110:
127:
324:). Although the 2023 study confirmed the age identification of the 2004 study through palynological, palaeobotanical and zircon analyses incorporating newly discovered additional data, this is based on adjacent structurally separated block with different stratigraphy and sedimentology to the block with fossil site it was discovered, and it is confirmed as unsustainable. It is one of the first
404:(keels) high on the body, long, slender legs. There are six body segments preserved, and the dorsal portion of each segment is ornamented with a horizontal bar and three rows of roughly hexagonal bosses (bumps). Myriapods are the group that include
504:(420 millions years ago) become older than that. In spite of the recent competing arguments, the 2023 study suggests that this taxon is still most likely the earliest body fossil of a myriapod, with its age reconfirmed as the late
894:"Myriapod divergence times differ between molecular clock and fossil evidence: U/Pb zircon ages of the earliest fossil millipede-bearing sediments and their significance"
1168:
931:
1007:
620:"Age of the basal 'Lower Old Red Sandstone' Stonehaven Group of Scotland: The oldest reported air-breathing land animal is Silurian (late Wenlock) in age"
790:
1087:
994:
732:"The oldest 'millipede'-plant association? Age, paleoenvironments and sources of the Silurian lake sediments at Kerrera, Argyll and Bute, Scotland"
1143:
824:
384:, meaning "air" or "breath", in reference to the inferred air-breathing habit. The proper word in ancient Greek for "air" or "breath" is however
1148:
515:) through various analyses. 2024 study doubts that conclusion however, because this analyses are not based on fossil-bearing sediment itself.
1133:
870:
599:
1163:
496:
estimate, it cannot be called as the oldest myriapod, or the oldest of air-breathing terrestrial arthropods, because records from
416:
would have resembled a millipede in appearance. However it did not belong to the same branch of myriapods as modern millipedes.
857:
A Greek-English
Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. With the assistance of Roderick McKenzie.
768:
328:, and among the oldest creatures to have lived on land. It was discovered in 2004, and is known from a single specimen from
939:
1153:
1128:
1138:
574:
874:
798:
493:
561:
361:
962:
1100:
1033:
425:
269:
839:
557:"Morphology and taxonomy of Paleozoic millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland"
1074:
893:
731:
681:
1158:
145:
1105:
1038:
1020:
1012:
913:
747:
709:
647:
109:
1025:
905:
878:
739:
699:
689:
637:
627:
570:
668:
Stephanie E. Suarez; Michael E. Brookfield; Elizabeth J. Catlos; Daniel F. Stöckli (2017).
591:
522:, the rocks that would later be part of Scotland were being laid down on the continent of
357:
134:
685:
316:. However, a 2017 study dates its occurrence based on zircon data analysis as the Early
704:
669:
424:
The fossil is important because its cuticle contains openings which are interpreted as
232:
218:
1122:
556:
505:
470:
333:
302:
205:
138:
67:
32:
126:
935:
474:
443:
440:
with a tracheal system, and among the first known oxygen-breathing animal on land.
429:
373:
909:
743:
1065:
985:
694:
459:
42:
670:"A U-Pb zircon age constraint on the oldest-recorded air-breathing land animal"
489:
451:
409:
405:
329:
321:
87:
52:
36:
917:
751:
651:
523:
447:
437:
377:
353:
325:
192:
180:
168:
92:
713:
1059:
979:
595:
519:
485:
401:
369:
349:
317:
306:
298:
82:
77:
62:
57:
47:
632:
619:
348:
was found by Mike Newman, a bus driver and amateur palaeontologist from
1092:
999:
776:
497:
97:
72:
642:
510:
501:
479:
464:
311:
156:
956:
892:
Brookfield, M. E.; Catlos, E. J.; Suarez, S. E. (3 October 2021).
1079:
960:
772:
825:"The oldest land animals: Silurian millipedes from Scotland"
618:
Wellman, C.H.; Lopes, G.; McKellar, Z.; Hartley, A. (2023).
301:. It is originally considered that it lived during the late
730:
Brookfield, M. E.; Catlos, E. J.; Garza, H. (7 July 2024).
575:
10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0169:MATOPM>2.0.CO;2
380:. The genus name is said to be derived from the Greek
1049:
969:
832:
Bulletin of the
British Myriapod & Isopod Group
769:"Fossil millipede found to be oldest land creature"
555:Heather M. Wilson & Lyall I. Anderson (2004).
454:(the geologic period preceding the Silurian), but
356:rocks on the foreshore of Cowie, near Stonehaven (
869:Rowland Shelley & Paul Marek (1 March 2005).
526:, in a tropical part of the Southern Hemisphere.
818:
816:
432:system that would only work in air. This makes
8:
663:
661:
613:
611:
609:
957:
125:
108:
20:
703:
693:
641:
631:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
1169:Collection of National Museums Scotland
534:
462:of a myriapod, if it had been dated at
396:The single, 1 cm-long fragment of
855:Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940).
823:Paul Selden & Helen Read (2008).
763:
761:
586:
584:
7:
725:
723:
626:. The Geological Society of London.
602:from the original on 18 August 2023.
360:). The species was later given the
797:. Stonehaven Guide. Archived from
592:"Fossil find 'oldest land animal'"
450:are known dating back to the late
14:
624:Journal of the Geological Society
285:Wilson & Anderson, 2004
1144:Paleozoic arthropods of Europe
1:
1149:Fossil taxa described in 2004
910:10.1080/08912963.2020.1762593
744:10.1080/08912963.2024.2367554
500:(425 millions years ago) and
695:10.1371/journal.pone.0179262
1134:Prehistoric myriapod genera
374:National Museum of Scotland
368:" in honour of Newman. The
1185:
275:
268:
146:Scientific classification
144:
133:
124:
116:
107:
23:
1164:History of Aberdeenshire
875:East Carolina University
859:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
477:). However, if based on
436:the earliest documented
838:: 36–37. Archived from
562:Journal of Paleontology
513: million years ago
482: million years ago
467: million years ago
314: million years ago
1101:Paleobiology Database
1034:Paleobiology Database
1051:Pneumodesmus newmani
942:on 29 September 2022
793:Pneumodesmus newmani
458:may be the earliest
414:Pneumodesmus newmani
340:Discovery and naming
294:Pneumodesmus newmani
279:Pneumodesmus newmani
1154:Fossils of Scotland
871:"Millipede Fossils"
801:on 24 December 2016
779:). 27 January 2004.
686:2017PLoSO..1279262S
633:10.1144/jgs2023-138
598:. 25 January 2004.
16:Genus of millipedes
1129:Silurian myriapods
898:Historical Biology
736:Historical Biology
492:)) estimated from
117:Reconstruction of
1116:
1115:
1021:Open Tree of Life
963:Taxon identifiers
904:(10): 2014–2018.
290:
289:
1176:
1139:Millipede genera
1109:
1108:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
990:
989:
988:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
938:. Archived from
928:
922:
921:
889:
883:
882:
877:. Archived from
866:
860:
853:
847:
846:
845:on 6 March 2024.
844:
829:
820:
811:
810:
808:
806:
787:
781:
780:
765:
756:
755:
727:
718:
717:
707:
697:
665:
656:
655:
645:
635:
615:
604:
603:
588:
579:
578:
552:
514:
483:
469:(Silurian, late
468:
362:specific epithet
352:, in a layer of
315:
297:is a species of
281:
129:
112:
102:
39:
29:Temporal range:
21:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1006:
998:
993:
984:
983:
978:
965:
955:
945:
943:
930:
929:
925:
891:
890:
886:
881:on 27 May 2011.
868:
867:
863:
854:
850:
842:
827:
822:
821:
814:
804:
802:
789:
788:
784:
767:
766:
759:
729:
728:
721:
680:(6): e0179262.
667:
666:
659:
617:
616:
607:
590:
589:
582:
554:
553:
536:
532:
509:
478:
463:
422:
394:
358:Cowie Formation
342:
310:
286:
283:
277:
264:
261:P. newmani
250:
236:
222:
208:
195:
183:
171:
159:
135:Photomicrograph
103:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1071:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1004:
991:
975:
973:
967:
966:
961:
954:
953:
923:
884:
861:
848:
812:
782:
757:
719:
657:
605:
580:
569:(1): 169–184.
533:
531:
528:
421:
418:
400:depicts small
393:
390:
344:The fossil of
341:
338:
309:period around
288:
287:
284:
273:
272:
266:
265:
258:
256:
252:
251:
244:
242:
238:
237:
233:Incertae sedis
230:
228:
224:
223:
219:Incertae sedis
216:
214:
210:
209:
203:
201:
197:
196:
191:
189:
185:
184:
179:
177:
173:
172:
167:
165:
161:
160:
155:
153:
149:
148:
142:
141:
131:
130:
122:
121:
114:
113:
105:
104:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
40:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1181:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
981:
977:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
941:
937:
933:
927:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
865:
862:
858:
852:
849:
841:
837:
833:
826:
819:
817:
813:
800:
796:
794:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
764:
762:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
658:
653:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
614:
612:
610:
606:
601:
597:
593:
587:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:
558:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
535:
529:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
507:
506:Wenlock epoch
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
476:
472:
471:Wenlock epoch
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Trace fossils
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
339:
337:
335:
334:Aberdeenshire
331:
327:
323:
319:
313:
308:
304:
303:Wenlock epoch
300:
296:
295:
282:
280:
274:
271:
270:Binomial name
267:
263:
262:
257:
254:
253:
249:
248:
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
229:
226:
225:
221:
220:
215:
212:
211:
207:
206:Archipolypoda
202:
199:
198:
194:
190:
187:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:
170:
166:
163:
162:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
143:
140:
139:type specimen
136:
132:
128:
123:
120:
115:
111:
106:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
34:
26:
22:
19:
1050:
971:Pneumodesmus
970:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
936:BBC Scotland
926:
901:
897:
887:
879:the original
864:
856:
851:
840:the original
835:
831:
803:. Retrieved
799:the original
792:
785:
735:
677:
673:
623:
566:
560:
517:
475:Ludlow epoch
455:
442:
433:
430:gas exchange
428:, part of a
423:
420:Significance
413:
397:
395:
385:
381:
365:
345:
343:
336:, Scotland.
293:
292:
291:
278:
276:
260:
259:
247:Pneumodesmus
246:
245:
231:
217:
118:
25:Pneumodesmus
24:
18:
795:Exhibition"
518:During the
460:body fossil
398:P. newmani
392:Description
372:is kept in
176:Subphylum:
1159:Stonehaven
1123:Categories
805:22 October
643:2164/22754
530:References
494:Zircon age
490:Lochkovian
456:P. newmani
452:Ordovician
434:P. newmani
410:centipedes
406:millipedes
388:(πνεῦμα).
346:P. newmani
330:Stonehaven
322:Lochkovian
200:Subclass:
169:Arthropoda
119:P. newmani
37:Lochkovian
1066:Q14302552
986:Q24521381
918:0891-2963
752:0891-2963
652:0016-7649
524:Laurentia
473:to early
448:myriapods
438:arthropod
426:spiracles
378:Edinburgh
354:sandstone
326:myriapods
255:Species:
193:Diplopoda
181:Myriapoda
152:Kingdom:
1080:47614954
1060:Wikidata
980:Wikidata
946:23 March
738:: 1–13.
714:28658320
674:PLOS ONE
600:Archived
596:BBC News
520:Silurian
508:(around
486:Devonian
402:paranota
382:pneumato
370:holotype
350:Aberdeen
318:Devonian
307:Silurian
299:myriapod
227:Family:
164:Phylum:
157:Animalia
1093:8575263
1026:3514532
1013:1194756
1000:4650647
932:"Cowie"
777:Reuters
705:5489152
682:Bibcode
498:Kerrera
484:(Early
366:newmani
305:of the
241:Genus:
213:Order:
188:Class:
137:of the
33:Wenlock
1106:294455
1039:294454
916:
775:(from
750:
712:
702:
650:
502:Ludlow
412:, and
386:pneuma
1008:IRMNG
843:(PDF)
828:(PDF)
1088:GBIF
995:GBIF
948:2024
914:ISSN
807:2013
748:ISSN
710:PMID
648:ISSN
408:and
43:PreꞒ
1075:EoL
906:doi
773:CNN
740:doi
700:PMC
690:doi
638:hdl
628:doi
571:doi
511:430
480:414
465:428
446:of
312:428
1125::
1103::
1090::
1077::
1062::
1036::
1023::
1010::
997::
982::
934:.
912:.
902:33
900:.
896:.
873:.
836:23
834:.
830:.
815:^
771:.
760:^
746:.
734:.
722:^
708:.
698:.
688:.
678:12
676:.
672:.
660:^
646:.
636:.
622:.
608:^
594:.
583:^
567:78
565:.
559:.
537:^
376:,
332:,
93:Pg
950:.
920:.
908::
809:.
791:"
754:.
742::
716:.
692::
684::
654:.
640::
630::
577:.
573::
488:(
364:"
320:(
204:†
98:N
88:K
83:J
78:T
73:P
68:C
63:D
58:S
53:O
48:Ꞓ
35:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
