Political sociology - Knowledge (XXG)

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representation that in turn influences political parties which make the decisions. The distribution of power is then achieved through the interplay of contending interest groups. The government in this model functions just as a mediating broker and is free from control by any economic power. This pluralistic democracy however requires the existence of an underlying framework that would offer mechanisms for citizenship and expression and the opportunity to organize representations through social and industrial organizations, such as trade unions. Ultimately, decisions are reached through the complex process of bargaining and compromise between various groups pushing for their interests. Many factors, pluralists believe, have ended the domination of the political sphere by an economic elite. The power of organized labour and the increasingly interventionist state have placed restrictions on the power of capital to manipulate and control the state. Additionally, capital is no longer owned by a dominant class, but by an expanding managerial sector and diversified shareholders, none of whom can exert their will upon another.

1611:. According to Mills, the eponymous "power elite" are those that occupy the dominant positions, in the dominant institutions (military, economic and political) of a dominant country, and their decisions (or lack of decisions) have enormous consequences, not only for the U.S. population but, "the underlying populations of the world." The institutions which they head, Mills posits, are a triumvirate of groups that have succeeded weaker predecessors: (1) "two or three hundred giant corporations" which have replaced the traditional agrarian and craft economy, (2) a strong federal political order that has inherited power from "a decentralized set of several dozen states" and "now enters into each and every cranny of the social structure", and (3) the military establishment, formerly an object of "distrust fed by state militia," but now an entity with "all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain." Importantly, and in distinction from modern American 1346:. Poulantzas disagreed with this because he saw the capitalist class as too focused on its individual short-term profit, rather than on maintaining the class's power as a whole, to simply exercise the whole of state power in its own interest. Poulantzas argued that the state, though relatively autonomous from the capitalist class, nonetheless functions to ensure the smooth operation of capitalist society, and therefore benefits the capitalist class. In particular, he focused on how an inherently divisive system such as capitalism could coexist with the social stability necessary for it to reproduce itself—looking in particular to nationalism as a means to overcome the class divisions within capitalism. Borrowing from Gramsci's notion of 33: 984:'s definition for political sociologists varies across the approaches and conceptual framework utilised within this interdisciplinary study. At its basic understanding, power can be seen as the ability to influence or control other people or processes around you. This helps to create a variety of research focuses and use of methodologies as different scholars' understanding of power differs. Alongside this, their academic disciplinary department/ institution can also flavour their research as they develop from their baseline of inquiry (e.g. political or sociological studies) into this interdisciplinary field (see 1615:, Mills explains that the elite themselves may not be aware of their status as an elite, noting that "often they are uncertain about their roles" and "without conscious effort, they absorb the aspiration to be ... The Onecide." Nonetheless, he sees them as a quasi-hereditary caste. The members of the power elite, according to Mills, often enter into positions of societal prominence through educations obtained at establishment universities. The resulting elites, who control the three dominant institutions (military, economy and political system) can be generally grouped into one of six types, according to Mills: 64: 1278:(the family, the education system, trade unions, etc.) – commonly seen as the private or non-state sphere, which mediates between the state and the economy. However, he stresses that the division is purely conceptual and that the two often overlap in reality. Gramsci claims the capitalist state rules through force plus consent: political society is the realm of force and civil society is the realm of consent. Gramsci proffers that under modern capitalism the 1483:

process in the ongoing rationalisation of the Western society. Weber's ideal bureaucracy is characterised by hierarchical organisation, by delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, by action taken (and recorded) on the basis of written rules, by bureaucratic officials needing expert training, by rules being implemented neutrally and by career advancement depending on technical qualifications judged by organisations, not by individuals.

5579: 5543: 4835: 1174: 5568: 4885: 860: 4871: 5555: 4859: 1350:, Poulantzas argued that repressing movements of the oppressed is not the sole function of the state. Rather, state power must also obtain the consent of the oppressed. It does this through class alliances, where the dominant group makes an "alliance" with subordinate groups as a means to obtain the consent of the subordinate group. 1559:. This is as much focused now on micro questions (such as the formation of identity through social interaction, the politics of knowledge, and the effects of the contestation of meaning on structures), as it is on macro questions (such as how to capture and use state power). Chief influences here include cultural studies ( 1786:

and democracy has been subjected to extensive empirical examination, both quantitative and qualitative, in the past 30 years. And the evidence shows, with striking clarity and consistency, a strong causal relationship between economic development and democracy." The book sold more than 400,000 copies

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wields power in America through its support of think-tanks, foundations, commissions, and academic departments. Additionally, he argues that the elite control institutions through overt authority, not through covert influence. In his introduction, Domhoff writes that the book was inspired by the work

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emphasized the psychological and intellectual superiority of elites, believing that they were the highest achievers in any field. He discussed the existence of two types of elites: Governing elites and Non-governing elites. He also extended the idea that a whole elite can be replaced by a new one and

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The importance of studying sociology within politics, and vice versa, has had recognition across figures from Mosca to Pareto as they recognised that politicians and politics do not operate in a societal vacuum, and society does not operate outside of politics. Here, political sociology sets about to

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Contemporary political sociology takes these questions seriously, but it is concerned with the play of power and politics across societies, which includes, but is not restricted to, relations between the state and society. In part, this is a product of the growing complexity of social relations, the

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The outlook of the Italian school of elitism is based on two ideas: Power lies in position of authority in key economic and political institutions. The psychological difference that sets elites apart is that they have personal resources, for instance intelligence and skills, and a vested interest in

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was influenced by Gramsci, Miliband and Poulantzas to propose that the state is not as an entity but as a social relation with differential strategic effects. This means that the state is not something with an essential, fixed property such as a neutral coordinator of different social interests, an

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emphasized the sociological and personal characteristics of elites. He said elites are an organized minority and that the masses are an unorganized majority. The ruling class is composed of the ruling elite and the sub-elites. He divides the world into two group: Political class and Non-Political

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go back to him and a classic, hierarchically organised civil service of the Continental type is called "Weberian civil service". As the most efficient and rational way of organising, bureaucratisation for Weber was the key part of the rational-legal authority and furthermore, he saw it as the key

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The pluralist emphasis on fair representation however overshadows the constraints imposed on the extent of choice offered. Bachrauch and Baratz (1963) examined the deliberate withdrawal of certain policies from the political arena. For example, organized movements that express what might seem as

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is tied to his conception of the capitalist state. Gramsci does not understand the state in the narrow sense of the government. Instead, he divides it between political society (the police, the army, legal system, etc.) – the arena of political institutions and legal constitutional control – and

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determine peoples' production relations and their production relations determine all other relations, including the political. Although "determines" is the strong form of the claim, Marx also uses "conditions". Even "determination" is not causality and some reciprocity of action is admitted. The

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are separate. However, he already saw some limitations to that model, arguing: "The political state everywhere needs the guarantee of spheres lying outside it." He added: "He as yet was saying nothing about the abolition of private property, does not express a developed theory of class, and "the

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Political sociologists, throughout its broad manifestations, propose that in order to understand power, society and politics must be studied with one another and neither treated as assumed variables. In the words of political scientist Michael Rush, "For any society to be understood, so must its

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Political sociology attempts to explore the dynamics between the two institutional systems introduced by the advent of Western capitalist system that are the democratic constitutional liberal state and the capitalist economy. While democracy promises impartiality and legal equality before all

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where, he asserts, social and political organizations are run by few individuals, and social organization and labor division are key. He believed that all organizations were elitist and that elites have three basic principles that help in the bureaucratic structure of political organization:

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refers specifically to a sociological analysis of politics and not an interdisciplinary area of research that political sociology works towards. This difference is made by the variables of interest that both perspectives focus upon. Sociology of politics centres on the non-political causes of

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or politics as a study largely situates itself within this definition of sociology and is sometimes regarded as a well developed sub-field of sociology, but is seen as a stand alone disciplinary area of research due to the size of scholarly work undertaken within it. Politics offers a complex

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For pluralists, the distribution of political power is not determined by economic interests but by multiple social divisions and political agendas. The diverse political interests and beliefs of different factions work together through collective organizations to create a flexible and fair

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which states that democracy is the direct result of economic growth, and that "he more well-to-do a nation, the greater the chances that it will sustain democracy." Lipset's modernization theory has continued to be a significant factor in academic discussions and research relating to

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is sometimes called a state-centered approach. It explains what the state does by looking at constraints from organizational structure, semi-autonomous state managers, and interests that arise from the state as a unique, power-concentrating organization. A leading representative is

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In other words, political sociology is concerned with how social trends, dynamics, and structures of domination affect formal political processes alongside social forces working together to create change. From this perspective, we can identify three major theoretical frameworks:

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in the eighteenth , political in the nineteenth, and social in the twentieth". This evolution however, has been criticized by many for only being from the perspective of the white working man. Marshall concludes his essay with three major factors for the evolution of

1457:. He notes that the instability of charismatic authority forces it to "routinise" into a more structured form of authority. In a pure type of traditional rule, sufficient resistance to a ruler can lead to a "traditional revolution". The move towards a 1716:

and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in the society". One of the key points made by Marshall is his belief in an evolution of rights in

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The scope of political sociology is broad, reflecting on the wide interest in how power and oppression operate over and within social and political areas in society. Although diverse, some major themes of interest for political sociology include:

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the government; while the rest are incompetent and do not have the capabilities of governing themselves, the elite are resourceful and strive to make the government work. For in reality, the elite would have the most to lose in a failed state.

1478:(1922). His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work. It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularisation of this term. Many aspects of modern 1009:

definition and is important to note that what 'politics' means is subjective to the author and context. From the study of governmental institutions, public policy, to power relations, politics has a rich disciplinary outlook.

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in 1969, a study in Marxist political sociology, rejecting the idea that pluralism spread political power, and maintaining that power in Western democracies was concentrated in the hands of a dominant class.

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can maintain its economic control by allowing certain demands made by trade unions and mass political parties within civil society to be met by the political sphere. Thus, the bourgeoisie engages in

1096:. Social class theory analysis emphasizes the political power of capitalist elites. It can be split into two parts: one is the "power structure" or "instrumentalist" approach, whereas another is the 1151:

lens), whereas political sociology is a collaborative socio-political exploration of society and its power contestation. When addressing political sociology, there is noted overlap in using

988:). Although with deviation in how it is carried out, political sociology has an overall focus on understanding why power structures are the way they are in any given societal context. 1555:

impact of social movement organizing, and the relative weakening of the state as a result of globalization. To a significant part, however, it is due to the radical rethinking of

914:. Interested in the social causes and consequences of how power is distributed and changes throughout and amongst societies, political sociology's focus ranges across individual 1378:

respectively. Rather, what the state is essentially determined by is the nature of the wider social relations in which it is situated, especially the balance of social forces.

1123:?" or even, "What difference does it make if women get elected?", political sociologists also now ask, "How is the body a site of power?", "How are emotions relevant to global 1160:

oppression and power contestation in political life, whereas political sociology includes the political causes of these actions throughout commentary with non-political ones.

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The development of political sociology from the 1930s onwards took place as the separating disciplines of sociology and politics explored their overlapping areas of interest.

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provided a very influential analysis of the bases of democracy across the world. Larry Diamond and Gary Marks argue that "Lipset's assertion of a direct relationship between

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can be viewed as the broad analysis of human society and the interrelationship of these societies. Predominantly focused on the relationship of human behaviour with society.

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Mills formulated a very short summary of his book: "Who, after all, runs America? No one runs it altogether, but in so far as any group does, the power elite."

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How political values and behaviours shape society and how society's values and behaviours shape politics (e.g. public opinion, ideologies, social movements).

443: 1847: 1104:. The structuralist approach emphasizes the way a capitalist economy operates; only allowing and encouraging the state to do some things but not others ( 1712:

in 1949. Marshall's concept defines the social responsibilities the state has to its citizens or, as Marshall puts it, "from the right to a modicum of

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by suggesting the inevitability of a move in this direction, in which "Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge."

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autonomous corporate actor with its own bureaucratic goals and interests, or the 'executive committee of the bourgeoisie' as often described by

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structure of authority, utilising a bureaucratic structure, is inevitable in the end. Thus this theory can be sometimes viewed as part of the

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the "Political Directorate", "fifty-odd men of the executive branch" of the U.S. federal government, including the senior leadership in the

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by going beyond its immediate economic interests and allowing the forms of its hegemony to change. Gramsci posits that movements such as

2004:"Political Sociology: An essay with special reference to the development of research in the United States of America and Western Europe" 890: 487: 1619:

the "Metropolitan 400", members of historically notable local families in the principal American cities, generally represented on the

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and was translated into 20 languages, including: Vietnamese, Bengali, and Serbo-Croatian. Lipset was one of the first proponents of

1641: 829: 819: 523: 483: 4324: 3674:. Hoover Institution, "In Memoriam: Seymour Martin Lipset, 1922–2006: A Giant among Teachers," 2007. accessed: December 27, 2007. 2819: 1507:(1876–1936), were cofounders of the Italian school of elitism which influenced subsequent elite theory in the Western tradition. 1453:

In his view, every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained such elements and they can be analysed on the basis of

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class. Mosca asserts that elites have intellectual, moral, and material superiority that is highly esteemed and influential.

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bourgeoisie control the economy, therefore they control the state. In this theory, the state is an instrument of class rule.

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society. Overlaying this is the fact that his own ideas about the state changed as he grew older, differing in his early pre-

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field of study concerned with exploring how governance and society interact and influence one another at the micro to macro

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Lipset, Seymour Martin (March 1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".

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approach. The power structure approach focuses on the question of who rules and its most well-known representative is

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How these operate across formal and informal areas of politics and society (e.g. ministerial cabinet vs. family home).

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Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".

2666:. Bryce Anderson, Anthony Arblaster, Dennis Austin, Jim Bulpitt, C. H. Dodd, Michael Evans. Manchester. p. 130. 1342:

Marxist accounts such as that of Miliband held that the state was simply an instrument in the hands of a particular

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Leadership that matters: the critical factors for making a difference in people's lives and organisations' success

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Weber's rationalism and modern society : new translations on politics, bureaucracy, and social stratification

1755:). However, these have also become controversial issues as there is a debate over whether a citizen truly has the 1671:, first published in 1967 as a best-seller (#12), with six subsequent editions. Domhoff argues in the book that a 5214: 4942: 4761: 4479: 4434: 1885: 814: 650: 383: 253: 119: 5583: 32: 5578: 5547: 5395: 5385: 5182: 4908: 4845: 4384: 4193: 4085: 1442: 1406:

of political leadership (alternatively referred to as three types of domination, legitimisation or authority):

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Many of the social responsibilities of a state have since become a major part of many state's policies (see

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the "Chief Executives", presidents and CEOs of the most important companies within each industrial sector

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A main rival to pluralist theory in the United States was the theory of the "power elite" by sociologist

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in the early 1930s throughout the social and political disruptions that took place through the rise of

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Toward a Political Sociology of Punishment: Politics and Changes in the Incarcerated Population

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politics; and if the politics of any society is to be understood, so must that society."

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Banks, D. and Purdy, M., 2001. The Sociology and Politics of Health. London: Routledge.

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exercise and contest power (e.g. power structures, authority, social inequality).

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Pluralism sees politics primarily as a contest among competing interest groups.

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Numerous works account for highlighting a political sociology, from the work of

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While both are valid lines of enquiry, sociology of politics is a sociological

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In political sociology, one of Weber's most influential contributions is his "

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Masters of sociological thought : ideas in historical and social context

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Weber described many ideal types of public administration and government in

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The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis

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The European Commission and the integration of Europe: images of governance

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solution to the problem of the state/civil society separation is a purely

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Why Americans still don't vote : and why politicians want it that way

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are considered foundational to its inception as a sub-field of research.

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The anti-democratic sources of elite theory : Pareto, Mosca, Michels

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An enlargement of citizenship and more rights granted to these citizens.

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This represents the high point of conformance of the state theory to an

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might have been, "Why do so few American or European citizens choose to

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Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World

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Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics

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radical change in a society can often by portrayed as illegitimate.

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Another knowledge is possible : beyond northern epistemologies

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as sites of social and political conflict and power contestation.

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Principles of public administration : Malaysian perspectives

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the "Corporate Rich", major landowners and corporate shareholders

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the "Warlords", senior military officers, most importantly the

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economic interest. Two years later, that idea was expounded in

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to understand an integral theme of political sociology; power.

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The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber: Collected Essays

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Utilization of facilities by leaders within their organization

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Tawnya Adkins Covert (2017), "What is Political Sociology?" (

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The importance of the psychological attributes of the leaders

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How socio-political cultures and identities change over time.

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Diamond, Larry Jay (2002). "Thinking About Hybrid Regimes".

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Zakaria, Fareed (1997). "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy".

1816:

V. Bautista (2020), "Introduction to Political Sociology" (

1767:

Seymour Martin Lipset on the social requisites of democracy

1644:, sometimes variously drawn from elected officials of the 2387:. Richard A. Cloward (1 ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. 3807:"The Lipset Hypothesis in a Property Rights Perspective" 3130:

The Max Weber dictionary: key words and central concepts

2817:

Newman, Michael (2004). "Miliband, Ralph (1924–1994)".

1193:(i.e. present) era and the state (or absence of one) in 3133:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 18–21. 2583:"From the Sociology of Politics to Political Sociology" 1394:) essay. Therein, Weber unveils the definition of the 3373:"Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework" 3207:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 40. 2895:

An ethic of responsibility in international relations

1875:: Political and Historical Sociology Research Cluster 1518:

how one can circulate from being elite to non-elite.

3965:

The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology

3854:

European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology

2453:

The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology

2275:"Political Trends Affecting Nonmetropolitan America" 2055:

Grand Theories and Ideologies in the Social Sciences

1667:

is a book by research psychologist and sociologist,

5504: 5488: 5235: 4961: 4733: 4658: 4467: 4307: 4224: 4174: 4136: 4056:

Political and Historical Sociology Research Cluster

3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 2785:

A Contribution to the critique of political economy

2057:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 81–96, 1587:citizens, the capitalist system results in unequal 1236:(1846), Marx viewed the state as a creature of the 986:§ Political sociology vs sociology of politics 3162: 2892: 1539:Need for leaders, specialized staff and facilities 1013:study the relationships of society and politics. 3907:Dobratz, B., Waldner, L. and Buzzell, T., 2019. 3593:"Citizenship and Social Class: And Other Essays" 1734:and for their further evolution, listed below: 1591:and thus possible political inequality as well. 1400:monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force 1127:?", and "What difference does knowledge make to 3432:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 31. 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 1115:Where a typical research question in political 3988:. Social Science Research, 30(2), pp. 171–194. 3981:. American Sociological Review, 67(1), p. 109. 3304:Philosophy of education : an encyclopedia 4916: 4086: 2552:. Boaventura de Sousa Santos. London: Verso. 2002:Bendix, Reinhard; Lipset, Seymour M. (1957). 1322:, of whom he had been a friend. He published 1218:, his basic conception is that the state and 1135:Political sociology vs. sociology of politics 884: 8: 3930:Readings in contemporary political sociology 3241:. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. pp. 2823:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1652:parties but usually professional government 1465:theory. This ties to his broader concept of 4003:Political sociology and the people's health 3918:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 3371:Bachrach, Peter; Baratz, Morton S. (1963). 3161:Marshall Sashkin; Molly G. Sashkin (2003). 3013:. University of Chicago Press. p. 46. 4923: 4909: 4901: 4304: 4093: 4079: 4071: 3963:Amenta, E., Nash, K. and Scott, A., 2016. 3495:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2992:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2694:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2366:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2128:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1973:(1 ed.). New York: Harper & Row. 1848:European Consortium for Political Research 891: 877: 62: 46: 4019:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 3875: 3865: 3591:Fiddle, Seymour; Marshall, T. H. (1951). 3047:Max Weber : an intellectual portrait 2625:Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of right' 2598: 2196:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 1185:can be divided into three subject areas: 2886: 2884: 930:Political sociology was conceived as an 31: 2820:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2158:. New York: Prentice Hall. p. 13. 1921: 1318:was influenced by American sociologist 1215:Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right 54: 4017:The new political sociology of science 3488: 3169:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 3127:Richard Swedberg; Ola Agevall (2005). 2985: 2750:The German ideology, Parts I & III 2687: 2477: 2359: 2282:Journal of Research in Rural Education 2251: 2121: 1227:solution, namely universal suffrage". 1209:and in his mature, more nuanced work. 1205:phase which predates the unsuccessful 1054:Understanding the dynamics of how the 954:. This new area drawing upon works by 3977:Jacobs, D. and Carmichael, J., 2002. 3686:The American Political Science Review 3586: 3584: 3582: 3039: 3037: 2899:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 2848: 2846: 2707: 2705: 2655: 2653: 2094:Clemens, Elisabeth Stephanie (2016). 1306:respectively, are examples of this. 7: 5554: 4858: 4005:. Abingdon: Oxford University Press. 3967:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. 3946:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3342:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3307:. New York: Routledge. p. 179. 2546:Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (2007). 2338:(2 ed.). Long Grove, Illinois. 2306:Wilma van der Veen, E (2009-12-12). 2185: 2183: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2089: 2087: 1970:Political sociology; selected essays 1962: 1960: 1850:: Political Sociology Standing Group 1838:: Political Sociology Research Group 1155:as a synonym. Sartori outlines that 1143:account of politics (e.g. exploring 4870: 4066:Introduction to Political Sociology 3944:Introduction to political sociology 3939:. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press. 3916:The handbook of political sociology 4041:Political Sociology Standing Group 4031:Political Sociology Research Group 2600:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1969.tb00173.x 1251:economic interpretation of history 25: 4015:Frickel, S. and Moore, K., 2006. 3377:American Political Science Review 2308:"POLITICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES" 2227:The politics of social inequality 1842:American Sociological Association 1642:Executive Office of the President 5577: 5566: 5553: 5542: 5541: 4883: 4869: 4857: 4834: 4833: 3984:Jacobs, D. and Helms, R., 2001. 2581:Sartori, Giovanni (1969-04-01). 1844:: Section on Political Sociology 1398:as that entity that possesses a 858: 43:. "All Oppression is Connected". 5496:List of social science journals 3092:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–42. 2314:from the original on 2009-12-12 1324:The State in Capitalist Society 1177:A portrait picture of Karl Marx 444:Peace, war, and social conflict 5616:Subfields of political science 5453:Science and technology studies 4036:Section on Political Sociology 1776:: The Social Bases of Politics 1492:Italian school of elite theory 1: 3942:Orum, A. and Dale, J., 2009. 3867:10.1080/23254823.2019.1570859 3638:Diamond, Larry and Gary Marks 3510:Palmisano, Joseph M. (2001). 1862:: Political Sociology Cluster 1753:United States Social Security 1701:T. H. Marshall on citizenship 1550:Pluralism and power relations 4061:What is Political Sociology? 3597:American Sociological Review 3461:Domhoff, G. William (2018). 3429:The sociological imagination 3007:Wolfgang J. Mommsen (1992). 2837:UK public library membership 2505:Media, Culture & Society 2288:(3): 161–166. Archived from 2190:Domhoff, G. William (1967). 2097:What is political sociology? 1710:Citizenship and Social Class 1314:English Marxist sociologist 1290:and fascism, as well as the 4051:Political Sociology Cluster 3932:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. 3545:Kenneth E. Miller (1967). " 2381:Piven, Frances Fox (2000). 2273:Nachtigal, Paul M. (1994). 1579:), and cultural sociology ( 1455:this tripartite distinction 5632: 4757:Human environmental impact 3235:Allan, Kenneth D. (2005). 2020:10.1177/001139215700600201 1688:, and political scientist 1676:of four men: sociologists 1089:Elite or managerial theory 115:Human environmental impact 5537: 4938: 4830: 4108: 3937:Power, state, and society 3426:Mills, C. Wright (2000). 3339:Democracy and its critics 3301:Chambliss, J. J. (2014). 3044:Bendix, Reinhard (1977). 2663:Participation in politics 2587:Government and Opposition 2049:Kryzanek, Ann P. (2010), 1932:A dictionary of sociology 1886:Bibliography of sociology 1575:), structuration theory ( 1024:to other figures such as 4194:Structural functionalism 3549:by G. William Domhoff". 3336:Dahl, Robert A. (1989). 3201:Hooghe, Liesbet (2001). 2958:Jeong, Chun Hai (2012). 2517:10.1177/0163443707086859 2332:Coser, Lewis A. (2003). 1967:Coser, Lewis A. (1967). 1207:1848 uprisings in Europe 209:Structural functionalism 5141:international relations 4766:Industrial revolutions 4214:Symbolic interactionism 3848:Korom, Philipp (2019). 3811:SSRN Electronic Journal 3516:. Detroit: Gale Group. 3266:Nye, Robert A. (1977). 2715:The Communist manifesto 2660:Parry, Geraint (1972). 2416:Phillips, Anne (1991). 2063:10.1057/9780230112612_5 1860:University of Cambridge 1854:University of Amsterdam 1563:), post-structuralism ( 1445:(modern law and state, 1243:The Communist Manifesto 1181:Marx's ideas about the 229:Symbolic interactionism 124:Industrial revolutions 5468:Quantum social science 4204:Social constructionism 3805:Czegledi, Pal (2015). 3086:George Ritzer (2009). 2891:Daniel Warner (1991). 2829:10.1093/ref:odnb/55138 2484:: CS1 maint: others ( 2258:: CS1 maint: others ( 2152:Rush, Michael (1992). 1891:Political anthropology 1825:Research organisations 1794:democratic transitions 1778:political sociologist 1388:Politics as a Vocation 1189:states, states in the 1178: 219:Social constructionism 44: 5505:Other categorizations 5358:International studies 5343:History of technology 5278:Communication studies 5161:public administration 4811:Social stratification 4693:Conversation analysis 4250:Cultural anthropology 4240:Comparative sociology 4166:Sociological practice 4001:Beckfield, J., 2018. 3993:Health and well-being 3741:10.1353/jod.2002.0025 2933:Politics & Policy 2419:Engendering democracy 1780:Seymour Martin Lipset 1759:and even more so, to 1738:The lessening of the 1636:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1532:iron law of oligarchy 1480:public administration 1425:traditional authority 1411:charismatic authority 1292:scientific management 1230:By the time he wrote 1176: 1157:sociology of politics 1153:sociology of politics 956:Alexis de Tocqueville 594:Conversation analysis 169:Social stratification 35: 5338:Historical sociology 4260:Historical sociology 3953:. London: Routledge. 3921:Lachmann, R., 2010. 3911:. London: Routledge. 3819:10.2139/ssrn.2573981 3729:Journal of Democracy 2782:Karl., Marx (2010). 1929:Scott, John (2014). 1896:Political philosophy 1789:Modernization theory 1784:economic development 1581:Jeffrey C. Alexander 1255:forces of production 5606:Political sociology 5518:Geisteswissenschaft 5512:Behavioral sciences 5438:Political sociology 5353:Information science 5298:Development studies 4821:Social cycle theory 4280:Social anthropology 4270:Political sociology 4161:Sociological theory 3552:Journal of Politics 2853:Weber, Max (2015). 2747:Marx, Karl (2011). 2712:Marx, Karl (2002). 2622:Marx, Karl (1843). 2499:Nash, Kate (2008). 1830:Political sociology 1475:Economy and Society 1463:social evolutionism 1233:The German Ideology 904:Political sociology 179:Social cycle theory 50:Part of a series on 27:Branch of sociology 18:Political Sociology 5573:Society portal 5060:auxiliary sciences 4890:Society portal 4791:Social environment 4415:race and ethnicity 4265:Industrial society 3935:Neuman, W., 2008. 3670:2008-07-18 at the 3653:Carl Albert Center 3643:2007-08-31 at the 3547:Who Rules America? 3513:World of sociology 3467:. Abingdon, Oxon. 2945:10.1111/polp.12100 2193:Who rules America? 1911:Political identity 1901:Political spectrum 1873:Harvard University 1836:Aalborg University 1757:right to education 1669:G. William Domhoff 1664:Who Rules America? 1284:passive revolution 1179: 1102:G. William Domhoff 912:levels of analysis 865:Society portal 488:History of science 469:Race and ethnicity 149:Social environment 45: 5611:Philosophy of law 5593: 5592: 5433:Political economy 5428:Political ecology 5283:Community studies 5273:Cognitive science 5236:Interdisciplinary 5136:Political science 4898: 4897: 4786:Social complexity 4718:Social experiment 4463: 4462: 4290:Social psychology 3651:a Journal of the 3523:978-1-84972-101-1 3474:978-1-351-58862-1 3439:978-0-19-976112-8 3314:978-1-138-86652-2 3252:978-1-4129-0572-5 3214:978-0-521-00143-4 3180:978-1-57675-193-0 3140:978-0-8047-5095-0 3099:978-0-07-340438-7 3020:978-0-226-53400-8 2971:978-967-349-233-6 2910:978-1-55587-266-3 2866:978-1-137-36586-6 2835:(Subscription or 2795:978-1-142-42574-6 2760:978-1-61427-048-5 2559:978-1-84467-117-5 2463:978-1-4443-5509-3 2107:978-0-7456-9160-2 2072:978-1-349-28839-7 2008:Current Sociology 1942:978-0-19-176305-2 1867:Interdisciplinary 1678:E. Digby Baltzell 1613:conspiracy theory 1503:(1858–1941), and 1392:Politik als Beruf 1374:and conventional 1348:cultural hegemony 1006:Political science 932:interdisciplinary 908:interdisciplinary 901: 900: 619:Social experiment 499:Social psychology 144:Social complexity 16:(Redirected from 5623: 5581: 5571: 5570: 5557: 5556: 5545: 5544: 5448:Regional science 5293:Cultural studies 5268:Business studies 4925: 4918: 4911: 4902: 4888: 4887: 4873: 4872: 4861: 4860: 4837: 4836: 4816:Social structure 4713:Network analysis 4305: 4295:Sociolinguistics 4285:Social movements 4209:Social darwinism 4146:Public sociology 4095: 4088: 4081: 4072: 3949:Rush, M., 1992. 3928:Nash, K., 2007. 3925:. Oxford: Wiley. 3923:States and Power 3890: 3889: 3879: 3869: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3776:10.2307/20048274 3759: 3753: 3752: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3681: 3675: 3662: 3656: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3486: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3272:. London: SAGE. 3263: 3257: 3256: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3168: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3124: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3083: 3070: 3069: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2983: 2964:. 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Wright Mills 1621:Social Register 1609:C. Wright Mills 1605: 1577:Anthony Giddens 1571:), pragmatism ( 1565:Michel Foucault 1552: 1497:Vilfredo Pareto 1494: 1489: 1467:rationalisation 1443:legal authority 1384: 1356: 1340:Instrumentalist 1333: 1320:C. Wright Mills 1312: 1267:Antonio Gramsci 1264: 1262:Antonio Gramsci 1212:In Marx's 1843 1195:post-capitalist 1171: 1166: 1137: 1047: 1042: 998: 928: 897: 857: 850: 849: 810: 800: 799: 727: 653: 639: 637:Major theorists 629: 628: 564: 554: 553: 244: 234: 233: 204:Critical theory 199:Conflict theory 194: 184: 183: 154:Social equality 95: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5629: 5627: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5401:social science 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5333:Global studies 5330: 5328:Gender studies 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5311:social science 5307:Environmental 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:macroeconomics 5003: 5001:microeconomics 4993: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Human behavior 4749: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4445:stratification 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226:Related fields 4222: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4025:External links 4023: 4021: 4020: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3860:(4): 448–473. 3840: 3797: 3754: 3719: 3676: 3665:Diamond, Larry 3657: 3630: 3578: 3537: 3522: 3502: 3473: 3453: 3438: 3418: 3383:(3): 632–642. 3363: 3348: 3328: 3313: 3293: 3278: 3258: 3251: 3227: 3213: 3193: 3179: 3153: 3139: 3112: 3098: 3071: 3056: 3033: 3019: 2999: 2970: 2950: 2923: 2909: 2880: 2865: 2842: 2809: 2794: 2788:. Nabu Press. 2774: 2759: 2739: 2724: 2701: 2672: 2649: 2634: 2614: 2593:(2): 195–214. 2573: 2558: 2538: 2511:(2): 167–181. 2491: 2462: 2443: 2428: 2408: 2393: 2373: 2344: 2324: 2298: 2295:on 2013-10-30. 2265: 2236: 2217: 2202: 2179: 2164: 2135: 2106: 2083: 2071: 2041: 1994: 1979: 1956: 1941: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1801: 1798: 1768: 1765: 1761:social welfare 1749: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1706:T. H. Marshall 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1690:Robert A. Dahl 1657: 1656: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1604: 1601: 1589:economic power 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1530:developed the 1505:Robert Michels 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1459:rational-legal 1451: 1450: 1440: 1433:patrimonialism 1422: 1383: 1380: 1355: 1352: 1332: 1329: 1316:Ralph Miliband 1311: 1310:Ralph Miliband 1308: 1263: 1260: 1187:pre-capitalist 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1136: 1133: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 997: 994: 972:Émile Durkheim 964:Robert Michels 927: 924: 899: 898: 896: 895: 888: 881: 873: 870: 869: 868: 867: 852: 851: 848: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 811: 806: 805: 802: 801: 655: 654: 640: 635: 634: 631: 630: 627: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 565: 560: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 264:Astrosociology 261: 256: 251: 245: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 195: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 122: 117: 112: 110:Human behavior 107: 102: 96: 93: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 81: 76: 68: 67: 59: 58: 52: 51: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5628: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Human science 5522: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5480:Vegan studies 5478: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:Public health 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377:Philosophies 5376: 5374: 5373:Media studies 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5348:Human ecology 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Anthrozoology 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5183:developmental 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:public policy 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5107:legal systems 5105: 5103: 5102:legal history 5100: 5098: 5097:jurisprudence 5095: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4832: 4829: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4801:Social equity 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747:Globalization 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683:Computational 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325:consciousness 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4228:and subfields 4223: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Social theory 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3692:(1): 69–105. 3691: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3349:0-300-04409-7 3345: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3279:0-8039-9872-4 3275: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3197: 3194: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3057:0-520-03503-8 3053: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2939:(6): 824–49. 2938: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725:0-14-044757-1 2721: 2717: 2716: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2673:0-87471-131-2 2669: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2635:0-521-07836-9 2631: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2542: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2429:0-271-00783-4 2425: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2394:0-8070-0449-9 2390: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2345:1-57766-307-1 2341: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2325: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2237:0-7623-0756-0 2233: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2203:0-13-958363-7 2199: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2165:0-7450-1215-9 2161: 2157: 2156: 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Cambridge. 2099: 2098: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1980:0-06-131293-2 1976: 1972: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1774:Political Man 1766: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1732:social rights 1728: 1724: 1721:acquired via 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:Luc Boltanski 1570: 1569:Judith Butler 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:social theory 1549: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1501:Gaetano Mosca 1499:(1848–1923), 1498: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:assembly line 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:civil society 1272: 1269:'s theory of 1268: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1253:in which the 1252: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1220:civil society 1217: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:structuralist 1095: 1094:Theda Skocpol 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 995: 993: 989: 987: 983: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 934:sub-field of 933: 925: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 894: 889: 887: 882: 880: 875: 874: 872: 871: 866: 861: 856: 855: 854: 853: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 830:Organizations 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 809: 804: 803: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 779: · 778: 775: · 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 735: · 734: 731: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 667: · 666: 662: 659: 652: 648: 645: 642: 641: 638: 633: 632: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 584:Computational 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 563: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 489: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 329:Environmental 327: 324: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 279:Consciousness 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 243: 238: 237: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 188: 187: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 159:Social equity 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 105:Globalization 103: 101: 98: 97: 91: 90: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 70: 69: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 49: 48: 42: 41:New York City 38: 34: 30: 19: 5582: 5558: 5546: 5516: 5437: 5323:Food studies 5263:Area studies 5016:mathematical 5011:econometrics 4969:Anthropology 4881: 4874: 4862: 4838: 4806:Social power 4708:Mathematical 4688:Ethnographic 4668:Quantitative 4435:small groups 4308:Sociology of 4269: 4235:Anthropology 4175:Perspectives 3902:Introductory 3896:Bibliography 3857: 3853: 3843: 3810: 3800: 3770:(6): 22–43. 3767: 3763: 3757: 3735:(2): 21–35. 3732: 3728: 3722: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3660: 3648: 3633: 3600: 3596: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3512: 3505: 3463: 3456: 3428: 3421: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3338: 3331: 3303: 3296: 3268: 3261: 3237: 3230: 3218:. 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4360:environment 4245:Criminology 3972:Criminology 3559:: 565–567. 1723:citizenship 1686:Paul Sweezy 1673:power elite 1654:bureaucrats 1603:Power elite 1561:Stuart Hall 1447:bureaucracy 1404:ideal types 1298:methods of 1280:bourgeoisie 1201:phase, the 1084:analysis. 960:James Bryce 820:Terminology 789:Baudrillard 665:Tocqueville 579:Comparative 574:Qualitative 544:Victimology 374:Immigration 359:Generations 274:Criminology 5600:Categories 5529:Humanities 5463:historical 5396:psychology 5368:Management 5210:demography 5168:Psychology 5151:philosophy 5112:public law 5043:integrated 4840:Categories 4781:Popularity 4734:Key themes 4698:Historical 4450:technology 4255:Demography 4199:Positivism 3649:Extension, 3603:(3): 422. 3483:1000395483 2839:required.) 2318:2021-06-16 2078:2021-06-16 1917:References 1740:income gap 1650:Republican 1646:Democratic 1487:Approaches 1429:patriarchs 1364:pluralists 1359:Bob Jessop 1354:Bob Jessop 1304:Henry Ford 1203:young Marx 1191:capitalist 1110:Bob 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