1814:
must, out of necessity, move out of their usual habitation and enter into indispensable social relationships that are cooperative or antagonistic. Human beings also develop the tools and equipment to interact with nature to produce the desired food and security. The improved relationship (cooperative relationships) among human beings and improved technology further conditioned by the push and pull factors all interact together to cause or bring about migration and higher concentration of individuals into towns and cities. The higher the technology of production of food and security and the higher the cooperative relationship among human beings in the production of food and security and the reproduction of the human species, the higher would be the push and pull factors in the migration and concentration of human beings in towns and cities. Countryside, towns and cities do not just exist, but they do so to meet the basic human needs of food, security and the reproduction of the human species. Therefore, migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation. Social services in the towns and cities are provided to meet these basic needs for human survival and pleasure.
134:
809:
119:
306:
1875:
yet, somewhat paradoxically, the majority of migration governance has historically remained with individual states. Their policies and regulations on migration are typically made at the national level. For the most part, migration governance has been closely associated with State sovereignty. States retain the power of deciding on the entry and stay of non-nationals because migration directly affects some of the defining elements of a State. Comparative surveys reveal varying degrees of openness to migrants across countries, considering policies such as visa availability, employment prerequisites, and paths to residency.
319:
911:
1218:
onward to the
European Union. Scholars note that EU countries also have identical migrant flows and therefore it is not clear (illogical or biased) why it is only migrants in non-EU countries that are labeled as transit migrants. It is also argued that the term "transit" glosses over the complexity and difficulty of migrant journeys: migrants face many types of violence while in transit; migrants often have no set end destination and must adjust their plan as they move (migrant journeys can take years and go through several stages).
1346:. In the short run, remittances may increase inequality, but in the long run, they may decrease it. There are two stages of migration for workers: first, they invest in human capital formation, and then they try to capitalise on their investments. In this way, successful migrants may use their new capital to provide better schooling for their children and better homes for their families. Successful high-skilled emigrants may serve as an example for neighbours and potential migrants who hope to achieve that level of success.
1299:. It can be said that areas with a shortage of labour but an excess of capital have a high relative wage while areas with a high labour supply and a dearth of capital have a low relative wage. Labour tends to flow from low-wage areas to high-wage areas. Often, with this flow of labour comes changes in the sending and the receiving country. Neoclassical economic theory best describes transnational migration because it is not confined by international immigration laws and similar governmental regulations.
229:
332:
1887:(Refugee Convention) are two significant examples notable for being widely ratified. Other migration conventions have not been so broadly accepted, such as the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, which still has no traditional countries of destination among its States parties. Beyond this, there have been numerous multilateral and global initiatives, dialogues and processes on migration over several decades. The
1201:, offer the following definition: Forced migration refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (displaced by conflict) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects. These different causes of migration leave people with one choice, to move to a new environment. Immigrants leave their beloved homes to seek a life in camps, spontaneous settlement, and countries of asylum.
2195:. International Organization for Migration, 2019. "The great majority of people in the world do not migrate across borders; much larger numbers migrate within countries (an estimated 740 million internal migrants in 2009)" (p. 19). "In 2019, there were an estimated 272 million international migrants globally (3.5% of the world’s population) .... it is evident that the vast majority of people continue to live in the countries in which they were born" (p. 21).
935:
5691:
1891:(Global Compact for Migration) is another milestone, as the first internationally negotiated statement of objectives for migration governance striking a balance between migrants' rights and the principle of States' sovereignty over their territory. Although it is not legally binding, the Global Compact for Migration was adopted by consensus in December 2018 at a United Nations conference in which more than 150
1079:
1055:
661:
1103:
1007:
1552:
959:
1031:
55:
983:
1178:"Push-pull factors" are the reasons that push or attract people to a particular place. "Push" factors are the negative aspects(for example wars) of the country of origin, often decisive in people's choice to emigrate. The "pull" factors are the positive aspects of a different country that encourages people to emigrate to seek a better life. For example, the government of
887:
5679:
1376:
climate, security and population density represent the natural determinants of human migration. The complicated migration is characterised by the speedy evolution and the emergence of new sub-determinants, notably earning, unemployment, networks, and migration policies. Osmosis theory explains analogically human migration by the biophysical phenomenon of
1247:, of violence, or to escape persecution. In 2014, the UN Refugee agency estimated that around 59.5 million people fell into this category. Other reasons people may move include to gain access to opportunities and services or to escape extreme weather. This type of movement, usually from rural to urban areas, may be classed as
118:
292:, there is no intention to settle in the new place, and only a few people have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Temporary movement for travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute is also not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to live and settle in the visited places.
1363:
the outflow of migrant workers. Exporting capital-intensive goods from rich countries to developing countries also equalises income and employment conditions, thus slowing migration. In either direction, this theory can be used to explain migration between countries that are geographically far apart.
1321:
This theory states that migration flows and patterns cannot be explained solely at the level of individual workers and their economic incentives but that wider social entities must also be considered. One such social entity is the household. Migration can be viewed as a result of risk aversion from a
1262:
Relatives may help with job research and with accommodation. The geographical proximity of Africa to Europe and the long historical ties between
Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries also prompt many to migrate. Whether a person decides to move to another country depends on the relative skill
1213:
Transit migration is a highly debated term with no official definition. The common understanding is that it describes immigrants who are in the process of moving to an end goal country. The term was first coined by the UN in 1990 to describe immigrants who were traveling through countries surrounding
1375:
osmosis theory studies the evolution of its natural determinants. In this theory migration is divided into two main types: simple and complicated. The simple migration is divided, in its turn, into diffusion, stabilisation and concentration periods. During these periods, water availability, adequate
1357:
looks at migration from a global perspective. It explains that interaction between different societies can be an important factor in social change. Trade with one country, which causes an economic decline in another, may create incentive to migrate to a country with a more vibrant economy. It can be
266:
are defined and described as persons who do not willingly relocate. The reasons for the refugees' migration usually involve war actions within the country or other forms of oppression, coming either from the government or non-governmental sources. Refugees are usually associated with people who must
1878:
Bilateral and multilateral arrangements are features of migration governance at an international level. There are several global arrangements in the form of international treaties in which States have reached an agreement on the application of human rights and the related responsibilities of States
1327:
occupations and an increase in workers' ability to learn about other locations before moving there, through both information technology and inexpensive travel. Other researchers find that the location-specific nature of housing is more important than moving costs in determining labour reallocation.
530:
Almost half of these migrants are women, one of the most significant migrant-pattern changes in the last half-century. Women migrate alone or with their family members and community. Even though female migration is largely viewed as an association rather than independent migration, emerging studies
1865:(2006): "suggests that the international migration of workers is necessary for the survival of industrialised economies... turns the conventional view of international migration on its head: it investigates how migration regulates labour markets, rather than labour markets shaping migration flows."
1362:
is controversial, and some argue that free trade can reduce migration between developing and developed countries. It can be argued that the developed countries import labour-intensive goods, which causes an increase in the employment of unskilled workers in the less developed countries, decreasing
1217:
The term "transit migration" has generated a lot of debate among migration scholars and immigration institutions. Some criticize it as a
Eurocentric term that was coined to place responsibility of migrants on states outside the European Union; and also to pressure those states to prevent migration
1874:
By their very nature, international migration and displacement are transnational issues concerning the origin and destination States and States through which migrants may travel (often referred to as "transit" States) or in which they are hosted following displacement across national borders. And
1813:
The theory is that migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation; Idyorough (2008) believes that towns and cities are a creation of the human struggle to obtain food, sex and security. To produce food, security and reproduction, human beings
1204:
By the end of 2018, there were an estimated 67.2 million forced migrants globally – 25.9 million refugees displaced from their countries, and 41.3 million internally displaced persons that had been displaced within their countries for different reasons. In 2022, 6 million
Ukrainian
1186:
Although the push-pull factors are opposed, both are sides of the same coin, being equally important. Although specific to forced migration, any other harmful factor can be considered a "push factor" or determinant/trigger factor, such examples being: poor quality of life, lack of jobs, excessive
172:
at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks, facilitating a possible second move. It has a high potential to improve human development, and some studies confirm that migration is the most direct route out of poverty. Age is also important for both work and
1312:
are needed to fill the lowest rung of the labour market because the native labourers do not want to do these jobs as they present a lack of mobility. This creates a need for migrant workers. Furthermore, the initial dearth in available labour pushes wages up, making migration even more enticing.
1307:
Dual labour market theory states that pull factors in more developed countries mainly cause migration. This theory assumes that the labour markets in these developed countries consist of two segments: the primary market, which requires high-skilled labour, and the secondary market, which is very
1159:
estimated that, as of 2010, 16.3 million or 7.6% of migrants qualified as refugees. This number grew to 19.5 million by 2014 (comprising approximately 7.9% of the total number of migrants, based on the figure recorded in 2013). At levels of roughly 3 percent the share of migrants among the world
376:
says that "while the North has experienced a higher absolute increase in the migrant stock since 2000 (32 million) compared to the South (25 million), the South recorded a higher growth rate. Between 2000 and 2013, the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions
656:
also gives statistics for top immigration destination countries and top emigration origin countries according to percentage of the population; the countries that appear at the top of those rankings are entirely different from the ones in the above rankings and tend to be much smaller countries.
1280:
Recent academic output on migration comprises mainly journal articles. The long-term trend shows a gradual increase in academic publishing on migration, which is likely to be related to the general expansion of academic literature production, and the increased prominence of migration research.
838:
At a microeconomic level, the value of a human mobility is largely recognized by firms. A 2021 survey by the Boston
Consulting Group found that 72% of 850+ executives across several countries and industries believed that migration benefited their countries, and 45% considered globally diverse
1326:
can also have a broader effect on the economy of the sending country as a whole as they bring in capital. Recent research has examined a decline in US interstate migration from 1991 to 2011, theorising that the reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in the geographic specificity of
1177:
is based on the initiative and the free will of the person and is influenced by a combination of factors: economic, political and social: either in the migrants' country of origin (determinant factors or "push factors") or in the country of destination (attraction factors or "pull factors").
1122:
In addition to economic impacts, migrants also make substantial contributions in sociocultural and civic-political life. Sociocultural contributions occur in the following areas of societies: food/cuisine, sport, music, art/culture, ideas and beliefs; civic-political contributions relate to
1182:
periodically gives incentives to people who will migrate to live in villages close to the border with
Azerbaijan. This is an implementation of a push strategy, and the reason people do not want to live near the border is security concerns given tensions and hostility because of Azerbaijan.
256:
are traditionally described as persons who change the country of residence for general reasons. These purposes may include better job opportunities or healthcare needs. This term is the most widely understood, as anyone changing their geographical location permanently is a migrant.
273:
are associated with persons who also leave their country unwillingly, yet, who also do not do so under oppressing circumstances such as war or death threats. The motivation to leave the country for asylum seekers might involve an unstable economic or political situation or high
1392:
of water. According to the theory, according to the osmosis phenomenon, humans migrate from countries with less migration pressure to countries with high migration pressure. To measure the latter, the natural determinants of human migration replace the variables of the
1667:
Demographer
Everett S. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.
1187:
pollution, hunger, drought or natural disasters. Such conditions represent decisive reasons for voluntary migration, the population preferring to migrate in order to prevent financially unfavorable situations or even emotional and physical suffering.
1308:
labour-intensive, requiring low-skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed countries into more developed countries results from a pull created by a need for labour in the developed countries in their secondary market.
1341:
Relative deprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbours or other households in the migrant-sending community is essential in migration. The incentive to migrate is a lot higher in areas with a high level of
3688:
The proximity of North Africa to southern Europe, the liberal mobility policies of most
European countries, and the historical links between northern and southern Mediterranean countries are all key factors encouraging people to migrate to
1267:
when the host country shows a higher skill premium than the source country. On the other hand, negative selection occurs when the source country displays a lower skill premium. The relative skill premia define migrants selectivity.
311:
In recent decades, migration to nearly every
Western country has risen sharply. The slopes of the tops of the differently-colored columns show the rate of percent increase in foreign-born people living in the respective
212:. People who flee to a different country due to political, religious, or other types of persecution in their home country can formally request shelter in the host country. These people are commonly referred to as
156:
is the movement of people from one place to another, with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one
1322:
household that has insufficient income. In this case, the household needs extra capital that can be achieved through remittances sent back by family members who participate in migrant labour abroad. These
1789:. People were displaced from their home ground by other tribes trying to find land that essential flocks could graze, each group pushing the next further to the south and west, into the highlands of
133:
1251:. Sociology-cultural and ego-historical factors also play a major role. In North Africa, for example, emigrating to Europe counts as a sign of social prestige. Moreover, many countries were former
1272:
techniques display one method to measure the relative skill premium of a country. A number of theories attempt to explain the international flow of capital and people from one country to another.
3146:
1239:– generally from impoverished developing countries – migrates to obtain sufficient income for survival. Such migrants often send some of their income homes to family members in the form of
2839:
808:
3766:
Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U.-D. (2012). Migration and diaspora in the age of information and communication technologies. Journal of Ethnic and
Migration Studies, 38(9), 1333–1338.
5583:
3667:
3136:
McAuliffe, Kitimbo & Khadria, 2019, 'Reflections on migrations' contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation', World Migration Report 2020, IOM: Geneva.
361:
also keeps a database on worldwide migration. Recent advances in research on migration via the Internet promise better understanding of migration patterns and migration motives.
1880:
3885:
draft paper presented in the international conference on "Crossing Boundaries: Youth, Migration, and Development", At Alakhawayn University in Ifran, Morocco – March 2–4, 2017
5151:
2888:
1485:
and others has led to a stronger conceptualisation of how migrants affect socio-political processes in their countries of origin. Much work also takes place in the field of
1525:
strategies. In this field, the majority of work has focused on immigration politics, viewing migration from the perspective of the country of destination. With regard to
4719:
1481:
allows us to understand the interplay between migrants, their countries of destination, and their countries of origins. In this framework, work on social remittances by
1295:
This migration theory states that the main reason for labour migration is wage difference between two geographic locations. These wage differences are usually linked to
1214:
Europe to end up in a European Union state. Another example of transit migrants is Central Americans who travel through Mexico in order to live in the United States.
368:
and North–North migration; in 2013, 38% of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries, while 23% had migrated from high-income
1123:
participation in civic duties in the context of accepted authority of the State. It is in recognition of the importance of these remittances that the United Nations
2936:
2144:
861:(funds transferred by migrant workers to their home country) form a substantial part of the economy of some countries. The top ten remittance recipients in 2018.
4452:
3782:
Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U.-D. (eds.) (2012). Migration and the Internet: Social networking and diasporas . Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9).
2487:
1884:
5608:
5093:
5069:
5128:
3225:
As noted on p. xiii, the report presents migrant stocks for 2013, refugee numbers for 2014, remittance outflows for 2014, and remittance inflows for 2015.
5521:
1801:, or southwards, into the rich pastures of China. Bogumil Terminski uses the term "migratory domino effect" to describe this process in the context of
3701:
Baten, Jörg; Stolz, Yvonne Stolz (2012). "Brain drain, numeracy and skill premia during the era of mass migration: reassessing the Roy-Borjas model".
305:
3882:
5553:
5244:
3154:
2729:
2236:
1975:
migration ties between former colonies to former metropoles have been continuing. Todays independent countries have developed selective or targeted
348:
4610:
For example, a permanent population and a defined territory, as per article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States.
1243:, which have become an economic staple in a number of developing countries. People may also move or are forced to move as a result of conflict, of
5004:
4533:
4112:
3793:
2843:
2817:
2634:
2526:
2937:"SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone"
1777:
The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement throughout history have had their origins in
3205:
4330:
2056:
1983:, with the aim of boosting economies with skilled or relatively cheap new local labour, while discrimination and exploitation are often fed by
1497:
Political scientists have put forth a number of theoretical frameworks relating to migration, offering different perspectives on processes of
4699:
4674:
3734:
3403:
2966:
5211:
5011:
786:
3675:
3053:
5613:
4366:
4143:
3827:
1849:
771:
4322:
4918:
4825:
4582:
4380:
4157:
4126:
4052:
3994:
3923:
3547:
3360:
2760:
2392:
2230:
1394:
705:
681:
358:
78:
73:
4720:
Migration, Education and Translation: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Human Mobility and Cultural Encounters in Education Settings
3565:
families may assume transnational morphologies with the strategic intent of ensuring economic survival or maximising social mobility.
1358:
argued that even after decolonisation, the economic dependence of former colonies remains on mother countries. However, this view of
5505:
5162:
5145:
4400:
Hirschman, Albert O. (January 1993). "Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History".
3895:
1599:
103:
5259:
3703:
3094:
1838:
1778:
1573:
700:, as large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York, with the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside Asia, The
252:. Each category is defined broadly as the combination of circumstances that motivate a person to change their location. As such,
4620:
1477:
In the 21st century, as attention has shifted away from countries of destination, sociologists have attempted to understand how
5654:
5588:
5024:
3859:
3747:
IOM. 'Chapter 4: Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions.' World Migration Report 2020. p.127.
1896:
1124:
4932:
2602:
1195:
There are contested definitions of forced migration. However, the editors of a leading scientific journal on the subject, the
208:(such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance) may be described as displaced persons or, if remaining in the home country,
5725:
5603:
4976:
4887:
4179:
3237:
2944:
1577:
373:
4645:
IOM. 'Chapter 11: Recent developments in the global governance of migration: An update to the World Migration Report 2018.'
4597:
McAuliffe, M. and A.M. Goossens. 2018. "Regulating international migration in an era of increasing interconnectedness". In:
1971:
Only in the late stage of colonialism migration flows oriented towards the metropole instead of out or outside of it. After
4807:
Idyorough, Alamveabee E. "Sociological Analysis of Social Change in Contemporary Africa", Makurdi: Aboki Publishers, 2015.
3851:
843:
791:
4223:
2114:
1892:
1888:
1450:
248:
Depending on the goal and reason for relocation, migrants can be divided into three categories: migrants, refugees, and
5683:
365:
5628:
5618:
5531:
5437:
4463:
2988:
2940:
2089:
1425:
766:
209:
4649:
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2782:
2479:
2345:
1466:), which examines the role of migration in fulfilling certain functions within each society, such as the decrease of
5735:
5500:
3365:
2669:
1915:
1829:
1372:
1281:
Migration and its research have further changed with the revolution in information and communication technologies.
701:
318:
35:
31:
5410:
5234:
4794:
4372:
3913:
3791:
Reips, U.-D., and L. Buffardi. 2012. "Studying migrants with the help of the Internet: Methods from psychology."
2865:
2030:
1997:
5715:
5415:
5204:
5148:, a UN Alliance of Civilisations online community on good practices of integration of migrants across the world
3235:
Czaika, Mathias; Haas, Hein de (2014). "The Globalization of Migration: Has the World Become More Migratory?".
1562:
1459:
1415:
665:
381:
289:
3384:"The Discourse of "Transit Migration" in Mexico and its "Blind Spot": Changing Realities and New Vocabularies"
3176:
2914:
5357:
4574:
4118:
3617:""The African family is large, very large" mobility and the flexibility of kinship – examples from Cameroon"
3539:
2045:
1581:
1566:
1533:
framework on '"voice" vs. "exit" to discuss how emigration affects the politics within countries of origin.
1506:
1440:
1385:
1244:
1197:
393:
5043:
2166:
1513:
has also become in the 21st century a growing field of interest, as scholars examine questions of diaspora
1155:) is difficult to make and partially subjective, as the motivators for migration are often correlated. The
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5484:
5479:
5362:
5239:
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3602:
3429:"Batallando con fronteras: estrategias migratorias en tránsito de participantes en caravanas de migrantes"
2002:
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776:
751:
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353:
228:
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2020:
2015:
731:
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3915:
Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States
1127:
targets to substantially reduce the transaction costs of migrants remittances to less than 3% by 2030.
331:
3939:
Levitt, Peggy (1998). "Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion".
384:(mainly related to agriculture and tourism to urban places), or shifts of the population into cities (
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5541:
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5169:
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1980:
1938:
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1354:
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716:
As of 2013, the top 15 migration corridors (accounting for at least two million migrants each) were:
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Peykovska, P. Bulgaria on the Move. Migration, Refugees, Integration and Urbanisation... Sofia, 2022
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1942:
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opens up distant territories and their people to migration, having dominated what is identified as
1530:
1424:
perspective, paying particular attention to how immigration affects and is affected by, matters of
1359:
1343:
1296:
847:
756:
726:
669:
205:
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Adamson, Fiona B. (July 2006). "Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security".
1235:
has increased the demand for workers in order to sustain national economies. Thus one category of
267:
unwillingly relocate as fast as possible; hence, such migrants will likely relocate undocumented.
54:
5598:
5536:
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3648:
3594:
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3409:
3254:
3119:
2889:"Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities"
2651:
2559:
2327:
2289:
2139:
2129:
2084:
2079:
1984:
1965:
1922:
1486:
1264:
1248:
1169:
820:
615:
558:
162:
4998:
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2722:
2384:
2308:
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5340:
5249:
4994:
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4914:
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4821:
4695:
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4578:
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4256:
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Bauböck, Rainer (23 February 2006). "Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism".
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2067:
1463:
746:
741:
721:
142:
68:
3089:
5649:
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5308:
5264:
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4339:
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4038:
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3638:
3628:
3598:
3489:
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3312:
3246:
3103:
3007:
2997:
2677:
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2372:
2319:
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2218:
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2109:
1958:
1954:
1930:
1862:
1478:
1433:
1398:
1236:
1152:
832:
781:
677:
275:
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5173:
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4323:"Authoritarian emigration states: Soft power and cross-border mobility in the Middle East"
4019:"The Migration-Security Nexus: International Migration and Security Before and After 9/11"
3755:
3477:
2786:
2588:
2104:
2072:
1945:
later continued or established the rule of the colonizers through migration, particularly
1918:. Colonialism globalized systems of migration and established ties effective until today.
1794:
1786:
1613:
761:
389:
279:
5083:
3428:
2464:
2438:
237:
5137:, a comprehensive interactive guide to modern migration issues, with maps and statistics
3732:
Jennissen, R. 2007. "Causality Chains in the International Migration Systems Approach."
2260:"Migrant workers and human rights: A critical study on India's COVID-19 lockdown policy"
1616:
have been proposed to describe human migration. The following was a standard list after
5664:
4910:
4601:(A. Triandafyllidou, ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham/Northampton, pp. 86–104.
4192:
2222:
2214:
1976:
1972:
1855:
1646:
1471:
1309:
812:
697:
563:
270:
178:
138:
5038:
3819:
347:, beginning in 2008, with a second edition appearing in 2011 and a third in 2016. The
5709:
5403:
5352:
5088:
5064:
4928:
4746:
4437:
4351:
4307:
3652:
3462:
3413:
3300:
3258:
3058:
2655:
2603:"United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"
2373:
2293:
2008:
1843:
1823:
1232:
828:
543:
249:
213:
169:
4820:, Madrid / Frankfurt, Iberoamericana / Vervuert, Ediciones de Iberoamericana, 2009.
4515:
4208:
4097:
3123:
2331:
5452:
4990:
4547:
Environmentally-Induced Displacement. Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges
4386:
4163:
3560:
3002:
2983:
2501:
1911:
1482:
1443:, which aims to understand migration via face-to-face interactions on a micro-level
1429:
1381:
553:
385:
190:
17:
4907:
Who We Are And How We Got Here – Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past
2606:
660:
4291:
4242:
4111:
Shachar, Ayelet; Bauboeck, Rainer; Bloemraad, Irene; Vink, Maarten, eds. (2017).
3984:
3802:
3771:
3531:
2681:
2647:
2630:"Migration and diaspora in the age of information and communication technologies"
392:). However, studies of worldwide migration patterns tend to limit their scope to
5335:
3395:
2276:
2259:
1907:
1798:
1551:
1502:
1323:
1269:
1259:
and who often provide important help for immigrants arriving in that metropole.
1255:. This means that many have relatives who live legally in the (former) colonial
1240:
940:
673:
640:
635:
535:
216:. If the application is approved, their legal classification changes to that of
198:
174:
39:
5179:
4081:
1205:
people fled their country; meanwhile, 3 million Syrian people fled in 3 years.
288:
movements usually are not regarded as migrations, as the movement is generally
278:. Thus, asylum seekers relocate predominantly to escape the degradation of the
5220:
4018:
3212:
3183:
2094:
2025:
1802:
1526:
1522:
1156:
1084:
858:
625:
340:
194:
43:
5097:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 427–437.
4854:
The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World.
4752:
Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years
4421:
4343:
4260:
4200:
4089:
3633:
3616:
3454:
3115:
3067:
2567:
2285:
1921:
While classic modern colonialism relied on the subjugation and rule of local
1899:(UNGA), by a vote among the Member States of 152 to 5 (with 12 abstentions).
30:
This article is about contemporary migration. For a historical overview, see
5390:
5073:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 403–410.
4727:
A Forgetful Nation: On Immigration and Cultural Density in the United States
4275:
4149:
4034:
2533:, p. xiii: "Factbook 2016 builds on the two previous editions of Factbooks".
2380:
1950:
1926:
1781:, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in Central Asia, especially
1421:
1256:
645:
583:
380:
Substantial internal migration can also take place within a country, either
339:
There exist many statistical estimates of worldwide migration patterns. The
165:(within a single country) is the dominant form of human migration globally.
122:
3968:
3317:
3273:
831:
have been largely positive. In 2015, migrants, who constituted 3.3% of the
5346:
4835:, Frankfurt & New York: Campus Verlag & St. Martin's Press, 2000.
4646:
3748:
3427:
Cantalapiedra, Eduardo Torre; Nava, Dulce María Mariscal (22 April 2020).
2779:
2670:"Studying migrants with the help of the Internet: Methods from psychology"
2349:
5462:
5385:
3445:
2323:
1962:
1790:
1782:
1633:
urban residents are often less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
1514:
1510:
1454:
1231:
Numerous causes impel migrants to move to another country. For instance,
1060:
816:
630:
186:
182:
146:
5134:
5102:
3107:
3012:
1630:
migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.
5156:
4507:
4429:
4299:
4251:
3960:
3250:
2751:
Thapan, M. (2008). "Series Introduction". In Palriwala; Uberoi (eds.).
1946:
1934:
1636:
families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
1377:
1179:
1108:
1012:
652:
Besides these rankings, according to absolute numbers of migrants, the
548:
261:
217:
158:
126:
5103:
International Organization for Migration's World Migration Report 2020
3850:
Davis, Morris; Fisher, Jonas; Veracierto, Marcelo (29 November 2010).
5367:
4276:"The enfranchisement of citizens abroad: variations and explanations"
3912:
Basch, Linda; Schiller, Nina Glick; Blanc, Christina Szanton (2005).
2408:
1518:
1467:
1252:
1160:
population has remained remarkably constant over the last 5 decades.
988:
964:
605:
578:
573:
233:
5117:
4770:
What are they doing here? A critical guide to asylum and immigration
4498:
4481:
4413:
4043:
3989:. Kibworth, Leicestershire: Book Guild Publishing (published 2016).
3952:
3493:
5058:
2629:
712:, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.
4873:
Migration without Borders, Essays on the Free Movements of People
3512:
3274:"More Armenian Border Villages Eligible For Tax Breaks, Subsidies"
3090:"Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?"
1036:
916:
892:
807:
610:
600:
588:
330:
285:
241:
227:
4741:
Empires and Walls: Globalisation, Migration, and Colonial Control
5082:
1449:, which examines migration through the prism of competition for
1389:
709:
377:(2.3%) slightly exceeded that of the developed regions (2.1%)."
369:
5193:
4963:
International Handbook of Migration and Population Distribution
4812:
World Migration Report International Organization for Migration
4763:
Trails of Terror: Testimonies on the Current Immigration Debate
2866:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2"
2840:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2"
2818:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2"
1420:
A number of social scientists have examined immigration from a
4802:
Cultures in Contact. World Migrations in the Second Millennium
3668:"The Key Drivers of North African Illegal Migration to Europe"
1545:
324:
Annual Net Migration Rate 2015–2020. Prediction by UN in 2019.
48:
5189:
5185:
Oral history of internal and external migration, a case study
2968:
People on the Move: Global Migration's Impact and Opportunity
2527:
Open Knowledge Repository: Migration and Remittances Factbook
1624:
every migration flow generates a return or counter migration.
1263:
premier of the source and host countries. One is speaking of
4818:
Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain
4528:
Guido Dorigo, and Waldo Tobler, "Push-pull migration laws."
4365:
Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip L.; Orrenius, Pia (2014).
3820:"Understanding the Long-Run Decline in Interstate Migration"
3332:
3301:"Migration – an Overview on Terminology, Causes and Effects"
2258:
Kumar, Shailendra; Choudhury, Sanghamitra (1 January 2021).
137:
Migrants and the monitoring Slovenian army at the border of
53:
4453:"Frontier theses: Exit, voice, and loyalty in East Germany"
3530:
Yeoh, Brenda S. A.; Huang, Shirlena; Lam, Theodora (2018).
2543:
2191:
1642:
large towns grow by migration rather than natural increase.
1436:. They have produced three main sociological perspectives:
4811:
173:
non-work migration. People may migrate as individuals, in
4621:"The CEO Agenda for an Era of Innovation Without Borders"
2465:"Migration vs. Immigration: Differences and Similarities"
2439:"Migration vs. Immigration: Differences and Similarities"
2307:
Coxhead, Ian; Cuong, Nguyen Viet; Vu, Linh Hoang (2015).
1743:
The feeling of having more political or religious freedom
3054:"A world of free movement would be $ 78 trillion richer"
2309:"Migration in Vietnam: New Evidence from Recent Surveys"
5123:
4571:
Labour Movement: How Migration Regulates Labour Markets
85:
5584:
International Conference on Population and Development
3478:"Transit migration: A blurred and politicised concept"
2842:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from
1889:
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration
5166:
5131:, up-to-date statistics on net immigration by country
3538:. Handbooks on Globalisation Series. Cheltenham, UK:
1147:(fleeing political conflict or natural disaster) and
846:, opening all borders could add $ 78 trillion to the
34:. For pre-modern history (Neolithic to AD 1800), see
4142:
Brettell, Caroline B.; Hollifield, James F. (2014).
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
1941:
supplanted the subjugated local indigenous peoples.
1881:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1380:. In this respect, the countries are represented by
595:
In the same year, the top countries of origin were:
5637:
5562:
5514:
5493:
5376:
5322:
5273:
5227:
4224:"Comparing and theorizing state–diaspora relations"
3883:"The Evolution of the Human Migration Determinants"
3361:"Forced Migration and the Anthropological Response"
3305:
Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Law
696:, and Brooklyn are thriving as traditionally urban
4840:Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency
4833:Women and Migration. Anthropological Perspectives
4530:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
3896:"Osmosis: the Unifying Theory of Human Migration"
2165:Society, National Geographic (14 December 2010).
1529:processes, political scientists have expanded on
5146:Integration: Building Inclusive Societies (IBIS)
5124:iom.int International Organisation for Migration
3028:"When Innovation Has No Borders, Culture Is Key"
1895:participated and, later that same month, in the
4871:Pécoud, Antoine and Paul de Guchteneire (Eds):
2205:Razum, Oliver; Samkange-Zeeb, Florence (2017).
1949:. Settler colonies relied on the attraction of
1627:the majority of migrants move a short distance.
5152:The importance of migrants in the modern world
4718:Anderson, Vivienne. and Johnson, Henry. (eds)
2207:"Populations at Special Health Risk: Migrants"
2145:Timeline of maritime migration and exploration
1706:Desire for more political or religious freedom
372:countries to other high-income countries. The
335:The number of migrants in the world, 1960–2015
5205:
4368:Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective
4222:Délano, Alexandra; Gamlen, Alan (July 2014).
4117:. Oxford Handbooks in Law. Oxford, New York:
2755:. New Delhi: Sage Publications. p. 359.
1885:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
531:argue complex and manifold reasons for this.
8:
4956:No-Nonsense Guide to International Migration
4852:Miller, Mark & Castles, Stephen (1993).
4732:Brettell, Caroline B.; Hollifield, James F.
4145:Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines
3900:Revue Algérienne d’Economie et du Management
3852:"The Role of Housing in Labour Reallocation"
3644:11245.1/2cabfab4-2255-41ec-8133-4a2498454ae7
3507:
3505:
3503:
5609:United Nations world population conferences
2984:"Migration, Diversity, and Economic Growth"
2709:"International Migration 2013 (wall chart)"
2529:". World Bank Group. Retrieved 2019-08-11;
2211:International Encyclopedia of Public Health
1580:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1517:, state-diaspora relations, out-of-country
181:. There are four major forms of migration:
5522:Population and housing censuses by country
5212:
5198:
5190:
5135:Stalker's Guide to International Migration
3576:Jason de Parle, "A Good Provider Leaves",
863:
168:Migration is often associated with better
5110:OECD International Migration Outlook 2007
4933:"A Brand-New Version of Our Origin Story"
4866:OECD International Migration Outlook 2007
4775:Hanlon, Bernadette and Vicino, Thomas J.
4497:
4250:
4042:
3642:
3632:
3595:Filipinos in the United States of America
3444:
3316:
3206:"Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016"
3177:"Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011"
3011:
3001:
2780:Migration and migrants: A global overview
2703:
2701:
2668:Reips, U.-D., & Buffardi, L. (2012).
2275:
1600:Learn how and when to remove this message
104:Learn how and when to remove this message
5245:Estimates of historical world population
5165:" by Sarah Oberbichler, Newseye projet (
4882:, Yash Publishing House, Bikaner, 2010.
4849:, New York and London: Routledge, 2005.
4772:, Birmingham (UK): Venture Press, 2007.
2730:International Organization for Migration
2531:Migrations and Remittances Factbook 2016
1685:Conscription (draft young men into army)
1489:of migrants into destination-societies.
659:
398:
351:(IOM) has published ten editions of the
349:International Organisation for Migration
132:
117:
5005:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
4958:, New Internationalist, 2nd ed., 2008.
4779:, New York and London: Routledge, 2014.
4599:Handbook of Migration and Globalisation
3794:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
3749:https://www.iom.int/wmr/2020/chapter/04
3536:Handbook of Migration and Globalisation
3532:"Transnational family dynamics in Asia"
2806:Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016
2695:, p. 11 (reflecting figures from 2013).
2693:Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016
2674:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
2635:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
2628:Oiarzabal, P. J.; Reips, U.-D. (2012).
2554:
2552:
2157:
873:Remittance (in billions of US dollars)
38:. For specific types of migration, see
5163:Return migration between 1850 and 1950
4789:Harzig, Christiane, and Dirk Hoerder.
4331:International Political Science Review
3388:New Migration Patterns in the Americas
3377:
3375:
3088:Clemens, Michael A. (September 2011).
2982:Bove, Vincenzo; Elia, Leandro (2017).
2868:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security
2820:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security
2584:
2573:
2057:Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
827:The impacts of human migration on the
296:Migration patterns and related numbers
4669:. Cambridge Medford (Mass.): Polity.
3735:Population Research and Policy Review
3299:Tataru, Georgiana (14 January 2020).
2801:
2799:
2774:
2772:
2264:Social Sciences & Humanities Open
1222:Contemporary labor migration theories
204:People moving from their home due to
161:to another (external migration), but
7:
5678:
5012:Review of Economics of the Household
4647:World Migration Report 2020. p. 291.
3278:«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան
3272:Badalian, Susan (16 February 2021).
2502:"International migrant stock, total"
2480:"The Force Shaping Western Politics"
2433:
2431:
2429:
2239:from the original on 14 October 2022
1856:Zelinsky's Mobility Transition Model
1578:adding citations to reliable sources
343:has published three editions of its
27:Movement of people for their benefit
5614:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
5157:Mass migration as a travel business
3828:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
3333:"Welcome | Forced Migration Review"
2915:"Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing"
1850:theory of intervening opportunities
1297:geographic labour demand and supply
364:Structurally, there is substantial
67:the image captions in this article
4862:, Paris: OECD Publications, 2004.
4193:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00155.x
4114:The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship
3941:The International Migration Review
3534:. In Triandafyllidou, Anna (ed.).
3211:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
3182:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
2971:. McKinsey Global Institute. 2016.
2490:from the original on 12 June 2024.
2223:10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00345-3
1395:second principle of thermodynamics
1135:Migration is usually divided into
835:, contributed 9.4% of global GDP.
654:Migration and Remittances Factbook
400:International migrants, 1970–2015
359:United Nations Statistics Division
345:Migration and Remittances Factbook
25:
5506:Population and Development Review
4868:, Paris: OECD Publications, 2007.
4692:Guest Workers Or Colonized Labor?
4667:Migration Studies and Colonialism
4665:Mayblin, Lucy (26 January 2021).
3496:– via Wiley Online Library.
3476:Düvell, Frank (26 October 2010).
2917:. QueensBuzz.com. 25 January 2012
2478:Leonhardt, David (12 June 2024).
2167:"Introduction to Human Migration"
839:employees a strategic advantage.
706:largest ethnic Chinese population
5690:
5689:
5677:
5554:Population concern organizations
5260:Projections of population growth
4810:IOM World Migration Report, see
3704:Explorations in Economic History
3369:. Vol. 16, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1–19
3095:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1839:Radiation law for human mobility
1550:
1317:New economics of labor migration
1101:
1077:
1053:
1029:
1005:
981:
957:
933:
909:
885:
317:
304:
5655:Human impact on the environment
5589:Population Action International
4804:, Duke University Press, 2002.
3860:Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
1957:and increasingly outnumbering,
1897:United Nations General Assembly
1125:Sustainable Development Goal 10
5604:United Nations Population Fund
4977:International Migration Review
4895:The Suffering of the Immigrant
4842:, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005.
4793:(John Wiley & Sons, 2013)
4768:Fell, Peter and Hayes, Debra.
4694:. Boulder (Colo.): Routledge.
4180:International Migration Review
4023:Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos
3517:United Nations Population Fund
3238:International Migration Review
3003:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.012
1925:by small groups of conquering
1509:. The political importance of
1131:Voluntary and forced migration
374:United Nations Population Fund
1:
4961:White, Micheal (Ed.) (2016).
4690:Gonzalez, Gilbert G. (2013).
4549:. CEDEM, Université de Liège.
4321:Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2018).
4274:Lafleur, Jean-Michel (2014).
3986:Reframing Migrant Integration
3382:Basok, Tanya (26 July 2018).
2723:"World Migration Report 2018"
2560:"World Migration Report 2020"
1987:opposition to such policies.
1691:Political fear of persecution
844:Centre for Global Development
752:Russian Federation–Kazakhstan
742:Kazakhstan–Russian Federation
5044:Resources in other libraries
4777:Global Migration: The Basics
4722:. New York: Routledge, 2020.
4292:10.1080/13510347.2014.979163
4243:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005
3803:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698208
3772:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698202
2887:John Marzulli (9 May 2011).
2682:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698208
2648:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698202
2209:. In Quah, Stella R. (ed.).
2115:Religion and human migration
1893:United Nations Member States
1879:in specific areas. The 1966
1285:Neoclassical economic theory
670:Brooklyn Chinatowns (布鲁克林華埠)
232:Migrants on a truck between
210:internally-displaced persons
125:migrants being processed in
5629:World Population Foundation
5619:World Population Conference
5532:World population milestones
4880:The Philosophy of Evolution
4713:Sources and further reading
4545:Terminski, Bogumil (2012).
3396:10.1007/978-3-319-89384-6_4
2941:United States Census Bureau
2791:World Migration Report 2020
2753:Women and Migration in Asia
2277:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100130
2192:World Migration Report 2020
2171:National Geographic Society
2090:Most recent common ancestor
1824:Zipf's inverse distance law
1331:Relative deprivation theory
5752:
5501:Population and Environment
4847:Migration in World History
4791:What is migration history?
4784:How Migration Really Works
4451:Brubacker, Rogers (1990).
4082:10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.165
3482:Population Space and Place
3366:Journal of Refugee Studies
1830:Gravity model of migration
1767:Better chances of marrying
1645:migration stage by stage (
1620:'s proposal in the 1880s:
1413:
1405:Social-scientific theories
1373:history of human migration
1334:
1288:
1167:
1143:. The distinction between
772:India–United Arab Emirates
737:Ukraine–Russian Federation
727:Russian Federation–Ukraine
702:New York metropolitan area
413:of the world's population
36:Pre-modern human migration
32:History of human migration
29:
5673:
5411:Human population planning
5235:Demographics of the world
5039:Resources in your library
4816:Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée.
4373:Stanford University Press
3983:Hack-Polay, Dieu (2013).
3615:Geschiere, Peter (2020).
3416:– via SpringerLink.
2346:"Migrations country wise"
2031:Feminisation of migration
1998:Demographics of the world
1721:War or threat of invasion
1655:migration and technology.
1639:most migrants are adults.
1470:and the consolidation of
819:camping by the roadside,
792:Philippines–United States
777:West Bank and Gaza–Jordan
664:Typical grocery store on
5416:Compulsory sterilization
4875:(Berghahn Books, 2007).
4860:Migration for Employment
4480:Lee, Everett S. (1966).
4344:10.1177/0192512118759902
3634:10.1177/1466138120938076
2375:Encyclopedia of the City
2213:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
1740:Better living conditions
1718:Poor chances of marrying
1652:urban, rural difference.
1460:structural functionalism
1416:Sociology of immigration
1303:Dual labor market theory
815:, Drought refugees from
536:immigration destinations
534:As of 2019, the top ten
382:seasonal human migration
5358:Malthusian growth model
5118:Migration Policy Centre
5094:Encyclopædia Britannica
5070:Encyclopædia Britannica
4991:International Migration
4575:Oxford University Press
4569:Bauder, Harald (2006).
4482:"A Theory of Migration"
4119:Oxford University Press
4035:10.1057/9781403984678_6
3540:Edward Elgar Publishing
2316:SSRN Electronic Journal
2046:International migration
1861:Bauder's regulation of
1809:Food, sex, and security
1521:processes, and states'
1507:international relations
1468:despair and aimlessness
1462:(based on the ideas of
1441:symbolic interactionism
1386:semipermeable membranes
1245:human-rights violations
1198:Forced Migration Review
394:international migration
5485:Zero population growth
5480:Sustainable population
5404:Malthusian catastrophe
5363:Overshoot (population)
5240:Demographic transition
5113:(subscription service)
4901:, Polity Press, 2004.
4759:De La Torre, Miguel A.
4743:, Leiden: Brill, 2014.
4070:International Security
4029:US. pp. 103–119.
4017:Faist, Thomas (2006).
3902:Vol. 08, N°: 02 (2017)
3603:Samoans in New Zealand
2583:Cite journal requires
2544:World Migration Report
2003:Early human migrations
1618:Ernst Georg Ravenstein
1447:social conflict theory
1291:Neoclassical economics
1276:Research contributions
824:
713:
354:World Migration Report
336:
280:quality of their lives
245:
150:
130:
59:
5726:Demographic economics
5594:Population Connection
5458:Mere addition paradox
5297:Physiological density
5079:Gadow, Hans Friedrich
5055:Williams, Henry Smith
4905:Reich, David (2018).
4878:Purohit, A. K. (ed.)
4739:Chaichian, Mohammad.
2371:Caves, R. W. (2004).
2120:Replacement migration
2063:Immigration to Europe
2021:Existential migration
2016:Environmental migrant
1955:promise of settlement
1384:, the borders by the
811:
663:
411:Migrants as a %
334:
231:
136:
121:
57:
5624:World Population Day
5579:Church of Euthanasia
5468:Non-identity problem
5443:Political demography
5399:Human overpopulation
5060:"Civilization"
4765:, Orbis Books, 2009.
3816:Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam
3446:10.21670/ref.2005047
3433:Estudios Fronterizos
3318:10.18662/lumenlaw/24
2676:, 38(9), 1405–1424.
2409:"What is a refugee?"
2324:10.2139/ssrn.2752834
2217:. pp. 591–598.
2100:Political demography
1939:indentured servitude
1870:Migration governance
1834:friction of distance
1785:and to its west the
1574:improve this section
1397:used to measure the
1355:World-systems theory
1350:World systems theory
1337:Relative deprivation
1241:economic remittances
757:Afghanistan–Pakistan
722:Mexico–United States
621:Syrian Arab Republic
569:United Arab Emirates
388:) or out of cities (
86:improve this article
74:Knowledge guidelines
5473:Reproductive rights
5304:Population dynamics
5255:Population momentum
4838:Knörr, Jacqueline.
4831:Knörr, Jacqueline.
4469:on 24 January 2013.
4231:Political Geography
3591:Moroccans in France
3390:. pp. 85–107.
3157:on 27 November 2020
3108:10.1257/jep.25.3.83
2947:on 14 February 2020
2846:on 22 December 2014
2506:The World Bank Data
2352:on 11 February 2016
2051:Illegal immigration
2041:Humanitarian crisis
2036:Genographic Project
1943:Settler colonialism
1755:Attractive climates
1752:Better medical care
1658:economic condition.
1537:Historical theories
1360:international trade
1344:economic inequality
1175:Voluntary migration
1164:Voluntary migration
1149:voluntary migration
1137:voluntary migration
782:India–United States
747:China–United States
401:
206:forced displacement
69:may require cleanup
18:Political migration
5599:Population Matters
5314:Population pyramid
5292:Population density
5287:Population decline
5180:Story of migration
5172:2023-06-13 at the
5167:https://newseye.eu
5129:CIA World Factbook
4938:The New York Times
4893:Abdelmalek Sayad.
4845:Manning, Patrick.
4736:(Routledge, 2000)
4652:2019-12-21 at the
4625:United States – EN
4532:73.1 (1983): 1-17
4027:Palgrave Macmillan
3754:2021-01-18 at the
3251:10.1111/imre.12095
3147:"Goal ten targets"
2785:2021-01-18 at the
2562:. 2 January 2019.
2484:The New York Times
2140:Space colonization
2130:Separation barrier
2085:Migration in China
2080:Migrant literature
1985:ethnic nationalist
1966:indigenous peoples
1953:migrants with the
1923:indigenous peoples
1903:Migration programs
1531:Albert Hirschman's
1388:and the humans by
1265:positive selection
1249:internal migration
1170:Free State Project
825:
821:Blythe, California
787:India–Saudi Arabia
714:
616:Russian Federation
559:Russian Federation
408:Number of migrants
399:
337:
246:
163:internal migration
151:
131:
60:
5736:Genetic genealogy
5703:
5702:
5574:7 Billion Actions
5448:Population ethics
5341:Carrying capacity
5250:Population growth
5084:"Migration"
5025:Library resources
4984:Migration Letters
4931:(20 April 2018).
4701:978-1-61205-447-6
4676:978-1-5095-4293-2
4627:. 5 February 2022
3797:38(9):1405–1424.
3405:978-3-319-89383-9
3357:Colson, Elizabeth
2989:World Development
2467:. 27 August 2020.
2135:Snowbird (person)
2068:List of diasporas
1737:Job opportunities
1700:Natural disasters
1694:Poor medical care
1688:Famine or drought
1682:Few opportunities
1610:
1609:
1602:
1493:Political science
1237:economic migrants
1209:Transit migration
1120:
1119:
842:According to the
528:
527:
114:
113:
106:
16:(Redirected from
5743:
5693:
5692:
5681:
5680:
5650:Green Revolution
5431:Two-child policy
5426:One-child policy
5349:
5309:Population model
5265:World population
5214:
5207:
5200:
5191:
5098:
5086:
5074:
5062:
4954:Stalker, Peter.
4949:
4947:
4945:
4924:
4856:Guilford Press.
4786:, Penguin, 2023.
4734:Migration Theory
4729:, Duke UP, 2005.
4706:
4705:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4662:
4656:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4536:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4501:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4462:. Archived from
4457:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4371:(3rd ed.).
4362:
4356:
4355:
4327:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4228:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4046:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3909:
3903:
3892:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3824:
3811:
3805:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3764:
3758:
3745:
3739:
3730:
3713:
3712:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3674:. Archived from
3663:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3612:
3606:
3599:Koreans in Japan
3587:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3498:
3497:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3448:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3379:
3370:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3337:www.fmreview.org
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3215:. pp. 19–20
3210:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3153:. Archived from
3143:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3062:. 13 July 2017.
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3005:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2943:. Archived from
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2803:
2794:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2642:(9): 1333–1338.
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2609:on 21 April 2023
2605:. Archived from
2599:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2556:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2445:. 27 August 2020
2443:thewordpoint.com
2435:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2348:. Archived from
2342:
2336:
2335:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2125:Return migration
2110:Refugee roulette
1931:forced migration
1916:modern migration
1612:Certain laws of
1605:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1554:
1546:
1479:transnationalism
1434:social structure
1399:osmotic pressure
1191:Forced migration
1153:labour migration
1141:forced migration
1107:
1105:
1104:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1011:
1009:
1008:
987:
985:
984:
963:
961:
960:
939:
937:
936:
915:
913:
912:
891:
889:
888:
864:
833:world population
799:Economic impacts
762:Afghanistan–Iran
732:Bangladesh–India
694:Manhattan (紐約華埠)
402:
357:since 1999. The
321:
308:
109:
102:
98:
95:
89:
49:
21:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5716:Human migration
5706:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5669:
5633:
5567:
5565:
5558:
5510:
5489:
5438:Overconsumption
5421:Family planning
5378:
5372:
5345:
5329:
5326:
5318:
5280:
5277:
5269:
5223:
5218:
5174:Wayback Machine
5077:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5033:
5032:
5030:Human migration
5028:
5021:
4972:
4943:
4941:
4927:
4921:
4904:
4899:Pierre Bourdieu
4800:Hoerder, Dirk.
4782:de Haas, Hein.
4715:
4710:
4709:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4654:Wayback Machine
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4559:Idyorough, 2008
4558:
4554:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4499:10.2307/2060063
4479:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4460:Migration World
4455:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4414:10.2307/2950657
4399:
4398:
4394:
4383:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4280:Democratization
4273:
4272:
4268:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4160:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3953:10.2307/2547666
3938:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3893:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3765:
3761:
3756:Wayback Machine
3746:
3742:
3731:
3716:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3681:
3679:
3678:on 14 July 2015
3665:
3664:
3660:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3542:. p. 416.
3529:
3528:
3524:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3494:10.1002/psp.631
3475:
3474:
3470:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3406:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2787:Wayback Machine
2777:
2770:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2667:
2663:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2582:
2572:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2233:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2105:Queer migration
2073:Jewish diaspora
1993:
1905:
1872:
1820:
1811:
1795:Pannonian Plain
1787:Altai Mountains
1779:climatic cycles
1775:
1770:
1727:
1679:Not enough jobs
1665:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1571:
1555:
1544:
1539:
1495:
1472:social networks
1418:
1412:
1407:
1369:
1352:
1339:
1333:
1319:
1310:Migrant workers
1305:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1229:
1224:
1211:
1193:
1172:
1166:
1133:
1102:
1100:
1078:
1076:
1054:
1052:
1030:
1028:
1006:
1004:
982:
980:
958:
956:
934:
932:
910:
908:
886:
884:
876:Percent of GDP
856:
806:
801:
796:
767:China–Hong Kong
650:
593:
390:suburbanisation
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
322:
314:
313:
309:
298:
226:
154:Human migration
110:
99:
93:
90:
83:
72:to comply with
61:
58:link={{{link}}}
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5749:
5747:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5687:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5665:Sustainability
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5638:Related topics
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5527:Largest cities
5524:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5396:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5347:I = P × A × T
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5099:
5089:Chisholm, Hugh
5075:
5065:Chisholm, Hugh
5047:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:External links
5017:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4987:
4980:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4929:Diamond, Jared
4920:978-1101870327
4919:
4911:Pantheon Books
4902:
4891:
4876:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4826:978-8484894766
4814:
4808:
4805:
4798:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4756:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4682:
4675:
4657:
4638:
4612:
4603:
4590:
4584:978-0195180886
4583:
4561:
4552:
4537:
4521:
4472:
4443:
4408:(2): 173–202.
4402:World Politics
4392:
4382:978-0804787352
4381:
4357:
4338:(3): 400–416.
4313:
4286:(5): 840–860.
4266:
4214:
4187:(3): 700–723.
4169:
4159:978-1317805984
4158:
4134:
4128:978-0198805854
4127:
4103:
4076:(1): 165–199.
4060:
4054:978-1349532650
4053:
4009:
3996:978-1911320319
3995:
3974:
3947:(4): 926–948.
3931:
3925:978-1135307035
3924:
3904:
3887:
3874:
3842:
3818:(April 2012).
3814:Kaplan, Greg;
3806:
3784:
3775:
3759:
3740:
3738:26(4):411–436.
3714:
3693:
3658:
3627:(3): 335–354.
3607:
3582:
3580:, 22 Apr 2007.
3578:New York Times
3569:
3549:978-1785367519
3548:
3522:
3499:
3488:(4): 415–427.
3468:
3435:(in Spanish).
3419:
3404:
3371:
3349:
3324:
3291:
3264:
3245:(2): 283–323.
3227:
3197:
3168:
3138:
3129:
3080:
3045:
3019:
2974:
2958:
2928:
2906:
2879:
2857:
2831:
2809:
2795:
2768:
2762:978-0761936756
2761:
2743:
2714:
2711:. UNFPA. 2013.
2697:
2685:
2661:
2620:
2594:
2585:|journal=
2548:
2535:
2518:
2493:
2470:
2456:
2425:
2400:
2394:978-0415252256
2393:
2363:
2337:
2299:
2250:
2232:978-0128037089
2231:
2215:Academic Press
2197:
2183:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1977:foreign worker
1973:decolonization
1904:
1901:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:labour markets
1859:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1774:
1773:Climate cycles
1771:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:Discrimination
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:Loss of wealth
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:step migration
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1614:social science
1608:
1607:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1494:
1491:
1475:
1474:
1464:Émile Durkheim
1457:
1444:
1414:Main article:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1368:
1367:Osmosis theory
1365:
1351:
1348:
1335:Main article:
1332:
1329:
1318:
1315:
1304:
1301:
1289:Main article:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1207:
1192:
1189:
1165:
1162:
1132:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
991:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
855:
852:
813:Dorothea Lange
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
690:Queens (法拉盛華埠)
668:in one of the
649:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
597:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
564:United Kingdom
561:
556:
551:
546:
540:
526:
525:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
508:
504:
503:
500:
497:
493:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
460:
459:
456:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
438:
437:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:
409:
406:
323:
316:
315:
310:
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
297:
294:
276:rates of crime
271:Asylum seekers
250:asylum seekers
225:
222:
214:asylum seekers
139:Gornja Radgona
112:
111:
64:
62:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5748:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5696:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:Bennett's law
5643:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5566:organizations
5561:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:Kaya identity
5351:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4900:
4897:, Preface by
4896:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4747:Jared Diamond
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4725:Behdad, Ali.
4724:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4010:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3981:For example:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3918:. Routledge.
3917:
3916:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:For example,
3586:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3280:(in Armenian)
3279:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3102:(3): 83–106.
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3059:The Economist
3055:
3049:
3046:
3034:. 6 June 2022
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2270:(1): 100130.
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:El Inmigrante
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:people, soon
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:and the 1951
1882:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:Buffer theory
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:Death threats
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:Push and Pull
1662:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1559:This section
1557:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:, as well as
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:Based on the
1366:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:globalization
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:(economic or
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
990:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
966:
955:
952:
951:
947:
944:
942:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
918:
907:
904:
903:
899:
896:
894:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
862:
860:
853:
851:
849:
845:
840:
836:
834:
830:
829:world economy
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:World economy
803:
798:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
711:
707:
704:contains the
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:New York City
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
655:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
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3342:16 November
3073:10 February
2996:: 227–239.
2736:26 November
2613:9 September
2383:. pp.
2012:– 2005 film
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1848:Stouffer's
1799:Mesopotamia
1503:citizenship
1487:integration
1324:remittances
1270:Age heaping
1145:involuntary
941:Philippines
859:Remittances
854:Remittances
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636:Philippines
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199:immigration
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5710:Categories
5564:Events and
5379:population
5325:Population
5276:Population
5221:Population
4888:8186882359
4486:Demography
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3894:Djelti S,
3881:Djelti S,
3711:: 205–220.
3672:Fanack.com
3555:29 October
3213:World Bank
3184:World Bank
3032:BCG Global
2951:27 January
2895:. New York
2893:Daily News
2449:22 October
2243:11 October
2152:References
2095:Offshoring
2026:Expatriate
1959:displacing
1947:settlement
1933:, through
1805:invasion.
1803:Sea People
1542:Ravenstein
1527:emigration
1523:soft power
1257:metro pole
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666:8th Avenue
626:Bangladesh
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312:countries.
224:Definition
195:emigration
123:Venezuelan
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149:, in 2015
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1764:Industry
1758:Security
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1515:activism
1499:security
1253:colonies
1227:Overview
1061:Pakistan
870:Country
817:Oklahoma
698:enclaves
678:New York
631:Pakistan
290:seasonal
263:refugees
254:migrants
218:refugees
187:conquest
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