1306:
1028:
878:
277:
25:
149:
683:
Naming in the Pokomo community is based on the husband's family tree. The first born if a boy is given the name of the husband's father and if a girl the name of the husband's mother. Subsequent boys takes the names of the husband's brothers in birth order, while if they are girls, the names of the
373:
In "History of
Linguistics: Case Study of Tana River", Dereke Nurse confirmed that the Pokomo regard themselves and their language as divisible into Lower (LP) and Upper Pokomo (UP). The people and the language of roughly the northern one-third of the River Tana towards Garisa are known as Malakote
1134:
leader would emerge from the sacred forest in the middle of the night walking on poles covered with a white dress and his face covered with a mask. He walked around and danced to the sound of beating drums and returned to the forest, leaving behind a hysterical crowd of people believing that their
487:
In these sub-tribes, clans range from three to nine in either sub-tribe, and they are mostly found cutting across the eleven sub-tribes. The same clan may have different reference names across sub-tribe. The Zubaki sub-tribe is the largest amongst the Pokomo sub-tribes. It has nine clans: Karhayu,
437:
All UP clans live along the river and in the hinterland from the river on both sides in villages located on small hills, probably to avoid river flooding. The farmlands are within the riverline on both sides of the river stretching an average of 3 miles or until the farms touches the sandy soils.
393:
and Digo. UP and LP refer to each other jocularly as "two-week" languages; that is, they take two weeks to learn, but
Malakote, within UP is regarded as a "two-months language". This demonstrates that Pokomo are not part of the Mijikenda community, which is composed of nine sub-tribes, the Kauma,
688:
before a girl's name. For example, Babwoya (name for a man), Habwoya (name for a lady). Names are taken from plant and animal names if the first born died during pregnancy or delivery in the belief that this will offset the bad omen and thus enable the subsequent children to live to adulthood.
466:
The LP occupy the entire Tana Delta (which starts at Baomo) to the mouth of the River before it empties into the Indian Ocean; however, currently some UP have settled together with the LP in the villages of Kipini, Ozi, Kilelengwani, Chara, Chamwanamuma, and Kau among other villages up to Lamu
374:(also known as Ilwana or El-Wana). Malakote differ considerably from UP and LP. Even the two-way split UP: LP is partly artificial linguistically. The major break does occur around Mwina, but these are also internal isoglosses dividing UP and LP. Some of these link adjoining part of UP and LP.
565:
The
Pokomos are the only tribe in the world with Kingozi language in use today. Kingozi language is the precursor of Swahili as quoted on page 98 in The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean. The Pokomo culture is rich in folk tales, songs, dances, weddings,
496:
The word "Tana" came from early
Europeans who brought Christianity. The UP may have known of other rivers, including Chana Maro or River Maro, while the LP referred to the "River Tana" as "Tsana" ("river") as to them this was the only river and others were referred to as
389:. Despite the small size of the Pokomo Community, at least as much internal difference separates UP and LP as do the two poles of the 150 mile-long Malakote Community. Van Otterloo assess the level of lexical similarity between UP and LP as much the same as that between
764:– songs that are sung while working in the fields or paddling a canoe in the evenings. These songs resemble the "sundowner songs" that were traditionally sung when the canoe was full with cargo ( bananas, mangoes etc.) sailing downstream with little effort from the oar.
1479:
674:
This tradition has decayed. In most cases, the man and woman typically elope. After staying together for sometime, the woman is released to her parents for further training by her aunts on how to care for her family. Divorces were rare and were discouraged.
1373:(LP) is the universal being of the Pokomo, referring to God the creator of everything. He is believed to bring upon the community abundance and scarcity. The Pokomos traditionally had one religion, guided by a group of spiritual elders among the
1398:
The majority of the Upper Kokomo are
Muslims. Conversions to Islam began in the latter half of the 19th century due to Swahili influence and by the end of the century, most were Muslim. Most of the Lower Pokomos are
654:
as a sign to indicate their son's desire. They introduce the topic to the bride's parents and are told to consult the woman. After she is consulted and has given the green light, the groom's parents come back with
801:
division. The composer (Mzee Meza) died on 12 November 2015 at age 96. Pokomo people use music to blend their culture in celebrating harvest, fishing, hunting, wedding, circumcision and when new babies were born.
797:. Roughly translated, this means, "you animal, you animal, our child is crying, please come and eat it so that it can stop crying." The song was composed by Mzee Meza Morowa Galana of Makere village, Gwano in
849:
in each clan each family was given land from one side of the river flooding zone to the other side of the river flooding zone across. This was meant to avoid conflicts when the river changes its course;
531:, which means "in-laws", that is, the Pokomo intermarried with Arabs during the 12th to 13th century. This could be traced in the Lamu Museum, where Pokomo artifacts can be viewed. During this time the
1390:,, translated to mean village of the elders, is less than 1 km from Hola Mission and Laza Trading Centres. The majority living in Hola Mission are Christians and those in Laza centre are Muslims.
857:
these are virgin lands that do not belong to anybody, but are used by those who develop it. A family is shown an area to farm, but must clear the forests within a certain time or lose it to another.
1253:
has been formally recognised to dispense justice on land and family matters. There are two bodies in the Pokomo community, one for UP and the other for LP. The two combine to form a unified
708:– a women's dance that is sung whenever a woman gives birth and she is about to come out of the house after finishing the mandatory number of days confined to heal and breastfeed the baby
562:) are Pokomos. Probably the name "Comoro" was derived from the Pokomo name "Komora". In fact, the Comoroans and the Pokomo communicate and understand one another as confirmed by Nurse.
834:
Pokomo land stretches from
Mbalambala to Kipini along the River Tana on both sides. Largely, the Tana River County land belongs to the Pokomo. Land was earlier distributed by the
255:. The Upper Pokomo are mainly Muslim, and have been so since the end of the 19th century. The Lower Pokomos, who live along the lower part of the Tana up to the delta, are mainly
1214:
would heading south toward
Mnazini village. They would eventually meet on the way, wondering where the singing and dancing was really coming from; They singers were said to be
985:
Pokomos depend on the flooding regime of the Tana to grow rice, bananas, green grams, beans and maize. The staple foods are rice and fish. Other traditional foodstuffs include
714:– performed by young men and women in wedding and birthday ceremonies. During the performance, the young men and women compete to outshine one another. It is complemented with
508:
When the first
Europeans came to Tana River for the purpose of spreading Christianity, they found it difficult to pronounce the word "Tsana" and found it easier to say "Tana".
736:-Mostly performed by the Ngatana subtribe of Wema to welcome distinguished visitors. it's a big drum accompanied by 'utasa' and the only place in to find it is in Wema village
1173:
flooded twice a year, leading locals to move elsewhere. During flood seasons, people erected structures above the water level, which are known in the Pokomo community as
842:
Council of elders to each sub-tribe as indicated in the names of the villages they live in. Three types of land tenure systems are practiced among the Pokomo. These are:
1971:
228:. Their population in Kenya was 112,075 in 2019. They are a distinct ethnic group with their own sub-clans/tribes. Despite their proximity, they are not of the nearby
659:(a reed basket) as sign that they are ready to move to the next level. If the bride's family accepts the basket, the groom's parents arrange to come later with
1384:
Due to increased population growth and the introduction of
Christianity and Islam, these sacred places were converted to farmlands. The former sacred place at
1177:. The people would live on top of these structures. In 1946 the floods were unusually high and residents were marooned for days; these floods were named
1229:
in canoes and moved to Kitere village. Before settling at Kitere village religious cleansing rituals were conducted to drive away the haunting spirits.
1014:) has become the staple Pokomo dish due to the changing or absence of river flooding regimes and weather that is not able to support rice cultivation.
1119:
was a
Council of Elders who were very powerful. They had absolute power to excommunicate, imprison and execute those who had been found guilty by the
742:– danced by young girls to the beat of a drum during circumcision time. The traditional costume is grass skirt made from the fronds of the Doum Palm (
1181:, loosely translated to mean the Nkozi jail cell; the floods covered areas that the yearly floods did not. It was said that haunting spirits (
1548:
826:– long rains, which meant that the community would plant long-maturing crops and those that require a lot of water to mature, such as rice.
646:). The man informs his parents, who examine the background of the woman's family. Upon their approval, they visit the bride's family with a
566:
arts/artifacts to name but just a few. In closer comparison, Pokomo culture resembles that of West Africans and they share names with them.
1964:
693:
Such names include Mabuke (banana suckers), Nchui (cheetah) etc. Names also are given to children who are born during a certain season.
574:
Stories were used to affect behaviour. For example, a story that when you whistle during the night, you will encounter a spirit being (
1245:. This is another Council of Elders who showed wisdom and reputable behavior. They are revered and trusted to administer justice. The
982:). Catfish are mainly boiled or sun dried/smoked. Other food sources include plantains, palm tree seeds, bananas, peas and pumpkins.
1353:
1075:
925:
360:
108:
2292:
1957:
1331:
1327:
1053:
1049:
903:
899:
298:
294:
46:
42:
1934:
397:
The Pokomo are subdivided into eleven (11) sub-tribes: six in the UP (Mila Julu) and five in the LP (Mila Nchini). The word
341:
89:
1872:
Reviewed by Marguerite Ylvisaker, The International Journal of African Historical Studies Vol. 15. No. 4 pp. 707–709,
313:
61:
578:). This was meant to teach the children not to whistle during the night to avoid disclosing their location to an enemy.
2302:
1316:
1038:
888:
864:- (loosely translated as "forest"), were preserved for medicinal plants, firewood and to provide building materials.
320:
68:
2307:
1123:. Execution was by tying a heavy stone around the neck of the individual and throwing him/her into the River Tana.
1991:
1480:"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics"
1335:
1320:
1057:
1042:
907:
892:
287:
35:
386:
327:
75:
1861:
251:
The Pokomo population is split into two groups: the Upper Pokomo, who make up 75% of the population, and the
2238:
2230:
1221:
This made it difficult for anybody to dare to settle and live at Kitere village. However, after 1946 floods
1403:, beginning to convert to the religion in the late 1870s, and, by 1914, had almost exclusively converted.
2104:
1430:
1424:
429:) connotes culture from both sides (here referring to blended culture of Pokomo and Orma/Somalis/Borana).
309:
57:
1944:
1450:
2261:
2172:
1980:
1914:
771:
were sung to correct the behaviour of an individual by shaming him/her over disgracing the community (
650:, this is a small vessel for holding tobacco. At the bride's parents house, they give her parents the
1192:
people could be heard talking at Kitere village and that these haunting spirits would sing and dance
1153:
the mother village of Kitere was located in the flood plains of River Tana. It was the centre of the
1829:
1789:
1444:
1412:
684:
husband's sisters in birth order. Some names that are taken by both boys and girls, with the prefix
586:
Age groups are formed by adolescent men who are circumcised together. Some of these age groups are:
2253:
2185:
2079:
1876:
784:
232:. They are predominantly agriculturalists and both freshwater and ocean fishermen living along the
1456:
2297:
1891:
1849:
1817:
1809:
1739:
1453:– former District Commissioner and Deputy Speaker and Ward Rep for Tana County and Kinakomba Ward
1418:
233:
1949:
775:). These songs were mainly sung by women in a group and they approach the person who has erred (
1196:(a Pokomo dance) and could be heard singing, dancing and playing with a famous song at Ndera -
818:. They were able to tell by looking into the sky and the moon whether the coming rains are for
516:
Pokomo culture incorporates rules, rituals, humour and glamour. Pokomo culture was exported to
442:
Milalulu (are located along the riverine from the Rhoka village in the north to Bohoni village)
2069:
1779:
1544:
1540:
474:
Ngatana (live in the villages of Wema, Hewani, Maziwa, Kulesa, Vumbwe, Sera, Gamba and Garsen)
378:
237:
229:
200:
1887:
Reviewed by Said A. M. Khamis, Research in African Literature Vol. 23. No. 3 pp. 128–129
1528:
1281:
to collect food from community members; or whenever a punishment or an order is given by the
2243:
2215:
2190:
1841:
1801:
1763:
1731:
1703:
1536:
1436:
543:(which evolved from Kingozi language) in East Africa as indicated in Nurse and Spears' book
540:
517:
245:
171:
334:
82:
2210:
2127:
532:
241:
167:
1882:
Die Figur des Oger in der traditionellen Literatur und Lebenswelt der Pokomo in Ost-Kenya
1658:
535:
was developing. In-breeding between Pokomos and Arabs in Lamu is one possible origin of
2195:
2162:
2132:
2117:
2084:
2024:
1939:
1920:
Folk Music of Kenya, for Teachers and Students of Music and for the Music Loving Public
1775:
536:
521:
390:
204:
2286:
2147:
2112:
2094:
2059:
2039:
2029:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1918:
1853:
1821:
221:
208:
1880:
2220:
2200:
2180:
2152:
2122:
2089:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2034:
1906:
The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society 800–1500
1751:
1715:
1687:
627:
548:
545:
The Swahili, Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society 800–1500
252:
188:
1707:
1249:
is the only elder group still in existence and also gives political guidance. The
1904:
1865:
822:- short rains, which meant that the community would plant fast-maturing crops or
2205:
2157:
2137:
2064:
2019:
2014:
1659:"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea : travel and trade in the Indian Ocean"
1639:
1439:– former Assistant Minister, former MP for Garsen, now Senator Tana River County
1305:
1027:
877:
555:
276:
24:
642:
The marriage process within the Pokomo community includes specific conditions (
2142:
1767:
1400:
477:
Buu (live in Ngao, Tarasaa, Odha, Sailoni, Sera, Golbanti and Idsowe villages)
260:
256:
471:
Mwina (live in the villages of Mnguvweni, Gamba, Sera, Mikameni and Mitapani)
1381:
members would seek guidance at sacred prayer areas in the riverine forests.
975:
382:
1572:
752:- performed by everyone during weddings, birth and any joyful celebrations.
551:, whose grave, water well and settlement can all be found in Ozi village.
2273:
1592:
1504:
1011:
1008:
1813:
1743:
951:
939:
788:
377:
Within Pokomo, considerable linguistic variation occurs at all levels:
301: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1640:"Myths and Legends of the Bantu: Chapter X: The Story of Liongo Fumo"
1126:
At times during the year people would gather near the sacred places (
787:
is an African song whose tune was borrowed from the Pokomo community
1805:
1735:
1719:
1691:
794:
Bee mdondo bee, mwana kalilani njoo mudye mwana ywehu alache kuliloo
626:
The passage to adulthood for men is by an initiation which involves
1845:
1832:(February 1980). "Bantu-Cushitic Relations in Northeastern Kenya".
959:
798:
225:
184:
154:
1894:(1983). "History from Linguistics: The Case of the Tana River".
1756:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
1225:
and its surroundings were covered with water the community fled
1210:
where the singing was heard from the other side, and those from
1135:
issues had been solved spiritually. The main sacred places were
1100:; (b) the secretaries (executive assistants) referred to as the
448:
Ndura (are within Kelokelo village to Maweni and Mazuni village)
445:
Zubaki (are mostly found from Chewani village to Lenda village);
1953:
1661:. New York : Longmans, Green – via Internet Archive.
413:
mean "up", "lower" and "both" respectively; therefore the word
1299:
1269:
to deliver a message or to call somebody who is needed by the
1021:
967:
871:
488:
Meta, Jabha, Kinaghasere, Garjedha, Utah, Ilani and Kinakala.
394:
Chonyi, Jibana, Giriama, Kambe, Ribe, Rabai, Duruma and Digo.
270:
18:
1088:
The government was led by a council of elders referred to as
999:, a cooked mixture of sifted maize and green gram/beans; and
1447:– former permanent secretary ministry of economic planning.
1421:– former Assistant Minister for Education and MP for Garsen
597:- circumcised during the time of Kenya getting independence
1610:
1608:
1265:
This is composed of a group of elders who are sent by the
554:
Strong evidence of Pokomo culture influence was found in
527:
The story is told that the name Lamu came from the word
259:, converting to the religion by the early 20th century.
480:
Dzunza (mostly found in Kibusu and Shirikisho villages)
993:, cooked banana mixed with fish and smashed together;
1784:. P. Schumacher, Anthropos Bd 51H. 1./2. p. 367.
671:
was paid to the bride's family as a sign of respect.
1935:
Literacy and translation work among the Lower Pokomo
1792:(1977). "Age, Descent and Elders among the Pokomo".
1385:
1197:
994:
792:
547:. In Bishop Steers' biography (1869) he wrote about
454:
Gwano (from Wenje village to Baomo and Hara Village)
2252:
2229:
2171:
2103:
1990:
194:
177:
161:
139:
129:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2274:Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation
1940:Ethnologue and bibliography information on Pokomo
1657:Schoff, Wilfred Harvey; Arrian (24 March 2018).
520:and its surrounding islands, Nkasija and to the
1533:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
451:Kinankomba (from Boji and Bububu to Kilindini)
417:refers to the culture of the Upper Pokomo and
1965:
1781:The Coastal Tribes of The North-Eastern Bantu
1427:– former Assistant Minister and MP for Galole
701:The Pokomo have songs and dances, including;
483:Kalindi (they border the Giriamas in Malindi)
457:Ndera (from Mnazini village to Sera village)h
8:
1474:
1472:
1206:would travel northwards in the direction of
1199:mpanzi mpanzi kuniyawa... nakwenda Kitere...
689:Children with such names are referred to as
124:
1754:(1926). "The Swahili Saga of Liongo Fumo".
1671:
1334:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1130:) in the night singing and dancing and the
1056:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
906:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
722:drums together with a metal plate known as
663:. Finally the man's family pays the dowry (
492:The word "Tana", Tana River, and its origin
263:indicates that the group is mainly Muslim.
1972:
1958:
1950:
1923:. Nairobi, Kenya: Macmillan Kenya Limited.
1626:
421:to the culture of the Lower Pokomo. Thus,
123:
1354:Learn how and when to remove this message
1076:Learn how and when to remove this message
946:, or, if it is the largest, it is called
926:Learn how and when to remove this message
505:- "streams". "Chana" also means "river".
467:Archipelago and its surrounding islands.
361:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1104:and (c) the Pokomo religious arm of the
1096:are: (a) judicial system referred to as
810:Pokomo have only two seasons in namely,
433:Upper Pokomo (Wantu wa Julu: "Milajulu")
16:Bantu ethnic group of southeastern Kenya
1541:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1271
1468:
989:, cooked banana chips mixed with fish;
791:. This traditional lullaby lyrics are:
558:, where most of the Islamic teachers (
1614:
1202:People from Mnazini village south of
667:), followed by the wedding ceremony.
7:
1903:Nurse, Derek; Spear, Thomas (1985).
1567:
1565:
1522:
1520:
1332:adding citations to reliable sources
1054:adding citations to reliable sources
904:adding citations to reliable sources
299:adding citations to reliable sources
140:Regions with significant populations
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1867:Islamization among the Upper Pokomo
1484:Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
1527:Ndzovu, Hassan Juma (2024-03-20),
1161:he undergoes an activity known as
14:
1593:"Kipfokomo: A language of Kenya"
1505:"Kipfokomo: A language of Kenya"
1304:
1026:
876:
746:leaves) worn especially by boys.
275:
147:
23:
286:needs additional citations for
34:needs additional citations for
1415:– former head of civil service
1293:Pokomo religion: third arm of
1277:is meeting, they can send the
1188:Others said that ancestors of
1003:, ash baked or boiled banana.
1:
1909:. University of Pennsylvania.
1708:10.1080/0015587X.1913.9719583
1018:Governance and spiritual life
779:) and start to pinch him/her.
224:ethnic group of southeastern
1386:
1273:. For example, whenever the
1198:
995:
793:
1896:History in Africa Volume 10
1535:, Oxford University Press,
1185:) lived at Kitere village.
1147:located near Kone village.
1092:. The three arms below the
2324:
1289:ensure it is implemented.
938:The Pokomo eat Tana river
539:, Swahili culture and the
2270:
1945:People-in-country profile
1768:10.1017/s0041977x00089163
1573:"People of Kenya: Pokomo"
1157:Before someone becomes a
462:Lower Pokomo (Milanchini)
199:
182:
166:
144:
134:
1862:Bunger Jr., Robert Louis
1237:The judicial arm of the
1241:is still headed by the
622:Initiation to adulthood
2293:Ethnic groups in Kenya
1984:(by linguistic origin)
1981:Ethnic groups in Kenya
1627:Nurse & Spear 1985
1433:– former MP for Garsen
1218:(evil spirit beings).
1165:that was only done at
244:, which is similar to
135:112,075 (Kenya) (2019)
785:Kenya national anthem
767:Other songs known as
195:Related ethnic groups
1834:Current Anthropology
1644:www.sacred-texts.com
1431:Israel Lekwa Ddaiddo
1425:Japhet Zacharia Kase
1328:improve this section
1050:improve this section
900:improve this section
638:Marriage and wedding
401:connotes "culture";
295:improve this article
43:improve this article
1915:Senoga-Zake, George
1898:. pp. 207–238.
1617:, pp. 207–238.
1451:Nathan Oddo Hiribae
126:
2303:Tana River (Kenya)
1720:"A Pokomo Funeral"
1139:(Elders village),
855:Mihema ya Walume -
2308:Tana River County
2280:
2279:
1985:
1692:"Pokomo Folklore"
1550:978-0-19-027773-4
1459:- Gospel musician
1364:
1363:
1356:
1086:
1085:
1078:
936:
935:
928:
371:
370:
363:
345:
240:. They speak the
238:Tana River County
214:
213:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2315:
1983:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1924:
1910:
1899:
1886:
1871:
1857:
1825:
1785:
1771:
1747:
1711:
1675:
1672:Senoga-Zake 1986
1669:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1529:"Islam in Kenya"
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1476:
1437:Danson Mungatana
1394:Modern religions
1389:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1308:
1300:
1201:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1030:
1022:
998:
931:
924:
920:
917:
911:
880:
872:
796:
541:Swahili language
518:Lamu Archipelago
366:
359:
355:
352:
346:
344:
303:
279:
271:
230:Mijikenda people
157:
153:
151:
150:
130:Total population
127:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2248:
2225:
2167:
2099:
1986:
1978:
1931:
1913:
1902:
1890:
1879:(Autumn 1982).
1875:
1860:
1830:Townsend, N. A.
1828:
1806:10.2307/1158344
1790:Townsend, N. A.
1788:
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1840:(1): 102–103.
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1387:mji wa walevu
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1313:This section
1311:
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1179:Seli ya Nkozi
1176:
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1164:
1163:Kuyumia Ngaji
1160:
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1137:Mji wa Walevu
1133:
1129:
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1103:
1099:
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1035:This section
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885:This section
883:
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388:
387:morphological
384:
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365:
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343:
340:
336:
333:
329:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312: –
311:
307:
306:Find sources:
300:
296:
290:
289:
284:This section
282:
278:
273:
272:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
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218:Pokomo people
210:
209:Bantu peoples
206:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2186:Borana Oromo
2105:Nilo-Saharan
2074:
1919:
1905:
1895:
1892:Nurse, Derek
1881:
1866:
1837:
1833:
1797:
1793:
1780:
1759:
1755:
1727:
1723:
1699:
1695:
1690:(Dec 1913).
1667:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1622:
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1554:, retrieved
1532:
1508:. Retrieved
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1457:Shari Martin
1397:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1341:
1326:Please help
1314:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1250:
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1242:
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1131:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1063:
1048:Please help
1036:
1004:
1000:
990:
986:
984:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
943:
937:
922:
913:
898:Please help
886:
861:
859:
854:
852:
846:
844:
839:
835:
833:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
782:
776:
772:
768:
761:
755:
749:
743:
739:
733:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
700:
691:Mwana Fwisa.
690:
685:
682:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
647:
643:
641:
631:
628:circumcision
625:
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
590:
585:
575:
573:
564:
559:
553:
544:
528:
526:
515:
507:
502:
498:
495:
486:
465:
436:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
383:phonological
376:
372:
357:
348:
338:
331:
324:
317:
305:
293:Please help
288:verification
285:
253:Lower Pokomo
250:
217:
215:
189:Christianity
121:Ethnic group
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2173:Afroasiatic
1992:Niger–Congo
1419:Yuda Komora
830:Land tenure
758:(men songs)
556:Pate Island
549:Liongo Fumo
2287:Categories
1752:Werner, A.
1716:Werner, A.
1681:References
1615:Nurse 1983
1598:2013-04-18
1578:2013-04-18
1556:2024-05-09
1510:2013-04-18
1401:Christians
1145:Laini Keya
616:Kingishore
582:Age groups
419:milanchini
321:newspapers
261:Ethnologue
257:Christians
234:Tana River
187:Minority:
69:newspapers
2298:Mijikenda
2191:Daasanach
2070:Mijikenda
1854:145797937
1822:145392904
1730:: 66–68.
1344:July 2017
1315:does not
1287:Wagangana
1279:Wagangana
1261:Wagangana
1175:Mahandaki
1102:Wagangana
1066:July 2017
1037:does not
976:crocodile
916:July 2017
887:does not
847:Mafumbo -
806:Festivals
720:Mbumbumbu
716:Michirima
652:perenkera
648:perenkera
351:July 2017
267:Subgroups
201:Mijikenda
162:Languages
2272:Source:
2262:European
2254:European
2211:Rendille
2128:Kalenjin
1917:(1986).
1864:(1982).
1778:(1956).
1718:(1913).
1696:Folklore
1489:24 March
1369:(UP) or
1012:porridge
1009:cornmeal
632:kuhinywa
570:Folklore
427:Malakote
423:Milakote
415:milajulu
207:, other
178:Religion
99:May 2007
2239:Chinese
2196:El Molo
2163:Turkana
2133:Samburu
2085:Swahili
2025:Giriama
1814:1158344
1744:2788624
1367:Mulungu
1336:removed
1321:sources
1058:removed
1043:sources
1007:(stiff
952:tilapia
940:catfish
908:removed
893:sources
868:Cuisine
789:lullaby
777:Kadabha
773:Kudabha
740:Mwaribe
728:Chivoti
706:Kingika
601:Mau Mau
560:Sheikhs
512:Culture
503:Mukondo
391:Giriama
379:lexical
335:scholar
246:Swahili
205:Swahili
172:English
83:scholar
2244:Indian
2216:Somali
2148:Maasai
2118:Ateker
2113:Ariaal
2095:Taveta
2075:Pokomo
2060:Mbeere
2040:Kikuyu
2030:Jibana
2010:Chonyi
2005:Bajuni
2000:Agumba
1852:
1820:
1812:
1794:Africa
1742:
1547:
1285:, the
1216:Maseha
1183:Maseha
1151:Nkozi,
1001:nkumbu
996:konole
991:marika
987:matoli
980:ngwena
974:) and
944:mtonzi
816:Kilimo
769:Dulila
750:Kitoko
730:flute.
724:Upatsu
669:Mahari
665:mahari
644:Maadha
529:Muyamu
407:nchini
337:
330:
323:
316:
308:
220:are a
168:Pokomo
152:
125:Pokomo
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2231:Asian
2221:Yaaku
2201:Gabra
2181:Aweer
2153:Okiek
2123:Camus
2090:Taita
2055:Luhya
2050:Kuria
2045:Kisii
2035:Kamba
1850:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1810:JSTOR
1740:JSTOR
1464:Notes
1371:Mungu
1227:Nkozi
1223:Nkozi
1212:Nkozi
1208:Nkozi
1204:Nkozi
1190:Nkozi
1171:Nkozi
1167:Nkozi
1159:Mkijo
1155:Kijo.
1141:Nkozi
1128:Ngaji
972:mamba
964:ningu
960:trout
956:ntuku
948:mpumi
799:Wenje
744:Mkoma
679:Names
606:Shiti
595:Wembe
591:Uhuru
342:JSTOR
328:books
226:Kenya
222:Bantu
185:Islam
155:Kenya
90:JSTOR
76:books
2206:Orma
2158:Teso
2138:Kore
2080:Suba
2065:Meru
2020:Embu
2015:Digo
1545:ISBN
1491:2020
1379:Kijo
1375:kijo
1319:any
1317:cite
1295:Kijo
1283:Kijo
1275:Kijo
1271:Kijo
1267:Kijo
1255:Gasa
1251:Gasa
1247:Gasa
1243:Gasa
1239:Kijo
1233:Gasa
1194:Miri
1143:and
1132:Kijo
1121:Gasa
1117:Kijo
1112:Kijo
1106:Kijo
1098:Gasa
1094:kijo
1090:kijo
1041:any
1039:cite
1005:Sima
891:any
889:cite
862:Bada
860:(c)
853:(b)
845:(a)
840:Gasa
838:and
836:Kijo
814:and
812:Sika
783:The
734:Beni
726:and
718:and
712:Miri
661:jifu
657:hasi
611:Pali
576:seha
499:Muho
411:kote
409:and
403:julu
399:Mila
385:and
314:news
216:The
62:news
2143:Luo
1842:doi
1802:doi
1764:doi
1732:doi
1724:Man
1704:doi
1537:doi
1330:by
1052:by
968:eel
966:),
958:),
950:),
902:by
593:or
501:or
297:by
236:in
45:by
2289::
1848:.
1838:21
1836:.
1816:.
1808:.
1798:47
1796:.
1758:.
1738:.
1728:13
1726:.
1722:.
1700:24
1698:.
1694:.
1642:.
1607:^
1564:^
1543:,
1531:,
1519:^
1482:.
1471:^
1377:.
1257:.
1169:.
1108:.
686:Ha
634:.
630:–
524:.
405:,
381:,
248:.
203:,
170:•
1973:e
1966:t
1959:v
1885:.
1870:.
1856:.
1844::
1824:.
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