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Once, each village had a poffer maker with their own distinct tradition, and the poffer maker would in detail consult the client how the design would look like and which fabrics would be used. A poffer took approximately sixty hours to make. Poffer makers were divided into three grades. In the lowest
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the mourning poffer could be all black or it was black and white, but these non-white poffers are rare exceptions. Generally a mourning poffer would be entirely white but without any or with only flower decorations. If the deceased was a more distant relative, an all white "half" mourning poffer with
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The poffer was worn by those who could afford one: the wives of middle-class men, richer farmers, officials and professionals, such as a mayor or doctor. The size and elegance of a woman's poffer reflected her husband's wealth. Men aspired to see their wives noticed in an elaborate poffer. Sometimes,
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The poffer was decorated with artificial flowers or fruits in pastel shades or brighter colors depending on the town's tradition. One could recognize the hometown of the wearer by its appearance and the age of the wearer by the decoration on the poffer. Flowers were for brides and younger married
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the shade of the day to day dress was also dark or black (also for weddings and other celebrations clothing was entirely black). Women in those areas therefore indicated their mourning state by wearing a special type of poffer: there would be no lace trim and no beads and few flowers. In a few
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In the first half of the 20th century, the poffer fell out of favour, largely because of its impracticality, especially when riding a bicycle. There was also a lack of fabric in the area during the second world war period. The wearing of the poffer continued until the 1950s but only on special
370:. These were headdresses of a single black piece of fabric, adorned with two or four black ribbons and black artificial flowers. In Veghel they were known to also have little black glass bells that would ring if they walked. These black bonnets were worn after a girl's first
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The poffer varied regionally in size, shape, colour and decoration. Women preferred the type of poffer from their home town. Even if a woman lived in another village afters married, she usually would still order her poffer from the poffer maker in her home village or town.
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For washing, starching, ironing and reassembling a poffer, a poffer maker received 9 cents. The price of an ordinary poffer was 35 guilders. A mourning poffer cost 15 guilders. A chic poffer with handmade lace and a new under hat cost approximately 100
189:) of about 12 cm wide and 60 cm long which hung over the shoulders and the back. The breadth and quality of the ribbons indicated the wealth of the wearer. The details of the poffer varied from one area to another.
63:, in North Brabant and Limburg there was never any distinctive folkloric costume worn by either men or women, making the poffer the only folkloric garment in this part of the Netherlands.
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hat was worn. Then, the poffer was worn as an over-bonnet, either pinned to the hat at the front and or tied beneath the chin. To keep the soft fabric of the poffer in shape, starch with
417:. The price depended on the amount of lace and the number of floral motifs. A special poffer could cost as much as 500 guilders. Usually, a farmer's wife had two or three poffers.
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around 1860, the region's economy improved. This new wealth was reflected by an increase in the size of the poffer, which was at its largest size between about 1915 and 1920.
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and white wax was used. The hat and poffer were detached for cleaning and washed in soft soap and then laid, still wet, on the grass to be bleached by the sun.
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First, a black cap was worn to smooth the form and strengthen the shape of the head. This hat was worn at home when the woman was around an open fire. Next, a
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Poffers for babies and young children were not made. Until a girl was 10 years of age she'd wear a tight woolen cap. Even so, a baby or young girl's
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grade were women who cleaned, repaired and washed the poffers. The middle grade consisted of those who made new poffers. The
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designed the poffers and made high end articles. Poffer makers were often unmarried ladies with a physical impairment.
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55:. The poffer was worn only by married women. It was fashionable between the 1860s and the 1920s. In contrast to
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Prior to 1900, the
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The best known visual art representation of the poffer is likely the 1885 portrait of a woman by
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but was originally a braid with ribbons and flowers. The poffer is not to be confused with the
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museums have special collections, for example, the Museum van
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Unmarried women did not wear a poffer. However, they did wear a black bonnet called a
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all white flower decorations but without beads and never with lace was worn.
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and attending church during which it was replaced by more modern style hats.
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women. Older women decorated their poffer with silk apples, pears and buds.
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487:. Vincent van Gogh made several woman portraits with poffers during his
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could be decorated with gauze flowers and had ribbons for securing.
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museums have a number of poffers in their collections, and some
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185:(or artificial fruit in case of older women) and four ribbons (
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565:"Food, drink and celebrations of the Hudson Valley Dutch."
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Poffer or
Brabantian Headdress, worn by woman in Beek (
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The poffer had many different local names including:
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280:. To the north, poffers were worn in southern
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654:"Museumgids Rembrandt, Vermeer, Van Gogh."
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39:is a traditional female folk headdress of
678:Vrouwen met traditionele Brabantse poffer
575:, 9781596295957. Accessed 18 March 2014.
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256:The type of head garment was found in
2588:History of clothing (Western fashion)
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295:The biggest poffer was worn in the
137:the poffer was mockingly called a "
59:and the more northern parts of the
598:"The complete costume dictionary."
14:
680:Images of women wearing a poffer.
644:Trouw.nl website 11 January 1996.
173:and white, gold, silver or glass
16:Traditional female folk headdress
642:"Eigen Brabants betaalmiddel."
249:(three-touronettes hat); and,
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1503:Traditional Albanian clothing
443:(peasant wedding) during the
307:, a pleated poffer was worn.
374:at about the age of twelve.
169:trim. It was decorated with
600:Scarecrow Press, 2011 p233
567:The History Press 2009 p67
181:. It was also adorned with
95:is a term derived from the
45:Meierij of 's-Hertogenbosch
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2211:National costume of Europe
630:"Brabantse mutsen museum."
521:"De muts en de Poffer."
161:The poffer was a white
87:the poffer is called a
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554:Deurnewiki.nl website.
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382:Traditionally, in the
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23:Woman wearing a poffer
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43:, most famous of the
35:(Limburg dialect) or
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2082:Mexican pointy boots
276:border to just past
67:Etymology and origin
37:North Brabantian hat
2475:States with limited
2037:Inuit skin clothing
632:Sintoedenrode blog.
197:Regional variations
2578:History of fashion
1922:Nationella drÀkten
1864:Sombrero de catite
1637:Scottish highlands
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323:Wearing the poffer
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284:, for example, in
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229:(children's hat);
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2351:Liechtenstein
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2125:Feather cloak
2123:
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2030:North America
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2015:
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1947:South America
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1603:British Isles
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715:Folk costumes
709:
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535:Vught Museum.
534:
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494:
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449:North Brabant
446:
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438:
434:
430:
427:
420:
418:
416:
410:
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400:Poffer makers
399:
397:
394:
389:
385:
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365:
360:
358:
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348:
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308:
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305:North Brabant
302:
301:North Brabant
298:
293:
291:
290:Bommelerwaard
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:North Brabant
254:
253:(daily hat).
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:(from little
212:
208:
203:
196:
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156:
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66:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:North Brabant
38:
34:
30:
21:
2504:Transnistria
2102:Quechquemitl
2052:Western wear
1927:BÀckadrÀkten
1895:Scandinavian
1859:Cordovan hat
1813:
1810:Netherlands
1417:Tallit katan
1334:Ăo giao lÄ©nh
1262:Chong kraben
649:
637:
625:
613:
592:
580:
559:
528:
474:
452:
440:
429:ethnological
424:
421:Conservation
411:
406:
403:
381:
367:
364:capotehoedje
363:
361:
354:
326:
316:Beek en Donk
294:
255:
250:
246:
243:Eindhovenian
238:
230:
226:
218:
210:
207:klein mutsje
206:
204:
200:
191:
186:
178:
160:
143:
135:
128:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
88:
80:
76:
72:
70:
36:
32:
28:
26:
2542:Isle of Man
2477:recognition
2451:Switzerland
2386:Netherlands
2120:Grass skirt
1994:Liqui liqui
1967:Chilote cap
1884:Coppola cap
1778:Kosovorotka
1743:Kozhushanka
1350:Middle East
1287:Raj pattern
1277:Pha khao ma
1220:Baro't saya
1210:Philippines
1188:Baju Melayu
1183:Baju Kurung
1060:Gaung baung
819:Afghanistan
766:Kente cloth
384:Netherlands
251:daagse muts
165:hat with a
107:is akin to
61:Netherlands
53:Netherlands
2567:Categories
2421:San Marino
2381:Montenegro
2361:Luxembourg
2341:Kazakhstan
2244:Azerbaijan
2004:Panama hat
1758:Vyshyvanka
1716:Azerbaijan
1685:Lederhosen
1550:Fustanella
1339:Ăo tứ thĂąn
1225:Buntal hat
1072:Chong Kben
882:Tangzhuang
662:908773011X
606:0810840049
573:1596295953
495:References
485:California
282:Gelderland
231:cornetmuts
227:kindermuts
157:Appearance
131:fertilizer
118:poffertjes
113:poffer-pan
105:Touronette
101:touronette
2532:Gibraltar
2356:Lithuania
1989:Guayabera
1854:Cachirulo
1849:Barretina
1773:Kokoshnik
1753:Sharovary
1721:Kelaghayi
1577:Macedonia
1540:Aromanian
1454:Palestine
1307:Tabengman
1267:Chut Thai
1240:Patadyong
1203:Tengkolok
1099:Baju bodo
1094:Indonesia
1043:Southeast
894:Hachimaki
867:Cheongsam
791:Tagelmust
756:Jellabiya
407:upper ten
368:kaphoedje
223:Campinian
187:lavaliers
179:dew drops
71:The word
2552:Svalbard
2537:Guernsey
2484:Abkhazia
2436:Slovenia
2431:Slovakia
2406:Portugal
2264:Bulgaria
2160:Taʻovala
2140:Lavalava
2097:Sombrero
2077:Huarache
2057:Bolo tie
1977:Chupalla
1962:Chamanto
1869:Mantilla
1824:Oorijzer
1733:Kobeniak
1609:Britain
1570:Himation
1533:Xhubleta
1528:Xhamadan
1439:Keffiyeh
1422:Tefillin
1324:Ăo bĂ ba
1302:Suea pat
1282:Pha nung
1252:Thailand
1178:Malaysia
1166:Suea pat
1161:Xout lao
1109:Blangkon
1067:Cambodia
1034:Sherwani
1004:Pakistan
946:Manggeon
877:Mao suit
751:Head tie
746:Djellaba
618:"Poffer"
563:Rose P.
552:"Poffer"
533:"Poffer"
491:period.
481:Pasadena
445:carnaval
415:guilders
351:Occasion
286:Nijmegen
270:Roermond
235:cornette
211:koveltje
151:holidays
147:weddings
139:meringue
2461:Ukraine
2411:Romania
2371:Moldova
2329:Ireland
2324:Iceland
2319:Hungary
2309:Germany
2304:Georgia
2294:Finland
2289:Estonia
2284:Denmark
2269:Croatia
2254:Belgium
2249:Belarus
2239:Austria
2234:Armenia
2229:Andorra
2224:Albania
2135:Lap-lap
2113:Oceania
2073:Mexico
2009:Pollera
1999:Lliklla
1912:Iceland
1830:France
1819:Kraplap
1804:Western
1793:Sarafan
1769:Russia
1748:Ochipok
1738:Kozhukh
1728:Ukraine
1711:Armenia
1704:Eastern
1673:Central
1657:Sporran
1632:Ireland
1613:Country
1582:Romania
1565:Chlamys
1545:Croatia
1523:Qeleshe
1459:Pandama
1444:Kurdish
1427:Tzitzit
1407:Sheitel
1377:Boshiya
1367:Assyria
1319:Vietnam
1245:Salakot
1198:Songkok
1193:Songket
1139:Songkok
1134:Songket
984:Dupatta
963:Bhutan
941:Jokduri
936:Hwagwan
921:Daenggi
916:Cheopji
846:Paranja
841:Malahai
812:Central
796:Wrapper
741:Dashiki
388:Limburg
297:Meierij
262:Limburg
177:called
85:Limburg
57:Zeeland
49:Limburg
2547:Jersey
2489:Kosovo
2456:Turkey
2446:Sweden
2426:Serbia
2416:Russia
2401:Poland
2396:Norway
2376:Monaco
2346:Latvia
2314:Greece
2299:France
2274:Cyprus
2170:Tupenu
2145:Kiekie
2130:I-sala
2092:Serape
2087:Rebozo
2069:Huipil
2042:Tignon
2014:Poncho
1984:Chullo
1958:Chile
1954:Aguayo
1917:Sweden
1879:Ciocia
1875:Italy
1840:Spain
1814:Poffer
1695:Tracht
1690:Poland
1680:Dirndl
1642:Aboyne
1592:Kosovo
1587:Serbia
1560:Chiton
1518:Opinga
1513:Ăorape
1496:Balkan
1489:Europe
1474:Hejazi
1469:Turban
1434:JilbÄb
1412:Tallit
1402:Kippah
1397:Jewish
1387:Chador
1329:Ăo dĂ i
1314:Tudong
1257:Banong
1230:Malong
1144:Tanjak
1129:Kupiah
1124:Kemben
1119:Kebaya
1082:Sompot
1055:Longyi
1009:Pathin
931:Hanbok
899:Kimono
831:Chapan
776:Litham
736:Boubou
731:Balgha
723:Africa
660:
604:
571:
489:Nuenen
471:, 1885
459:In art
453:poffer
357:bonnet
345:Starch
278:Xanten
274:German
245:hat);
237:hat);
233:(from
225:hat);
171:pearls
99:word,
97:French
77:poffen
73:poffer
29:poffer
2522:Ă
land
2441:Spain
2366:Malta
2336:Italy
2165:TÄfui
2150:Pareo
2062:Chaps
2019:Ruana
1907:GĂĄkti
1902:Bunad
1783:Lapti
1664:Wales
1618:Court
1555:Greek
1464:Thawb
1449:NiqÄb
1392:Izaar
1382:Burqa
1372:Bisht
1357:Abaya
1292:Sabai
1104:Batik
1077:Krama
1050:Burma
1014:Perak
999:Nepal
994:Lungi
989:India
979:Dhoti
957:South
926:Gache
911:Korea
889:Japan
872:Hanfu
862:China
824:Pakol
781:Pareo
761:Kanzu
426:Dutch
341:borax
337:gauze
333:tulle
264:from
175:beads
163:tulle
81:paske
2155:Sulu
1652:Kilt
1508:Brez
1362:Agal
1297:Sinh
1171:Sinh
1156:Laos
1149:Ulos
1114:Ikat
1087:Sbai
1024:Sari
972:Kira
855:East
836:Deel
805:Asia
771:Kufi
658:ISBN
602:ISBN
569:ISBN
393:Peel
329:lace
288:and
266:Mook
215:cowl
167:lace
93:Toer
89:toer
33:toer
27:The
967:Gho
904:Obi
366:or
335:or
268:to
141:".
2569::
540:^
503:^
483:,
331:,
292:.
260:,
149:,
121:.
103:.
91:.
51:,
31:,
2204:e
2197:t
2190:v
707:e
700:t
693:v
241:(
221:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
