100:
320:
50:
462:
73:
574:
31:
562:, and several private companies. The land was fenced off and by June 1996 they began to clear out the pigs from the closed areas. Four years and 202 pigs later, the poʻo-uli pen was completely cleared of pigs. As more pigs were removed from the other two pens, the population of native species that lived there, e.g. the
542:
When the species was first discovered, 100–200 poʻo-uli were estimated to exist. There were only 76 birds per km. By 1981, there were only 15 birds per km. By 1985, there were only 8 per km: from 1975 (when it was first discovered) to 1985, only ten years later, the population had dropped by over 90
588:
In 2002, one of these, a female, was captured and taken to a male's home range in an attempt to get them to breed. The female, however, had flown back to her own territory, which was 1.5 miles (2.4 km) away, by the next day. There was also a ten-day expedition in 2004. The goal was to capture
538:
in Hawaii quickly wiped out the low-elevation birds, forcing a rapid relocation, en masse, to higher elevations and mountain rainforests; this move showed a likely avoidance of mosquitoes by the birds. Moving to higher elevations also meant adjusting their diets, coming to avoid flying insects and
297:
threatening, efforts were made to capture birds to enable them to breed in captivity. These efforts were unsuccessful; in 2004, only two known birds remained, and since then, no further birds have been sighted. A 2018 study recommended declaring the species extinct, citing bird population decline
599:
It is uncertain whether the other two birds that remained at the time were a male and female, or two of the same sex. Since 2004, extensive surveys failed to locate these or any other individual po’ouli, indicating a possible extinction. However, they remained listed as
539:
focus on mollusks and other invertebrates. Overall, the sharp decrease in numbers (and subsequent relocation of survivors) negatively affected the po’ouli’s once-thriving existence, their genetic diversity and population growth, reproduction and overall distribution.
306:
The poʻo-uli was brown above and grayish-white below, with a broad black mask extending behind the eye. Adults were silvery-gray above the mask, shading into brown at the crown, with a bold, pale patch just behind the mask. Juveniles were similar but
529:
Fossils show that the po'ouli once lived at Maui’s lower elevations in more arid environments, thriving on a presumed diet of native tree snails, invertebrates, insects and their larvae. The relatively recent arrival of lethal,
335:
on the island of Maui. It was found during the Hana
Rainforest Project at an altitude of 1,980 metres (6,500 ft) above sea level. The poʻo-uli was the first species of Hawaiian honeycreeper to be discovered since 1923.
806:
Butchart, Stuart H.M.; Lowe, Stephen; Martin, Rob W.; Symes, Andy; Westrip, James R.S.; Wheatley, Hannah (2018-11-01). "Which bird species have gone extinct? A novel quantitative classification approach".
654:
have all contributed. An overall decline in the native tree snails (due to many of the same factors) that the poʻouli relied on for food has also been a leading cause in their disappearance.
550:. This connected several protected areas to make one larger protective area. This protection effort was only possible due to the work of several groups: the government,
612:) until additional surveys had confirmed extinction beyond a reasonable doubt. Tissue samples were taken from the male captured in 2004 for possible future cloning.
596:, in an attempt to breed the bird in captivity. However, biologists could not find a mate for the male before it died, around two months later, on November 26, 2004.
4973:
683:
1297:
Scott, J.M.; Mountainspring, S.; Ramsey, F.L.; Kepler, C.B. (1986). "Forest bird communities of the
Hawaiian Islands: their dynamics, ecology, and conservation".
5107:
5038:
657:
In 2019, after continued habitat degradation, presence of disease and invasive species, and a long period with no sightings, the IUCN classified the po’ouli as
543:
percent. In the 1980s, the poʻo-uli disappeared from the easternmost part of its range and was only found in the western branch of the Hanawi Stream.
4947:
1254:
Mountainspring, S.; Casey, T.L.C.; Kepler, C.B.; Scott, J.M. (1990). "Ecology, behavior, and conservation of the Poouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma)".
4999:
662:
5102:
1357:
1312:
1068:
5147:
5142:
589:
the three birds and bring them to a conservation center on the island, with the hopes that they would produce captive-bred offspring.
1202:
Casey, T.L.C.; Jacobi, J.D. (1974). "A new genus and species of bird from the Island of Maui, Hawaii (Passeriformes: Drepanididae)".
1184:
Baker, P.E. (2001). "Status and distribution of the Poouli in the Hanawi
Natural Area Reserve between December 1995 and June 1997".
1125:
501:
1330:
581:
By 1997, only three individuals were known to exist. These had home ranges within the Hanawi
Natural Area Reserve and the adjacent
5137:
5132:
5127:
1263:
Olson, S.L.; James, H.F. (1991). "Descriptions of 32 new species of birds from the
Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes".
5117:
1087:
Phalen, D.N.; Groombridge, J. (2003). "Field research in Hanawi: A story about working with the world's most endangered bird".
84:
1220:
James, H.F.; Olsen, S.L. (1991). "Descriptions of 32 new species of birds from the
Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes".
352:
lineages to survive to recent times, its lineage having split off from the rest of the
Hawaiian honeycreepers during the late
678:
666:
570:, rose slightly faster than they otherwise would have. Rats, cats, and goats were still being removed from the poʻo-uli pen.
483:
5004:
289:. It had a black head, brown upper parts and pale gray underparts. This bird inhabited only the wetter, easternmost side of
546:
To preserve the poʻo-uli and other endangered fauna and flora, the State of Hawaii established the 9,500-acre (38 km)
407:
592:
On
September 9, 2004, one of the remaining birds, a male, was captured and taken to the Maui Bird Conservation Center in
753:
356:, about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The Hawaiian honeycreeper lineage itself only diverged from its common ancestor with
99:
4986:
4888:
479:
311:
below with a smaller mask and without gray above. Most published images of the poʻouli are of the juvenile plumage.
5043:
4827:
1245:
Kepler, C.B.; Pratt, T.K.; Ecton, A.M.; Engilis Jr., A.; Fluetsch, K.M. (1996). "Nesting behavior of the Poouli".
472:
4854:
1350:
968:
620:
547:
1100:
858:
Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08).
328:
1040:
860:"Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers"
582:
444:
298:
patterns and the lack of any confirmed sightings since 2004, and in 2019, the species was declared extinct.
5122:
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loss from human activities, mosquito-transmitted disease, native habitat degradation caused by introduced
605:
559:
448:) forests. Po’ouli relied more on an insectivorous diet because the snails' diets required more foraging.
4893:
3837:
2094:
2061:
601:
555:
349:
280:
219:
3480:
1211:
Engilis Jr., A. (1990). "Field notes on native forest birds in the Hanawi
Natural Area Reserve, Maui".
1017:
909:"Po'ouli landscape bioinformatics models predict energetics, behavior, diets, and distribution on Maui"
731:
419:
395:
363:
4394:
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651:
4167:
4133:
4468:
4448:
4256:
3671:
3500:
1137:"Decision analysis to guide recovery of the poʻouli, a critically endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper"
688:
551:
370:
than to the divergence of most other
Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages (aside from the one containing
39:
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1479:
195:
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1720:
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1335:
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4693:
3873:
2719:
2459:
2376:
2251:
2014:
2003:
1619:
563:
410:), indicating that the po'ouli's lineage must have evolved there and eventually spread to
319:
1135:
VanderWerf, Eric A.; Groombridge, Jim J.; Fretz, J. Scott; Swinnerton, Kirsty J. (2006).
994:
708:
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The po’ouli’s dramatic population decline has been attributed to a number of factors;
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2023:
1969:
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1550:
1003:
774:
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616:
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535:
308:
60:
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ouli chronologically closer to the initial divergence from the common ancestor with
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2165:
2131:
2106:
2043:
1764:
1626:
1536:
1327:
1288:
Reynolds, M.H.; Snetsinger, T.J. (2001). "The Hawaii Rare Bird Search 1994-1996".
1193:
Baldwin, P.H.; Casey, T.L.C. (1983). "A preliminary list of foods of the Poouli".
950:
The Race to Save the World's Rarest Bird - The Discovery and Death of the Poʻo-uli
623:
retains potentially viable poʻouli genetic material at their research center, the
523:
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were the only two large Hawaiian islands in existence (aside from the then-larger
332:
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1994:
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378:
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records, it appears that the po’ouli inhabited the drier half of the island of
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1983:
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151:
111:
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30:
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3928:
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1941:
1858:
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908:
531:
411:
387:
268:
131:
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1280:
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3914:
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3562:
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3255:
3140:
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2892:
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2466:
2335:
2300:
2258:
2151:
2124:
1962:
1674:
1640:
1454:
1397:
1171:
Baker, P.E. (1998). "A description of the first live Poouli captured".
969:"The Frozen Zoo aiming to bring endangered species back from the brink"
658:
631:
486: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
353:
260:
362:
around 7.2 million years ago; this would make the divergence of the po
4965:
4849:
4011:
3984:
3269:
2581:
2328:
1976:
1927:
1851:
1379:
1272:
1229:
515:
439:
435:
399:
121:
4783:
1041:"Protected Too Late: U.S. Officials Report More Than 20 Extinctions"
4929:
665:
declared the Poʻouli extinct and the species was delisted from the
4924:
4637:
4512:
3196:
2832:
2314:
2050:
1702:
1391:
572:
431:
403:
318:
161:
907:
Porter, WP; Vakharia, N; Klousie, WD; Duffy, D (December 2006).
609:
519:
422:
ouli evolving on and/or eventually becoming restricted to Maui.
290:
272:
141:
4787:
3823:
3454:
2671:
2092:
1422:
1339:
647:
643:
639:
455:
391:
345:
344:
It was dissimilar to other Hawaiian birds; evidence based on
1101:
10.1647/1082-6742(2003)017[0039:FRIHAS]2.0.CO;2
327:
The poʻo-uli was discovered in 1973 when students from the
348:
analysis supports it as being the most ancient of all the
526:, at altitudes of 275–1,350 metres (902–4,429 ft).
1331:
Attempts to save the Poʻouli, The Guardian 4 May 2022.
3496:
3486:
3476:
3244:
2506:
2496:
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2434:
2410:
2365:
2341:
2247:
2216:
2185:
2147:
2137:
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4420:
4393:
4275:
4255:
4214:
4166:
4132:
4028:
3994:
3883:
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3836:
3791:
3764:
3744:
3724:
3690:
3670:
3510:
3467:
3422:
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3382:
3362:
3328:
3095:
2956:
2936:
2902:
2882:
2862:
2842:
2738:
2718:
2684:
2639:
2619:
2571:
2547:
2520:
2114:
2105:
2060:
2033:
2013:
1993:
1875:
1806:
1719:
1664:
1588:
1505:
1478:
1444:
1435:
1018:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22720863A153774712.en
732:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22720863A153774712.en
386:'s lineage), most of which diverged after the mid-
293:, where it had rapidly decreased in numbers. With
414:at some point after it first arose in the early
684:List of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
1116:Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986).
331:found the bird on the north-eastern slopes of
1351:
382:, which diverged about a million years after
8:
4784:
3833:
3820:
3464:
3451:
2681:
2668:
2111:
2102:
2089:
1441:
1432:
1419:
1358:
1344:
1336:
71:
48:
29:
20:
1120:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1016:
924:
875:
769:: "black-faced bird with brownish body".
730:
502:Learn how and when to remove this message
279:. It is considered to be a member of the
1206:(24). Bernice P. Bishop Museum: 216–226.
788:, "brownish-bodied", from Ancient Greek
1069:"Poʻo-uli - BirdLife Species Factsheet"
699:
442:and it nested in native ‘ōhi‘a lehua (
283:, and is the only member of its genus
1089:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
1039:Einhorn, Catrin (29 September 2021).
7:
5108:NatureServe presumed extinct species
484:adding citations to reliable sources
1004:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
913:Integrative and Comparative Biology
718:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
522:, across the southwestern slope of
514:In the past, at least according to
14:
257:Hawaiian black-faced honeycreeper
16:Extinct species of passerine bird
993:BirdLife International. (2019).
460:
98:
967:Harris, Paul (28 August 2010).
707:BirdLife International (2019).
471:needs additional citations for
1368:finches, sparrows and tanagers
956:: Stackpole Books. p. 26.
679:List of recently extinct birds
663:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
5103:IUCN Red List extinct species
661:. On September 29, 2021, the
430:Its diet consisted mostly of
408:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
1156:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.005
829:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.014
548:Hanawi Natural Area Reserve
5164:
5148:Taxa named by James Jacobi
5143:Taxa named by Tonnie Casey
754:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
3832:
3819:
3463:
3450:
2680:
2667:
2101:
2088:
1431:
1418:
1374:
1265:Ornithological Monographs
1222:Ornithological Monographs
1011:: e.T22720863A153774712.
877:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039
725:: e.T22720863A153774712.
398:ouli lineage originated,
225:
218:
95:Scientific classification
93:
69:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1315:– BirdLife International
1299:Studies in Avian Biology
1290:Studies in Avian Biology
1186:Studies in Avian Biology
394:. Around the time the po
238:Casey & Jacobi, 1974
5138:Birds described in 1974
5133:Extinct birds of Hawaii
5128:Endemic birds of Hawaii
1144:Biological Conservation
809:Biological Conservation
792:(φαιός) "brown-gray" +
583:Haleakala National Park
452:Status and conservation
445:Metrosideros polymorpha
5118:Hawaiian honeycreepers
5080:Melamprosops-phaeosoma
4855:melamprosops-phaeosoma
4842:Melamprosops_phaeosoma
4828:Melamprosops phaeosoma
4798:Melamprosops phaeosoma
2095:Nine-primaried oscines
2062:Nine-primaried oscines
1321:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
1073:BirdLife International
997:Melamprosops phaeosoma
948:Powell, Alvin (2008).
773:, "black-faced", from
711:Melamprosops phaeosoma
667:Endangered Species Act
606:BirdLife International
578:
560:The Nature Conservancy
324:
281:Hawaiian honeycreepers
252:Melamprosops phaeosoma
232:Melamprosops phaeosoma
669:on October 16, 2023.
650:, and especially the
638:, predation by feral
602:critically endangered
576:
556:National Park Service
350:Hawaiian honeycreeper
329:University of Hawaiʻi
322:
652:small Asian mongoose
480:improve this article
418:, with the recent po
1118:Hawaiian Dictionary
821:2018BCons.227....9B
689:Holocene extinction
40:Conservation status
3838:Catamblyrhynchinae
1045:The New York Times
926:10.1093/icb/icl051
784:(πρόσωπο) "face".
780:(μέλας) "black" +
579:
325:
5090:
5089:
5052:Open Tree of Life
4790:Taxon identifiers
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2567:
2566:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
1802:
1801:
1323:about the poʻouli
1313:Species factsheet
1204:Occasional Papers
954:Mechanicsburg, PA
870:(21): 1838–1844.
608:(and thereby the
512:
511:
504:
271:to the island of
243:
242:
211:M. phaeosoma
199:
88:
64:
5155:
5083:
5082:
5070:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5047:
5046:
5034:
5033:
5021:
5020:
5008:
5007:
4995:
4994:
4982:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4956:
4955:
4943:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4884:
4883:
4871:
4870:
4868:9AC8AEA8BF8DD2E9
4858:
4857:
4845:
4844:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4785:
4395:Porphyrospizinae
3847:Catamblyrhynchus
3834:
3821:
3793:Xanthocephalinae
3498:
3488:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3364:Rhodinocichlidae
3330:Phaenicophilidae
3246:
2682:
2669:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2436:
2412:
2367:
2343:
2249:
2218:
2187:
2149:
2139:
2112:
2103:
2090:
1442:
1433:
1420:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1273:10.2307/40166794
1259:
1250:
1241:
1230:10.2307/40166713
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1167:
1141:
1131:
1112:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
964:
958:
957:
945:
939:
938:
928:
904:
898:
897:
879:
855:
849:
848:
803:
797:
764:
758:
757:
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
734:
704:
636:Indian axis deer
507:
500:
496:
493:
487:
464:
456:
234:
230:
190:
183:
103:
102:
82:
75:
74:
58:
52:
51:
33:
21:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5065:
5063:
5055:
5050:
5042:
5037:
5029:
5024:
5016:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4938:
4936:
4928:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4902:
4900:
4892:
4887:
4879:
4874:
4866:
4861:
4853:
4848:
4840:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4792:
4782:
4769:
4764:Wetmorethraupis
4694:Poecilostreptus
4560:
4463:
4443:
4416:
4389:
4271:
4251:
4210:
4162:
4128:
4024:
3990:
3879:
3874:Parkerthraustes
3858:Charitospizinae
3852:
3828:
3807:
3787:
3760:
3740:
3726:Dolichonychinae
3720:
3686:
3666:
3506:
3459:
3438:
3418:
3398:
3378:
3358:
3324:
3091:
2952:
2932:
2898:
2878:
2858:
2838:
2734:
2720:Calyptophilidae
2714:
2676:
2655:
2635:
2615:
2563:
2543:
2516:
2460:Rhynchostruthus
2252:Dysmorodrepanis
2097:
2076:
2056:
2029:
2015:Urocynchramidae
2009:
1989:
1871:
1798:
1715:
1660:
1590:Lagonostictinae
1584:
1501:
1474:
1427:
1414:
1370:
1364:
1319:Article in the
1309:
1296:
1287:
1262:
1258:(102): 109–122.
1256:Wilson Bulletin
1253:
1249:(108): 620–638.
1247:Wilson Bulletin
1244:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1173:Wilson Bulletin
1170:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
966:
965:
961:
947:
946:
942:
906:
905:
901:
864:Current Biology
857:
856:
852:
805:
804:
800:
765:
761:
752:
751:
747:
737:
735:
706:
705:
701:
697:
675:
564:Maui parrotbill
508:
497:
491:
488:
477:
465:
454:
428:
342:
317:
304:
239:
236:
228:
227:
214:
189:
181:
97:
89:
76:
72:
65:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5095:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5071:
5061:
5048:
5035:
5022:
5009:
4996:
4983:
4970:
4957:
4944:
4934:
4921:
4908:
4898:
4885:
4872:
4859:
4846:
4833:
4818:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4729:Stephanophorus
4725:
4718:
4715:Schistochlamys
4711:
4704:
4701:Pseudosaltator
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4603:Chalcothraupis
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4548:Trichothraupis
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4485:Coryphospingus
4481:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4314:Kleinothraupis
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4225:Compsothraupis
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4170:
4168:Hemithraupinae
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4136:
4134:Emberizoidinae
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3802:Xanthocephalus
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3473:
3471:
3469:incertae sedis
3461:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3346:Phaenicophilus
3342:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3155:Artemisiospiza
3151:
3144:
3137:
3134:Amphispizopsis
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2904:Mitrospingidae
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2770:Chlorothraupis
2766:
2763:Caryothraustes
2759:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2228:Coccothraustes
2224:
2214:
2211:Chrysocorythus
2207:
2204:Chlorodrepanis
2200:
2193:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1845:Onychostruthus
1841:
1838:Montifringilla
1834:
1831:Hypocryptadius
1827:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1606:Euschistospiza
1602:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1316:
1308:
1307:External links
1305:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1292:(22): 133–143.
1285:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1188:(22): 144–150.
1181:
1168:
1150:(3): 383–392.
1132:
1126:
1113:
1084:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1031:
985:
959:
940:
919:(6): 1143–58.
899:
850:
798:
796:(σώμα) "body".
759:
745:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
686:
681:
674:
671:
510:
509:
468:
466:
459:
453:
450:
427:
424:
341:
338:
316:
313:
303:
300:
267:bird that was
259:is an extinct
241:
240:
237:
223:
222:
216:
215:
207:
205:
201:
200:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
70:
67:
66:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5160:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Biota of Oahu
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:Sporathraupis
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4631:Cnemathraupis
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4506:Heliothraupis
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4469:Tachyphoninae
4466:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4449:Sporophilinae
4446:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:Pseudospingus
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4286:Castanozoster
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4257:Orchesticinae
4254:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4198:Heterospingus
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4177:Chrysothlypis
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3672:Amblycercinae
3669:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:Pseudoleistes
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:Macroagelaius
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3501:Pyelorhamphus
3495:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3404:Teretistridae
3401:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3373:Rhodinocichla
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3183:Chlorospingus
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3097:Passerellidae
3094:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2938:Nesospingidae
2935:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:Periporphyrus
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2729:Calyptophilus
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2709:Rhynchophanes
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:Plectrophenax
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2621:Peucedramidae
2618:
2612:
2611:
2610:Tmetothylacus
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:Dendronanthus
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:Pyrrhoplectes
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2024:Urocynchramus
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:Pseudonigrita
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:Stagonopleura
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:Glaucestrilda
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:Superfamily:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:(3): 307–310.
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:0-8248-0703-0
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:(17): 39–42.
1094:
1090:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
998:
989:
986:
974:
970:
963:
960:
955:
951:
944:
941:
936:
932:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:
775:Ancient Greek
772:
768:
763:
760:
755:
749:
746:
733:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
712:
703:
700:
694:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:San Diego Zoo
613:
611:
607:
603:
597:
595:
590:
586:
584:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
537:
536:avian malaria
534:-transmitted
533:
527:
525:
521:
517:
506:
503:
495:
492:November 2012
485:
481:
475:
474:
469:This section
467:
463:
458:
457:
451:
449:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
374:
369:
365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
347:
339:
337:
334:
330:
321:
314:
312:
310:
301:
299:
296:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
235:
233:
224:
221:
220:Binomial name
217:
213:
212:
206:
203:
202:
197:
193:
188:
187:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:Passeriformes
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81: (2004)
80:
68:
62:
57: (2004)
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4797:
4762:
4755:
4750:Tephrophilus
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4666:Lophospingus
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4610:Chlorochrysa
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4575:Anisognathus
4573:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4534:Rhodospingus
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4478:Conothraupis
4476:
4456:
4438:Saltatricula
4436:
4429:
4422:Saltatorinae
4409:
4402:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4349:Poospizopsis
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4321:Microspingus
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4264:
4246:Sericossypha
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4203:
4196:
4191:Hemithraupis
4189:
4184:Chlorophanes
4182:
4175:
4155:
4150:Emberizoides
4148:
4143:Coryphaspiza
4141:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4067:Geospizopsis
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3983:
3976:
3971:Pinaroloxias
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3901:Camarhynchus
3899:
3892:
3872:
3867:Charitospiza
3865:
3845:
3800:
3780:
3773:
3766:Sturnellinae
3753:
3733:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3679:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3542:Amblyramphus
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3468:
3411:
3391:
3371:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3298:Spizelloides
3296:
3289:
3284:Rhynchospiza
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3218:Oreothraupis
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3065:Protonotaria
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3016:Limnothlypis
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2967:Basileuterus
2965:
2945:
2925:
2920:Mitrospingus
2918:
2911:
2891:
2851:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:Cardinalidae
2727:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2674:Emberizoidea
2641:Emberizoidea
2628:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:Motacillidae
2556:
2549:Fringillinae
2536:
2531:Chlorophonia
2529:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2439:Rhodacanthis
2437:
2427:
2420:
2415:Psittirostra
2413:
2405:Pseudonestor
2403:
2398:Procarduelis
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2351:
2346:Melamprosops
2344:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2280:Hesperiphona
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2178:
2171:
2166:Callacanthis
2164:
2157:
2150:
2140:
2132:Agraphospiza
2130:
2123:
2107:Fringillidae
2049:
2044:Anomalospiza
2042:
2022:
2002:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1765:Oreostruthus
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1627:Lagonosticta
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1537:Delacourella
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1494:
1487:
1480:Erythrurinae
1467:
1460:
1453:
1402:Infraorder:
1320:
1298:
1289:
1267:(45): 1–88.
1264:
1255:
1246:
1224:(46): 1–88.
1221:
1215:(50): 67–72.
1212:
1203:
1197:(43): 53–56.
1194:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1147:
1143:
1117:
1092:
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1072:
1050:29 September
1048:. Retrieved
1044:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1008:
1002:
996:
988:
976:. Retrieved
973:The Guardian
972:
962:
949:
943:
916:
912:
902:
867:
863:
853:
812:
808:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
771:Melamprosops
770:
762:
748:
736:. Retrieved
722:
716:
710:
702:
656:
629:
614:
598:
591:
587:
580:
545:
541:
528:
513:
498:
489:
478:Please help
473:verification
470:
443:
429:
384:Melamprosops
383:
377:
371:
367:
357:
343:
326:
305:
286:Melamprosops
285:
284:
256:
251:
250:
246:
244:
231:
226:
210:
209:
186:Melamprosops
185:
184:
162:Fringillidae
18:
5113:Carduelinae
5026:NatureServe
4961:iNaturalist
4822:Wikispecies
4673:Neothraupis
4659:Ixothraupis
4652:Iridosornis
4596:Calochaetes
4541:Tachyphonus
4527:Ramphocelus
4384:Xenospingus
4377:Urothraupis
4328:Nephelornis
4307:Donacospiza
4293:Cnemoscopus
4277:Poospizinae
4266:Orchesticus
4232:Cyanicterus
4205:Iridophanes
4053:Conirostrum
4039:Acanthidops
4030:Diglossinae
3950:Melanospiza
3715:Psarocolius
3681:Amblycercus
3598:Hypopyrrhus
3591:Gymnomystax
3584:Gnorimopsar
3535:Agelasticus
3521:Agelaioides
3433:See below ↓
3413:Teretistris
3384:Spindalidae
3319:Zonotrichia
3232:Passerculus
3169:Calamospiza
3051:Oreothlypis
3037:Myiothlypis
3009:Leiothlypis
2995:Helmitheros
2981:Catharopeza
2947:Nesospingus
2913:Lamprospiza
2873:See below ↓
2844:Emberizidae
2791:Granatellus
2777:Cyanocompsa
2749:Amaurospiza
2686:Calcariidae
2650:See below ↓
2630:Peucedramus
2522:Euphoniinae
2446:Rhodopechys
2384:Paroreomyza
2370:Orthiospiza
2294:Leucosticte
2273:Hemignathus
2116:Carduelinae
2071:See below ↓
1995:Prunellidae
1956:Plocepasser
1949:Philetairus
1886:Amblyospiza
1793:Taeniopygia
1751:Heteromunia
1721:Poephilinae
1682:Lepidopygia
1666:Lonchurinae
1655:Uraeginthus
1648:Spermophaga
1530:Cryptospiza
1507:Estrildinae
1469:Ortygospiza
1446:Amandavinae
1437:Estrildidae
1425:Passeroidea
1410:Passeroidea
738:19 November
552:Maui County
416:Pleistocene
379:Paroreomyza
302:Description
172:Carduelinae
168:Subfamily:
85:NatureServe
5097:Categories
5075:Xeno-canto
4687:Pipraeidea
4617:Chlorornis
4589:Buthraupis
4566:Thraupinae
4458:Sporophila
4411:Rhopospina
4370:Thlypopsis
4363:Sphenopsis
4216:Nemosiinae
4157:Embernagra
4123:Xenodacnis
4088:Melanodera
4074:Haplospiza
3978:Platyspiza
3957:Melopyrrha
3943:Loxipasser
3894:Asemospiza
3885:Coerebinae
3826:Thraupidae
3735:Dolichonyx
3708:Cassiculus
3692:Cassicinae
3661:Xanthopsar
3605:Lampropsar
3512:Agelaiinae
3491:Pandanaris
3424:Thraupidae
3339:Microligea
3305:Torreornis
3249:Pedinorhis
3239:Passerella
3190:Chondestes
3148:Arremonops
3127:Amphispiza
3113:Ammodramus
2988:Geothlypis
2974:Cardellina
2927:Orthogonys
2884:Icteriidae
2819:Pheucticus
2784:Cyanoloxia
2756:Cardinalis
2511:Xestospiza
2491:Vangulifer
2453:Rhodospiza
2360:Oreomystis
2266:Haemorhous
2190:Chloridops
2180:Carpodacus
1984:Sporopipes
1935:Histurgops
1914:Dinemellia
1907:Bubalornis
1900:Brachycope
1893:Anaplectes
1866:Pyrgilauda
1817:Carpospiza
1808:Passeridae
1786:Stizoptera
1730:Aidemosyne
1710:Spermestes
1696:Mayrimunia
1634:Pyrenestes
1599:Clytospiza
1579:Parmoptila
1565:Nesocharis
1523:Coccopygia
1396:Suborder:
1366:Genera of
1079:2007-09-28
1062:References
625:Frozen Zoo
621:California
568:ʻākohekohe
373:Oreomystis
368:Carpodacus
359:Carpodacus
295:extinction
4555:Volatinia
4499:Eucometis
4492:Creurgops
4404:Incaspiza
4335:Piezorina
4300:Cypsnagra
4102:Phrygilus
4095:Nesospiza
4046:Catamenia
4005:Cyanerpes
3964:Phonipara
3936:Loxigilla
3922:Euneornis
3908:Certhidea
3782:Sturnella
3746:Icterinae
3654:Quiscalus
3647:Ptiloxena
3619:Molothrus
3556:Chrysomus
3481:Cremaster
3457:Icteridae
3393:Spindalis
3353:Xenoligea
3312:Xenospiza
3277:Pooecetes
3263:Pezopetes
3204:Melospiza
3176:Centronyx
3162:Atlapetes
3120:Ammospiza
3106:Aimophila
3086:Vermivora
3079:Setophaga
3044:Oporornis
3030:Myioborus
3023:Mniotilta
3002:Leucopeza
2958:Parulidae
2864:Icteridae
2805:Passerina
2695:Calcarius
2603:Motacilla
2558:Fringilla
2501:Viridonia
2481:Telespiza
2353:Mycerobas
2322:Loxioides
2287:Himatione
2235:Crithagra
2173:Carduelis
2159:Bucanetes
2142:Aidemedia
1921:Euplectes
1877:Ploceidae
1613:Granatina
1558:Mandingoa
1516:Brunhilda
1496:Erythrura
1404:Passerida
1378:Kingdom:
1328:BBC story
978:2 January
886:0960-9822
837:0006-3207
786:phaeosoma
767:Etymology
695:Footnotes
524:Haleakalā
333:Haleakalā
315:Discovery
265:passerine
204:Species:
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
77:Presumed
24:Poʻo-uli
5031:2.102431
5018:22720863
4979:10971931
4881:22720863
4876:BirdLife
4807:Wikidata
4757:Thraupis
4736:Stilpnia
4680:Paroaria
4624:Cissopis
4520:Loriotus
4431:Saltator
4342:Poospiza
4109:Rowettia
4081:Idiopsar
4060:Diglossa
3996:Dacninae
3929:Geospiza
3633:Oreopsar
3626:Nesopsar
3577:Euphagus
3528:Agelaius
3291:Spizella
3225:Oriturus
3211:Melozone
3058:Parkesia
2853:Emberiza
2596:Macronyx
2538:Euphonia
2422:Pyrrhula
2391:Pinicola
2377:Palmeria
2308:Linurgus
2242:Drepanis
2221:Ciridops
2125:Acanthis
2035:Viduidae
2004:Prunella
1942:Malimbus
1859:Petronia
1824:Gymnoris
1772:Poephila
1758:Neochmia
1737:Bathilda
1689:Lonchura
1620:Hypargos
1544:Estrilda
1489:Chloebia
1462:Amandava
1386:Chordata
1384:Phylum:
1380:Animalia
1281:40166794
1238:40166713
1164:46031896
1109:85651457
1024:29 March
935:21672814
894:22018543
845:91481736
815:: 9–18.
673:See also
532:mosquito
412:Maui Nui
388:Pliocene
340:Taxonomy
323:Poʻo-uli
247:poʻo-uli
158:Family:
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
61:IUCN 3.1
5067:7054187
4953:2494564
4863:Avibase
4813:Q550316
4743:Tangara
4708:Rauenia
4645:Dubusia
4582:Bangsia
4239:Nemosia
4116:Sicalis
4019:Tersina
3915:Coereba
3775:Leistes
3755:Icterus
3701:Cacicus
3563:Curaeus
3549:Anumara
3256:Peucaea
3141:Arremon
3072:Seiurus
2893:Icteria
2826:Piranga
2467:Serinus
2336:Magumma
2301:Linaria
2259:Eophona
2197:Chloris
2152:Akialoa
1963:Ploceus
1744:Emblema
1675:Euodice
1641:Pytilia
1572:Nigrita
1455:Amadina
1398:Passeri
1390:Class:
1213:Elepaio
1195:Elepaio
817:Bibcode
782:prosopo
659:extinct
632:habitat
440:spiders
436:insects
400:Ni'ihau
390:, 3.77
354:Miocene
309:buffier
277:Hawaiʻi
269:endemic
261:species
229:†
208:†
178:Genus:
148:Order:
138:Class:
83: (
79:Extinct
59: (
55:Extinct
5064:uBio:
5057:221515
5044:385245
5005:179582
4937:ECOS:
4930:poouli
4904:poouli
4894:747494
4850:ARKive
4012:Dacnis
3985:Tiaris
3270:Pipilo
2582:Anthus
2474:Spinus
2329:Loxops
1977:Quelea
1928:Foudia
1852:Passer
1279:
1236:
1162:
1124:
1107:
1075:. 2007
933:
892:
884:
843:
835:
790:phaios
594:Olinda
554:, the
516:fossil
438:, and
432:snails
255:) or
198:, 1974
196:Jacobi
194:&
4992:75580
4974:IRMNG
4966:10650
4925:eBird
4917:3Z4LB
4901:BOW:
4638:Diuca
4513:Lanio
3570:Dives
3197:Junco
2833:Spiza
2798:Habia
2315:Loxia
2051:Vidua
1703:Padda
1277:JSTOR
1234:JSTOR
1160:S2CID
1140:(PDF)
1105:S2CID
841:S2CID
778:melas
577:Adult
404:Kauai
192:Casey
5039:NCBI
5013:IUCN
5000:ITIS
4948:GBIF
4940:1505
4889:BOLD
1392:Aves
1301:(9).
1122:ISBN
1052:2021
1026:2021
1009:2019
980:2024
931:PMID
890:PMID
882:ISSN
833:ISSN
794:soma
740:2021
723:2019
648:cats
644:rats
640:pigs
615:The
610:IUCN
566:and
520:Maui
426:Diet
402:and
376:and
291:Maui
273:Maui
245:The
142:Aves
4987:ISC
4912:CoL
4837:ADW
1269:doi
1226:doi
1177:110
1152:doi
1148:129
1097:doi
1013:doi
921:doi
872:doi
825:doi
813:227
727:doi
619:in
604:by
482:by
392:mya
346:DNA
275:in
263:of
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