Political campaign - Knowledge (XXG)

978: 1299:. The purpose of such a token effort may be simply to increase name awareness of a minor political party, to give voters of a certain ideology an opportunity to vote accordingly, or to ensure that the party has candidates in every constituency. It can be a cost-effective means of attracting media coverage. An informational campaign, by contrast, may involve news releases, newspaper interviews, door-to-door campaigning, and organizing polls. As the level of seriousness rises, the marginal cost of reaching more people rises accordingly, due to the high cost of TV commercials, paid staff, etc. which are used by competitive campaigns. Paper candidates do not expect to be elected and usually run simply as a way of helping the more general campaign. However, an unexpected surge in support for the party may result in many paper candidates being unexpectedly elected, as for example happened to the 1419:

appear to have no effects outside the market that hosts a visit." The authors of the study argue that it would be more effective for campaigns to go to the pockets of the country where wealthy donors are (for fundraising) and hold rallies in the populous states both to attract national press and raise funds. A 2005 study found that campaign visits had no statistically significant effect, after controlling for other factors, on voter turnout in the 1992, 1996, and 2000 elections. On the other hand, a 2017 paper of the 1948 presidential election provides "strong evidence that candidate visits can influence electoral returns". Other research also provides evidence that campaign visits increase vote share.

1384: 1035:. The campaign brought the spotlight on the importance of using internet in new-age political campaigning by utilizing various forms of social media and new media (including Facebook, YouTube and a custom generated social engine) to reach new target populations. The campaign's social website, my.BarackObama.com, utilized a low cost and efficient method of mobilizing voters and increasing participation among various voter populations. This new media was incredibly successful at reaching the younger population while helping all populations organize and promote action. 953:

the public sees them. Campaigns often prioritize spending in contested regions and increase their paid media expenses as an election approaches. Electoral campaigns often conclude with a "closing argument ad", an advertisement that summarizes the campaign's core themes and explains the candidate's vision for the future. In the 2020 election, Joe Biden's "Rising" ad starts with him saying "we're in a battle for the soul of this nation" and a worker in Donald Trump's Pennsylvania ad stated "that will be the end of my job and thousands of others" if Trump lost.

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election results, data from registered voter lists, and survey research make it possible to determine which people fall into each of these three groups. Third, it is neither possible nor necessary to get the support of all people. Fourth, and last, once a campaign has identified how to win, it can act to create the circumstances to bring about this victory. In order to succeed, campaigns should direct campaign resources – money, time, and message – to key groups of potential voters and nowhere else."

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more than 200 get-out-the-vote experiments finds that the most effective tactics are personal: Door-to-door canvassing increases turnout by an average of about 2.5 percentage points; volunteer phone calls raise it by about 1.9 points, compared to 1.0 points for calls from commercial phone banks; automated phone messages are ineffective. Using out-of-state volunteers for canvassing is less effective in increasing turnout than using local and trained volunteers.

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elections, suggesting a lasting persuasion effect." According to a 2018 study, repeated get-out-the-vote phone calls had diminishing effects but each additional phone call increased the probability to vote by 0.6-1.0 percentage points. Another 2018 study found that "party leaflets boost turnout by 4.3 percentage points while canvassing has a small additional effect (0.6 percentage points)" in a United Kingdom election.

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be necessary to enlighten otherwise uninformed voters about the fundamentals, which thus become increasingly predictive of preferences as the campaign progresses. Research suggests that "the 2012 presidential campaigns increased turnout in highly targeted states by 7–8 percentage points, on average, indicating that modern campaigns can significantly alter the size and composition of the voting population".

101: 1097: 867: 769: 597: 522: 424: 1331:, 31% of voters admitted to either developing of changing their party preferences during the election campaign. The study provides data that shows how the main parties within Austria had differing levels of voters flipping toward them, thus proving that an election campaign has some level of effectiveness that differs between parties, depending on factors such as media presence. 4573: 1452: 4601: 1400:"Campaigns involve a variety of actors. More visible are the candidates themselves. Their strategic choices involve every facet of a campaign: whether to run in the first place, what issues to emphasize, what specific messages or themes to discuss, which kinds of media to use, and which citizens to target" (Sides 2018). 3559: 961:

which could lead to an increase in earned media. Campaigns may also spend money to emphasize stories circulating through media networks. Research suggests that neither form of media is inherently superior. A 2009 study found that media coverage was not significantly more effective than paid advertisements.

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Campaigns may also rely on strategically placed field offices to acquire votes. The Obama 2008 campaign's extensive use of field offices has been credited as crucial to winning in the states of Indiana and North Carolina. Each field office that the Obama campaign opened in 2012 gave him approximately

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There are many different types of strategies that are also used during these campaigns that target certain people and try to win them over. people are also paid to help get candidates to vote for a certain side. In the book Campaigns and elections by author John Sides a sentence in 1 page 13 it says,

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One reason why it is hard to judge the effectiveness of an election campaign is because many people know who they want to vote for long before the campaigns are started. Voters are more likely to vote for a nominee based on whose values align closest with theirs. Studies suggest that party flips come

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An informational campaign is a political campaign designed to raise public awareness and support for the positions of a candidate (or her/his party). It is more intense than a paper campaign, which consists of little more than filing the necessary papers to get on the ballot, but is less intense than

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Experts say that effective media management is an essential component of a successful political campaign. Studies show that candidates with higher media attention tend to have greater success in elections. Each form of media can influence the other. Paid media may raise the newsworthiness of an event

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Earned media describes free media coverage, often from news stories or social media posts. Unlike paid media, earned media does not incur an expense to the campaign. Earned media does not imply that the political campaign is mentioned in a positive manner. Political campaigns may often receive earned

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Hampering the ability of political competitors to campaign, by such techniques as counter-rallies, picketing of rival parties' meetings, or overwhelming rival candidates' offices with mischievous phone calls (most political parties in representative democracies publicly distance themselves from such

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A husting, or the hustings, was originally a physical platform from which representatives presented their views or cast votes before a parliamentary or other election body. By metonymy, the term may now refer to any event, such as debates or speeches, during an election campaign where one or more of

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technologies are used for cause-related fundraising, lobbying, volunteering, community building, and organizing. Individual political candidates are also using the internet to promote their election campaign. In a study of Norwegian election campaigns, politicians reported they used social media for

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Paid media refers to any media attention that is directly generated from spending. This form of media is commonly found through political advertisements and organized events. An advantage of paid media is that it allows political campaigns to tailor the messages they show the public and control when

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found that door-to-door canvassing on behalf of the Francois Hollande campaign in the 2012 French presidential election "did not affect turnout, but increased Hollande's vote share in the first round and accounted for one fourth of his victory margin in the second. Visits' impact persisted in later

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Traditional ground campaigning and voter contacts remain the most effective strategies. Some research suggests that knocking on doors can increase turnout by as much as 10% and phone calls by as much as 4%. One study suggests that lawn signs increase vote share by 1.7 percentage points. A review of

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A large body of political science research emphasizes how "fundamentals" – the state of the economy, whether the country is at war, how long the president's party has held the office, and which candidate is more ideologically moderate – predict presidential election outcomes. However, campaigns may

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The development of new technologies has completely changed the way political campaigns are run. In the late 20th Century, campaigns shifted into television and radio broadcasts. The early 2000s brought interactive websites. By 2008 the world of campaigns was available to millions of people through

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According to a 2020 study, campaign spending on messaging to voters affects voter support for candidates. Another 2020 study found that political advertising had small effects regardless of context, message, sender, and receiver. A 2022 study found that voters are persuadable to switch support for

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The fundamentals matter less in the outcome of presidential primaries. One prominent theory holds that the outcome of presidential primaries is largely determined by the preferences of party elites. Presidential primaries are therefore less predictive, as various types of events may impact elites'

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by author John Sides, it says, "For those that do get attention, media coverage often emphasizes what is new, dramatic, or scandalous. Unlike the candidates themselves, the news media or at least those outlets that strive for objectivity are not seeking to manipulate citizens into voting for their

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about policy issues. The points summarize the main ideas of the campaign and are repeated frequently in order to create a lasting impression with the voters. In many elections, the opposition party will try to get the candidate "off message" by bringing up policy or personal questions that are not

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A 2016 study found that visits by a candidate to states have modest effects: "visits are most effective in influencing press coverage at the national level and within battleground states. Visits' effects on voters themselves, however, are much more modest than consultants often claim, and visits

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have regular election campaigns, but political campaigning can occur on particular issues even in non-democracies so long as freedom of expression is allowed. Often mass campaigns are started by the less privileged or anti-establishment viewpoints (as against more powerful interests whose first

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Another modern campaign method by political scientist Joel Bradshaw points out four key propositions for developing a successful campaign strategy. "First, in any election the electorate can be divided into three groups: the candidate's base, the opponent's base, and the undecided. Second, past

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In presidential campaigns in the United States, research indicates that a $ 10 million advantage in spending in an individual states leads to approximately 27,000 more votes for the campaign in the state, which can be sufficient to win a close race. In down-ballot races, spending matters more.

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found that campaigns have "an average effect of zero in general elections". The study found two instances where campaigning was effective: "First, when candidates take unusually unpopular positions and campaigns invest unusually heavily in identifying persuadable voters. Second, when campaigns

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Media management refers to the ability of a political campaign to control the message that it broadcasts to the public. The forms of media used in political campaigns can be classified into two distinct categories: "paid media" or "earned media". There are times where some campaigns get little

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and Alan Gerber, it costs $ 31 to produce a vote going door to door, $ 91-$ 137 to produce a vote by sending out direct mailers, $ 47 per vote from leafletting, $ 58-$ 125 per vote from commercial phone banking, and $ 20-$ 35 per vote from voluntary phone banking. A 2018 study in the

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a competitive campaign, which aims to actually win election to the office. An informational campaign typically focuses on low-cost outreach such as news releases, getting interviewed in the paper, making a brochure for door to door distribution, organizing poll workers, etc.

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Research is mixed on the precise impact of debates. Rather than encourage viewers to update their political views in accordance with the most persuasive arguments, viewers instead update their views to merely reflect what their favored candidate is saying.

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found that television campaign ads do affect election outcomes, in particular in down-ballot races. According to political scientists Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar, negative ads do succeed at driving down overall turnout though. A 2019 study of

737:. The plan takes account of a campaign's goal, message, target audience, and resources available. The campaign will typically seek to identify supporters at the same time as getting its message across. The modern, open campaign method was pioneered by 677:

A campaign manager's primary duty is to ensure marketing campaigns achieve their objectives. They work with the marketing manager to create, execute and monitor the performance of campaigns and provide all the resources required to meet sales targets.

1061:. High proficiency and effective algorithmic integration will be the core factor in the framework. This technology integration helps campaign information reach a wide audience in split-seconds. This was successfully tested and implemented in the 2015 733:. The avenues available to political campaigns when distributing their messages is limited by the law, available resources, and the imagination of the campaigns' participants. These techniques are often combined into a formal strategy known as the 490:

related to the talking points. Most campaigns prefer to keep the message broad in order to attract the most potential voters. A message that is too narrow can alienate voters or slow the candidate down with explaining details. For example, in the

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Fundraising techniques include having the candidate call or meet with large donors, sending direct mail pleas to small donors, and courting interest groups who could end up spending millions on the race if it is significant to their interests.

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media from gaffes or scandals. In the 2016 United States Presidential Election, a majority of the media coverage surrounding Hillary Clinton was focused on her scandals, with the most prevalent topics being topics related to her emails.

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The message of the campaign contains the ideas that the candidate wants to share with the voters. It is to get those who agree with their ideas to support them when running for a political position. The message often consists of several

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In the context of political campaigns, activists are "foot soldiers" loyal to a campaign's cause. As supporters, they promote the campaign as volunteer activists. Such volunteers and interns may take part in activities such as

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Green, Donald P.; Krasno, Jonathan S.; Coppock, Alexander; Farrer, Benjamin D.; Lenoir, Brandon; Zingher, Joshua N. (2016-03-01). "The effects of lawn signs on vote outcomes: Results from four randomized field experiments".

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originally used a message that focused on his patriotism and political experience: "Country First"; later the message was changed to shift attention to his role as "The Original Maverick" within the political establishment.

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Middleton, Joel A.; Green, Donald P. (March 2008). "Do community-based voter mobilization campaigns work even in battleground states? Evaluating the effectiveness of MoveOn's 2004 outreach campaign".

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Political science research generally finds negative advertisement (which has increased over time) to be ineffective both at reducing the support and turnout for the opponent. A 2021 study in the

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Vote-by-mail, previously known as "absentee ballots", have grown significantly in importance as an election tool. Campaigns in most states must have a strategy in place to impact early voting.

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In the 19th Century, American presidential candidates seldom traveled or made speeches in support of their candidacies. Through 1904, only eight major presidential candidates did so (

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Holbrook, Thomas M.; McClurg, Scott D. (2005-10-01). "The Mobilization of Core Supporters: Campaigns, Turnout, and Electoral Composition in United States Presidential Elections".

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A consensus in the political science literature holds that national conventions usually have a measurable effect on presidential elections that is relatively resistant to decay.

3560:"Is it worth door-knocking? Evidence from a United Kingdom-based Get Out The Vote (GOTV) field experiment on the effect of party leaflets and canvass visits on voter turnout" 4238:& Co., Feb, 27, 1882) (retrieved July 21, 2024) ("Garfield spoke to large crowds as he journeyed to and from New York in August, to a great multitude in that city"). 1038:

Now, online election campaign information can be shared in a rich information format through campaign landing pages, integrating Google's rich snippets, structured data,

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Political consultants advise campaigns on virtually all of their activities, from research to field strategy. Consultants conduct candidate research, voter research, and

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In a modern political campaign, the campaign organization (or "machine") will have a coherent structure of personnel in the same manner as any business of similar size.

53: 1583:. In 1896, William McKinley recruited the help of Marcus A. Hanna. Hanna devised a plan to have voters come to McKinley. McKinley won the race with 51% of the votes. 1443:

campaign found that the online-ad campaign "increased the party's vote share by 0.7 percentage points" and that factual ads were more effective than emotional ads.

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Campaign Craft: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management, 5th Edition: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management

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Campaign advertising is the use of paid media (newspapers, radio, television, etc.) to influence the decisions made for and by groups. These ads are designed by

4633: 3880:"The small effects of political advertising are small regardless of context, message, sender, or receiver: Evidence from 59 real-time randomized experiments" 1488: 1257:, in reference to the baiting technique) as a way of commuting a competitor's popularity into campaign donations, volunteer recruitment, and free advertising 2479: 1990:"Does media attention lead to personal electoral success? Differences in long and short campaign media effects for top and ordinary political candidates" 4928: 1580: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1544: 1536: 1528: 1520: 1512: 1504: 994: 742: 491: 1826: 1375:

perception of the viability of candidates. Gaffes, debates and media narratives play a greater role in primaries than in presidential elections.

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Schuster, Steven Sprick (2020-02-25). "Does Campaign Spending Affect Election Outcomes? New Evidence from Transaction-Level Disbursement Data".

3447: 2426: 2354: 2104:"Exploring the Comparative Communications Effectiveness of Advertising and Public Relations: A Replication and Extension of Prior Experiments" 4259: 4021:

Lau, Richard R.; Sigelman, Lee; Rovner, Ivy Brown (2007-11-01). "The Effects of Negative Political Campaigns: A Meta-Analytic Reassessment".

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Gelman, Andrew; King, Gary (2008-01-17). "Why are American Presidential Election Campaign Polls so Variable When Votes are so Predictable?".

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Wood, Thomas (2016-09-01). "What The Heck Are We Doing in Ottumwa, Anyway? Presidential Candidate Visits and Their Political Consequence".

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marketing and for dialogue with voters. Facebook was the primary platform for marketing and Twitter was used for more continuous dialogue.

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Darr, Joshua P.; Levendusky, Matthew S. (2014-05-01). "Relying on the Ground Game The Placement and Effect of Campaign Field Offices".

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A campaign team (which may be as small as one inspired individual, or a heavily resourced group of professionals) must consider how to

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Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (1995). "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party".

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the internet and social media programs. 2008 marked a new era of digital elections because of the fast-paced movement of information.

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Writing directly to members of the public (either via a professional marketing firm or, particularly on a small scale, by volunteers)

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Sides, J. and Vavreck, L.: The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election. (Updated Edition) (eBook and Paperback)

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for various forms of activism enable faster communications by citizen movements and deliver a message to a large audience. These

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The internet is now a core element of modern political campaigns. Communication technologies such as e-mail, websites, and

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the message of the campaign, recruit volunteers, and raise money. Campaign advertising draws on techniques from commercial

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Heersink, Boris; Peterson, Brenton D. (2017). "Truman defeats Dewey: The effect of campaign visits on election outcomes".

2379: 1170: 1077:. Marcus Giavanni used advanced algorithms, artificial intelligence, and voice indexing predictions to box in campaigns. 5635: 1658: 1410: 1074: 1070: 391: 3322:

Green, Donald P.; McGrath, Mary C.; Aronow, Peter M. (2013-02-01). "Field Experiments and the Study of Voter Turnout".

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A paper campaign is a political campaign in which the candidate only files the necessary paperwork to appear on the

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Signifying the importance of internet political campaigning, Barack Obama's presidential campaign relied heavily on

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contact voters long before election day and measure effects immediately — although this early persuasion decays."

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Weinschenk, Aaron C. (2015-09-01). "Polls and Elections: Campaign Field Offices and Voter Mobilization in 2012".

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Nickerson, David W. (2007-04-01). "Quality Is Job One: Professional and Volunteer Voter Mobilization Calls".

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Masket, Seth; Sides, John; Vavreck, Lynn (2015-07-27). "The Ground Game in the 2012 Presidential Election".

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Enos, Ryan D.; Fowler, Anthony (2016-05-01). "Aggregate Effects of Large-Scale Campaigns on Voter Turnout".

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a 0.3% greater vote share. According to one study, the cost per vote by having a field office is $ 49.40.

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from the analysis of how a voter sees their parties performance in the years before a campaign even begins.

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is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. In

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Bourdon, Jeffrey Normand. "Just Call Me Bill: William Taft Brings Spectacle Politics to the Midwest,"

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in 1878–80, although there may be earlier recognizably modern examples from the 19th century. The 1896

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attention, but the ones that do get highlighted for the effectiveness and dramatic events. In the book

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Bednar, Steven (2017-07-28). "Campaigning and election outcomes in a presidential primary election".

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Using a campaign surrogate - a celebrity or person of influence, campaigning on a candidate's behalf

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Johann, David; Königslöw, Katharina Kleinen-von; Kritzinger, Sylvia; Thomas, Kathrin (2018-04-03).

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Political campaigns have existed as long as there have been informed citizens to campaign amongst.

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A Professional and Practitioner's Guide to Public Relations Research, Measurement, and Evaluation

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disruptive and morale-affecting tactics, with the exception of those parties self-identifying as

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Obama harnessed the grass-roots power of the Web to get elected. How will he use that power now?

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Vavreck, L.: The Message Matters: The Economy and Presidential Campaigns. (eBook and Paperback)

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Abramowitz, Alan I. (1978-01-01). "The Impact of a Presidential Debate on Voter Rationality".

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Hibbs, Douglas A. Jr. (2000-07-01). "Bread and Peace Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections".

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Scholars have estimated that a $ 2 million advantage can net a Senate campaign 10,000 votes.

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Remaining close to or at home to make speeches to supporters who come to visit as part of a

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Enli, Sara Gunn; Skogerbø, Eli (2013). "Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics".

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are decided. In modern politics, the most high-profile political campaigns are focused on

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How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies

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Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.; Evans, Andrew D.; Wheeler, William Bruce; Ruff, Julius (2014).

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The American Campaign, Second Edition: U.S. Presidential Campaigns and the National Vote

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Bartels, Larry M.; Zaller, John (2001-03-01). "Presidential Vote Models: A Recount".

2691: 2627: 2220:"Several candidates have filed to run for Denver mayor in 2019. Here's what they say" 2138: 2103: 2031: 2014: 1773: 1388: 1032: 734: 383: 264: 3689: 3468: 3431: 3351: 3308: 3300: 3237: 2787: 2330: 2088: 5599: 5519: 5514: 5398: 5242: 5184: 5164: 4671: 1404: 1039: 1024: 730: 499: 100: 17: 4144: 4066: 3805: 3716: 2547: 3415: 3402:(2013-01-01). "Local Canvassing: The Efficacy of Grassroots Voter Mobilization". 3335: 2130: 5491: 5451: 5302: 5209: 5204: 5073: 5063: 5048: 4874: 4844: 4826: 4691: 4389: 2224: 1469: 1174: 1096: 990: 866: 768: 722: 596: 521: 494: 423: 31: 2943: 2299:"Off The Bus: Obama Campaign Rewrites Fundraising Rules by Selling Merchandise" 2196:"ആരും വോട്ടുചെയ്തുപോകും; ഡിജിറ്റൽ പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോമുകളിൽ പ്രചാരണം കളർഫുൾ | Madhyamam" 5572: 5471: 5428: 5393: 5312: 5252: 5146: 5083: 4902: 4786: 4776: 4701: 4686: 4681: 4656: 4427:

The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies

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Through websites, online communities, and solicited or unsolicited bulk email

108:, 1860. The reverse side of the button shows a portrait of his running mate 5292: 5272: 5247: 5126: 5098: 5011: 4948: 4834: 4696: 4666: 2446: 2380:"10 Questions With Libertarian Party of Nevada Chairman Jim Duensing, Pt. 2" 1989: 1654: 1632: 1028: 367: 297: 269: 259: 229: 3931: 3904: 2683: 2573: 1777: 1234:

Using endorsements of other celebrated party members to boost support (see

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Noel, Hans (2010). "Ten Things Political Scientists Know that You Don't".

1988:

van Erkel, Patrick F. A.; Van Aelst, Peter; Thijssen, Peter (2020-04-01).

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ran on a consistent, simple message of "change" throughout his campaign.

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Owen, Diana (2017-08-24). Kenski, Kate; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (eds.).

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Electioneering in front of a voting location for municipal elections in

27:

Attempt to influence the decision making process within a specific group

5539: 5524: 5408: 5325: 5043: 4811: 4741: 3962: 3229: 3113: 3070: 2048:"Does Advertising Spending Influence Media Coverage of the Advertiser?" 1086: 1046: 3182: 5466: 4611: 4525:

Political Parties and Elections in the United States: An Encyclopedia

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Campaigning on American Soil and the Rules of the American Government

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The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

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The Peers, the Parties and the People: The General Elections of 1910

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Burton, Michael; Miller, William J.; Shea, Daniel M. (2015-06-23).

3848: 3132:. Chicago Studies in American Politics. University of Chicago Press 2864:. Chicago Studies in American Politics. University of Chicago Press 2324:"Publications - Social Research - Swinburne University - Melbourne" 5506: 5106: 3600:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

3039:"A Study of Presidential Campaign Event Effects from 1952 to 1992" 1450: 1382: 1270: 1165: 1031:

channels to engage voters, recruit campaign volunteers, and raise

976: 405: 99: 3152:"Why News Coverage of the Debate May Matter More than the Debate" 2594:"The Effect of Television Advertising in United States Elections" 1750:

Jefferson's Vendetta: the Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary

1210:

that helps identify and target small demographic slices of voters

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Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies

4227:(Oct. 2016) (retrieved July 21, 2024); Blaine, James Gillespie, 709:

door-to-door and making phone calls on behalf of the campaigns.

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Coppock, Alexander; Hill, Seth J.; Vavreck, Lynn (2020-09-01).

1925:"Biden And Trump Campaigns Stress Closing Themes In New TV Ads" 1779:

Campaigns and elections : rules, reality, strategy, choice

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Research strategies of election campaign communication research

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Sale of official campaign merchandise (colloquially known as

30:"Electioneering" redirects here. For the Radiohead song, see 2251: 729:, also entertainment and public relations, a mixture dubbed 134: 4467:

Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right

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British Society 1680-1880: Dynamism, Containment and Change

1876:"The 2020 Elections Will Set (Another) Ad Spending Record" 2592:

Sides, John; Vavreck, Lynn; Warshaw, Christopher (2022).

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William Gladstone in 1879, during the Midlothian campaign

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greet babies - a traditional campaign activity - at the

1851:"Definition of Paid Media - Gartner Marketing Glossary" 61: 4474:

Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practice

3483:"Every vote matters. What's the best way to get them?" 1217:- a series of brief appearances in several small towns 4064:

Ansolabehere, Stephen; Iyengar, Shanto (2016-06-20).

1725:

John Marshall: the Chief Justice Who Saved the Nation

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candidates when they are exposed to new information.

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Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies

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Discovering the Western Past, Volume II: Since 1500

4460:Campaigning Online: the Internet in U.S. Elections 4065: 3984:Dowling, Conor M.; Krupnikov, Yanna (2016-11-22). 2648:. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. 2046: 1439:political advertising conducted by a party in the 374:campaigns, by which representatives are chosen or 4552:Gary C. Jacobson. 2015. How Do Campaigns Matter? 4469:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010. 3324:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 3204:Gerber, Alan S.; Green, Donald P. (2000-01-01). 1827:"The Real Difference Between PR And Advertising" 1479:The first modern campaign is often described as 2942:Sides, John; Vavreck, Lynn (7 September 2014). 1054: 4541:(2nd edition). New York: Westview Press, 2004. 4437:Citizens, Parties and the State: A Reappraisal 4281:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 3945:Broockman, David E.; Kalla, Joshua L. (2022). 1200:By distributing leaflets or selling newspapers 4627: 4520:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. 4497:Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans 4492:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 4442:Webb, Paul, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday, 4404:LaPalombara, Joseph and Myron Wiener (eds.), 343: 50:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 989:campaigning for her husband, U.S. President 4406:Political Parties and Political Development 4199:. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. 2890:. Oxford University Press. 26 August 2010. 2445:Kalla, Joshua; Broockman, David E. (2018). 1158:the representative candidates are present. 1125:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 895:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 797:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 625:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 452:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4634: 4620: 4612: 4532:History of American Presidential Elections 4359:The Political System of the European Union 2297:Diane Tucker, Dawn Teo (3 November 2008). 2181:"Introduction to Structured Data - Search" 1810:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1491:laid the groundwork for modern campaigns. 1361:Presidential and vice-presidential debates 829:Election campaign communication refers to 350: 336: 115: 4479:Kirsten A. Foot and Steven M. Schneider, 4413:Political Parties: Organization and Power 3921: 3903: 3571: 3523: 3382: 2718: 2609: 2563: 2013: 1145:Learn how and when to remove this message 915:Learn how and when to remove this message 817:Learn how and when to remove this message 645:Learn how and when to remove this message 570:Learn how and when to remove this message 472:Learn how and when to remove this message 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 4534:. 4 vols. New York: Chelsea House, 1971. 3990:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 2119:Information, Communication & Society 1900:"Closing argument (political campaigns)" 1495:History of election campaigns in America 1058: 4513:(5th edition). New York: Longman, 2000. 4511:The Politics of Congressional Elections 4289:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001 2045:Rinallo, Diego; Basuroy, Suman (2009). 1697: 1049:support file formats for YouTube like 1027:, Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) and 126: 4539:Campaigns and Elections American Style 4490:Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996 4425:Poguntke, Thomas, and Paul Webb, eds. 4129:"Do Online Ads Influence Vote Choice?" 4109: 4099: 3564:Political Science Research and Methods 3448:Quarterly Journal of Political Science 3398:Sinclair, Betsy; McConnell, Margaret; 3000:Political Science Research and Methods 2977: 2967: 2919: 2909: 2861:The Timeline of Presidential Elections 2836: 2826: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2474: 2472: 1803: 1489:William McKinley presidential campaign 949:particular candidates." (Sides 2018). 743:American presidential election of 1800 3998:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.51 3986:"The Effects of Negative Advertising" 3951:American Journal of Political Science 3744: 3742: 3643:American Journal of Political Science 3593: 3591: 3384:10.1146/annurev-polisci-072012-113556 3253:American Journal of Political Science 3210:The American Political Science Review 3094:American Journal of Political Science 2993: 2991: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2880: 2878: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2665: 2663: 2639: 2637: 2440: 2438: 370:, political campaigns often refer to 192: 7: 4431:Oxford University Press. 2005 online 2707:PS: Political Science & Politics 2646:British Journal of Political Science 1123:adding citations to reliable sources 893:adding citations to reliable sources 841:, e.g. media coverage of elections. 795:adding citations to reliable sources 623:adding citations to reliable sources 548:adding citations to reliable sources 450:adding citations to reliable sources 4458:Bruce A. Bimber and Richard Davis, 4439:. Princeton University Press, 1987. 4415:. Cambridge University Press, 1988. 4408:. Princeton University Press, 1966. 4277:"New Media and Political Campaigns" 3558:Townsley, Joshua (3 October 2018). 1327:Another study suggests that at the 492:2008 American presidential election 4557:Annual Review of Political Science 4506:. Cambridge University Press, 2014 3371:Annual Review of Political Science 2509:. Texas A&M University Press. 1403:According to political scientists 1329:2017 Austrian legislative election 1001:Modern technology and the internet 25: 4172:. Cengage Learning. p. 336. 2598:American Political Science Review 2503:Campbell, James E. (2008-01-14). 2451:American Political Science Review 1432:American Political Science Review 1317:American Political Science Review 1206:Through a new technique known as 104:Presidential campaign button for 4599: 4571: 4462:. 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Westport: Greenwood, 1989. 4343:Barnes, S. H., and M. Kaase 3416:10.1080/10584609.2012.737413 3336:10.1080/17457289.2012.728223 2152:Lyons, Daniel (2008-11-22). 2131:10.1080/1369118x.2013.782330 1923:Gringlas, Sam (2020-10-27). 1782:(Third ed.). New York. 1723:Unger, Harlow Giles (2014). 1659:Personalized audio messaging 1073:, was first to file for the 1071:2015 Denver mayoral election 4390:10.1177/1354068895001001001 4361:. St. Martin's Press, 1999. 2355:"Changing Focus/Priorities" 2272:Myers, Elise (2020-09-11). 2194:ഡെസ്ക്, വെബ് (2020-11-18). 64:, discuss the issue on the 5657: 4527:. New York: Garland, 1991. 4372:. Sage Publications, 1994. 4354:. London: Macmillan, 1972. 3751:American Politics Research 3487:Public Radio International 3367:"How Do Campaigns Matter?" 3002:. FirstView (4): 733–751. 2357:. Lppa.org. Archived from 1686:Minimal effects hypothesis 1441:2016 Berlin state election 1084: 1004: 995:1976 presidential campaign 970: 854: 848: 756: 685: 670: 656: 509: 29: 4707:Manipulation (psychology) 3705:Applied Economics Letters 2729:10.1017/S1049096501000026 2611:10.1017/S000305542100112X 2463:10.1017/S0003055417000363 2424:Changing Focus/Priorities 2102:Don, Stacks (June 2009). 2015:10067/1539890151162165141 2006:10.1057/s41269-018-0109-x 1612:Techniques and traditions 4885:Criticism of advertising 4327:Abizadeh, Arash (2005). 3763:10.1177/1532673X13500520 3612:10.1177/0002716216661488 3512:American Economic Review 1748:Wheelan, Joseph (2006). 1411:American Economic Review 1187:Fête nationale du Québec 857:Radio in 1920s elections 659:Political campaign staff 5547:Promotional merchandise 5258:Character assassination 5195:Narcotizing dysfunction 5069:Photograph manipulation 4782:Guerrilla communication 4422:. New York: Nova, 2006. 4193:Price, Richard (1999). 4133:Political Communication 3837:The Journal of Politics 3794:Political Communication 3404:Political Communication 3043:The Journal of Politics 2772:10.1023/A:1005292312412 2536:Political Communication 1481:William Ewart Gladstone 1230:political house parties 973:Political demonstration 946:Campaigns and Elections 5530:Product demonstrations 4959:Historical negationism 4485:. The MIT Press, 2006. 4364:Katz, Richard S., and 4127:Hager, Anselm (2019). 3905:10.1126/sciadv.abc4046 3506:Vincent, Pons (2018). 2684:10.2202/1540-8884.1393 2429:July 25, 2008, at the 1706:"The Election of 1800" 1557:William Jennings Bryan 1501:William Henry Harrison 1456: 1392: 1370:Presidential primaries 1344:Presidential campaigns 1283: 1267:Informational campaign 1193: 997: 983:Chinatown, Los Angeles 753:Campaign communication 415: 155:Grassroots fundraising 139: 113: 5462:Reputation management 5381:Psychological warfare 5230:Political campaigning 5039:Firehose of falsehood 4523:L. Sandy Meisel, ed. 3400:Michelson, Melissa R. 1454: 1386: 1305:2011 federal election 1303:in Quebec during the 1274: 1169: 1067:2020 Kerala elections 981:A political rally in 980: 929:political consultants 855:Further information: 682:Political consultants 410:Election campaign in 409: 138: 128:Political campaigning 103: 5497:Corporate propaganda 4608:at Wikimedia Commons 4465:Cunningham, Sean P. 3573:10.1017/psrm.2018.39 3525:10.1257/aer.20160524 3461:10.1561/100.00007019 3008:10.1017/psrm.2016.21 2065:10.1509/jmkg.73.6.33 2053:Journal of Marketing 1461:Democratic societies 1353:National conventions 1315:A 2018 study in the 1301:New Democratic Party 1246:front porch campaign 1119:improve this section 889:improve this section 851:Campaign advertising 845:Campaign advertising 835:campaign advertising 791:improve this section 688:Political consulting 619:improve this section 544:improve this section 446:improve this section 253:Negative campaigning 70:create a new article 62:improve this article 52:may not represent a 5636:Political campaigns 5585:Media concentration 5457:Non-apology apology 5447:Cult of personality 5175:Emotive conjugation 4929:Burying of scholars 4606:Political campaigns 4502:Justin A. Gravely. 4225:Vol.2, No.10, p.114 4023:Journal of Politics 3896:2020SciA....6.4046. 1485:Midlothian campaign 696:for their clients. 694:opposition research 382:and candidates for 326:Politics portal 235:Post-truth politics 175:Opposition research 18:Political campaigns 5568:Influence-for-hire 5361:National mythology 5331:Crowd manipulation 5220:Tabloid journalism 5089:Video manipulation 5034:Fictitious entries 4757:Civil disobedience 4643:Media manipulation 4589:Political campaign 4537:James A. Thurber, 4509:Gary C. Jacobson. 4472:Robert J. Dinkin. 3963:10.1111/ajps.12724 1727:. Hachette Books. 1681:Media manipulation 1650:Permanent campaign 1618:Assumed Incumbency 1517:Stephen A. Douglas 1457: 1393: 1284: 1194: 998: 416: 388:head of government 364:political campaign 140: 114: 5623: 5622: 5389:Airborne leaflets 5268:Election promises 5122:Product placement 4997:Alternative facts 4737:Alternative media 4604:Media related to 4420:Campaign Strategy 4418:Paquette, Laure. 4261:978-1-4408-3733-3 3678:Electoral Studies 3289:Electoral Studies 3183:10.1111/psq.12213 3129:The Party Decides 2897:978-0-19-539955-4 2887:The Obama Victory 2516:978-1-58544-628-5 2200:www.madhyamam.com 1968:cyber.harvard.edu 1789:978-0-393-64053-3 1752:. PublicAffairs. 1710:Lehrman Institute 1541:James A. Garfield 1474:political parties 1155: 1154: 1147: 1065:election and the 1007:Internet activism 925: 924: 917: 827: 826: 819: 655: 654: 647: 580: 579: 572: 482: 481: 474: 380:general elections 360: 359: 280:Voter suppression 98: 97: 90: 72:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 5648: 5641:Activism by type 5615:Media proprietor 5439:Public relations 5419:Public diplomacy 5404:Information (IT) 5283:Name recognition 4908:Media regulation 4890:Annoyance factor 4747:Call-out culture 4662:Crowd psychology 4636: 4629: 4622: 4613: 4603: 4575: 4574: 4516:Richard Jensen, 4495:Lewis L. 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Osgood 4218: 4214: 4207: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4108: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4080: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3711:(10): 713–717. 3702: 3701: 3697: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3222:10.2307/2585837 3203: 3202: 3198: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3156:The Monkey Cage 3149: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3106:10.2307/2110467 3091: 3090: 3086: 3055:10.2307/2647509 3036: 3035: 3031: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2918: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2858: 2857: 2848: 2835: 2825: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2720:10.1.1.471.3300 2704: 2703: 2699: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2643: 2642: 2635: 2591: 2590: 2581: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2431:Wayback Machine 2422: 2418: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2303:Huffington Post 2296: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2162: 2160: 2154:"President 2.0" 2151: 2150: 2146: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2044: 2043: 2039: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1825:Wynne, Robert. 1824: 1823: 1819: 1802: 1790: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1623:Election litter 1605:Politics portal 1603: 1596: 1593: 1577:Calvin Coolidge 1569:Alton B. Parker 1549:James G. Blaine 1525:Horatio Seymour 1497: 1449: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1313: 1293: 1281:Mayor of London 1269: 1264: 1236:coattail effect 1164: 1151: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1116: 1100: 1089: 1083: 1009: 1003: 975: 969: 941: 921: 910: 904: 901: 886: 870: 859: 853: 847: 823: 812: 806: 803: 788: 772: 761: 755: 715: 702: 690: 684: 675: 669: 661: 651: 640: 634: 631: 616: 600: 589: 576: 565: 559: 556: 541: 525: 514: 508: 478: 467: 461: 458: 443: 427: 404: 356: 318: 313: 312: 293: 285: 284: 255: 245: 244: 225:Gevald campaign 210:Retail politics 195: 185: 184: 170: 160: 159: 150: 121:Politics series 110:Hannibal Hamlin 106:Abraham Lincoln 94: 83: 77: 74: 59: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5654: 5652: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5487:Understatement 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5351:Indoctrination 5348: 5343: 5338: 5336:Disinformation 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5298:Smear campaign 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5215:Sensationalism 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Agenda-setting 5151: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5029:False document 5026: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4934:Catch and kill 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4767:Demonstrations 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Cancel culture 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4577: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565:External links 4563: 4562: 4561: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4488:John Gerring, 4486: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4440: 4433: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4378:Party Politics 4373: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4297: 4267: 4260: 4240: 4212: 4205: 4185: 4179:978-1111837174 4178: 4158: 4139:(3): 376–393. 4119: 4078: 4068:Going Negative 4056: 4013: 4006: 3976: 3957:(4): 833–849. 3937: 3870: 3849:10.1086/708646 3827: 3800:(2): 169–187. 3784: 3757:(3): 529–548. 3738: 3695: 3668: 3649:(4): 689–703. 3633: 3606:(1): 110–125. 3587: 3550: 3539: 3498: 3474: 3437: 3390: 3357: 3314: 3278: 3259:(2): 269–282. 3243: 3216:(3): 653–663. 3196: 3177:(3): 573–580. 3161: 3142: 3119: 3100:(3): 680–690. 3084: 3049:(2): 387–422. 3029: 2987: 2978:|website= 2954: 2929: 2920:|website= 2896: 2874: 2846: 2837:|website= 2813: 2793: 2750: 2697: 2659: 2633: 2579: 2542:(2): 261–286. 2522: 2515: 2495: 2468: 2434: 2416: 2385: 2371: 2346: 2315: 2289: 2264: 2239: 2228:. May 29, 2018 2211: 2186: 2172: 2144: 2109: 2094: 2037: 2000:(2): 156–174. 1980: 1955: 1940: 1915: 1891: 1874:Adgate, Brad. 1866: 1842: 1817: 1788: 1765: 1758: 1740: 1734:978-0306822216 1733: 1715: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1670:General topics 1667: 1666: 1661: 1652: 1647: 1645:Microtargeting 1642: 1641: 1640: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1592: 1589: 1533:Horace Greeley 1509:Winfield Scott 1496: 1493: 1448: 1445: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1312: 1309: 1292: 1291:Paper campaign 1289: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1262:Campaign types 1260: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1218: 1211: 1208:microtargeting 1204: 1201: 1198: 1183:Gilles Duceppe 1179:Bloc Québécois 1163: 1160: 1153: 1152: 1103: 1101: 1094: 1085:Main article: 1082: 1079: 1033:campaign funds 1005:Main article: 1002: 999: 971:Main article: 968: 967:Demonstrations 965: 940: 937: 923: 922: 873: 871: 864: 849:Main article: 846: 843: 825: 824: 775: 773: 766: 757:Main article: 754: 751: 714: 711: 701: 698: 686:Main article: 683: 680: 671:Main article: 668: 665: 657:Main article: 653: 652: 635:September 2022 603: 601: 594: 588: 585: 578: 577: 528: 526: 519: 510:Main article: 507: 504: 487:talking points 480: 479: 430: 428: 421: 403: 400: 396:prime minister 358: 357: 355: 354: 347: 340: 332: 329: 328: 315: 314: 311: 310: 308:Campaign staff 305: 300: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 275:Smear campaign 272: 267: 262: 256: 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 240:Text messaging 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 196: 191: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 177: 171: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 151: 146: 145: 142: 141: 131: 130: 124: 123: 96: 95: 56:of the subject 54:worldwide view 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5653: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Media ecology 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5578:United States 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5552:Telemarketing 5550: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341:Fearmongering 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5180:False balance 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5137:Word of mouth 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:Broadcast law 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772:Deplatforming 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4677:False balance 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4453:United States 4452: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4347:. Sage, 1979. 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4300: 4298:9780199793471 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4206:9780521657013 4202: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4103: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4079:9780684837116 4075: 4070: 4069: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4007:9780190228637 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2971: 2957: 2955:9780691163635 2951: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2913: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2830: 2816: 2814:9780691139630 2810: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Public Choice 2754: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2496: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2406:on 2017-10-19 2402: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2336:on 2014-02-10 2332: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2254:on 2017-02-02 2253: 2249: 2248:"Campaign TV" 2243: 2240: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Acta Politica 1991: 1984: 1981: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1948:Don, Stacks. 1944: 1941: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1867: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1389:New Hampshire 1385: 1378: 1376: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1288: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1159: 1149: 1146: 1138: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1104:This section 1102: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1075:2019 election 1072: 1068: 1064: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1000: 996: 993:, during the 992: 988: 984: 979: 974: 966: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 947: 938: 936: 934: 930: 919: 916: 908: 898: 894: 890: 884: 883: 879: 874:This section 872: 868: 863: 862: 858: 852: 844: 842: 840: 836: 832: 821: 818: 810: 800: 796: 792: 786: 785: 781: 776:This section 774: 770: 765: 764: 760: 752: 750: 746: 744: 740: 736: 735:campaign plan 732: 728: 724: 720: 712: 710: 708: 699: 697: 695: 689: 681: 679: 674: 666: 664: 660: 649: 646: 638: 628: 624: 620: 614: 613: 609: 604:This section 602: 598: 593: 592: 586: 584: 574: 571: 563: 553: 549: 545: 539: 538: 534: 529:This section 527: 523: 518: 517: 513: 505: 503: 501: 496: 493: 488: 476: 473: 465: 455: 451: 447: 441: 440: 436: 431:This section 429: 425: 420: 419: 414:: Truck Rally 413: 408: 401: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:head of state 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 353: 348: 346: 341: 339: 334: 333: 331: 330: 327: 322: 317: 316: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 289: 288: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 265:Fearmongering 263: 261: 258: 257: 254: 249: 248: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 194: 189: 188: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 169: 164: 163: 156: 153: 152: 149: 144: 143: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 117: 111: 107: 102: 92: 89: 81: 78:December 2010 71: 67: 63: 57: 55: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 5600:Media ethics 5520:Door-to-door 5515:Cold calling 5492:Weasel words 5399:Fifth column 5293:Push polling 5243:Astroturfing 5229: 5205:Pseudo-event 5185:Infotainment 5160:Broadcasting 5079:Urban legend 5002:April Fools' 4875:Testimonials 4845:Infomercials 4672:Dumbing down 4587: 4586: 4585:profile for 4582: 4555: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4444: 4436: 4435:Ware, Alan. 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4302:. 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