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454:(1602-1686) invented the vacuum pump, a device that can draw out air or gas from the attached vessel. He demonstrated the vacuum pump to separate the pairs of copper hemispheres using air pressures. The field of pneumatics has changed considerably over the years. It has moved from small handheld devices to large machines with multiple parts that serve different functions.
382:(approx. 21% of air) would not asphyxiate, but is not used in pneumatically-powered devices because it is a fire hazard, more expensive, and offers no performance advantage over air. Smaller or stand-alone systems can use other compressed gases that present an asphyxiation hazard, such as nitrogen—often referred to as OFN (oxygen-free nitrogen) when supplied in cylinders.
261:
496:—Pneumatic systems generally have long operating lives and require little maintenance. Because gas is compressible, equipment is less subject to shock damage. Gas absorbs excessive force, whereas fluid in hydraulics directly transfers force. Compressed gas can be stored, so machines still run for a while if electrical power is lost.
586:
Pneumatic logic is a reliable and functional control method for industrial processes. In recent years, these systems have largely been replaced by electronic control systems in new installations because of the smaller size, lower cost, greater precision, and more powerful features of digital
438:
compiled recipes for dozens of contraptions in his work, Pneumatics. It has been speculated that much of this work can be attributed to
Ctesibius. The pneumatic experiments described in these ancient documents later inspired the Renaissance inventors of the
377:
Factory-plumbed pneumatic-power users need not worry about poisonous leakage, as the gas is usually just air. Any compressed gas other than air is an asphyxiation hazard—including nitrogen, which makes up 78% of air. Compressed
470:. Pneumatics uses an easily compressible gas such as air or a suitable pure gas—while hydraulics uses relatively incompressible liquid media such as oil. Most industrial pneumatic applications use pressures of about 80 to 100
414:"who worked in the early 3rd century BCE and invented a number of mechanical toys operated by air, water, and steam under pressure." Though no documents written by Ctesibius survive, he is thought to have heavily influenced
401:
between liquid and gas makes it possible to obtain a larger volume of compressed gas from a lighter container than compressed air requires. Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant and can be a freezing hazard if vented improperly.
877:
1215:
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flow is stopped, the slightest motion of the load releases the pressure on the load; there is no need to "bleed off" pressurized air to release the pressure on the load.
478:). Hydraulics applications commonly use from 1,000 to 5,000 psi (6.9 to 34.5 MPa), but specialized applications may exceed 10,000 psi (69 MPa).
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374:. The air usually has moisture removed, and a small quantity of oil is added at the compressor to prevent corrosion and lubricate mechanical components.
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Pneumatic systems in fixed installations, such as factories, use compressed air because a sustainable supply can be made by compressing
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502:—There is a very low chance of fire compared to hydraulic oil. New machines are usually overload safe to a certain limit.
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like this were often used to haul trains in mines, where steam engines posed a risk of explosion. This one is preserved
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Although the early history of pneumatics is murky, the field's founder is traditionally traced back to
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554:) are sometimes used for controlling industrial processes, consisting of primary logic units like:
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Capable of moving much higher loads and providing much lower forces due to the incompressibility.
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controls. Pneumatic devices are still used where upgrade cost, or safety factors dominate.
327:, and other pneumatic devices. A pneumatic system controlled through manual or automatic
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Can also do many purposes at one time: lubrication, cooling and power transmission.
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The hydraulic working fluid is practically incompressible, leading to a minimum of
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is selected when it provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternative to
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30:"Pneumatic" redirects here. For the highest order of humans in Gnosticism, see
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machines and other hobbyist applications are often powered by compressed
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canisters and fire extinguishers are readily available, and the
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The pneumatics of Hero of
Alexandria, from the original Greek
280:
434:. In the first century BC, the ancient Greek mathematician
582:
amplifiers with no moving parts other than the air itself
1216:
Electro-pneumatic brake system on
British railway trains
856:. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
927:
A history of the thermometer and its use in meteorology
385:
Portable pneumatic tools and small vehicles, such as
1239:
1188:
1152:
1059:
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
512:Fluid does not absorb any of the supplied energy.
393:, because containers designed to hold it such as
953:"Pneumatic to Digital: Open System Conversions"
905:. London: Taylor Walton and Maberly. p. xv
311:. A centrally located and electrically-powered
1037:
8:
591:Examples of pneumatic systems and components
427:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1211:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
1206:Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking
1044:
1030:
1022:
550:Pneumatic logic systems (sometimes called
930:. Internet Archive. Johns Hopkins Press.
861:
529:Highly responsive compared to pneumatics.
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
854:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
259:
193:This article includes a list of general
1017:Four Ways to Boost Pneumatic Efficiency
863:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5146
840:
1180:Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company
996:Fundamentals of Pneumatic Engineering
848:Berryman, Sylvia (25 January 2019) .
689:can be used to build pneumatic models
292:'wind, breath') is the use of gas or
7:
998:, Create Space e-Publication, 2013,
342:Pneumatics also has applications in
106:adding citations to reliable sources
983:, McGraw Hill Book Company, 2006,
673:, a pneumatic anti-aircraft weapon
643:, a way to install cables in ducts
627:for pneumatically powered vehicles
532:Supply more power than pneumatics.
199:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
880:from the original on May 14, 2024
52:This article has multiple issues.
981:Compressed Air Operations Manual
488:Simplicity of design and control
184:
82:
41:
637:and for researching electricity
358:Gases used in pneumatic systems
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1292:Railroad Safety Appliance Act
1175:Westinghouse Air Brake Company
1:
924:Middleton, W. E. K. (1966).
899:Hero, of Alexandria (1851).
820:- can affect pneumatic seals
286:
366:A pneumatic butterfly valve
264:Pneumatic (compressed-air)
1332:
829:History of pneumatic power
543:
299:Pneumatic systems used in
281:
29:
703:Tubular-pneumatic action
698:Electro-pneumatic action
507:Advantages of hydraulics
482:Advantages of pneumatics
458:Comparison to hydraulics
418:while writing his work,
303:are commonly powered by
1221:Emergency brake (train)
790:Launched roller coaster
656:compressed-air vehicles
412:Ctesibius of Alexandria
296:in mechanical systems.
214:more precise citations.
1067:Counter-pressure brake
741:Pneumatic mail systems
666:Gas-operated reloading
570:Relay or booster units
472:pounds per square inch
428:
367:
273:
32:Pneumatic (Gnosticism)
1087:Electromagnetic brake
682:Inflatable structures
652:Compressed-air engine
635:neurogastroenterology
544:Further information:
365:
263:
27:Branch of engineering
764:used by road workers
737:, a type of spud gun
677:HVAC control systems
466:are applications of
462:Both pneumatics and
266:fireless locomotives
102:improve this article
1201:Diesel brake tender
735:Pneumatic launchers
420:Mechanical Syntaxis
354:, and other areas.
337:hydraulic actuators
325:pneumatic actuators
1282:Pearson's Coupling
1169:New York Air Brake
1160:Faiveley Transport
1129:Regenerative brake
1122:Railway disc brake
1082:Eddy current brake
1072:Countersteam brake
979:Brian S. Elliott,
775:Pressure regulator
730:Pneumatic cylinder
720:Pneumatic air guns
715:Pneumatic actuator
661:Gas Chromatography
436:Hero of Alexandria
416:Philo of Byzantium
368:
274:
1303:
1302:
1262:Dead man's switch
1112:Railway air brake
1107:Kunze-Knorr brake
873:978-0-19-938113-5
768:Pneumatic nailgun
725:Pneumatic bladder
552:air logic control
546:Pneumatic circuit
474:(550 to 690
452:Otto von Guericke
450:German physicist
272:No. 3290 of 1923.
270:H.K. Porter, Inc.
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756:Pneumatic tools
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687:Lego pneumatics
620:Air compressors
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524:hydraulic fluid
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430:De architectura
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372:atmospheric air
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333:electric motors
329:solenoid valves
294:pressurized air
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91:This article
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1165:Knorr-Bremse
1144:Vacuum brake
995:
980:
959:. Retrieved
946:
926:
919:
907:. Retrieved
901:
894:
882:. Retrieved
853:
850:"pneumatics"
843:
824:Pneudraulics
800:Vacuum sewer
710:Player piano
647:Dental drill
585:
551:
549:
499:
493:
487:
461:
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419:
409:
399:phase change
384:
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348:construction
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279:(from Greek
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117:"Pneumatics"
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
1139:Track brake
1134:Steam brake
909:29 November
884:29 November
795:Vacuum pump
625:Air engines
576:Timer units
494:Reliability
468:fluid power
441:thermoscope
309:inert gases
212:introducing
1316:Pneumatics
1287:Pneumatics
1267:Drum brake
1117:Disc brake
1102:Hand brake
974:References
762:Jackhammer
693:Pipe organ
611:Air brakes
598:Air brakes
464:hydraulics
395:SodaStream
387:Robot Wars
321:air motors
313:compressor
277:Pneumatics
195:references
128:newspapers
57:improve it
1247:Air brake
1196:Brake van
961:5 October
424:Vitruvius
344:dentistry
317:cylinders
63:talk page
18:Pneumatic
1310:Category
1226:Retarder
878:Archived
807:See also
631:Barostat
580:Fluidics
443:and the
301:industry
158:May 2023
406:History
315:powers
208:improve
142:scholar
1002:
987:
934:
870:
615:trains
606:trucks
520:spring
500:Safety
380:oxygen
352:mining
335:, and
288:pneuma
282:πνεῦμα
197:, but
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
1257:Brake
1060:Types
956:(PDF)
835:Notes
602:buses
567:units
561:units
149:JSTOR
135:books
1000:ISBN
985:ISBN
963:2015
932:ISBN
911:2023
886:2023
868:ISBN
654:and
604:and
121:news
858:doi
613:on
600:on
559:And
476:kPa
426:in
104:by
1312::
876:.
866:.
852:.
758::
565:Or
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