24:
396:
is about 0.73, the lower limit of stability for the cubic crystal system, allowing polonium dioxide to have two modifications. When freshly prepared, polonium dioxide is always in the tetragonal form, and changes to the cubic form after being left to stand or after being cooled strongly.
825:. The glove box must further be enclosed in another box similar to the glove box, maintained at a slightly higher pressure than the first glove box to prevent the radioactive materials from leaking out. Gloves made of natural
352:. The cubic form is pale yellow, while the tetragonal form is red. Polonium dioxide darkens upon heating, and is chocolate brown at its sublimation point, 885 °C. The
1133:
405:
Polonium dioxide does not occur naturally due to the scarcity of polonium in nature and the high temperatures (250 °C) required to form the dioxide.
1092:
1058:
992:
872:
858:
1668:
1017:
912:
1126:
938:
190:
267:
114:
1653:
1119:
413:
Polonium dioxide is prepared by reacting elemental polonium with oxygen at 250 °C or by thermal decomposition of
328:), it decomposes into elemental polonium and oxygen at 500 °C. It is the most stable oxide of polonium and is an
1382:
942:
1402:
349:
1510:
1498:
1663:
1522:
1534:
1350:
1301:
639:
547:
414:
1012:, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, p. 585,
907:, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, p. 594,
1358:
572:
1330:
829:
do not provide sufficient protection against the radiation from polonium; surgical gloves are necessary.
1621:
1558:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1366:
1321:
1309:
1218:
1203:
984:
813:
Polonium, whether in elemental form or as any polonium compound, such as polonium dioxide, is extremely
704:
594:
446:
55:
1474:
1422:
1185:
434:
1602:
1586:
1570:
1238:
1233:
1194:
1486:
1410:
1374:
1223:
933:
616:
33:
1546:
1267:
1228:
696:
490:
341:
73:
1275:
1208:
1176:
1142:
671:
422:
1629:
1291:
1283:
1088:
1082:
1054:
1013:
988:
908:
868:
782:
778:
762:
700:
678:
664:
631:
568:
543:
309:
305:
208:
103:
23:
1296:
1259:
1213:
1158:
976:
946:
689:
657:
590:
517:
478:
317:
243:
140:
123:
1658:
1167:
650:
612:
527:
83:
1050:
643:
482:
329:
261:
218:
1647:
1243:
183:
755:
523:
353:
1044:
473:
to metallic polonium at 200 °C; the same reduction occurs at 250 °C in
814:
505:
502:
227:
348:) crystal structure; upon heating to high temperatures, it crystallises in the
509:
155:
94:
864:
822:
635:
29:
1150:
950:
830:
466:
371:
345:
321:
301:
287:
214:
37:
486:
474:
173:
1111:
826:
531:
325:
290:
194:
41:
1008:
Holleman, Arnold
Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.),
903:
Holleman, Arnold
Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.),
630:
In reactions, polonium dioxide behaves very much like its homologue
260:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
833:
gloves shield radiation from polonium better than natural rubber.
554:
470:
297:
642:
are much less acidic than their lighter homologues. For example,
638:
oxides decreases going down the group, and polonium dioxide and
513:
485:
at 250 °C, a white compound is formed, possibly a polonium
1115:
367:
1087:(9 ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 320.
634:, forming Po(IV) salts; however, the acidic character of the
934:"The Preparation of Polonium Metal and Polonium Dioxide"
805:
Polonium dioxide has no uses outside of basic research.
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
1043:
Bagnall, K. W. (1962). "The
Chemistry of Polonium".
1614:
1343:
1252:
1149:
508:, is formed. Despite its name, polonous acid is an
1046:Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry
188:500 °C (932 °F; 773 K) (decomposes)
82:
1081:Ebbing, Darrell D.; Gammon, Steven D. (2009).
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1127:
8:
340:At room temperature, polonium dioxide has a
316:). It is a pale yellow crystalline solid at
971:
969:
967:
761:Polonium dioxide is closely related to the
1134:
1120:
1112:
286:) is a chemical compound with the formula
102:
15:
927:
925:
923:
122:
932:Bagnall, K. W.; D'Eye, R. W. M. (1954).
842:
777:), similar to the relationship between
695:The reaction of polonium dioxide with
860:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
852:
850:
848:
846:
489:. When polonium dioxide is hydrated,
421:), or various polonium salts such as
374:; thus, the ratio of the ionic radii
7:
688:, while amphoteric, even shows some
14:
857:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
22:
264:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
168:pale yellow crystalline solid
1:
526:of polonium dioxide with the
512:compound, reacting with both
469:, polonium dioxide is slowly
703:in air gives the colourless
1687:
1669:Fluorite crystal structure
160:240.98 g/mol
36:polonium dioxide (white =
981:Chemistry of the Elements
979:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
530:yields the polonium tetra
350:tetragonal crystal system
258:
201:
133:
66:
54:
49:
21:
336:Structure and appearance
684:is amphoteric, and PoO
640:polonium(IV) hydroxide
415:polonium(IV) hydroxide
304:, the other two being
253: = 0.5637 nm
985:Butterworth-Heinemann
977:Greenwood, Norman N.
821:must be handled in a
447:polonium tetranitrate
296:. It is one of three
56:Systematic IUPAC name
1053:. pp. 197–230.
951:10.1039/JR9540004295
1010:Inorganic Chemistry
905:Inorganic Chemistry
697:potassium hydroxide
342:face-centered cubic
18:
1654:Polonium compounds
1143:Polonium compounds
705:potassium polonite
501:), a pale yellow,
423:polonium disulfate
284:polonium(IV) oxide
268:Infobox references
16:
1641:
1640:
1094:978-0-618-85748-7
1084:General Chemistry
1060:978-0-12-023604-6
994:978-0-08-037941-8
874:978-1-4398-5511-9
863:(92nd ed.).
779:polonium trioxide
701:potassium nitrate
632:tellurium dioxide
481:. When heated in
435:polonium selenate
310:polonium trioxide
306:polonium monoxide
276:Chemical compound
274:
273:
209:Crystal structure
193:at 885 °C (under
17:Polonium dioxide
1676:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1040:
1023:
1022:
1005:
999:
998:
983:(2nd ed.).
973:
962:
961:
959:
957:
929:
918:
917:
900:
879:
878:
867:. p. 4.81.
854:
796:
795:
794:
776:
775:
774:
677:are acidic, but
528:hydrogen halides
479:hydrogen sulfide
395:
394:
393:
384:
383:
382:
370:is 1.02 or 1.04
366:
365:
364:
320:. Under lowered
318:room temperature
280:Polonium dioxide
244:Lattice constant
236:
141:Chemical formula
126:
106:
86:
60:Polonium dioxide
26:
19:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1664:Interchalcogens
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1248:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1145:
1140:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1042:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:. p. 780.
975:
974:
965:
955:
953:
931:
930:
921:
915:
902:
901:
882:
875:
856:
855:
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820:
811:
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793:
790:
789:
788:
786:
773:
770:
769:
768:
766:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
730:
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722:
714:
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687:
682:
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668:
661:
654:
647:
625:
620:
610:
603:
598:
588:
581:
576:
566:
558:
551:
541:
500:
496:
465:When placed in
463:
456:
452:
444:
440:
432:
428:
420:
411:
403:
392:
390:
389:
388:
386:
381:
379:
378:
377:
375:
363:
361:
360:
359:
357:
338:
315:
295:
282:(also known as
277:
270:
265:
254:
246:
234:
230:
211:
189:
149:
143:
129:
109:
89:
76:
62:
61:
45:
27:
12:
11:
5:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1666:
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1646:
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1639:
1638:
1636:
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1627:
1623:
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1600:
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1584:
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1548:
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1540:
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1524:
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1504:
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1496:
1492:
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1476:
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1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
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1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
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1340:
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1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
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1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1073:
1059:
1051:Academic Press
1024:
1018:
1000:
993:
963:
919:
913:
880:
873:
841:
840:
838:
835:
818:
810:
807:
802:
799:
791:
771:
759:
758:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
712:
708:
685:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
628:
627:
623:
618:
608:
605:
601:
596:
586:
583:
579:
574:
564:
561:
556:
549:
539:
498:
494:
483:sulfur dioxide
462:
459:
454:
450:
442:
438:
430:
426:
418:
410:
407:
402:
399:
391:
380:
362:
337:
334:
330:interchalcogen
313:
293:
275:
272:
271:
266:
262:standard state
259:
256:
255:
249:
247:
242:
239:
238:
231:
226:
223:
222:
219:Pearson symbol
212:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
186:
180:
179:
176:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
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151:
147:
144:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
128:
127:
119:
117:
111:
110:
108:
107:
99:
97:
91:
90:
88:
87:
79:
77:
72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
28:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1583:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1151:Polonium(−II)
1148:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:0-12-352651-5
1015:
1011:
1004:
1001:
996:
990:
986:
982:
978:
972:
970:
968:
964:
952:
948:
945:: 4295–4299.
944:
941:
940:
939:J. Chem. Soc.
935:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
914:0-12-352651-5
910:
906:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
881:
876:
870:
866:
862:
861:
853:
851:
849:
847:
843:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
816:
808:
806:
800:
798:
784:
780:
764:
757:
737:
718:
717:
716:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
637:
633:
621:
614:
606:
599:
592:
584:
577:
570:
562:
560:
552:
545:
537:
536:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
492:
491:polonous acid
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
448:
436:
424:
416:
408:
406:
400:
398:
373:
369:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
307:
303:
299:
292:
289:
285:
281:
269:
263:
257:
252:
248:
245:
241:
240:
232:
229:
225:
224:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
184:Melting point
182:
181:
177:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
163:
159:
157:
154:
153:
145:
142:
138:
137:
132:
125:
121:
120:
118:
116:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
98:
96:
93:
92:
85:
81:
80:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
57:
53:
48:
43:
39:
35:
31:
25:
20:
1615:Polonium(VI)
1394:
1344:Polonium(IV)
1253:Polonium(II)
1098:. Retrieved
1083:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1049:. New York:
1045:
1009:
1003:
980:
954:. Retrieved
937:
904:
859:
812:
804:
801:Applications
760:
694:
629:
524:Halogenation
522:
464:
412:
404:
354:ionic radius
339:
283:
279:
278:
250:
67:Identifiers
815:radioactive
809:Precautions
723:+ 2 KOH → K
692:character.
506:precipitate
409:Preparation
324:(such as a
237:m (No 225)
228:Space group
165:Appearance
134:Properties
40:, yellow =
1648:Categories
837:References
817:. Thus PoO
510:amphoteric
503:voluminous
401:Occurrence
308:(PoO) and
202:Structure
156:Molar mass
124:JC742031MY
95:ChemSpider
74:CAS Number
865:CRC Press
823:glove box
636:chalcogen
461:Chemistry
178:8.9 g/cm
84:7446-06-2
30:Unit cell
1100:June 14,
1066:June 14,
831:Neoprene
783:polonate
781:and the
763:polonite
467:hydrogen
417:(PoO(OH)
346:fluorite
322:pressure
302:polonium
215:fluorite
191:sublimes
104:52083691
1403:PoO(OH)
956:12 June
785:anion (
765:anion (
742:+ 2 KNO
532:halides
487:sulfite
475:ammonia
471:reduced
437:(Po(SeO
356:of the
174:Density
150:
1659:Oxides
1603:Po(CN)
1475:Po(CrO
1423:Po(SeO
1331:"PoSeO
1302:Po(OH)
1091:
1057:
1016:
991:
911:
871:
827:rubber
449:(Po(NO
445:), or
425:(Po(SO
326:vacuum
298:oxides
195:oxygen
50:Names
1587:Po(CH
1487:Po(IO
1447:Po(CO
1435:Po(NO
1411:Po(SO
1322:"PoSO
1310:Po(NO
690:basic
622:+ 2 H
600:+ 2 H
578:+ 2 H
518:bases
514:acids
221:cF12
34:cubic
1571:Po(C
1527:PoBr
1515:PoCl
1503:PoBr
1383:PoCl
1367:PoBr
1359:PoCl
1276:PoBr
1268:PoCl
1244:PbPo
1239:HgPo
1234:CdPo
1229:ZnPo
1224:BaPo
1219:SrPo
1214:CaPo
1209:MgPo
1204:BePo
1102:2012
1089:ISBN
1068:2012
1055:ISBN
1014:ISBN
989:ISBN
958:2012
909:ISBN
869:ISBN
754:+ 2
670:and
611:+ 4
595:PoBr
589:+ 4
573:PoCl
567:+ 4
553:+ 2
542:+ 4
516:and
312:(PoO
115:UNII
1630:PoO
1622:PoF
1563:PoO
1551:PoO
1539:PoI
1463:(PO
1395:PoO
1375:PoI
1351:PoF
1297:PoS
1292:PoO
1284:PoI
1260:PoH
947:doi
943:RSC
797:).
787:PoO
767:PoO
750:PoO
746:→ K
738:PoO
731:+ H
727:PoO
719:PoO
715:):
711:PoO
699:or
679:TeO
672:TeO
665:SeO
658:SeO
617:PoI
607:PoO
591:HBr
585:PoO
569:HCl
563:PoO
548:PoF
538:PoO
497:PoO
477:or
457:).
433:),
368:ion
300:of
146:PoO
32:of
1650::
1591:CO
1535:Cs
1523:Cs
1511:Cs
1459:Po
1387:Br
1199:Po
1195:Cs
1190:Po
1186:Rb
1181:Po
1172:Po
1168:Na
1163:Po
1159:Li
1027:^
966:^
936:.
922:^
883:^
845:^
756:NO
707:(K
663:,
656:,
651:SO
649:,
644:SO
615:→
613:HI
593:→
571:→
546:→
544:HF
534::
520:.
493:(H
376:Po
358:Po
332:.
288:Po
233:Fm
217:,
197:)
38:Po
1632:3
1624:6
1605:4
1597:4
1595:)
1593:2
1589:3
1581:2
1579:)
1577:4
1575:O
1573:2
1565:3
1561:2
1559:K
1553:3
1549:2
1547:H
1541:6
1537:2
1529:6
1525:2
1517:6
1513:2
1505:6
1501:2
1499:H
1493:4
1491:)
1489:3
1481:2
1479:)
1477:4
1469:4
1467:)
1465:4
1461:3
1453:2
1451:)
1449:3
1441:4
1439:)
1437:3
1429:2
1427:)
1425:4
1417:2
1415:)
1413:4
1405:2
1397:2
1389:2
1385:2
1377:4
1369:4
1361:4
1353:4
1335:"
1333:3
1326:"
1324:3
1316:2
1314:)
1312:3
1304:2
1286:2
1278:2
1270:2
1262:2
1197:2
1188:2
1179:2
1177:K
1170:2
1161:2
1135:e
1128:t
1121:v
1104:.
1070:.
997:.
960:.
949::
877:.
819:2
792:4
772:3
752:3
748:2
744:3
740:2
735:O
733:2
729:3
725:2
721:2
713:3
709:2
686:2
681:2
674:3
667:3
660:2
653:3
646:2
626:O
624:2
619:4
609:2
604:O
602:2
597:4
587:2
582:O
580:2
575:4
565:2
559:O
557:2
555:H
550:4
540:2
499:3
495:2
455:4
453:)
451:3
443:2
441:)
439:4
431:2
429:)
427:4
419:2
387:O
385:/
372:Å
344:(
314:3
294:2
291:O
251:a
235:3
148:2
44:)
42:O
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