, and is also used in Greek translations of
8:
1368:on the Location of Cognitive Processes," in
1011:
1009:
1334:Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
544:, wishing to give more explicit meaning to
382:, wishing to give more explicit meaning to
2009:
1995:
1987:
1738:
1639:
1625:
1617:
882:affections, cold and dryness give rise to
645:, the psychic pneuma mediates between the
1586:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1523:. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2008.
1063:Benso, "The Breathing of the Air," p. 14.
1253:(Routledge, 1999) p. 238; John Sellars,
1054:(Indiana University Press, 2008), p. 13.
1521:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1225:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
970:
748:) was an ancient school of medicine in
700:made this the basis of a new theory of
676:discovered the distinction between the
657:theories of ancient medicine – and the
253:All animals "possess an inborn spirit (
187:Spontaneous generation § Aristotle
1573:University of California Press, 2006.
1556:, vol. 9. Taylor & Francis, 1998.
1529:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics.
433:The vegetative pneuma enables growth (
2511:New Testament Greek words and phrases
2501:Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics
1268:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
1157:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
1076:(Taylor & Francis, 1998), p. 145.
595:is a common word for "spirit" in the
563:philosopher, commented on the use of
522:In his Introduction to the 1964 book
439:) and distinguishes a thing as alive.
234:) as an expansion and contraction of
7:
1554:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1074:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
583:. Philo explains that, in his view,
153:), holds us together, so do breath (
1549:. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
1159:(Cambridge University Press, 2003).
58:", and in a religious context for "
27:Concept in Ancient Greek philosophy
1532:Cambridge University Press, 2003.
850:, and besides the doctrine of the
482:regarded pneuma as the vehicle of
212:as a material substance in semen.
25:
2351:Medical community of ancient Rome
2336:Food and diet in ancient medicine
854:, he developed the theory of the
228:explains the activity of desire (
2468:
2467:
2356:Nutrition in classical antiquity
1599:
1544:"Stoic Physics and Metaphysics."
1398:
823:and his successors had made the
688:had been ongoing since at least
591:was used for the divine Spirit.
399:The pneuma of state or tension (
2346:Mental illness in ancient Rome
1942:Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
1336:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
361:), which is a fragment of the
1:
1604:The dictionary definition of
668:explained the maintenance of
375:, Maxwell Staniforth writes:
242:) is the power of the soul (
1411:Hicks, Robert Drew (1911). "
684:, although close studies of
617:Ancient Greek medical theory
603:. At John 3:5, for example,
498:or the "constructive fire" (
357:constitutes the human soul (
173:
167:
161:
155:
149:
133:
119:
70:, particularly in regard to
2192:Quintus Gargilius Martialis
1949:Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
1370:Medicine and Philosophy in
1251:From Aristotle to Augustine
1186:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1019:From Aristotle to Augustine
629:is the form of circulating
2547:
2341:Gynecology in ancient Rome
2326:Disability in ancient Rome
1223:Dirk Baltzly, "Stoicism,"
980:, in Liddell-Scott-Jones,
649:– regarded as the seat of
571:
565:
515:
326:
283:He also explained this in
184:
139:
100:
44:
29:
2526:Obsolete medical theories
2463:
2321:Dentistry in ancient Rome
838:principle of the Stoics.
764:, in the 1st century AD.
745:
704:and their treatment. The
431:The pneuma as life force.
250:) and exercise strength.
2331:Disease in Imperial Rome
2018:Medicine in ancient Rome
1935:Enchiridion of Epictetus
1052:Levinas and the Ancients
993:See pp.190, 195, 205 of
637:in a body. According to
2361:Surgery in ancient Rome
2082:Asclepiades of Bithynia
1928:Discourses of Epictetus
1583:William Smith, (1857),
1422:Encyclopædia Britannica
982:A Greek–English Lexicon
756:. They were founded in
353:. In its highest form,
32:Pneuma (disambiguation)
2521:Ancient Roman medicine
2516:Ancient Greek medicine
2087:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
1734:Philosophical concepts
1526:Inwood, Brad, editor.
926:Pneumatic (Gnosticism)
623:ancient Greek medicine
554:
392:
286:On Sleeping and Waking
274:arche tēn psuchikēn, "
199:The "connate pneuma" (
2227:Charmis of Marseilles
1914:Seneca's Consolations
1016:Furley, D.J. (1999).
690:Diogenes of Apollonia
538:
377:
308:) held in the heart.
2217:Crinas of Marseilles
2212:Athenaeus of Attalia
2197:Thessalus of Tralles
2067:Pedanius Dioscorides
771:was a time when the
762:Athenaeus of Cilicia
512:Christian philosophy
306:thermotēta psychikēs
2137:Marcellus Empiricus
1902:Letters to Lucilius
1684:Antipater of Tarsus
1679:Diogenes of Babylon
1372:Classical Antiquity
581:Genesis 2:7
443:The pneuma as soul.
238:The innate spirit (
226:Movement of Animals
195:Movement of Animals
87:Greek New Testament
68:classical antiquity
2262:Medical literature
2177:Serenus Sammonicus
2162:Criton of Heraclea
2142:Caelius Aurelianus
2072:Soranus of Ephesus
1895:Paradoxa Stoicorum
1450:De Differeat Puls.
1437:De Differeat Puls.
1188:77 (1957) 119–123.
841:They thought that
561:Hellenistic Jewish
2483:
2482:
2283:De materia medica
2232:Scribonius Largus
2172:Marcellus of Side
2107:Antiochis of Tlos
1984:
1983:
1874:
1873:
1343:978-0-8028-2247-5
1249:David J. Furley,
1182:Friedrich Solmsen
1142:978-0-140-44140-6
1029:978-0-415-06002-8
984:, online version.
900:Pneuma akatharton
664:The disciples of
536:. In particular:
518:Soul in the Bible
16:(Redirected from
2538:
2471:
2470:
2409:Pneumatic school
2167:Sextus Empiricus
2152:Gessius of Petra
2117:Aurelius Opilius
2044:Spoon of Diocles
2011:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1971:Stoic Opposition
1959:Related articles
1922:(Musonius Rufus)
1739:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1603:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1306:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1013:
1004:
1002:
991:
985:
975:
747:
726:Pneumatic school
720:Pneumatic school
686:vascular anatomy
574:
573:
568:
567:
559:, a 1st-century
335:Stoic philosophy
255:pneuma sumphuton
246:) to be mobile (
240:symphuton pneuma
201:symphuton pneuma
177:are synonymous.
176:
170:
164:
158:
152:
142:
141:
136:
122:
105:
104:
49:
48:
21:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2459:
2450:Antonine Plague
2436:
2413:
2399:Methodic school
2384:Eclectic school
2379:Dogmatic school
2365:
2302:
2297:Medicina Plinii
2256:
2187:Aemilia Hilaria
2182:Sextus Placitus
2053:
2020:
2015:
1985:
1980:
1954:
1909:Seneca's Essays
1870:
1810:
1778:
1728:
1719:Marcus Aurelius
1650:
1645:
1614:
1596:
1566:Sellars, John.
1542:Sedley, David.
1516:Baltzly, Dirk.
1513:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1410:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1297:Marcus Aurelius
1295:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1121:Marcus Aurelius
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1085:David Sedley, "
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1030:
1015:
1014:
1007:
994:
992:
988:
976:
972:
967:
961:
896:
773:Methodic school
722:
619:
579:translation of
520:
514:
331:
325:
197:
183:
125:material monism
116:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2455:Cyprian Plague
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Empiric school
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2290:Galenic Corpus
2286:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Meges of Sidon
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Cimolian earth
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Musonius Rufus
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:Zeno of Citium
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1595:
1594:External links
1592:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1564:
1550:
1540:
1524:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1487:Pseudo-Galen,
1480:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1417:Chisholm, Hugh
1390:
1364:, Diocles and
1349:
1342:
1324:
1317:
1311:. p. 25.
1288:
1282:John Sellars,
1275:
1259:
1242:
1229:
1216:
1203:
1197:John Sellars,
1190:
1174:
1168:John Sellars,
1161:
1148:
1141:
1135:. p. 25.
1112:
1106:John Sellars,
1099:
1078:
1065:
1056:
1043:
1028:
1005:
986:
969:
968:
966:
963:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
906:
904:unclean spirit
895:
892:
750:ancient Greece
721:
718:
618:
615:
599:and the Greek
569:, rather than
513:
510:
455:
454:
440:
428:
417:tonicê kinêsis
324:
321:
182:
179:
147:), being air (
115:
112:
26:
24:
18:Pneuma (Stoic)
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2543:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Miasma theory
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Cassius Felix
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Sextius Niger
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Antonius Musa
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:at Wiktionary
1609:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1589:, pages 786-7
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1579:0-520-24907-0
1576:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1562:0-415-07310-3
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:0-521-77985-5
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1407:public domain
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:0-521-81800-1
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1309:Penguin Books
1305:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1133:Penguin Books
1129:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Stoic Physics
1082:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
999:
990:
987:
983:
979:
974:
971:
964:
962:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Pneuma (song)
919:
917:
913:
911:
907:
905:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:Nature of Man
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
839:
837:
836:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
796:
793:. It is from
792:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
655:physiological
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:consciousness
632:
628:
624:
616:
614:
611:
606:
602:
601:New Testament
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:
519:
511:
509:
507:
506:
501:
500:pur technikon
497:
492:
490:
485:
481:
477:
476:
471:
466:
464:
463:logica psychê
460:
459:rational soul
452:
448:
444:
441:
438:
437:
432:
429:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
402:
397:
396:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
329:Stoic physics
322:
320:
318:
312:
309:
307:
303:
298:
295:
292:
288:
287:
281:
277:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
211:
206:
202:
196:
192:
188:
180:
178:
175:
169:
163:
157:
151:
146:
135:
130:
126:
121:
113:
111:
109:
103:
97:
96:
90:
88:
85:, and in the
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:ancient Greek
47:
41:
40:
33:
19:
2472:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2269:
1966:Stoa Poikile
1947:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1901:
1893:
1889:(Chrysippus)
1886:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1656:Philosophers
1613:
1606:
1584:
1568:
1553:
1552:"Stoicism."
1546:
1528:
1520:
1501:De Temperam.
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1420:
1393:
1377:
1369:
1357:
1352:
1333:
1327:
1318:0-14044140-9
1302:
1291:
1286:, pp. 98–99.
1283:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1126:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1081:
1073:
1072:"Stoicism,"
1068:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1018:
997:
989:
978:Entry πνεῦμα
973:
960:
931:Pneumatology
915:
914:, subtitled
909:
899:
867:
863:
859:
851:
848:Peripatetics
840:
833:
828:
824:
821:Erasistratus
812:
808:
799:
780:
766:
737:
733:
725:
723:
705:
698:Erasistratus
693:
663:
626:
620:
609:
604:
592:
588:
584:
555:
549:
539:
534:Christianity
523:
521:
503:
499:
495:
493:
483:
473:
467:
462:
458:
456:
446:
442:
434:
430:
416:
406:
400:
398:
393:
387:
378:
370:
362:
358:
354:
346:
338:
332:
319:) (474b23).
316:
313:
310:
305:
299:
296:
285:
282:
278:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
229:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
200:
198:
144:
117:
114:Presocratics
93:
91:
83:Hebrew Bible
75:
38:
37:
36:
2276:De Medicina
2270:Gynaecology
2237:Andromachus
2132:Archagathus
1976:Neostoicism
1887:On Passions
1858:Prohairesis
1518:"Stoicism."
1476:De Element.
1362:Hippocrates
1303:Meditations
1127:Meditations
1091:Metaphysics
956:Evaporation
936:Holy Spirit
746:Πνευματικοί
666:Hippocrates
525:Meditations
372:Meditations
302:Respiration
291:sanguineous
159:) and air (
2490:Categories
2222:Damocrates
2102:Philonides
2059:Physicians
1837:Eudaimonia
1766:Katalepsis
1694:Posidonius
1674:Chrysippus
1511:References
1379:et passim.
1307:. London:
1214:, p. 447.
1131:. London:
884:melancholy
880:phlegmatic
738:Pneumatici
734:Pneumatics
674:Praxagoras
670:vital heat
643:Praxagoras
597:Septuagint
577:Septuagint
516:See also:
480:Chrysippus
327:See also:
317:katapsyxis
280:(703a23).
185:See also:
129:Anaximenes
72:physiology
54:word for "
2316:Archiater
2252:Herodotus
2092:Oribasius
1851:Oikeiôsis
1773:Diairesis
1759:Adiaphora
1714:Epictetus
1689:Panaetius
1669:Cleanthes
1463:De Semiae
1366:Aristotle
1240:, p. 389.
1201:, p. 105.
1097:, p. 388.
805:Aristotle
769:Roman era
575:, in the
542:Cleanthes
505:ekpyrôsis
470:cosmology
468:In Stoic
451:Aristotle
380:Cleanthes
248:kinetikon
244:psychiken
205:Aristotle
191:On Breath
181:Aristotle
2506:Vitalism
2496:Stoicism
2474:Category
2419:Religion
2394:Humorism
2371:Theories
2202:Albucius
2157:Antyllus
2039:Speculum
1920:Lectures
1904:(Seneca)
1844:Kathekon
1830:Apatheia
1704:Cornutus
1648:Stoicism
1569:Stoicism
1299:(1964).
1284:Stoicism
1257:, p. 97.
1255:Stoicism
1199:Stoicism
1172:, p. 91.
1170:Stoicism
1123:(1964).
1108:Stoicism
1038:98008543
894:See also
876:moisture
856:elements
730:medicine
712:and the
702:diseases
680:and the
678:arteries
653:in some
530:Stoicism
421:quantity
413:Nemesius
343:elements
323:Stoicism
263:to meson
50:) is an
2442:Plagues
2432:Vejovis
2242:Eudemus
2049:Strigil
1784:Physics
1724:more...
1499:Galen,
1489:Introd.
1474:Galen,
1461:Galen,
1448:Galen,
1435:Galen,
1419:(ed.).
1409::
912:journal
860:poiotes
791:disease
639:Diocles
425:quality
236:pneuma.
81:in the
2427:Febris
2207:Arcyon
2097:Muscio
1865:Sophos
1823:Pathos
1815:Ethics
1805:Pneuma
1793:Physis
1699:Seneca
1607:pneuma
1577:
1560:
1536:
1415:". In
1413:Stoics
1403:
1385:
1358:pneuma
1340:
1315:
1139:
1036:
1026:
910:Pneuma
868:pneuma
852:pneuma
835:pneuma
829:pneuma
825:pneuma
817:Stoics
813:pneuma
809:pneuma
787:health
782:pneuma
706:pneuma
694:pneuma
627:pneuma
610:pneuma
605:pneuma
593:Pneuma
585:pneuma
572:πνευμα
550:pneuma
546:Zeno's
447:psychê
436:physis
388:pneuma
384:Zeno's
367:matter
363:pneuma
359:psychê
355:pneuma
351:cosmos
347:pneuma
339:pneuma
267:pneuma
259:orexis
231:orexis
220:pneuma
216:Pneuma
210:pneuma
193:, and
174:pneuma
156:pneuma
145:psyche
120:Pneuma
95:psyche
62:" or "
60:spirit
56:breath
46:πνεῦμα
39:Pneuma
2531:Souls
2308:Roles
2247:Alcon
2077:Galen
2026:Tools
1879:Works
1752:Logos
1743:Logic
1439:, iii
965:Notes
941:Prana
888:death
843:logic
801:Plato
795:Galen
777:atoms
742:Greek
736:, or
714:heart
710:brain
682:veins
659:brain
647:heart
557:Philo
496:logos
484:logos
475:logos
408:hexis
401:tonos
203:) of
76:ruach
1799:Fire
1575:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1503:, i.
1465:, ii
1452:, ii
1383:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1089:and
1034:LCCN
1024:ISBN
874:and
872:heat
803:and
789:and
767:The
758:Rome
754:Rome
752:and
724:The
651:Mind
641:and
589:pnoē
566:Πνοή
489:Zeus
423:and
171:and
108:soul
102:ψυχή
64:soul
1478:, i
1093:,"
951:Rūḥ
760:by
728:of
631:air
621:In
532:on
333:In
271:tēn
168:aer
162:aer
150:aer
140:ἀήρ
134:aer
131:to
127:of
110:".
79:רוח
2492::
1360::
1032:.
1008:^
946:Qi
902:,
890:.
744::
740:,
661:.
625:,
403:).
337:,
189:,
89:.
2010:e
2003:t
1996:v
1640:e
1633:t
1626:v
1571:.
1346:.
1321:.
1227:.
1145:.
1040:.
1003:.
732:(
461:(
315:(
137:(
98:(
42:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.