1641:, 40 km (25 mi) downstream from Piacenza, a 362 m (1,188 ft) long, 20 m (66 ft) high gate dam featuring eleven 30 m (98 ft) openings gated by vertical lift gates, crosses the Po. Nine gates are 6.5 m (21 ft) high and two are 8 m (26 ft) high for sediment-scouring purposes. A spillway to the right passes through a hydroelectric station of 4 generators of 76 MW each operated by a 3.5–11 m (11–36 ft) head of water. The spillway connects to a diversionary canal subtending a 12 km (7.5 mi) loop of the Po. A ship lock 85 m (279 ft) long and 12 m (39 ft) wide next to the station passes some traffic through the canal, but above the dam traffic is mainly barges. The average flow at the dam is 854 m/s, with a 12,800 m/s maximum.
1562:
47:
1407:, which was originally built on islands off the coast, is most at risk due to subsidence, but the effect is realized in the Po delta as well. The causes are first a decrease in the sedimentation rate due to the locking of sediment behind hydroelectric dams and the deliberate excavation of sand from rivers for industrial purposes. Second, agricultural use of the river is heavy; during peak consumption the flow in places nearly dries up, causing local contention. As a result of decreased flow, salt water is intruding into the
1001:
2413:
66:
1490:
2421:
1388:. The exact sequences at various locations have been studied extensively. Apparently the sea advanced and receded over the valley in conformance to an equilibrium between sedimentation and glacial advance or recession at 100,000-year intervals and 100 m (330 ft) to 120 m (390 ft) fluctuation of sea level. An advance began after the
644:. although in France, Vallée Étroite is so remote it is essentially administered by Italy (telephone network, rubbish collections, etc.). Further minuscule parts of the Po's basin (measurable in the hundreds of metres of linear distance) within France are found in the form of small streamheads forced into France by the
1524:
and took responsibility for all the water resources in northeastern Italy. Currently it is a decentralized institution of the
Ministry of Public Works, headed by a chairman appointed by the Head of State and the Council of Ministers. Its headquarters are in Venice. Its domain is the management and
1617:. Passage by smaller vessels is available for some distance above Cremona. In the lower reaches the surrounding basin is generally flat and it is served by a complicated network of small canals linked to the river. However, transit is severely hampered during summer months by low water levels.
1657:
has caused several droughts across
Northern Italy, with predictions for their frequency and the severity, resulting in a "decrease in precipitation during critical crop growing seasons". In July 2022, the Italian government declared a state of emergency in the regions Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy,
652:
and
Mongenevre passes. The former contains a reservoir dammed at the Po end and so technically constitutes part of its basin, although it contributes little to the water flow as the water is, by definition, retained by the dam. The Po is the longest river in Italy; at its widest point it is
1548:
In 1989 in response to the major geologic problems that were developing along the river Law no. 183/89 was passed authorizing The Po Basin Water Board (Autorità di bacino del fiume Po), which would direct operations concerning all the water resources in the Po basin (see under
1112:, contains channels that connect to the Adriatic and therefore is called the active delta by the park authorities, whereas the fossil delta contains channels that no longer connect the Po to the Adriatic (but once did). The active delta was created in 1604 when the city of
1372:
generally to a depth of 1,000 m (3,300 ft) to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) but from 2,000 m (6,600 ft) to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) off the current mouth of the Po, with pockets as deep as 6,000 m (20,000 ft). At the start of the
1403:. The rate of coastal zone progradation between 1000 BC and 1200 AD was 4 m/yr. Human factors, however, brought about a change in the equilibrium in the mid-20th century with the result that the entire coastline of the northern Adriatic is now degrading.
1072:. Executive authority resided in an assembly of the presidents of the provinces, the mayors of the comuni and the board of directors. They employed a Technical-Scientific Committee and a Park Council to carry out directives. In 1999 the park was designated a
1557:
since its inception in 1990. It considers itself a synergy among all the institutions concerned with the preservation and development of the Po basin. It is administered by officials chosen from the administrations of the constituent regions and provinces.
1753:
came. He believed it was a Greek name (there are other
Eridanos rivers in Greece), "invented by some poet," but makes no conjectures as to where it might be. Pliny points out that in his own time the Eridanos had become wrongly identified with the
576:
environments and 29,000 on the plain. The slope of the Po's river valley decreases from 0.35% in the west to 0.14% in the east, a low gradient. Along its path lie 450 standing lakes. Almost all of the rest of the non-Italy basin is in
694:
stations in or on the flanks of the Alps, and on the coal/oil power stations which use the water of the Po basin as coolant. Drainage from the north is mediated through several large, scenic lakes, commonly referred to as the
1577:, 2000/60/EC. This takes in water management and flood risk plans antecedent. Between 2009 and 2015 the Po Valley Project (the implementation of the plan) took more than 60 measures, notably to: heighten and strengthen
483:, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge. As a result of its characteristics, the river is subject to heavy flooding. Consequently, over half its length is controlled with
1020:. The Po Delta Regional Park in Emilia-Romagna, the largest, consists of four parcels of land on the right bank of the Po and to the south. Created by law in 1988, it was managed by a consortium, the
1132:, "Porto Viro cut-off". Their intent was to stop the gradual migration of the Po toward the lagoon of Venice, which would have filled up with sediment had contact been made. The subsequent town of
1088:
of
Alfonsine, Argenta, Cervia, Codigoro, Comacchio, Goro, Mesola, Ostellato and Ravenna. The 53,653 ha (132,580 acres) of the park contain wetlands, forest, dunes and salt pans. It has a high
1960:"Italy's Po River Punished for centuries by destructive floods, northern Italians stubbornly embrace their nation's longest river, which nurtures rice fields, vineyards, fisheries—and legends"
2364:
1273:
Before 1152 the seaward extension of today's delta, about 12 km (7.5 mi), did not exist. The entire region from
Ravenna to Chioggia was dense swamps, explaining why the
1202:
Despite the park administration's definition of the active delta as beginning at Porto Viro, there is another active channel upstream from it at Santa Maria in Punta, where the
1439:
cited the city. Since 2005, all sewage from Milan is treated in plants at Nosedo, San Rocco and
Peschiera Borromeo. These treat the sewage from over 2.5 million inhabitants.
2977:
3022:
1364:
At the end of the
Messinian the ocean broke through the sill and the Mediterranean refilled. The Adriatic transgressed into all of northern Italy. In the subsequent
2748:
Brunelli, A.; D. Caputo; F. Chillè; V. Maugliani (2003). "The bump of a boat into a gate-structure dam: An unusual risk scenario". In Llanos, JA; Yague, J. (eds.).
2987:
1715:
This implies that a "country" population either remained from prehistoric times or adopted the name in use by that substrate. The name has been segmented as
2750:
Dam
Maintenance and Rehabilitation: Proceedings of the International Congress on Conservation and Rehabilitation of Dams, Madrid, Spain, 11–13 November 2002
46:
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and all the major cities and coastal lordships were equipped with real river fleets. Particularly violent were the clashes between the naval squads of the
1606:
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3002:
1766:). Expressing surprise at the ignorance of the poets, Pliny says "There can be no doubt that amber is the product of the islands of the northern ocean (
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There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po.
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2992:
2972:
960:(R) was a tributary of the Po until the middle of the eighteenth century when the course was diverted to lessen the risk of devastating floods. The
2997:
711:, even though the overall quantity of water is lower than in the past and lower than demand. The main products of the farms around the river are
1458:. Based on these figures, cocaine consumption was estimated to be about 4 kg daily, or 27 doses per day per thousand young adults in the
2856:
2757:
2313:
2288:
1585:, resume natural sediment transport and deposition points, enlarge wetlands, afforest, re-nature, promote biodiversity and recreational use.
1694:, and Romans. At that late date, the ancient authors were attempting to explain the provenance of the name. Perhaps the earliest of these,
2491:
Giari, L; Dezfuli, BS; Lanzoni, M; Castaldelli, G (2012). "The impact of an oil spill on organs of bream
Abramis brama in the Po River".
2368:
2687:
River Flow 2006, Two Volume Set: Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Lisbon, Portugal, 6-8 September 2006
2553:"Elements of Good Practice in Integrated River Basin Management: A Practical Resource for implementing the EU Water Framework Directive"
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2074:
412:
1959:
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1762:, son of the sun, struck by lightning changed into poplars and exuded tears every year, which is the source of amber (a myth of
1561:
2526:
1415:
in standing waters and streams of low flow is on the increase. The valley is subsiding due to the extraction of ground water.
2148:"Estimating the economic impacts of drought on agriculture through models and surveys in the Po river basin (Northern Italy)"
238:
2685:
723:. The latter method is the chief consumer of surface water, while industrial and human consumption use underground water.
2097:
1794:
1658:
Piedmont, Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Water levels decreased and revealed large riverbed areas and lost objects.
1041:
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1758:. He does not know when or how, but like Herodotus, he blames the poets. Amber is supposed to have come from there.
1435:
The city of Milan had no sewage treatment plants. Sewage went through channels directly into the Po, for which the
683:. In 2002, more than 16 million people lived in the area, at the time nearly one-third of the population of Italy.
1428:
Always prone to fog, the valley is subject to heavy smog due to industrial atmospheric emissions, especially from
1896:
1704:
1574:
1326:
2916:
1501:
Until 1989 water resources were administered regionally or locally. The major authority on the lower Po was the
1381:
and regression are detectable in the valley and the Adriatic as far as its centre and in the southern Adriatic.
1049:
159:
3037:
1904:
686:
The two main economic uses of the valley are for industry and for agriculture. The industrial centres, such as
472:
2469:
2329:
J.P.M. Syvitski; et al. (October 2005). "Distributary channels and their impact on sediment dispersal".
1649:
The historic average flow for June is 1,805 cubic metres per second. In late June 2022, the flow measured in
1309:. Typically in geologic history the depression is filled with sea water under various geologic names such as
679:); the main industrial area and the largest agricultural area in the country - accounting for 35% of Italian
2831:
1868:
1509:. It made all the decisions concerning the diversion of the lower river. Most part of the delta is still in
1378:
1080:
and was added to "Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta." From 2012 the park is managed by the
680:
2257:
1337:
between evaporation and replenishment shifting in favor of evaporation. At that time the Po Valley and the
572:
The Po has a drainage area of 74,000 km in all, 70,000 of those being in Italy, of which 41,000 is in
1763:
1634:
2684:
Ferreira, Rui M. L.; Alves, Elsa C. T. L.; Leal, Joao G. A. B.; Cardoso, Antonio H. (14 September 2006).
1222:
The fossil Po is the region of no longer active channels from the Po to the sea. It begins upstream from
1728:
1542:
468:
2338:
2155:
1389:
822:
804:
699:, and shared with Switzerland. The streams are now controlled by so many dams as to slow the river's
1626:
622:
2957:
2578:
1859:
town on the right bank of the Po downstream from today's Turin. The Po, along with other rivers in
1330:
1294:
1073:
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and Milan, are located on higher terrain, away from the river. They rely for power on the numerous
511:
453:
31:
1997:
2691:
2173:
2147:
1927:
1506:
1494:
1346:
1329:, a near drying of the Mediterranean, was caused by the sea level dropping below the sill at the
441:
144:
2558:. Brussels, Belgium: WWF–World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). October 2001
1666:
The Po is first certainly identified in the Graeco-Roman historians and geographers of the late
631:
2962:
2890:
2852:
2753:
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2638:. Translated by G. Michael Woloch. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 273.
2508:
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2284:
2123:
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around 20,000 years ago, which brought the Adriatic to a high point at about 5,500 years ago.
768:
602:
521:
432:. The river's length is either 652 km (405 mi) or 682 km (424 mi), if the
2500:
2346:
2163:
1813:
1674:, long after the valley had been occupied successively by prehistoric and historic peoples:
1009:
610:
582:
428:) is the longest river in Italy. It flows eastward across northern Italy, starting from the
424:
398:
2195:
1922:
1900:
1771:
1734:
1687:
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The Po Delta wetlands have been protected by the institution of two regional parks in the
590:
2390:
2146:
Borzì, Iolanda; Monteleone, Beatrice; Bonaccorso, Brunella; Martina, Mario (2021-03-03).
1384:
From the Pleistocene alternation of maritime and alluvial sediments occur as far west as
2342:
2159:
564:, divided into Cispadane Gaul (south of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (north of the Po).
2021:
1967:
1884:
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1860:
1820:
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1000:
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354:
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65:
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In 2009 the water board began its Integrated River Basin Management Plan to meet the
1302:
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to the north. The former exits at Bonelli. The latter divides again at Pila into the
1092:, with 1,000–1,100 plant species and 374 vertebrate species, of which 300 are birds.
912:
756:
700:
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691:
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223:
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Protected ecological rebalancing area on the Stellata in Mesola and Cavo Napoleonico
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1916:
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sedimentary outwash primarily from the Apennines filled the valley and the central
1338:
1250:, no longer connected to the Po, which ran to the south of Ferrara and exited near
1133:
1089:
972:
964:
is about 50 km (31 mi) longer than the upper Po at their confluence near
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641:
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358:
210:
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2724:"'We worry about it disappearing': alarm grows over Italy's drought-hit Po River"
2504:
2350:
2304:
McKinney, Frank Kenneth (2007). "Chapter 6: Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments".
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La guerra d'acqua dolce. Navi e conflitti medievali nell'Italia settentrionale
1767:
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864:
720:
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seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re, a flat place at the head of the
437:
131:
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during the thirteenth century and between the Venetian fleet and that of the
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174:
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2120:
Frontiere contese tra Italia e Francia. 1947: le valli perdute del Piemonte
1230:
currently flowing to the north of Ferrara is the result of a diversion at
2365:"Facing Water Challenges in the Po River Basin, Italy:A WWDR3 Case Study"
2334:
1804:
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112:
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2608:"Quiet flows the Po: the life and slow death of Italy's longest river"
2932:
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1823:
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2093:
1601:. Today the waterway is navigable for substantial craft (up to 1350
1996:
Raggi, Meri; Davide Ronchi; Laura Sardonini; Davide Viaggi (2007).
1745:
had expressed doubt concerning the existence of a river in Europe,
1254:. In Roman times it did not exit there but ran to the south as the
1876:
1829:
1750:
1691:
1683:
1602:
1598:
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in 1152 made in the hope of relieving flooding in the vicinity of
999:
976:
930:
810:
703:
rate, causing geologic problems. The expansive, moist and fertile
687:
507:
491:
484:
362:
100:
52:
490:
The river flows through many important Italian cities, including
2752:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 145–146.
1358:
918:
888:
792:
716:
480:
2283:(2, illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. 341.
648:
as a punitive measure against Italy. These can be found on the
475:
have a discharge inferior or equal to the Po). It is, with the
1082:
Ente di Gestione per i Parchi e la Biodiversità - Delta del Po
553:
2529:(in Italian). Autorità di bacino del fiume Po. Archived from
1863:, was the scene of numerous military episodes throughout the
1770:)" and attributes its introduction into the Po Valley to the
524:
helped design. Near the end of its course, it creates a wide
30:
This article is about the Italian river. For other uses, see
735:. They include (R on the right bank, L on the left, looking
528:(with hundreds of small channels and five main ones, called
2306:
The northern Adriatic ecosystem: deep time in a shallow sea
2122:(in Italian). Turin: Edizioni del Capricorno. p. 120.
1100:
The most recent part of the delta, which projects into the
404:
2913:"Flooding on the Po River, Italy, as imaged by RADARSAT-1"
1749:, which flowed into the northern sea, he said, from which
1702:(in Greek) and says that it was to be identified with the
1353:
was just being completed in the Miocene. On the north the
1349:
bordered a land mass termed Tyrrhenis geologically. Their
2281:
The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History
1481:
news agency has estimated it to be about 600,000 liters.
2915:. Canada Centre for Remote Sensing. 2000. Archived from
2045:
2039:
1128:
to the south of Porto Viro in a channel then called the
667:
The vast valley around the Po is called the Po Basin or
1785:, iii. 122) also gives the Ligurian name of the Po as
1774:, the last link in a trade route to the north through
1653:
fell below an average of 145 cubic metres per second.
1807:
1798:
1442:
In 2005, water from the Po was found to contain much
1144:, which flows to the Adriatic through Porto Levante.
707:
is reserved mainly for agriculture and is subject to
413:
2933:"Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta"
2775:"Drought in Italy Reveals Sunken World War II Barge"
2194:. Parco Delta del Po: Emilia-Romagna. Archived from
1597:
times the waterway was navigable as far upstream as
1465:
On February 24, 2010, the Po was contaminated by an
1345:
system thousands of feet deep. On the southwest the
401:
2414:"Il quadro del sistema idrico del comune di Milano"
2308:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press.
1708:of the poets. Moreover, the country people call it
372:
344:
336:
331:
317:
307:
299:
287:
279:
269:
230:
216:
204:
190:
151:
137:
127:
118:
96:
88:
80:
75:
39:
1462:– nearly three times higher than estimated.
1723:, the suffix being characteristic of the ancient
1789:, which he translates as "bottomless". The root
1238:. The diversion channel was at first called the
1136:grew around the diversionary works. The lock of
1155:, one of the tracts under the authority of the
2118:Avondo, Gian Vittorio; Comello, Marco (2022).
1793:has been generally analyzed as containing the
1159:, contains the latest branches of the Po. The
617:. A minute section of the Po basin belongs to
2661:An Encyclopaedia of the history of technology
2279:Grove, Alfred Thomas; Oliver Rackham (2003).
1903:. This mythical river is the namesake of the
605:drains to the Po, partly via the Ticino. The
456:before ending at a delta projecting into the
8:
636:(literally, the Narrow Valley) running from
585:, which is essentially drained by the river
2584:. Istanbul: Autorità di Bacino del Fiume Po
2256:. Parco Delta del Po Veneto. Archived from
2029:
1832:
436:, a right bank tributary, is included. The
2935:. World Heritage Centre, UNESCO. 1992–2009
2886:The Po: An Elegy for Italy's Longest River
2808:(illustrated ed.). Aldus. p. 78.
323:3,100 m/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
2218:"Chi siamo | Parco del Delta del Po"
2167:
2152:Egu General Assembly Conference Abstracts
1879:) and those of the municipalities of the
1004:Flamingoes in the Po Delta Regional Park.
313:1,540 m/s (54,000 cu ft/s)
2978:Rivers of the Metropolitan City of Turin
2804:Daiches, David; Anthony Thorlby (1972).
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1199:and exits finally past Pila lighthouse.
1191:to the south, while the mainstream, the
3023:Rivers of the Province of Reggio Emilia
1939:
291:74,000 km (29,000 sq mi)
2493:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
2470:"Oil spill threatens Italy's Po River"
1163:branches to the south followed by the
971:The longest tributaries of the Po are
36:
2988:Rivers of the Province of Alessandria
2601:
2599:
2367:. waterwiki.net. 2009. Archived from
423:
7:
2391:"Haze in the Po River Valley, Italy"
2141:
2139:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1895:The Po is often identified with the
1727:of northern Italy, southern France,
2806:Literature and western civilization
2577:Bortone, Giuseppe (18 March 2009).
1998:"Po Basin Case study status report"
1919:(triple watershed: Po-Rhine-Danube)
1607:European Class IV waterway standard
1505:, first formed in the 16th-century
1022:Consorzio per la gestione del Parco
715:including – unusually for Europe –
653:503 m (1,650 ft) across.
548:) at the southern part of which is
3013:Rivers of the Province of Piacenza
2983:Rivers of the Province of Vercelli
2851:. Bologna: Clueb. pp. 76–82.
2722:Giuffrida, Angela (17 June 2022).
2636:Roman cities = Les villes romaines
1930:(triple watershed: Rhone-Rhine-Po)
1525:protection of the water system in
1479:Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata
25:
3028:Rivers of the Province of Ferrara
3003:Rivers of the Province of Cremona
2444:"Italian river 'full of cocaine'"
2094:"Gondo on the Swiss National Map"
1553:). Its headquarters have been in
1285:and did not begin further north.
1140:blocked the old channel, now the
1032:provinces belong as well as nine
467:It is characterized by its large
3033:Rivers of the Province of Rovigo
3008:Rivers of the Province of Mantua
1503:Magistrato alle Acque di Venezia
452:. The Po then extends along the
397:
64:
45:
3018:Rivers of the Province of Parma
2993:Rivers of the Province of Pavia
2973:Rivers of the Province of Cuneo
2254:"Active Delta and Fossil Delta"
2062:Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas
1377:the valley was full. Cycles of
2998:Rivers of the Province of Lodi
2393:. NASA Earth Observatory. 2009
1737:has the most to say about the
1116:diverted the main stream, the
232: • coordinates
153: • coordinates
1:
2659:McNeil, Ian (1990). "Italy".
2169:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12066
1844:"sole of the foot". The word
640:to the Italian ski resort of
196:3,700 m (12,100 ft)
119:Physical characteristics
84:Italy, France and Switzerland
2606:Jones, Tobias (2022-07-10).
2505:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.014
2472:. CBC News. 24 February 2010
2351:10.1016/j.margeo.2005.06.030
2098:Federal Office of Topography
1824:
1808:
1799:
1313:. In the last period of the
1124:, from its channel north of
448:under the northwest face of
271: • elevation
192: • elevation
2612:The Observer / The Guardian
1613:to the river delta on the
1437:European Environment Agency
560:was the territory of Roman
218: • location
139: • location
3061:
1958:Zwingle, Erla (May 2002).
1887:in the fifteenth century.
1469:coming from a refinery in
1411:and coastal ground water.
1171:. At Tolle downstream the
660:
646:1947 Peace Treaty of Paris
440:of the Po are formed by a
319: • maximum
309: • average
92:Italy, Switzerland, France
29:
1575:Water Framework Directive
1485:Water resource management
1341:depression were a single
1327:Messinian salinity crisis
1246:before then followed the
1012:in which it is situated:
384:
327:
295:
283:652 km (405 mi)
200:
123:
63:
44:
2889:. London: Head of Zeus.
2845:Romanoni, Fabio (2023).
2234:. Parco del Delta del Po
2059:Margat, Jean F. (2004).
1357:had already created the
1277:was constructed between
1258:("old Po") exiting near
374: • right
3043:Braided rivers in Italy
2046:
2040:
1698:(2nd century BC), uses
1301:'s crust caused by the
1297:is a depression in the
1262:, from which split the
719:, which requires heavy
681:agricultural production
346: • left
70:Map of the Po watershed
2883:Jones, Tobias (2022).
2835:, Book 37, Chapter 11.
2030:
2025:
1905:constellation Eridanus
1833:
1566:
1520:the agency became the
1498:
1153:Parco Regionale Veneto
1005:
601:. A small part of the
2663:. London: Routledge.
1899:or Eridanus river of
1564:
1543:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1522:Magistrato alle Acque
1492:
1187:to the north and the
1179:to the south and the
1003:
552:, an area famous for
506:. It is connected to
254:44.95250°N 12.43194°E
2779:Smithsonian Magazine
2424:on 23 September 2015
1970:on December 23, 2007
1390:Last Glacial Maximum
1130:Taglio di Porto Viro
823:Grana del Monferrato
805:Stura del Monferrato
473:rivers over 1,000 km
275:0 m (0 ft)
175:44.70139°N 7.09306°E
2343:2005MGeol.222...75S
2160:2021EGUGA..2312066B
1964:National Geographic
1635:Monticelli d'Ongina
1331:Strait of Gibraltar
1305:slipping under the
1295:Mediterranean Basin
1074:World Heritage Site
581:, primarily in the
454:45th parallel north
332:Basin features
250: /
171: /
2968:Waterways of Italy
2832:Historia Naturalis
2692:Taylor and Francis
2579:"Po Basin (Italy)"
2412:Recchia, Roberto.
2192:"Carta d'identità"
1928:Witenwasserenstock
1625:At the village of
1567:
1516:In 1907 under the
1507:Republic of Venice
1499:
1495:San Mauro Torinese
1395:Since then the Po
1347:Apennine Mountains
1185:Busa di Tramontana
1157:Parco Delta del Po
1084:, composed by the
1006:
613:is drained by the
259:44.95250; 12.43194
145:Crissolo, Piedmont
2858:978-88-31365-53-6
2759:978-90-5809-534-3
2315:978-0-231-13242-8
2290:978-0-300-10055-6
1725:Ligurian language
1639:Piacenza Province
1266:exiting close to
1206:divides into the
1175:divides into the
603:canton of Grisons
522:Leonardo da Vinci
510:through a net of
389:
388:
180:44.70139; 7.09306
16:(Redirected from
3050:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2900:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2694:. p. 1973.
2681:
2675:
2674:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2533:on 20 April 2009
2523:
2517:
2516:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:. Archived from
2418:Comune di Milano
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2371:on 1 August 2009
2361:
2355:
2354:
2333:. 222–223 (15).
2326:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2232:"Protected Area"
2228:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2198:on 23 April 2009
2188:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2036:Ancient Ligurian
2033:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1966:. Archived from
1955:
1871:municipalities (
1836:
1827:
1811:
1802:
1662:Cultural history
1518:Kingdom of Italy
1289:Geologic history
1189:Busa di Scirocco
1167:to the north at
635:
611:canton of Valais
583:canton of Ticino
427:
422:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
375:
347:
320:
310:
265:
264:
262:
261:
260:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
193:
186:
185:
183:
182:
181:
176:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
154:
140:
68:
49:
37:
21:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3038:Rivers of Italy
2948:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2919:on 21 June 2009
2911:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2882:
2878:
2876:Further reading
2873:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2450:. 5 August 2005
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2260:on 21 June 2009
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1957:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1923:Mont-Cenis Lake
1913:
1901:Greek mythology
1893:
1848:appears in the
1735:Pliny the Elder
1731:and elsewhere.
1664:
1647:
1623:
1591:
1487:
1444:benzoylecgonine
1426:
1421:
1291:
1220:
1098:
998:
996:Protected areas
993:
954:
731:The Po has 141
729:
665:
659:
625:
593:, and includes
570:
420:
414:
400:
396:
385:
373:
345:
318:
308:
272:
258:
256:
252:
249:
244:
241:
239:
237:
236:
233:
219:
191:
179:
177:
173:
170:
165:
162:
160:
158:
157:
152:
138:
71:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2929:
2907:
2906:External links
2904:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2857:
2837:
2823:
2811:
2796:
2784:
2765:
2758:
2740:
2714:
2700:
2676:
2669:
2651:
2644:
2632:Grimal, Pierre
2623:
2595:
2569:
2544:
2518:
2483:
2461:
2435:
2404:
2382:
2356:
2331:Marine Geology
2321:
2314:
2296:
2289:
2271:
2245:
2223:
2209:
2183:
2135:
2128:
2110:
2085:
2075:
2051:
2014:
1981:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1892:
1889:
1885:Duchy of Milan
1881:Lombard league
1861:northern Italy
1828:"foundation",
1741:of his times.
1670:and the early
1668:Roman Republic
1663:
1660:
1655:Climate change
1646:
1643:
1627:Isola Serafini
1622:
1619:
1590:
1587:
1571:European Union
1486:
1483:
1460:drainage basin
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1413:Eutrophication
1355:Alpine Orogeny
1307:Eurasian Plate
1290:
1287:
1240:Po di Ficarolo
1219:
1216:
1177:Po delle Tolle
1097:
1094:
1018:Emilia-Romagna
997:
994:
992:
989:
953:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
781:Stura di Lanzo
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
741:
728:
725:
673:Pianura Padana
661:Main article:
658:
655:
623:Vallée Étroite
607:Simplon Valley
589:rising in the
569:
566:
562:Cisalpine Gaul
538:Po delle Tolle
387:
386:
382:
381:
376:
370:
369:
348:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
314:
311:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
234:
231:
228:
227:
220:
217:
214:
213:
208:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
187:
155:
149:
148:
141:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
50:
42:
41:
27:River in Italy
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2934:
2930:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2896:9781786697387
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2773:Kuta, Sarah.
2769:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2703:
2701:9781439833865
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2670:9781134981649
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2645:0-299-08930-4
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:9788877076731
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:9782951718159
2072:
2069:. p. 4.
2068:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1583:flood-meadows
1580:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:in July 2012.
1496:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1419:Human impacts
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1379:transgression
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:African Plate
1300:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:Po di Primaro
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1212:Po di Venezia
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:Punta Maistra
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:Po della Pila
1178:
1174:
1173:Po di Venezia
1170:
1166:
1165:Po di Maestra
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1142:Po di Levante
1139:
1138:Volta Grimana
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Po di Venezia
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
986:
983:(276 km) and
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
740:
738:
734:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:sedimentation
698:
697:Italian Lakes
693:
692:hydroelectric
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
656:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
633:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Lake Maggiore
592:
591:Gotthard Area
588:
584:
580:
575:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Po della Pila
531:
530:Po di Maestra
527:
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
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2728:the Guardian
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2088:
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2054:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1963:
1917:Lunghin Pass
1894:
1853:Bodincomagus
1845:
1841:
1819:- "bottom",
1816:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1755:
1746:
1738:
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1716:
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1672:Roman Empire
1665:
1648:
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1592:
1568:
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1521:
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1500:
1473:through the
1464:
1441:
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1292:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1248:Po di Volano
1247:
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1227:
1221:
1218:Fossil delta
1211:
1207:
1203:
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1196:
1192:
1188:
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1176:
1172:
1164:
1161:Po di Gnocca
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:Taglio di Po
1148:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1134:Taglio di Po
1129:
1121:
1117:
1099:
1096:Active delta
1090:biodiversity
1085:
1081:
1021:
1007:
970:
955:
775:Dora Riparia
730:
709:flash floods
685:
676:
672:
666:
642:Bardonecchia
571:
545:
542:Po di Gnocca
541:
537:
533:
529:
515:
489:
466:
458:Adriatic Sea
430:Cottian Alps
392:
390:
211:Adriatic Sea
2476:24 February
2428:7 September
2003:. AquaMoney
1865:Middle Ages
1581:, increase
1375:Pleistocene
1335:equilibrium
1317:Epoch, the
1275:Via Aemilia
1256:Padus Vetus
1193:Busa Dritta
1169:Porto Tolle
1024:, to which
966:Alessandria
799:Dora Baltea
733:tributaries
727:Tributaries
705:flood plain
638:Mont Thabor
626: [
599:Lake Lugano
579:Switzerland
485:embankments
351:Dora Baltea
337:Tributaries
257: /
178: /
2958:Po (river)
2952:Categories
2821:, III.115.
2617:2022-07-14
1935:References
1869:Ghibelline
1850:place name
1837:"bottom",
1803:- seen in
1800:bhu(n)d(h)
1783:Hist. Nat.
1768:Baltic Sea
1589:Navigation
1493:The Po in
1471:Villasanta
1401:prograding
1311:Tethys Sea
1208:Po di Goro
1126:Porto Viro
987:(248 km).
979:(280 km),
975:(313 km),
737:downstream
721:irrigation
677:Val Padana
650:Mont Cenis
546:Po di Goro
438:headwaters
288:Basin size
245:12°25′55″E
132:Monte Viso
51:The Po in
2819:Histories
2792:Histories
2499:: 18–27.
2337:: 75–94.
2178:235565127
1891:Mythology
1839:Old Irish
1764:Pausanias
1743:Herodotus
1721:Bod-incus
1717:Bod-encus
1680:Etruscans
1551:Po Valley
1467:oil spill
1454:users in
1424:Pollution
1399:had been
1319:Messinian
1260:Comacchio
1195:, enters
1118:Po grande
1110:Comacchio
1066:Alfonsine
1046:Ostellato
1038:Comacchio
671:(Italian
669:Po Valley
663:Po Valley
657:Po Valley
568:Geography
558:Po Valley
550:Comacchio
471:(several
469:discharge
300:Discharge
242:44°57′9″N
163:44°42′5″N
2963:Po basin
2939:14 April
2864:26 April
2794:, II.16.
2634:(1983).
2527:"L'Ente"
2513:22030380
2448:BBC News
2335:Elsevier
2264:15 April
2238:14 April
2202:14 April
2103:15 March
2047:Bodencus
2041:Bodincus
2031:Ēridanus
1911:See also
1897:Eridanos
1857:Ligurian
1846:Bodincus
1805:Sanskrit
1787:Bodincus
1776:Pannonia
1760:Phaëthon
1747:Eridanos
1710:Bodencus
1705:Eridanos
1696:Polybius
1615:Adriatic
1409:aquifers
1386:Piacenza
1370:Adriatic
1366:Pliocene
1339:Adriatic
1333:and the
1283:Piacenza
1244:Fiume Po
1232:Ficarolo
1228:Fiume Po
1210:and the
1204:Fiume Po
1106:Chioggia
1104:between
1102:Adriatic
1058:Codigoro
991:Po Delta
925:Crostolo
853:Staffora
520:, which
512:channels
496:Piacenza
421:Italian:
166:7°5′35″E
109:Piacenza
89:Po Basin
76:Location
57:Piedmont
18:Po River
2923:6 April
2733:18 June
2707:18 June
2454:6 April
2397:6 April
2375:6 April
2339:Bibcode
2156:Bibcode
2007:6 April
1974:6 April
1873:Cremona
1825:pythmen
1814:Avestan
1809:budhnah
1781:Pliny (
1729:Corsica
1676:Ligures
1651:Ferrara
1645:Drought
1629:in the
1611:Cremona
1609:) from
1539:Bolzano
1452:cocaine
1351:orogeny
1325:), the
1315:Miocene
1268:Ravenna
1236:Ravenna
1224:Ferrara
1062:Ravenna
1042:Argenta
1030:Ravenna
1026:Ferrara
1010:regions
943:Secchia
883:Trebbia
835:Scrivia
817:Rotaldo
769:Sangone
763:Chisola
751:Varaita
745:Pellice
713:cereals
621:in the
615:Diveria
609:in the
574:montane
517:navigli
514:called
504:Ferrara
500:Cremona
450:Monviso
226:, Italy
147:, Italy
113:Ferrara
105:Cremona
81:Country
2893:
2855:
2756:
2698:
2667:
2642:
2588:6 June
2562:6 June
2537:5 June
2511:
2312:
2287:
2176:
2126:
2073:
2067:UNESCO
1834:fundus
1797:base *
1772:Veneti
1688:Veneti
1631:comune
1603:tonnes
1579:levees
1535:Trento
1531:Mantua
1527:Veneto
1511:Veneto
1477:, the
1475:Lambro
1448:passed
1405:Venice
1343:canyon
1279:Rimini
1252:Volano
1242:. The
1226:. The
1147:Below
1114:Venice
1086:comuni
1078:UNESCO
1070:Cervia
1068:, and
1054:Mesola
1034:comuni
1014:Veneto
985:Ticino
981:Tanaro
962:Tanaro
949:Panaro
937:Mincio
877:Lambro
871:Tidone
859:Ticino
847:Curone
841:Agogna
829:Tanaro
787:Malone
619:France
587:Ticino
556:. The
462:Venice
446:Val Po
442:spring
379:Tanaro
367:Mincio
355:Ticino
340:
303:
280:Length
128:Source
97:Cities
2582:(PDF)
2556:(PDF)
2174:S2CID
2026:Padus
2022:Latin
2001:(PDF)
1877:Pavia
1830:Latin
1821:Greek
1756:Padus
1751:amber
1739:Padus
1700:Pados
1692:Umbri
1684:Celts
1605:—the
1599:Turin
1595:Roman
1573:(EU)
1555:Parma
1456:urine
1430:Turin
1397:delta
1321:(7–5
1299:Earth
977:Oglio
931:Oglio
913:Parma
865:Versa
811:Sesia
757:Maira
688:Turin
634:]
526:delta
508:Milan
492:Turin
477:Rhône
460:near
434:Maira
363:Oglio
222:Near
206:Mouth
143:Near
101:Turin
53:Turin
2941:2009
2925:2009
2891:ISBN
2866:2023
2853:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2735:2022
2709:2022
2696:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2640:ISBN
2590:2009
2564:2009
2539:2009
2509:PMID
2478:2010
2456:2009
2430:2015
2399:2009
2377:2009
2310:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2266:2009
2240:2009
2204:2009
2124:ISBN
2105:2022
2071:ISBN
2009:2009
1976:2009
1875:and
1855:, a
1842:bond
1817:buna
1812:and
1791:bod-
1621:Dams
1541:and
1359:Alps
1293:The
1281:and
1151:the
1108:and
1050:Goro
1028:and
1016:and
973:Adda
958:Reno
956:The
919:Enza
907:Taro
901:Arda
895:Adda
889:Nure
793:Orco
717:rice
597:and
554:eels
544:and
502:and
481:Nile
479:and
391:The
359:Adda
2501:doi
2347:doi
2164:doi
2044:or
2028:or
1795:PIE
1719:or
1633:of
1593:In
1450:by
1323:mya
1120:or
1076:by
951:(R)
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