2085:
569:
476:
409:
606:) is left bleached and ash-grey in colour, while the B horizon becomes enriched with relocated organo-mineral complexes. The colour of B horizon is consequently red, brown or black, depending on the dominance of metal ions or organic matter. Usually, the boundary between the B and eluvial Ae (or E) horizon is very distinct, and sometimes a
45:
670:
The definitions in different soil classification systems are quite different. Especially soils that show pronounced other soil-forming processes in addition to podzolization are handled in different ways. The following correlations refer to soils, which have undergone advanced podzolization but lack
363:
than the horizons above and below it, goes over into a red or red-brown horizon (so-called
Podzolic B). The colour is strongest in the upper part, and change at a depth of 50 to 100 centimetres (20 to 40 in) progressively to the part of the soil that is mainly not affected by processes; that is
613:
There are several reasons why these organo-mineral complexes immobilize in the B horizon: If during the eluviation process more Al- or Fe-ions bind to the organic compounds, the complex can flocculate as the solubility of it decreases with increasing metal to carbon ratio. Apart from that, a higher
542:
of organic matter is inhibited and as a result, acidic organic surface (mor) layers build up. Under these typically acidic conditions, nutrient deficiency further hampers the microbial degradation of organic complexing agents. Medium to coarse textured soils with base-poor
338:
The E horizon (or Ae in
Canadian soil classification system), which is usually 4 to 8 centimetres (1.6 to 3.1 in) thick, is low in Fe and Al oxides and humus. It is formed under moist, cool and acidic conditions, especially where the parent material, such as
634:
The relocated substances can sometimes separate in the illuvial horizons. Then, organic substances are mostly enriched in the uppermost part of the illuvial horizon, whereas Fe- and Al-oxides are mostly found in the lower parts of the illuvial horizon.
306:
Podzols can occur on almost any parent material but generally derive from either quartz-rich sands and sandstone or sedimentary debris from magmatic rocks, provided there is high precipitation. Most
Podzols are poor soils for
630:
can act as a filter, as they adsorb the traveling complexes from the upper soil horizons. A decreased water conductivity due to higher clay content can also result in the early flocculation of organo-mineral complexes.
387:
In some
Podzols, the E horizon is absent—either masked by biological activity or obliterated by disturbance. Podzols with little or no E horizon development are often classified as brown Podzolic soils, also called
359:, which is usually 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) thick. In the middle, there is often a thin horizon of 0.5 to 1 centimetre (0.2 to 0.4 in). The bleached soil horizon, which always has a higher
315:. Some are sandy and excessively drained. Others have shallow rooting zones and poor drainage due to subsoil cementation. A low pH further compounds issues, along with phosphate deficiencies and aluminum
49:
The picture is of a stagnic podzol in upland Wales, and shows the typical sequence of organic topsoil with leached grey-white subsoil with iron-rich horizon below. This example has two weak
479:
A Podzol with a characteristic eluvial (bleached, ash-colored) horizon and intensely coloured illuvial horizons. The photo was taken in the
Feldberg area, Southern Black Forest, Germany.
1206:
937:
223:
in southern
Australia. In Western Europe, podzols develop on heathland, which is often a construct of human interference through grazing and burning. In some British
811:О подзоле Смоленской губернии // Труды Санкт-Петербургского общества естествоиспытателей. 1875. T. 6. Отд. минерал. и геол. Протоколы. С. XXI—XXII.
1519:
1415:
1396:
680:
413:
74:
62:
1796:
711:
603:
871:
Gerding, Victor; Thiers, Oscar (2002), "Characterization of soils of
Nothofagus betuloides (Mirb) Blume forests, in Tierra del Fuego, Chile",
1383:
835:
To the problem of the degree of podzolization of soils // Studies in the genesis and geography of soils. M.: Acad. Sci. USSR, 1935. P. 55-70.
622:
can result in the breakdown of metal-humus complexes. In the lower soil layers, the organic complexing agents can be degraded by functioning
610:(or Ortstein) can form, as the relocated Fe and Al and organic matter increase mineral particles, cementing them into this compacted layer.
1338:
1052:
Sanborn, Paul; Lamontagne, Luc; Hendershot, William (2011-01-01). "Podzolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification".
1502:
873:
1780:
1309:
1785:
971:
913:
1434:
1790:
1250:
1801:
1279:
724:
1202:
506:) and are moved from the upper parts of the soil profile and deposit in the deeper parts of soil. Through this process, the
1821:
128:
1806:
438:
Podzols cover about 4,850,000 square kilometres (1,870,000 sq mi) worldwide and are usually found under
116:
1816:
1811:
1774:
1495:
510:
horizon becomes bleached and of ash-grey colour. The complexes move with percolating water further down to
2112:
2088:
1400:
459:
1419:
1942:
1143:
1096:
1013:
451:
360:
1378:
W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 3.3.3.
514:
horizons which are commonly coloured brown, red or black as they accumulate and consist of cemented
1511:
823:О подзоле // Труды Императорского Вольного экономического общества. 1880. T. 1. Вып. 2. С. 142—150.
491:
447:
2062:
1695:
1488:
1300:
Canadian
Agricultural Services Coordinating Committee. Soil Classification Working Group (1998).
966:. Schachtschabel, Paul; Blume, Hans-Peter (16. Aufl ed.). Heidelberg: Spektrum, Akad. Verl.
931:
694:
66:
1178:
1334:
1004:
Lundström, U.S; Van
Breemen, N.; Bain, D. (2000-02-01). "The podzolization process. A review".
2107:
1977:
1379:
1315:
1305:
1159:
1112:
1069:
1029:
977:
967:
919:
909:
791:
534:
vegetation and is common in cool and humid climates as these climates inhibit the activity of
328:
120:
1982:
1474:
1151:
1104:
1087:
Buurman, P.; Jongmans, A.G. (2005-03-01). "Podzolisation and soil organic matter dynamics".
1061:
1021:
882:
518:
and/or organic compounds. The podzolization is a typical soil formation process in
Podzols.
464:
352:
287:
244:
1132:"Can Fe isotope fractionations trace the pedogenetic mechanisms involved in podzolization?"
2047:
2032:
1892:
544:
381:
124:
563:
Mobilization and translocation of organic matter, Fe and Al from the surface horizon, and
1147:
1100:
1017:
2022:
1967:
1463:
487:
1452:
1438:
1025:
2101:
2067:
1952:
623:
539:
535:
356:
98:
887:
2052:
1997:
1242:
1155:
1130:
Fekiacova, Z.; Vermeire, M.L.; Bechon, L.; Cornelis, J.T.; Cornu, S. (2017-06-15).
1108:
619:
583:
579:
365:
184:
85:
1271:
559:
The soil-forming process of podzolization can be broken down into two main steps:
502:, released through weathering of various minerals, form organo-mineral complexes (
684:(WRB) and in many national soil classification systems (in some of them, spelled
2057:
2037:
1957:
1937:
1917:
1907:
1902:
515:
511:
439:
396:
373:
308:
170:
566:
Immobilization and stabilization of organic matter, Fe and Al into the subsoil.
475:
2042:
1992:
1947:
1932:
1897:
1867:
1733:
1640:
1605:
1580:
655:
651:
586:) together with Al- and Fe-ions, form organo-mineral complexes. These soluble
332:
232:
1163:
1116:
1073:
1033:
981:
923:
2027:
1972:
1912:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1595:
1565:
1545:
1335:"Australian Soil Classification, second edition (as Online Interactive Key)"
1319:
753:
647:
627:
599:
595:
591:
587:
568:
503:
499:
344:
162:
1458:
1131:
795:
2012:
1927:
1882:
1758:
1738:
1728:
1713:
1685:
1680:
1665:
1635:
1630:
1610:
1600:
1585:
1570:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1468:
390:
316:
312:
228:
224:
216:
551:) also promote podzolization, as they encourage percolating water flow.
17:
1962:
1922:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1753:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1655:
1650:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1590:
1575:
1540:
1535:
1530:
607:
507:
408:
377:
369:
340:
320:
295:
286:), meaning "under-ashed soil". The term was first given in mid-1875 by
208:
50:
1480:
1065:
2072:
2007:
1743:
639:
548:
527:
442:
woody vegetation. By extent Podzols are most common in temperate and
348:
291:
1333:
R.F. Isbell and the National Committee on Soil and Terrain (2016).
311:
due to the sandy portion, resulting in a low level of moisture and
1987:
790:. Oxford Forestry Memoirs. Vol. 23. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
567:
531:
474:
443:
407:
294:
peasants of plowing up an apparent under-layer of ash (leached or
220:
212:
144:
44:
2017:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
659:
643:
495:
324:
204:
158:
1484:
1227:
Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2001).
2002:
638:
Podzolization also promotes the relocation of some nutrients (
578:
In the topsoil of acidic soils, organic matter (mostly from
450:
but they can also be found in other settings including both
1362:
Sistema Brasileira de Classificação de Solos, quinta edição
615:
602:. As a result of this, the E horizon (or Ae horizon in the
1179:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition"
538:
in the topsoil. Overall, podzolization happens where the
298:) during first plowing of a virgin soil of that type.
788:
The Development of British Heathlands and Their Soils
280:
266:
253:
1464:
http://edafologia.ugr.es/revista/tomo9b/a107text.pdf
1360:
dos Santos, Humberto Gonçalves; et al. (2018).
1830:
1767:
1694:
1518:
134:
112:
104:
94:
84:
73:
58:
32:
243:Podzol means "under-ash" and is derived from the
1184:. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna
590:then relocate with percolating water from the
412:Distribution of Podzol soils according to the
319:. The best agricultural use of Podzols is for
1496:
658:) that sometimes brings them closer to plant
273:
259:
247:
27:Typical soils of coniferous or boreal forests
8:
1304:(3rd ed.). Ottawa: NRC Research Press.
936:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
906:A dictionary of environment and conservation
421: Dominant (more than 50% of soil cover)
1503:
1489:
1481:
1302:The Canadian system of soil classification
327:types can be very productive for crops if
29:
886:
1459:http://classification.soilweb.ca/podzol/
671:prominent other soil-forming processes.
666:In different soil classification systems
290:. It refers to the common experience of
1418:. University of Florida. Archived from
765:
681:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
626:. Already established complexes in the
457:In South America Podzols occur beneath
414:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
1797:Canadian system of soil classification
929:
712:Canadian system of soil classification
604:Canadian system of soil classification
38:Podsol, Podosol, Spodosol, Espodossolo
1437:. University of Idaho. Archived from
1341:from the original on 29 February 2016
1047:
1045:
1043:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
715:matches Podzols with soils under the
157:common, is ashen grey and leached in
7:
1475:profile photos (with classification)
1469:profile photos (with classification)
908:. Allaby, Michael (3rd ed.). .
899:
897:
737:Brazilian Soil Classification System
618:(or higher Ca content) in the lower
1231:. Science Press, Beijing, New York.
874:Revista chilena de historia natural
526:Podzolization usually occurs under
169:always, receives Fe and Al through
147:organic matter mixed with minerals
1781:Unified Soil Classification System
25:
1786:AASHTO Soil Classification System
368:are designated by the letters A (
2084:
2083:
1054:Canadian Journal of Soil Science
719:order (e.g. Humo-Ferric Podzol).
486:(or Podsolization) is a complex
43:
1282:from the original on 2018-04-22
1253:from the original on 2018-03-30
1209:from the original on 2018-11-28
1177:IUSS Working Group WRB (2022).
888:10.4067/S0716-078X2002000400015
351:. It is found under a layer of
108:quartz rich debris and sediment
1802:Australian Soil Classification
1793:(French classification system)
1156:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.02.020
1109:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.07.006
772:Podzols by Otto Spaargaren in
725:Australian Soil Classification
215:and also the typical soils of
1:
1026:10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00036-1
152:absent in most boreal podzols
1272:"Podzolic - Soils of Canada"
1203:"Keys to Soil Taxonomy 2014"
859:Encyclopedia of Soil Science
846:Encyclopedia of soil science
844:Chesworth, W. (Eds.), 2008.
774:Encyclopedia of Soil Science
1822:List of vineyard soil types
1399:. USDA-NRCS. Archived from
857:Spaargaren, Otto. Podzols.
490:process by which dissolved
281:
267:
254:
2129:
1807:Polish Soil Classification
2081:
1831:Non-systematic soil types
427: Codominant (25-50%)
364:the parent material. The
274:
260:
248:
42:
37:
1817:List of U.S. state soils
962:Scheffer, Fritz (2018).
433: Associated (5-25%)
323:, although well-drained
1812:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1791:Référentiel pédologique
1775:FAO soil classification
964:Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde
404:Geographic distribution
582:, the humus layer and
573:
480:
435:
1422:on September 18, 2004
1229:Chinese Soil Taxonomy
786:Dimbleby, GW (1962).
700:Chinese soil taxonomy
571:
478:
460:Nothofagus betuloides
452:temperate rainforests
411:
227:with podzolic soils,
1943:Calcareous grassland
1520:World Reference Base
1364:. Embrapa, Brasilia.
1276:www.soilsofcanada.ca
454:and tropical areas.
272:); the full form is
231:are preserved under
1512:Soil classification
1477:IUSS World of Soils
1148:2017Geode.296...38F
1101:2005Geode.125...71B
1018:2000Geode..94...91L
448:Northern Hemisphere
282:podzolistaya pochva
275:подзо́листая по́чва
1696:USDA soil taxonomy
1522:for Soil Resources
1453:The Podzolic Order
848:, The Netherlands.
695:USDA soil taxonomy
574:
481:
436:
355:in the process of
203:, are the typical
67:USDA soil taxonomy
2095:
2094:
1384:978-3-540-30460-9
1066:10.4141/cjss10024
904:C., Park, Chris.
702:call these soils
547:(usually rich in
181:
180:
117:humid continental
16:(Redirected from
2120:
2087:
2086:
1983:Hydrophobic soil
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1001:
986:
985:
959:
942:
941:
935:
927:
901:
892:
891:
890:
868:
862:
855:
849:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
799:
783:
777:
770:
465:Tierra del Fuego
432:
426:
420:
416:classification:
353:organic material
288:Vasily Dokuchaev
284:
277:
276:
270:
263:
262:
257:
251:
250:
191:, also known as
47:
30:
21:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2077:
2048:Subaqueous soil
2033:Serpentine soil
1893:Parent material
1826:
1763:
1690:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1375:
1373:Further reading
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1012:(2–4): 91–107.
1003:
1002:
989:
974:
961:
960:
945:
928:
916:
903:
902:
895:
870:
869:
865:
856:
852:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
807:
803:
785:
784:
780:
771:
767:
762:
750:
678:is used in the
668:
572:Podzol A layers
557:
545:parent material
524:
473:
434:
430:
428:
424:
422:
418:
406:
382:parent material
304:
302:Characteristics
241:
173:
165:
153:
148:
139:
105:Parent material
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Prime farmland
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:Fuller's earth
1975:
1970:
1968:Expansive clay
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1431:
1412:
1391:
1390:External links
1388:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1352:
1325:
1311:978-0585119052
1310:
1292:
1263:
1234:
1219:
1194:
1169:
1122:
1095:(1–2): 71–83.
1079:
1060:(5): 843–880.
1039:
987:
972:
943:
914:
893:
881:(4): 819–833,
877:(in Spanish),
863:
861:, pp. 580–581.
850:
837:
825:
821:Докучаев В. В.
813:
809:Докучаев В. В.
801:
778:
764:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
749:
746:
745:
744:
733:
728:uses the term
720:
707:
667:
664:
624:microorganisms
576:
575:
564:
556:
553:
523:
520:
492:organic matter
488:soil formation
472:
469:
440:sclerophyllous
429:
423:
417:
405:
402:
303:
300:
240:
237:
213:boreal forests
179:
178:
132:
131:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
78:
71:
70:
60:
56:
55:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2125:
2114:
2113:Types of soil
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2090:
2089:Types of soil
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Tropical peat
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Dry quicksand
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:Other systems
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1441:on 2006-03-27
1440:
1436:
1432:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1403:on 2006-05-09
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
973:9783827414441
969:
965:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
944:
939:
933:
925:
921:
917:
915:9780191826320
911:
907:
900:
898:
894:
889:
884:
880:
876:
875:
867:
864:
860:
854:
851:
847:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
822:
817:
814:
810:
805:
802:
797:
793:
789:
782:
779:
776:, pp. 580-582
775:
769:
766:
759:
755:
752:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
726:
721:
718:
714:
713:
708:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
689:
687:
683:
682:
677:
672:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
632:
629:
625:
621:
620:soil horizons
617:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:root exudates
581:
570:
565:
562:
561:
560:
554:
552:
550:
546:
541:
540:decomposition
537:
536:soil microbes
533:
529:
522:Preconditions
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Podzolization
477:
471:Podzolization
470:
468:
466:
462:
461:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
415:
410:
403:
401:
399:
398:
393:
392:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:soil profiles
362:
358:
357:decomposition
354:
350:
347:, is rich in
346:
342:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
301:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
283:
271:
269:
256:
246:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
146:
142:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
99:podzolization
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
52:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1998:Martian soil
1748:
1645:
1471:WRB homepage
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1405:. Retrieved
1401:the original
1361:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1328:
1301:
1295:
1284:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1255:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1197:
1186:. Retrieved
1172:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1057:
1053:
1009:
1005:
963:
905:
878:
872:
866:
858:
853:
845:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
787:
781:
773:
768:
741:Espodossolos
740:
736:
729:
723:
716:
710:
703:
699:
693:
685:
679:
675:
673:
669:
637:
633:
612:
580:plant litter
577:
558:
525:
516:sesquioxides
494:and ions of
483:
482:
458:
456:
444:boreal zones
437:
395:
389:
386:
337:
305:
279:
265:
242:
219:forests and
201:espodossolos
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:soil science
182:
174:
166:
154:
149:
143:always, has
140:
135:
2063:Terra rossa
2058:Terra preta
2038:Spodic soil
1958:Duplex soil
1938:Brown earth
1918:Alkali soil
1908:Rhizosphere
1903:Laimosphere
1777:(1974–1998)
1734:Inceptisols
1641:Plinthosols
1606:Kastanozems
1435:"Spodosols"
1416:"Spodosols"
1397:"Spodosols"
1345:11 February
1247:geo.msu.edu
1243:"Spodosols"
739:calls them
463:forests in
309:agriculture
171:illuviation
95:Key process
2102:Categories
2043:Stagnogley
1993:Lunar soil
1948:Dark earth
1933:Brickearth
1898:Pedosphere
1868:Soil crust
1676:Technosols
1661:Solonchaks
1581:Ferralsols
1546:Anthrosols
1445:2006-05-14
1426:2006-05-14
1407:2006-05-14
1286:2018-05-07
1257:2018-05-04
1213:2018-11-27
1188:2023-08-18
833:Rode A. A.
760:References
512:illuviated
376:soil), B (
335:are used.
333:fertilizer
233:Bronze Age
221:heathlands
209:coniferous
129:equatorial
90:O(Ah)EBhsC
2028:Quicksand
1973:Fill dirt
1913:Bulk soil
1759:Vertisols
1749:Spodosols
1739:Mollisols
1729:Histosols
1714:Aridisols
1686:Vertisols
1681:Umbrisols
1671:Stagnosol
1636:Planosols
1631:Phaeozems
1611:Leptosols
1596:Gypsisols
1586:Fluvisols
1566:Chernozem
1561:Cambisols
1556:Calcisols
1551:Arenosols
1337:. CSIRO.
1164:0016-7061
1142:: 38–46.
1117:0016-7061
1074:0008-4271
1034:0016-7061
982:506415938
932:cite book
924:970401188
754:Soil type
704:Spodosols
674:The term
628:B horizon
600:B horizon
598:) to the
596:E horizon
555:Key steps
500:aluminium
391:Umbrisols
380:) and C (
374:eluviated
345:sandstone
313:nutrients
296:E horizon
235:barrows.
229:cambisols
225:moorlands
197:spodosols
121:subarctic
2108:Pedology
2013:Paleosol
1928:Blue goo
1883:Gypcrust
1754:Ultisols
1724:Gelisols
1719:Entisols
1709:Andisols
1704:Alfisols
1666:Solonetz
1656:Retisols
1651:Regosols
1626:Nitisols
1621:Luvisols
1616:Lixisols
1601:Histosol
1591:Gleysols
1576:Durisols
1571:Cryosols
1541:Andosols
1531:Acrisols
1339:Archived
1320:44961488
1280:Archived
1251:Archived
1207:Archived
1136:Geoderma
1089:Geoderma
1006:Geoderma
748:See also
730:Podosols
717:Podzolic
698:and the
588:chelates
504:chelates
397:Umbrepts
317:toxicity
217:eucalypt
193:podosols
145:humified
69:, others
51:ironpans
18:Podzolic
1963:Eluvium
1923:Bay mud
1888:Caliche
1878:Hardpan
1873:Claypan
1863:Subsoil
1858:Topsoil
1744:Oxisols
1646:Podzols
1536:Alisols
1524:(1998–)
1457:Podzol
1144:Bibcode
1097:Bibcode
1014:Bibcode
796:3814746
686:Podsols
676:Podzols
608:hardpan
508:eluvial
446:of the
378:subsoil
370:topsoil
341:granite
321:grazing
292:Russian
245:Russian
189:podzols
138:common
125:oceanic
113:Climate
86:Profile
59:Used in
2073:Yedoma
2008:Muskeg
1382:
1318:
1308:
1162:
1115:
1072:
1032:
980:
970:
922:
912:
794:
549:quartz
528:forest
431:
425:
419:
372:), E (
349:quartz
177:common
33:Podzol
2053:Takir
1988:Loess
1182:(PDF)
660:roots
532:heath
361:value
325:loamy
261:зола́
205:soils
199:, or
2018:Peat
1853:Loam
1848:Clay
1843:Silt
1838:Sand
1380:ISBN
1347:2016
1316:OCLC
1306:ISBN
1160:ISSN
1113:ISSN
1070:ISSN
1030:ISSN
978:OCLC
968:ISBN
938:link
920:OCLC
910:ISBN
792:OCLC
735:The
722:The
709:The
692:The
654:and
594:(or
498:and
496:iron
331:and
329:lime
268:zola
258:) +
239:Term
161:and
77:code
2003:Mud
1152:doi
1140:296
1105:doi
1093:125
1062:doi
1022:doi
883:doi
688:).
530:or
394:or
384:).
343:or
255:pod
249:под
211:or
207:of
183:In
75:WRB
63:WRB
2104::
1314:.
1278:.
1274:.
1249:.
1245:.
1205:.
1158:.
1150:.
1138:.
1134:.
1111:.
1103:.
1091:.
1068:.
1058:91
1056:.
1042:^
1028:.
1020:.
1010:94
1008:.
990:^
976:.
946:^
934:}}
930:{{
918:.
896:^
879:75
662:.
652:Mo
650:,
648:Mn
646:,
644:Fe
642:,
640:Cu
616:pH
467:.
400:.
195:,
187:,
175:C:
167:B:
163:Al
159:Fe
155:E:
150:A:
141:O:
136:H:
127:,
123:,
119:,
80:PZ
65:,
1504:e
1497:t
1490:v
1448:.
1429:.
1410:.
1349:.
1322:.
1289:.
1260:.
1216:.
1191:.
1166:.
1154::
1146::
1119:.
1107::
1099::
1076:.
1064::
1036:.
1024::
1016::
984:.
940:)
926:.
885::
798:.
743:.
732:.
706:.
656:P
592:A
278:(
264:(
252:(
53:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
