2595:
2673:
2527:
2701:
2659:
2631:
2512:
2546:
2565:
2687:
2645:
31:
194:
and head of the Law and
Justice parliamentary caucus, said that his party ' to remain in the EU and to have a cooperative relationship', but that the EU 'should be acceptable to us'. He added that if things were to go the way they were likely to go, they would have to search for a "drastic solution",
978:
The question being asked in OKO.press polls was not whether to leave or remain, but rather how Poland should interact with the
European Union, with three options: closer integration of the member states, limiting cooperation to economic affairs and granting more independence to member states, or
912:
regarding the dispute between the
European Union and Poland triggered in the ruling include Articles 2, 7, 8, 90 (as regards relations between EU law and the Polish Constitution) and Articles 144, 178, 179, 186, 190 (as regards the relations of EU law and EU caselaw with Polish
778:) party has called for a withdrawal from the European Union on several occasions, and its electorate is among the most Eurosceptic on the Polish political arena, with a quarter of voters for the party endorsing Polexit, according to a November 2020 poll. Similarly, members of
866:
There are currently no left-wing, left-of-centre or centrist parties represented in parliament endorsing
Polexit, and their electorate's support for withdrawal from the European Union is negligible. The somewhat conservative
789:, said he would not approve any constitutional change anchoring Poland in the European Union; however, they also said that if the European Union institutions get "appropriately" reformed, they might agree to stay.
922:
CBOS and
Eurobarometer polls are not included here. Polls that merely asked whether Poles like the EU, instead of whether they should leave it/they would vote to leave it, have been excluded from the table.
816:, is also arguing for secession from the European Union. It is not currently represented in either Polish or European parliament. In 2020, Żółtek received 0,23% of votes in the presidential elections.
2481:
195:
further contending that the
British left the EU because "the dictatorship of the Brussels bureaucracy did not suit them". This led to some people saying Terlecki had thus called for a Polexit.
941:
144:
2573:
2554:
2535:
1871:
66:'s withdrawal from the EU which took place between 2016 and 2020. Opinion polls held in the country, between 2016 and 2021, indicated majority support for continued membership of the
1736:
331:(CBOS)–no more than a quarter of respondents ever supported leaving, with support gradually waning down to a mere 5% in 2019 and 6% in 2021. For more results, see the table below.
1819:
2531:
999:
477:
762:), more than 100,000 Poles took part in a 10 October 2021 demonstrations in support of Poland's continued membership, including 80,000-100,000 protesters in Warsaw alone.
147:. After the referendum had narrowly favored withdrawal, international media started speculating about the prospects of a similar event taking place in Poland (a so-called
962:
Respondents were not asked about leaving or remaining in the EU. The question was, were they to vote again to join the EU, would they vote in favour or against joining.
2474:
320:
237:. The Tribunal's legitimacy is contested after multiple appointments of judges loyal to the ruling nationalist Law and Justice (PiS) party were made, some of which
83:
2078:
1098:
2663:
2761:
2705:
2467:
2734:
214:
1278:
1897:
1552:
70:(EU). A 2022 survey indicated that " least eight-in-ten adults in Poland" believed that the EU "promotes peace, democratic values and prosperity". The
2635:
2183:
2156:
2130:
884:
2025:
1602:
1226:
2677:
1333:
1952:
860:
238:
210:
204:
2438:
1491:
1304:
2766:
771:
324:
276:
222:
2302:
1384:
2328:
2217:
1763:
472:
1529:
1198:
2439:"Poland is a problem for the EU precisely because it will not leave | Unlike Britain, Poland will remain inside the tent causing trouble"
2380:
2354:
1251:
2720:
2569:
2550:
2516:
2490:
1025:
888:
328:
71:
55:
1387:[Prime Minister filed a request for ruling to Constitutional Tribunal. It is about the question of supremacy over EU law.].
2771:
2727:
2409:["The hysteria which I call imaginary polexit." Czarnek on demonstrations after the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal].
1924:
832:
813:
809:
2776:
268:
249:
1982:
785:, a junior coalition partner for PiS, have questioned whether the EU is appropriate for Polish interests, and the party's head,
2104:
1710:
1124:
847:, its leader, and former Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki both dismissed the allegations that PiS is preparing for it as "
2028:["Polexit unites us". Nationalists and Korwin-Mikke join forces before the elections to the European Parliament].
749:
However, there is some support for conducting a second referendum on EU membership: in an
October 2021 poll conducted for
288:
167:
2756:
855:
said that "no
Polexit would happen because there's no possibility for the EU to expel us". Similar remarks were made by
209:
The government of Poland has been making controversial changes to the Polish judiciary, in particular as related to the
91:
87:
2052:
805:
1845:
1524:
1628:
751:
467:
191:
183:, a Polish weekly newspaper, published a front-page article called "Polexit: We have the right to talk about it".
2545:
801:
226:
843:, warn that PiS' actions will eventually lead to Polexit and will jeopardise Poland's future in the EU, though
840:
171:
159:
101:
868:
844:
1683:
440:
218:
155:
795:
280:
2235:"Euroscepticism in Hungary and Poland: a Comparative Analysis of Jobbik and the Law and Justice Parties"
1657:
790:
234:
2007:
1414:
856:
1793:
163:
1054:
2564:
2133:[Ziobro responds to Tusk's proposal: Solidarity Poland will never support such a concept].
253:
2276:
1466:
1359:
1073:
229:, which has been issuing rulings attempting to stop these changes that it sees as undermining the
245:
1820:"Ponad 80 proc. Polaków zagłosowałoby w referendum za pozostaniem Polski w UE [SONDAŻ]"
1042:
Tusk elected prime minister after a national election was won by a coalition of pro-EU parties
311:
opined that
Polexit is unlikely due to this court ruling, instead talking of a "dirty remain".
2256:
2239:
Politeja – Pismo Wydziału Studiów Międzynarodowych i
Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
2213:
1499:
264:
when controlling the judicial reforms in Poland, which the government insisted was the case.
117:
770:
In general, Eurosceptic parties in Poland hold right-wing political views. For instance, the
256:
is above EU regulations and EU court rulings and whether the European Court of Justice acted
2407:""Histeria, którą ja nazywam polexitem urojonym". Czarnek o demonstracjach po orzeczeniu TK"
2246:
1685:
GLOBSEC Trends 2019 - Central and Eastern Europe 30 years after the fall of the Iron Curtain
187:
2383:[Paweł Kukiz: There will be no Polexit. The total opposition deceives the nation].
2331:[Morawiecki: The opposition is trying to insinuate that we want to weaken the EU].
1953:"Sondaż: Czy Polacy chcieliby ponownego referendum ws. obecności w UE? Jak by zagłosowali?"
2131:"Ziobro odpowiada na propozycję Tuska: Solidarna Polska nigdy takiej koncepcji nie poprze"
1000:"Despite recent political clashes, most people in Poland and Hungary see the EU favorably"
786:
693:
113:
909:
2234:
2186:[Ziobroites about Polexit: There will be grounds for a referendum in 10 years].
2159:[Should Poland leave the European Union? Jaki talks about a special situation].
2599:
2594:
2494:
852:
836:
824:
758:
In response to the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal earlier that month (mentioned
297:
140:
125:
121:
105:
97:
67:
63:
2750:
2459:
2443:
2434:
2329:"Morawiecki: Opozycja próbuje insynuować nam, że chcemy doprowadzić do osłabienia UE"
1154:"[Analysis] Playing with fire - Poland's PiS reach for the 'Polexit' matches"
779:
307:
129:
2251:
1385:"Premier złożył wniosek do TK. Chodzi o kwestię wyższości konstytucji nad prawem UE"
564:
444:
109:
2079:"Janusz Kowalski: jeśli będziemy jeszcze bardziej tracić, zagłosuję za polexitem"
1439:
1179:
335:
Summary of chosen public opinion polls on possible Polish withdrawal from the EU
2672:
2157:"Polska powinna wyjść z Unii Europejskiej? Jaki opowiada o szczególnej sytuacji"
872:
828:
820:
284:
272:
261:
257:
230:
162:(PiS) party could result in Poland having to leave the EU, as it undermines the
136:
47:
2305:[Jarosław Kaczyński: Polexit is fake news, an idea of the opposition].
2026:""Łączy nas Polexit". Narodowcy i Korwin-Mikke łączą siły przed wyborami do PE"
1573:
1692:
170:, which is a key condition for membership that Poland had signed up to in its
2260:
1737:"Czy Polska powinna opuścić Unię Europejską? Sondaż dla "Faktów" TVN i TVN24"
1503:
2604:
2526:
1794:"Aż 1/3 Polaków wierzy w antyunijną propagandę [SONDAŻ] - OKO.press"
1711:"Polacy wcale nie chcą Polexitu! Fałszywa sensacja po sondażu Eurobarometru"
848:
397:
179:
2208:
Guerra, Simona (2020). "The Historical Roots of Euroscepticism in Poland".
2081:[Janusz Kowalski: If we lose even more, I will vote for Polexit].
327:, and since then–according to regular polls conducted by the governmental
2406:
1983:""Brexit can happen here", Poles demonstrate in support of EU membership"
1203:
292:
2700:
2658:
2630:
2511:
1696:
759:
521:
17:
30:
2686:
2649:
2644:
2610:
2355:"'There will be no Polexit': Kaczynski says Poland's future is in EU"
1603:"Europejczycy, w tym Polacy, chcą federalizacji Unii. Tak mówią dane"
1279:"EU court rules Polish judicial reform illegal in worsening standoff"
1252:"Court of Justice says Polish judicial amendments may violate EU law"
1153:
59:
51:
1492:"Poland is a problem for the EU precisely because it will not leave"
1305:"EU court voids decision by Polish judge found to lack independence"
2277:"'Polexit' talk grows after Warsaw challenges Brussels over EU law"
1125:"Polexit: 3 reasons why Poland will quit the EU and 3 why it won't"
120:); the Treaty of Accession 2003 would accept ten more, mostly from
2055:[Polexit? Kowalski: The European Union is plundering us].
1898:"Prawie 90 procent Polaków nie chce wychodzić z Unii Europejskiej"
1559:
375:
29:
2381:"Paweł Kukiz: Polexitu nie będzie. Totalna opozycja tumani naród"
2303:"Jarosław Kaczyński: Polexit jest fake newsem, pomysłem opozycji"
2184:"Ziobryści o polexicie: W ciągu 10 lat będzie pole do referendum"
1303:
Baczynska, Gabriela; Wlodarczak-semczuk, Anna (6 October 2021).
2463:
1925:"Polish opposition sounds Polexit alarm and calls for protests"
1334:"Polish court rules EU laws incompatible with its constitution"
2210:
Euroscepticisms: The Historical Roots of a Political Challenge
1099:"Poles voice fears of 'Polexit' as govt defies EU over budget"
135:
In 2016, following continued political pressures from British
104:. At the time the EU included fifteen countries, mostly from
1981:
Wlodarczak-Semczuk, Anna; Pempel, Kacper (11 October 2021).
1227:"Polish Ruling Party Official Backpedals EU Exit Suggestion"
755:, 42.6% of respondents were for, while 36.9% were against.
1026:"Poland's parliament elects Donald Tusk as prime minister"
875:
are also known as a pro-European political organisations.
54:" and "exit"), is the name given to a hypothetical Polish
1872:"Czy Polska powinna pozostać w Unii Europejskiej? Sondaż"
2105:"Janusz Kowalski: Referendum polexitowe może być w 2027"
1277:
Baczynska, Gabriela; Florkiewicz, Pawel (15 July 2021).
74:
was won by a coalition of predominantly pro-EU parties.
1467:"A legal secession from the EU will cost Poland dearly"
1360:"The EU must be tougher with Poland on the rule of law"
931:
Respondents not given abstention as an option initially
323:, 77.6% of voters voted in favor. Poland joined the EU
1199:"Poland's ruling PiS sends mixed signals on 'Polexit'"
158:
warned that the judicial reform planned by the ruling
1764:"87% of Poles believe Poland should remain in the EU"
2620:
2584:
2501:
2275:
1947:
1945:
1327:
1325:
1180:"Poland may have to leave EU, Supreme Court warns"
1074:"Poland's EU budget veto stokes talk of 'Polexit'"
305:called it "legal secession from the EU"; however,
1976:
1974:
1629:"Sondaż: Polacy chcą zostać w Unii Europejskiej"
1440:"Poland stokes fears of leaving EU in 'Polexit'"
1332:Henley, Jon; Rankin, Jennifer (7 October 2021).
2274:Shotter, James; Fleming, Sam (8 October 2021).
942:British referendum on European Union membership
1846:"Sondaż: Prawie 17 proc. Polaków za polexitem"
1415:"Polish Court Ruling Sets Stage for 'Polexit'"
2475:
2053:"Polexit? Kowalski: Unia Europejska nas łupi"
1197:Kaczyński, Piotr Maciej (10 September 2021).
887:: procedure to suspend certain rights from a
301:reported that this risked Polexit, while the
8:
2182:Dobrosz-Oracz, Justyna (15 September 2021).
1553:"Europeans' attitudes to UK's EU Referendum"
2085:(in Polish). Polsat News. 20 September 2021
766:Endorsement of Polexit by political parties
199:October 2021 Constitutional Tribunal ruling
2482:
2468:
2460:
2250:
2008:"Anti-EU Block forms on the Polish right"
885:Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union
225:. These have attracted scrutiny from the
84:History of the European Union (1993–2004)
40:Polish withdrawal from the European Union
333:
321:2003 Polish referendum on joining the EU
1762:Jakubowska, Joanna (24 November 2020).
1465:The Editorial Board (10 October 2021).
1225:Skolimowski, Piotr (9 September 2021).
991:
901:
205:2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis
34:Poland's location in the European Union
2502:Withdrawal of member state territories
1525:"Trendy - stosunek do integracji z UE"
1055:"Poland: How feasible is a 'Polexit?'"
974:
972:
970:
968:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
772:Confederation Liberty and Independence
287:; effectively rejecting the notion of
1788:
1786:
1784:
1652:
1650:
1597:
1595:
1408:
1406:
285:beyond the scope of their competences
7:
1574:"Polakom dalej do Europy niż Polkom"
1148:
1146:
166:and challenges the principle of the
145:referendum on withdrawal from the EU
800:, which emerged on the base of the
27:Proposal for Poland to leave the EU
2762:Withdrawal from the European Union
1658:"Sondaż: Polacy nie chcą polexitu"
1413:Coakley, Amanda (8 October 2021).
1072:Shotter, James (6 December 2020).
812:from that party and candidate for
329:Centre for Public Opinion Research
283:, asserting that EU institutions
72:2023 Polish parliamentary election
56:withdrawal from the European Union
25:
2014:. Telewizja Polska. 1 March 2019.
1530:Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej
833:President of the European Council
215:National Council of the Judiciary
2699:
2685:
2671:
2657:
2643:
2629:
2593:
2563:
2544:
2525:
2510:
269:Poland's Constitutional Tribunal
2252:10.12797/Politeja.12.2015.33.11
1923:Wanat, Zosia (8 October 2021).
2137:(in Polish). 25 September 2021
1878:(in Polish). 12 September 2021
1635:(in Polish). 17 September 2018
1358:Barber, Tony (2 August 2021).
271:ruled that some provisions of
244:In March 2021, Prime Minister
239:in controversial circumstances
211:Polish Constitutional Tribunal
1:
2767:Poland and the European Union
2163:(in Polish). 9 September 2021
1826:(in Polish). 23 November 2020
1664:(in Polish). 26 November 2018
1399:– via Business Insider.
164:independence of the judiciary
2335:(in Polish). 12 October 2021
2111:(in Polish). 3 November 2021
2032:(in Polish). 6 December 2018
1959:(in Polish). 17 October 2021
1743:(in Polish). 1 February 2020
891:or to apply sanctions to it.
827:parties. Critics, including
132:, and Mediterranean States.
92:Polish constitutional crisis
88:Poland in the European Union
58:. The term was coined after
2585:Withdrawal of member states
1904:(in Polish). 5 October 2021
2793:
1391:(in Polish). 29 March 2021
819:Law and Justice (PiS) and
814:2020 presidential election
202:
192:Deputy Marshal of the Sejm
81:
2715:
2551:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2051:EMW (10 September 2021).
1902:Polska Agencja Prasowa SA
835:as well as leader of the
802:Congress of the New Right
279:rulings clashed with the
227:European Court of Justice
2772:Euroscepticism in Poland
841:Prime Minister of Poland
102:Treaty of Accession 2003
2777:Public policy proposals
804:and is centered around
250:Constitutional Tribunal
156:Supreme Court of Poland
2333:Dziennik Gazeta Prawna
281:Constitution of Poland
35:
940:One month before the
869:Polish People's Party
861:minister of education
839:), and currently the
445:Kantar Millward Brown
235:judicial independence
203:Further information:
177:On 22 November 2020,
33:
2735:Article 50 Procedure
2233:Lázár, Nóra (2015).
697:/ OKO.press / Ipsos
223:Disciplinary Chamber
100:in 2004 through the
2757:Proposals in Poland
2437:(16 October 2021).
2361:. 15 September 2021
1498:. 14 October 2021.
1186:. 17 December 2019.
1061:. 13 December 2017.
672:TVN / Kantar Media
586:TVN / Kantar Media
336:
267:On 7 October 2021,
254:Polish constitution
186:In September 2021,
172:Treaty of Accession
2721:Current membership
1717:. 21 December 2019
1609:. 17 February 2019
1160:. 10 December 2020
1131:. 30 November 2020
1032:. 11 December 2023
857:Przemysław Czarnek
845:Jarosław Kaczyński
783:(Solidarna Polska)
606:OKO.press / Ipsos
501:OKO.press / Ipsos
420:OKO.press / Ipsos
334:
325:the following year
246:Mateusz Morawiecki
96:Poland joined the
36:
2744:
2743:
2219:978-90-04-42125-7
1800:. 5 December 2020
1580:. 19 October 2016
1105:. 9 December 2020
1006:. 18 October 2022
747:
746:
289:primacy of EU law
258:beyond the powers
168:primacy of EU law
118:Maastricht Treaty
62:, the process of
16:(Redirected from
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1446:. 8 October 2021
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188:Ryszard Terlecki
116:Europe (see the
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382:September 2016
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130:Baltic States
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2572:(changed to
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2307:www.rmf24.pl
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2056:
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2036:30 September
2034:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
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1956:
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1928:
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1443:
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1418:
1393:. Retrieved
1388:
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1367:. Retrieved
1363:
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1341:. Retrieved
1338:The Guardian
1337:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
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1282:
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1260:. Retrieved
1255:
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1230:
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1208:. Retrieved
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1102:
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1077:
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1029:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:Pew Research
1003:
994:
936:
927:
918:
910:Constitution
904:
889:member state
865:
818:
782:
776:Konfederacja
775:
769:
757:
750:
748:
740:
717:
692:
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565:Kantar Media
466:
318:
306:
302:
296:
266:
252:whether the
243:
208:
185:
178:
176:
153:
148:
143:conducted a
137:Eurosceptics
134:
128:Europe, the
95:
43:
39:
37:
2728:Enlargement
2678:Netherlands
2435:Charlemagne
2387:(in Polish)
2309:(in Polish)
2059:(in Polish)
1852:(in Polish)
1562:. May 2016.
1533:(in Polish)
1164:10 December
1135:10 December
1109:10 December
1083:10 December
1036:25 February
1010:25 February
873:Poland 2050
853:Paweł Kukiz
829:Donald Tusk
825:Eurosceptic
808:, a former
794: [
506:March 2019
476: [
273:EU treaties
262:EU treaties
231:rule of law
48:portmanteau
2751:Categories
2574:OCT status
2555:OCT status
2536:OCT status
2491:Withdrawal
2451:20 October
2416:17 October
2391:17 October
2365:17 October
2339:17 October
2313:17 October
2287:17 October
2193:17 October
2167:17 October
2141:17 October
2115:3 November
2089:17 October
2063:17 October
1992:12 October
1963:17 October
1934:17 October
1908:12 October
1882:12 October
1856:12 October
1830:31 October
1804:31 October
1773:17 October
1747:12 October
1721:31 October
1693:Bratislava
1668:31 October
1639:31 October
1613:31 October
1584:31 October
1537:31 October
1509:17 October
1476:17 October
1424:17 October
1395:17 October
1369:26 October
1343:11 October
1314:17 October
1288:17 October
1262:17 October
1236:17 October
1210:17 October
1158:EUobserver
1030:Al Jazeera
987:References
913:judiciary)
871:(PSL) and
634:July 2021
352:Undecided
248:asked the
82:See also:
2605:Gibraltar
2532:Greenland
2493:from the
2261:1733-6716
2212:. Brill.
2030:Do Rzeczy
1824:forsal.pl
1798:oko.press
1715:oko.press
1607:oko.press
1578:oko.press
1504:0013-0613
1450:9 October
1231:Bloomberg
851:", while
849:fake news
823:are also
398:OKO.press
360:May 2016
180:Do Rzeczy
2447:. London
2359:euronews
2012:PolandIn
1929:Politico
1876:TVN24.pl
1768:Euractiv
1741:TVN24.pl
1444:BBC News
1256:POLITICO
1204:Euractiv
1184:BBC News
1129:POLITICO
879:See also
831:(former
821:Kukiz'15
629:/ IBRiS
400:/ Ipsos
349:Abstain
293:BBC News
277:EU court
114:Southern
110:Northern
2706:Romania
2664:Hungary
2636:Denmark
1987:Reuters
1699:. 2019.
1697:Globsec
1309:Reuters
1283:Reuters
1103:AP NEWS
791:PolEXIT
543:Kantar
522:Globsec
355:Source
346:Remain
319:In the
149:Polexit
141:Britain
126:Eastern
122:Central
106:Western
78:History
64:Britain
44:Polexit
18:Polexit
2692:Poland
2650:France
2611:Brexit
2259:
2216:
2161:Wprost
1502:
743:/ SWR
737:14.1%
731:64.4%
728:14.8%
720:/ SWR
714:12.1%
708:64.5%
705:16.2%
652:/ SWR
640:62.6%
637:16.9%
617:81.1%
563:TVN /
343:Leave
217:, the
213:, the
90:, and
60:Brexit
52:Poland
2603:(and
1689:(PDF)
1560:Ipsos
1556:(PDF)
896:Notes
798:]
760:above
734:6.7%
711:7.2%
623:7.9%
480:]
473:IBRiS
376:Ipsos
340:Date
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