Political sociology - Knowledge (XXG)

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representation that in turn influences political parties which make the decisions. The distribution of power is then achieved through the interplay of contending interest groups. The government in this model functions just as a mediating broker and is free from control by any economic power. This pluralistic democracy however requires the existence of an underlying framework that would offer mechanisms for citizenship and expression and the opportunity to organize representations through social and industrial organizations, such as trade unions. Ultimately, decisions are reached through the complex process of bargaining and compromise between various groups pushing for their interests. Many factors, pluralists believe, have ended the domination of the political sphere by an economic elite. The power of organized labour and the increasingly interventionist state have placed restrictions on the power of capital to manipulate and control the state. Additionally, capital is no longer owned by a dominant class, but by an expanding managerial sector and diversified shareholders, none of whom can exert their will upon another.

1600:. According to Mills, the eponymous "power elite" are those that occupy the dominant positions, in the dominant institutions (military, economic and political) of a dominant country, and their decisions (or lack of decisions) have enormous consequences, not only for the U.S. population but, "the underlying populations of the world." The institutions which they head, Mills posits, are a triumvirate of groups that have succeeded weaker predecessors: (1) "two or three hundred giant corporations" which have replaced the traditional agrarian and craft economy, (2) a strong federal political order that has inherited power from "a decentralized set of several dozen states" and "now enters into each and every cranny of the social structure", and (3) the military establishment, formerly an object of "distrust fed by state militia," but now an entity with "all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain." Importantly, and in distinction from modern American 1335:. Poulantzas disagreed with this because he saw the capitalist class as too focused on its individual short-term profit, rather than on maintaining the class's power as a whole, to simply exercise the whole of state power in its own interest. Poulantzas argued that the state, though relatively autonomous from the capitalist class, nonetheless functions to ensure the smooth operation of capitalist society, and therefore benefits the capitalist class. In particular, he focused on how an inherently divisive system such as capitalism could coexist with the social stability necessary for it to reproduce itself—looking in particular to nationalism as a means to overcome the class divisions within capitalism. Borrowing from Gramsci's notion of 22: 973:'s definition for political sociologists varies across the approaches and conceptual framework utilised within this interdisciplinary study. At its basic understanding, power can be seen as the ability to influence or control other people or processes around you. This helps to create a variety of research focuses and use of methodologies as different scholars' understanding of power differs. Alongside this, their academic disciplinary department/ institution can also flavour their research as they develop from their baseline of inquiry (e.g. political or sociological studies) into this interdisciplinary field (see 1604:, Mills explains that the elite themselves may not be aware of their status as an elite, noting that "often they are uncertain about their roles" and "without conscious effort, they absorb the aspiration to be ... The Onecide." Nonetheless, he sees them as a quasi-hereditary caste. The members of the power elite, according to Mills, often enter into positions of societal prominence through educations obtained at establishment universities. The resulting elites, who control the three dominant institutions (military, economy and political system) can be generally grouped into one of six types, according to Mills: 53: 1267:(the family, the education system, trade unions, etc.) – commonly seen as the private or non-state sphere, which mediates between the state and the economy. However, he stresses that the division is purely conceptual and that the two often overlap in reality. Gramsci claims the capitalist state rules through force plus consent: political society is the realm of force and civil society is the realm of consent. Gramsci proffers that under modern capitalism the 1472:

process in the ongoing rationalisation of the Western society. Weber's ideal bureaucracy is characterised by hierarchical organisation, by delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, by action taken (and recorded) on the basis of written rules, by bureaucratic officials needing expert training, by rules being implemented neutrally and by career advancement depending on technical qualifications judged by organisations, not by individuals.

5568: 5532: 4824: 1163: 5557: 4874: 849: 4860: 5544: 4848: 1339:, Poulantzas argued that repressing movements of the oppressed is not the sole function of the state. Rather, state power must also obtain the consent of the oppressed. It does this through class alliances, where the dominant group makes an "alliance" with subordinate groups as a means to obtain the consent of the subordinate group. 1548:. This is as much focused now on micro questions (such as the formation of identity through social interaction, the politics of knowledge, and the effects of the contestation of meaning on structures), as it is on macro questions (such as how to capture and use state power). Chief influences here include cultural studies ( 1775:

and democracy has been subjected to extensive empirical examination, both quantitative and qualitative, in the past 30 years. And the evidence shows, with striking clarity and consistency, a strong causal relationship between economic development and democracy." The book sold more than 400,000 copies

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wields power in America through its support of think-tanks, foundations, commissions, and academic departments. Additionally, he argues that the elite control institutions through overt authority, not through covert influence. In his introduction, Domhoff writes that the book was inspired by the work

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emphasized the psychological and intellectual superiority of elites, believing that they were the highest achievers in any field. He discussed the existence of two types of elites: Governing elites and Non-governing elites. He also extended the idea that a whole elite can be replaced by a new one and

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The importance of studying sociology within politics, and vice versa, has had recognition across figures from Mosca to Pareto as they recognised that politicians and politics do not operate in a societal vacuum, and society does not operate outside of politics. Here, political sociology sets about to

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Contemporary political sociology takes these questions seriously, but it is concerned with the play of power and politics across societies, which includes, but is not restricted to, relations between the state and society. In part, this is a product of the growing complexity of social relations, the

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The outlook of the Italian school of elitism is based on two ideas: Power lies in position of authority in key economic and political institutions. The psychological difference that sets elites apart is that they have personal resources, for instance intelligence and skills, and a vested interest in

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was influenced by Gramsci, Miliband and Poulantzas to propose that the state is not as an entity but as a social relation with differential strategic effects. This means that the state is not something with an essential, fixed property such as a neutral coordinator of different social interests, an

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emphasized the sociological and personal characteristics of elites. He said elites are an organized minority and that the masses are an unorganized majority. The ruling class is composed of the ruling elite and the sub-elites. He divides the world into two group: Political class and Non-Political

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go back to him and a classic, hierarchically organised civil service of the Continental type is called "Weberian civil service". As the most efficient and rational way of organising, bureaucratisation for Weber was the key part of the rational-legal authority and furthermore, he saw it as the key

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The pluralist emphasis on fair representation however overshadows the constraints imposed on the extent of choice offered. Bachrauch and Baratz (1963) examined the deliberate withdrawal of certain policies from the political arena. For example, organized movements that express what might seem as

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is tied to his conception of the capitalist state. Gramsci does not understand the state in the narrow sense of the government. Instead, he divides it between political society (the police, the army, legal system, etc.) – the arena of political institutions and legal constitutional control – and

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determine peoples' production relations and their production relations determine all other relations, including the political. Although "determines" is the strong form of the claim, Marx also uses "conditions". Even "determination" is not causality and some reciprocity of action is admitted. The

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are separate. However, he already saw some limitations to that model, arguing: "The political state everywhere needs the guarantee of spheres lying outside it." He added: "He as yet was saying nothing about the abolition of private property, does not express a developed theory of class, and "the

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Political sociologists, throughout its broad manifestations, propose that in order to understand power, society and politics must be studied with one another and neither treated as assumed variables. In the words of political scientist Michael Rush, "For any society to be understood, so must its

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Political sociology attempts to explore the dynamics between the two institutional systems introduced by the advent of Western capitalist system that are the democratic constitutional liberal state and the capitalist economy. While democracy promises impartiality and legal equality before all

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where, he asserts, social and political organizations are run by few individuals, and social organization and labor division are key. He believed that all organizations were elitist and that elites have three basic principles that help in the bureaucratic structure of political organization:

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refers specifically to a sociological analysis of politics and not an interdisciplinary area of research that political sociology works towards. This difference is made by the variables of interest that both perspectives focus upon. Sociology of politics centres on the non-political causes of

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or politics as a study largely situates itself within this definition of sociology and is sometimes regarded as a well developed sub-field of sociology, but is seen as a stand alone disciplinary area of research due to the size of scholarly work undertaken within it. Politics offers a complex

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For pluralists, the distribution of political power is not determined by economic interests but by multiple social divisions and political agendas. The diverse political interests and beliefs of different factions work together through collective organizations to create a flexible and fair

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which states that democracy is the direct result of economic growth, and that "he more well-to-do a nation, the greater the chances that it will sustain democracy." Lipset's modernization theory has continued to be a significant factor in academic discussions and research relating to

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is sometimes called a state-centered approach. It explains what the state does by looking at constraints from organizational structure, semi-autonomous state managers, and interests that arise from the state as a unique, power-concentrating organization. A leading representative is

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In other words, political sociology is concerned with how social trends, dynamics, and structures of domination affect formal political processes alongside social forces working together to create change. From this perspective, we can identify three major theoretical frameworks:

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in the eighteenth , political in the nineteenth, and social in the twentieth". This evolution however, has been criticized by many for only being from the perspective of the white working man. Marshall concludes his essay with three major factors for the evolution of

1446:. He notes that the instability of charismatic authority forces it to "routinise" into a more structured form of authority. In a pure type of traditional rule, sufficient resistance to a ruler can lead to a "traditional revolution". The move towards a 1705:

and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in the society". One of the key points made by Marshall is his belief in an evolution of rights in

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The scope of political sociology is broad, reflecting on the wide interest in how power and oppression operate over and within social and political areas in society. Although diverse, some major themes of interest for political sociology include:

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the government; while the rest are incompetent and do not have the capabilities of governing themselves, the elite are resourceful and strive to make the government work. For in reality, the elite would have the most to lose in a failed state.

1467:(1922). His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work. It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularisation of this term. Many aspects of modern 998:

definition and is important to note that what 'politics' means is subjective to the author and context. From the study of governmental institutions, public policy, to power relations, politics has a rich disciplinary outlook.

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in 1969, a study in Marxist political sociology, rejecting the idea that pluralism spread political power, and maintaining that power in Western democracies was concentrated in the hands of a dominant class.

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can maintain its economic control by allowing certain demands made by trade unions and mass political parties within civil society to be met by the political sphere. Thus, the bourgeoisie engages in

1085:. Social class theory analysis emphasizes the political power of capitalist elites. It can be split into two parts: one is the "power structure" or "instrumentalist" approach, whereas another is the 1140:

lens), whereas political sociology is a collaborative socio-political exploration of society and its power contestation. When addressing political sociology, there is noted overlap in using

977:). Although with deviation in how it is carried out, political sociology has an overall focus on understanding why power structures are the way they are in any given societal context. 1544:

impact of social movement organizing, and the relative weakening of the state as a result of globalization. To a significant part, however, it is due to the radical rethinking of

903:. Interested in the social causes and consequences of how power is distributed and changes throughout and amongst societies, political sociology's focus ranges across individual 1367:

respectively. Rather, what the state is essentially determined by is the nature of the wider social relations in which it is situated, especially the balance of social forces.

1112:?" or even, "What difference does it make if women get elected?", political sociologists also now ask, "How is the body a site of power?", "How are emotions relevant to global 1149:

oppression and power contestation in political life, whereas political sociology includes the political causes of these actions throughout commentary with non-political ones.

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The development of political sociology from the 1930s onwards took place as the separating disciplines of sociology and politics explored their overlapping areas of interest.

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provided a very influential analysis of the bases of democracy across the world. Larry Diamond and Gary Marks argue that "Lipset's assertion of a direct relationship between

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can be viewed as the broad analysis of human society and the interrelationship of these societies. Predominantly focused on the relationship of human behaviour with society.

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Mills formulated a very short summary of his book: "Who, after all, runs America? No one runs it altogether, but in so far as any group does, the power elite."

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How political values and behaviours shape society and how society's values and behaviours shape politics (e.g. public opinion, ideologies, social movements).

432: 1836: 1093:. The structuralist approach emphasizes the way a capitalist economy operates; only allowing and encouraging the state to do some things but not others ( 1701:

in 1949. Marshall's concept defines the social responsibilities the state has to its citizens or, as Marshall puts it, "from the right to a modicum of

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by suggesting the inevitability of a move in this direction, in which "Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge."

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autonomous corporate actor with its own bureaucratic goals and interests, or the 'executive committee of the bourgeoisie' as often described by

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structure of authority, utilising a bureaucratic structure, is inevitable in the end. Thus this theory can be sometimes viewed as part of the

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the "Political Directorate", "fifty-odd men of the executive branch" of the U.S. federal government, including the senior leadership in the

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by going beyond its immediate economic interests and allowing the forms of its hegemony to change. Gramsci posits that movements such as

1993:"Political Sociology: An essay with special reference to the development of research in the United States of America and Western Europe" 879: 476: 1608:

the "Metropolitan 400", members of historically notable local families in the principal American cities, generally represented on the

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and was translated into 20 languages, including: Vietnamese, Bengali, and Serbo-Croatian. Lipset was one of the first proponents of

1630: 818: 808: 512: 472: 4313: 3663:. Hoover Institution, "In Memoriam: Seymour Martin Lipset, 1922–2006: A Giant among Teachers," 2007. accessed: December 27, 2007. 2808: 1496:(1876–1936), were cofounders of the Italian school of elitism which influenced subsequent elite theory in the Western tradition. 1442:

In his view, every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained such elements and they can be analysed on the basis of

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class. Mosca asserts that elites have intellectual, moral, and material superiority that is highly esteemed and influential.

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bourgeoisie control the economy, therefore they control the state. In this theory, the state is an instrument of class rule.

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society. Overlaying this is the fact that his own ideas about the state changed as he grew older, differing in his early pre-

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field of study concerned with exploring how governance and society interact and influence one another at the micro to macro

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Lipset, Seymour Martin (March 1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".

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approach. The power structure approach focuses on the question of who rules and its most well-known representative is

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How these operate across formal and informal areas of politics and society (e.g. ministerial cabinet vs. family home).

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Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".

2655:. Bryce Anderson, Anthony Arblaster, Dennis Austin, Jim Bulpitt, C. H. Dodd, Michael Evans. Manchester. p. 130. 1331:

Marxist accounts such as that of Miliband held that the state was simply an instrument in the hands of a particular

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Leadership that matters: the critical factors for making a difference in people's lives and organisations' success

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Weber's rationalism and modern society : new translations on politics, bureaucracy, and social stratification

1744:). However, these have also become controversial issues as there is a debate over whether a citizen truly has the 1660:, first published in 1967 as a best-seller (#12), with six subsequent editions. Domhoff argues in the book that a 5203: 4931: 4750: 4468: 4423: 1874: 803: 639: 372: 242: 108: 5572: 21: 5567: 5536: 5384: 5374: 5171: 4897: 4834: 4373: 4182: 4074: 1431: 1395:

of political leadership (alternatively referred to as three types of domination, legitimisation or authority):

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Many of the social responsibilities of a state have since become a major part of many state's policies (see

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the "Chief Executives", presidents and CEOs of the most important companies within each industrial sector

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A main rival to pluralist theory in the United States was the theory of the "power elite" by sociologist

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in the early 1930s throughout the social and political disruptions that took place through the rise of

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Toward a Political Sociology of Punishment: Politics and Changes in the Incarcerated Population

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politics; and if the politics of any society is to be understood, so must that society."

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Banks, D. and Purdy, M., 2001. The Sociology and Politics of Health. London: Routledge.

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exercise and contest power (e.g. power structures, authority, social inequality).

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Pluralism sees politics primarily as a contest among competing interest groups.

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Numerous works account for highlighting a political sociology, from the work of

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While both are valid lines of enquiry, sociology of politics is a sociological

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In political sociology, one of Weber's most influential contributions is his "

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Masters of sociological thought : ideas in historical and social context

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Weber described many ideal types of public administration and government in

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The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis

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The European Commission and the integration of Europe: images of governance

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solution to the problem of the state/civil society separation is a purely

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Why Americans still don't vote : and why politicians want it that way

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are considered foundational to its inception as a sub-field of research.

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The anti-democratic sources of elite theory : Pareto, Mosca, Michels

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An enlargement of citizenship and more rights granted to these citizens.

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This represents the high point of conformance of the state theory to an

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might have been, "Why do so few American or European citizens choose to

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Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World

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Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology

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Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics

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radical change in a society can often by portrayed as illegitimate.

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Another knowledge is possible : beyond northern epistemologies

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as sites of social and political conflict and power contestation.

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Principles of public administration : Malaysian perspectives

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the "Corporate Rich", major landowners and corporate shareholders

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the "Warlords", senior military officers, most importantly the

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economic interest. Two years later, that idea was expounded in

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to understand an integral theme of political sociology; power.

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The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber: Collected Essays

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Utilization of facilities by leaders within their organization

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Tawnya Adkins Covert (2017), "What is Political Sociology?" (

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The importance of the psychological attributes of the leaders

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How socio-political cultures and identities change over time.

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Janoski, T., Hicks, A., Schwartz, M. and Alford,, R., 2005.

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Diamond, Larry Jay (2002). "Thinking About Hybrid Regimes".

3751:

Zakaria, Fareed (1997). "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy".

1805:

V. Bautista (2020), "Introduction to Political Sociology" (

1756:

Seymour Martin Lipset on the social requisites of democracy

1633:, sometimes variously drawn from elected officials of the 2376:. Richard A. Cloward (1 ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. 3796:"The Lipset Hypothesis in a Property Rights Perspective" 3119:

The Max Weber dictionary: key words and central concepts

2806:

Newman, Michael (2004). "Miliband, Ralph (1924–1994)".

1182:(i.e. present) era and the state (or absence of one) in 3122:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 18–21. 2572:"From the Sociology of Politics to Political Sociology" 1383:) essay. Therein, Weber unveils the definition of the 3362:"Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework" 3196:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 40. 2884:

An ethic of responsibility in international relations

1864:: Political and Historical Sociology Research Cluster 1507:

how one can circulate from being elite to non-elite.

3954:

The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology

3843:

European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology

2442:

The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology

2264:"Political Trends Affecting Nonmetropolitan America" 2044:

Grand Theories and Ideologies in the Social Sciences

1656:

is a book by research psychologist and sociologist,

5493: 5477: 5224: 4950: 4722: 4647: 4456: 4296: 4213: 4163: 4125: 4045:

Political and Historical Sociology Research Cluster

3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2774:

A Contribution to the critique of political economy

2046:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 81–96, 1576:citizens, the capitalist system results in unequal 1225:(1846), Marx viewed the state as a creature of the 975:§ Political sociology vs sociology of politics 3151: 2881: 1528:Need for leaders, specialized staff and facilities 1002:study the relationships of society and politics. 3896:Dobratz, B., Waldner, L. and Buzzell, T., 2019. 3582:"Citizenship and Social Class: And Other Essays" 1723:and for their further evolution, listed below: 1580:and thus possible political inequality as well. 1389:monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force 1116:?", and "What difference does knowledge make to 3421:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 31. 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 1104:Where a typical research question in political 3977:. Social Science Research, 30(2), pp. 171–194. 3970:. American Sociological Review, 67(1), p. 109. 3293:Philosophy of education : an encyclopedia 4905: 4075: 2541:. Boaventura de Sousa Santos. London: Verso. 1991:Bendix, Reinhard; Lipset, Seymour M. (1957). 1311:, of whom he had been a friend. He published 1207:, his basic conception is that the state and 1124:Political sociology vs. sociology of politics 873: 8: 3919:Readings in contemporary political sociology 3230:. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. pp. 2812:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1641:parties but usually professional government 1454:theory. This ties to his broader concept of 3992:Political sociology and the people's health 3907:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 3360:Bachrach, Peter; Baratz, Morton S. (1963). 3150:Marshall Sashkin; Molly G. Sashkin (2003). 3002:. University of Chicago Press. p. 46. 4912: 4898: 4890: 4293: 4082: 4068: 4060: 3952:Amenta, E., Nash, K. and Scott, A., 2016. 3484:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2981:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2683:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2355:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2117:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1962:(1 ed.). New York: Harper & Row. 1837:European Consortium for Political Research 880: 866: 51: 35: 4008:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 3864: 3854: 3580:Fiddle, Seymour; Marshall, T. H. (1951). 3036:Max Weber : an intellectual portrait 2614:Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of right' 2587: 2185:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 1174:can be divided into three subject areas: 2875: 2873: 919:Political sociology was conceived as an 20: 2809:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2147:. New York: Prentice Hall. p. 13. 1910: 1307:was influenced by American sociologist 1204:Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right 43: 4006:The new political sociology of science 3477: 3158:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 3116:Richard Swedberg; Ola Agevall (2005). 2974: 2739:The German ideology, Parts I & III 2676: 2466: 2348: 2271:Journal of Research in Rural Education 2240: 2110: 1216:solution, namely universal suffrage". 1198:and in his mature, more nuanced work. 1194:phase which predates the unsuccessful 1043:Understanding the dynamics of how the 943:. This new area drawing upon works by 3966:Jacobs, D. and Carmichael, J., 2002. 3675:The American Political Science Review 3575: 3573: 3571: 3028: 3026: 2888:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 2837: 2835: 2696: 2694: 2644: 2642: 2083:Clemens, Elisabeth Stephanie (2016). 1295:respectively, are examples of this. 7: 5543: 4847: 3994:. Abingdon: Oxford University Press. 3956:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. 3935:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3331:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3296:. New York: Routledge. p. 179. 2535:Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (2007). 2327:(2 ed.). Long Grove, Illinois. 2295:Wilma van der Veen, E (2009-12-12). 2174: 2172: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2078: 2076: 1959:Political sociology; selected essays 1951: 1949: 1839:: Political Sociology Standing Group 1827:: Political Sociology Research Group 1144:as a synonym. Sartori outlines that 1132:account of politics (e.g. exploring 4859: 4055:Introduction to Political Sociology 3933:Introduction to political sociology 3928:. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press. 3905:The handbook of political sociology 4030:Political Sociology Standing Group 4020:Political Sociology Research Group 2589:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1969.tb00173.x 1240:economic interpretation of history 14: 4004:Frickel, S. and Moore, K., 2006. 3366:American Political Science Review 2297:"POLITICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES" 2216:The politics of social inequality 1831:American Sociological Association 1631:Executive Office of the President 5566: 5555: 5542: 5531: 5530: 4872: 4858: 4846: 4823: 4822: 3973:Jacobs, D. and Helms, R., 2001. 2570:Sartori, Giovanni (1969-04-01). 1833:: Section on Political Sociology 1387:as that entity that possesses a 847: 32:. "All Oppression is Connected". 5485:List of social science journals 3081:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–42. 2303:from the original on 2009-12-12 1313:The State in Capitalist Society 1166:A portrait picture of Karl Marx 433:Peace, war, and social conflict 5605:Subfields of political science 5442:Science and technology studies 4025:Section on Political Sociology 1765:: The Social Bases of Politics 1481:Italian school of elite theory 1: 3931:Orum, A. and Dale, J., 2009. 3856:10.1080/23254823.2019.1570859 3627:Diamond, Larry and Gary Marks 3499:Palmisano, Joseph M. (2001). 1851:: Political Sociology Cluster 1742:United States Social Security 1690:T. H. Marshall on citizenship 1539:Pluralism and power relations 4050:What is Political Sociology? 3586:American Sociological Review 3450:Domhoff, G. William (2018). 3418:The sociological imagination 2996:Wolfgang J. Mommsen (1992). 2826:UK public library membership 2494:Media, Culture & Society 2277:(3): 161–166. Archived from 2179:Domhoff, G. William (1967). 2086:What is political sociology? 1699:Citizenship and Social Class 1303:English Marxist sociologist 1279:and fascism, as well as the 4040:Political Sociology Cluster 3921:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. 3534:Kenneth E. Miller (1967). " 2370:Piven, Frances Fox (2000). 2262:Nachtigal, Paul M. (1994). 1568:), and cultural sociology ( 1444:this tripartite distinction 5621: 4746:Human environmental impact 3224:Allan, Kenneth D. (2005). 2009:10.1177/001139215700600201 1677:, and political scientist 1665:of four men: sociologists 1078:Elite or managerial theory 104:Human environmental impact 5526: 4927: 4819: 4097: 3926:Power, state, and society 3415:Mills, C. Wright (2000). 3328:Democracy and its critics 3290:Chambliss, J. J. (2014). 3033:Bendix, Reinhard (1977). 2652:Participation in politics 2576:Government and Opposition 2038:Kryzanek, Ann P. (2010), 1921:A dictionary of sociology 1875:Bibliography of sociology 1564:), structuration theory ( 1013:to other figures such as 4183:Structural functionalism 3538:by G. William Domhoff". 3325:Dahl, Robert A. (1989). 3190:Hooghe, Liesbet (2001). 2947:Jeong, Chun Hai (2012). 2506:10.1177/0163443707086859 2321:Coser, Lewis A. (2003). 1956:Coser, Lewis A. (1967). 1196:1848 uprisings in Europe 198:Structural functionalism 5130:international relations 4755:Industrial revolutions 4203:Symbolic interactionism 3837:Korom, Philipp (2019). 3800:SSRN Electronic Journal 3505:. Detroit: Gale Group. 3255:Nye, Robert A. (1977). 2704:The Communist manifesto 2649:Parry, Geraint (1972). 2405:Phillips, Anne (1991). 2052:10.1057/9780230112612_5 1849:University of Cambridge 1843:University of Amsterdam 1552:), post-structuralism ( 1434:(modern law and state, 1232:The Communist Manifesto 1170:Marx's ideas about the 218:Symbolic interactionism 113:Industrial revolutions 5457:Quantum social science 4193:Social constructionism 3794:Czegledi, Pal (2015). 3075:George Ritzer (2009). 2880:Daniel Warner (1991). 2818:10.1093/ref:odnb/55138 2473:: CS1 maint: others ( 2247:: CS1 maint: others ( 2141:Rush, Michael (1992). 1880:Political anthropology 1814:Research organisations 1783:democratic transitions 1767:political sociologist 1377:Politics as a Vocation 1178:states, states in the 1167: 208:Social constructionism 33: 5494:Other categorizations 5347:International studies 5332:History of technology 5267:Communication studies 5150:public administration 4800:Social stratification 4682:Conversation analysis 4239:Cultural anthropology 4229:Comparative sociology 4155:Sociological practice 3990:Beckfield, J., 2018. 3982:Health and well-being 3730:10.1353/jod.2002.0025 2922:Politics & Policy 2408:Engendering democracy 1769:Seymour Martin Lipset 1748:and even more so, to 1727:The lessening of the 1625:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1521:iron law of oligarchy 1469:public administration 1414:traditional authority 1400:charismatic authority 1281:scientific management 1219:By the time he wrote 1165: 1146:sociology of politics 1142:sociology of politics 945:Alexis de Tocqueville 583:Conversation analysis 158:Social stratification 24: 5327:Historical sociology 4249:Historical sociology 3942:. London: Routledge. 3910:Lachmann, R., 2010. 3900:. London: Routledge. 3808:10.2139/ssrn.2573981 3718:Journal of Democracy 2771:Karl., Marx (2010). 1918:Scott, John (2014). 1885:Political philosophy 1778:Modernization theory 1773:economic development 1570:Jeffrey C. Alexander 1244:forces of production 5595:Political sociology 5507:Geisteswissenschaft 5501:Behavioral sciences 5427:Political sociology 5342:Information science 5287:Development studies 4810:Social cycle theory 4269:Social anthropology 4259:Political sociology 4150:Sociological theory 3541:Journal of Politics 2842:Weber, Max (2015). 2736:Marx, Karl (2011). 2701:Marx, Karl (2002). 2611:Marx, Karl (1843). 2488:Nash, Kate (2008). 1819:Political sociology 1464:Economy and Society 1452:social evolutionism 1222:The German Ideology 893:Political sociology 168:Social cycle theory 39:Part of a series on 16:Branch of sociology 5562:Society portal 5049:auxiliary sciences 4879:Society portal 4780:Social environment 4404:race and ethnicity 4254:Industrial society 3924:Neuman, W., 2008. 3659:2008-07-18 at the 3642:Carl Albert Center 3632:2007-08-31 at the 3536:Who Rules America? 3502:World of sociology 3456:. Abingdon, Oxon. 2934:10.1111/polp.12100 2182:Who rules America? 1900:Political identity 1890:Political spectrum 1862:Harvard University 1825:Aalborg University 1746:right to education 1658:G. William Domhoff 1653:Who Rules America? 1273:passive revolution 1168: 1091:G. William Domhoff 901:levels of analysis 854:Society portal 477:History of science 458:Race and ethnicity 138:Social environment 34: 5600:Philosophy of law 5582: 5581: 5422:Political economy 5417:Political ecology 5272:Community studies 5262:Cognitive science 5225:Interdisciplinary 5125:Political science 4887: 4886: 4775:Social complexity 4707:Social experiment 4452: 4451: 4279:Social psychology 3640:a Journal of the 3512:978-1-84972-101-1 3463:978-1-351-58862-1 3428:978-0-19-976112-8 3303:978-1-138-86652-2 3241:978-1-4129-0572-5 3203:978-0-521-00143-4 3169:978-1-57675-193-0 3129:978-0-8047-5095-0 3088:978-0-07-340438-7 3009:978-0-226-53400-8 2960:978-967-349-233-6 2899:978-1-55587-266-3 2855:978-1-137-36586-6 2824:(Subscription or 2784:978-1-142-42574-6 2749:978-1-61427-048-5 2548:978-1-84467-117-5 2452:978-1-4443-5509-3 2096:978-0-7456-9160-2 2061:978-1-349-28839-7 1997:Current Sociology 1931:978-0-19-176305-2 1856:Interdisciplinary 1667:E. Digby Baltzell 1602:conspiracy theory 1492:(1858–1941), and 1381:Politik als Beruf 1363:and conventional 1337:cultural hegemony 995:Political science 921:interdisciplinary 897:interdisciplinary 890: 889: 608:Social experiment 488:Social psychology 133:Social complexity 5612: 5570: 5560: 5559: 5546: 5545: 5534: 5533: 5437:Regional science 5282:Cultural studies 5257:Business studies 4914: 4907: 4900: 4891: 4877: 4876: 4862: 4861: 4850: 4849: 4826: 4825: 4805:Social structure 4702:Network analysis 4294: 4284:Sociolinguistics 4274:Social movements 4198:Social darwinism 4135:Public sociology 4084: 4077: 4070: 4061: 3938:Rush, M., 1992. 3917:Nash, K., 2007. 3914:. Oxford: Wiley. 3912:States and Power 3879: 3878: 3868: 3858: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3765:10.2307/20048274 3748: 3742: 3741: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3670: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3577: 3566: 3565: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3261:. London: SAGE. 3252: 3246: 3245: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3157: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3072: 3059: 3058: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2953:. Kuala Lumpur. 2944: 2938: 2937: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2887: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2646: 2637: 2636: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2591: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2472: 2464: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2354: 2346: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2268: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2238: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2176: 2167: 2166: 2138: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2108: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2035: 2029: 2028: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1915: 1703:economic welfare 1325:Nicos Poulantzas 1320:Nicos Poulantzas 1289:Frederick Taylor 1136:areas through a 1095:Nicos Poulantzas 882: 875: 868: 852: 851: 603:Network analysis 493:Sociocybernetics 483:Social movements 213:Social darwinism 163:Social structure 55: 36: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5554: 5522: 5489: 5473: 5447:Science studies 5231:Administration 5220: 4946: 4923: 4921:Social sciences 4918: 4888: 4883: 4871: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4785:Social equality 4718: 4717: 4716: 4643: 4457:Major theorists 4448: 4292: 4289:Urban sociology 4264:Rural sociology 4216: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4178:Critical theory 4173:Conflict theory 4159: 4140:Social research 4127:General aspects 4121: 4093: 4088: 4016: 4011: 4001: 3984: 3963: 3949: 3893: 3887: 3882: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3753:Foreign Affairs 3750: 3749: 3745: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3687:10.2307/1951731 3672: 3671: 3667: 3661:Wayback Machine 3652: 3648: 3634:Wayback Machine 3625: 3621: 3598:10.2307/2087636 3579: 3578: 3569: 3554:10.2307/2128630 3533: 3532: 3528: 3513: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3476: 3464: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3429: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3378:10.2307/1952568 3359: 3358: 3354: 3339: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3304: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3269: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3114: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3074: 3073: 3062: 3047: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2973: 2961: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2856: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2823: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2785: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2750: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2715: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2675: 2663: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2625: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2549: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2465: 2453: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2419: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2384: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2347: 2335: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2239: 2227: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2193: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2155: 2140: 2139: 2126: 2109: 2097: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2037: 2036: 2032: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1970: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1932: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1895:Power structure 1871: 1858: 1821: 1816: 1791: 1758: 1692: 1687: 1671:C. Wright Mills 1610:Social Register 1598:C. Wright Mills 1594: 1566:Anthony Giddens 1560:), pragmatism ( 1554:Michel Foucault 1541: 1486:Vilfredo Pareto 1483: 1478: 1456:rationalisation 1432:legal authority 1373: 1345: 1329:Instrumentalist 1322: 1309:C. Wright Mills 1301: 1256:Antonio Gramsci 1253: 1251:Antonio Gramsci 1201:In Marx's 1843 1184:post-capitalist 1160: 1155: 1126: 1036: 1031: 987: 917: 886: 846: 839: 838: 799: 789: 788: 716: 642: 628: 626:Major theorists 618: 617: 553: 543: 542: 233: 223: 222: 193:Critical theory 188:Conflict theory 183: 173: 172: 143:Social equality 84: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5618: 5616: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5390:social science 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5322:Global studies 5319: 5317:Gender studies 5314: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5300:social science 5296:Environmental 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4995:macroeconomics 4992: 4990:microeconomics 4982: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4741:Human behavior 4738: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4434:stratification 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215:Related fields 4211: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4014:External links 4012: 4010: 4009: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3849:(4): 448–473. 3829: 3786: 3743: 3708: 3665: 3654:Diamond, Larry 3646: 3619: 3567: 3526: 3511: 3491: 3462: 3442: 3427: 3407: 3372:(3): 632–642. 3352: 3337: 3317: 3302: 3282: 3267: 3247: 3240: 3216: 3202: 3182: 3168: 3142: 3128: 3101: 3087: 3060: 3045: 3022: 3008: 2988: 2959: 2939: 2912: 2898: 2869: 2854: 2831: 2798: 2783: 2777:. Nabu Press. 2763: 2748: 2728: 2713: 2690: 2661: 2638: 2623: 2603: 2582:(2): 195–214. 2562: 2547: 2527: 2500:(2): 167–181. 2480: 2451: 2432: 2417: 2397: 2382: 2362: 2333: 2313: 2287: 2284:on 2013-10-30. 2254: 2225: 2206: 2191: 2168: 2153: 2124: 2095: 2072: 2060: 2030: 1983: 1968: 1945: 1930: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1790: 1787: 1757: 1754: 1750:social welfare 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1695:T. H. Marshall 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679:Robert A. Dahl 1646: 1645: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1593: 1590: 1578:economic power 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1519:developed the 1494:Robert Michels 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1448:rational-legal 1440: 1439: 1429: 1422:patrimonialism 1411: 1372: 1369: 1344: 1341: 1321: 1318: 1305:Ralph Miliband 1300: 1299:Ralph Miliband 1297: 1252: 1249: 1176:pre-capitalist 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1125: 1122: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 986: 983: 961:Émile Durkheim 953:Robert Michels 916: 913: 888: 887: 885: 884: 877: 870: 862: 859: 858: 857: 856: 841: 840: 837: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 800: 795: 794: 791: 790: 644: 643: 629: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 305: 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5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337:Human ecology 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5247:Anthrozoology 5245: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172:developmental 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5145:public policy 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:legal systems 5094: 5092: 5091:legal history 5089: 5087: 5086:jurisprudence 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4821: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:Social equity 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736:Globalization 4734: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4672:Computational 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4314:consciousness 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4217:and subfields 4212: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145:Social theory 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4113: 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3481: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3338:0-300-04409-7 3334: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3268:0-8039-9872-4 3264: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3217: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3183: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3146: 3143: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3046:0-520-03503-8 3042: 3038: 3037: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3011: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2928:(6): 824–49. 2927: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2901: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2714:0-14-044757-1 2710: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2662:0-87471-131-2 2658: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2624:0-521-07836-9 2620: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2418:0-271-00783-4 2414: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2383:0-8070-0449-9 2379: 2375: 2374: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2334:1-57766-307-1 2330: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226:0-7623-0756-0 2222: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2192:0-13-958363-7 2188: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2154:0-7450-1215-9 2150: 2146: 2145: 2137: 2135: 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Cambridge. 2088: 2087: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969:0-06-131293-2 1965: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1763:Political Man 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1721:social rights 1717: 1713: 1710:acquired via 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:Luc Boltanski 1559: 1558:Judith Butler 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:social theory 1538: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490:Gaetano Mosca 1488:(1848–1923), 1487: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:assembly line 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:civil society 1261: 1258:'s theory of 1257: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1242:in which the 1241: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1209:civil society 1206: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:structuralist 1084: 1083:Theda Skocpol 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 996: 992: 984: 982: 978: 976: 972: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 923:sub-field of 922: 914: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 883: 878: 876: 871: 869: 864: 863: 861: 860: 855: 850: 845: 844: 843: 842: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 819:Organizations 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 798: 793: 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 768: · 767: 764: · 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 724: · 723: 720: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 656: · 655: 651: 648: 641: 637: 634: 631: 630: 627: 622: 621: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 573:Computational 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 552: 547: 546: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 478: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 318:Environmental 316: 313: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 268:Consciousness 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 232: 227: 226: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 177: 176: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 148:Social equity 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 94:Globalization 92: 90: 87: 86: 80: 79: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 60: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 38: 37: 31: 30:New York City 27: 23: 19: 5571: 5547: 5535: 5505: 5426: 5312:Food studies 5252:Area studies 5005:mathematical 5000:econometrics 4958:Anthropology 4870: 4863: 4851: 4827: 4795:Social power 4697:Mathematical 4677:Ethnographic 4657:Quantitative 4424:small groups 4297:Sociology of 4258: 4224:Anthropology 4164:Perspectives 3891:Introductory 3885:Bibliography 3846: 3842: 3832: 3799: 3789: 3759:(6): 22–43. 3756: 3752: 3746: 3724:(2): 21–35. 3721: 3717: 3711: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3649: 3637: 3622: 3589: 3585: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3501: 3494: 3452: 3445: 3417: 3410: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3327: 3320: 3292: 3285: 3257: 3250: 3226: 3219: 3207:. 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4349:environment 4234:Criminology 3961:Criminology 3548:: 565–567. 1712:citizenship 1675:Paul Sweezy 1662:power elite 1643:bureaucrats 1592:Power elite 1550:Stuart Hall 1436:bureaucracy 1393:ideal types 1287:methods of 1269:bourgeoisie 1190:phase, the 1073:analysis. 949:James Bryce 809:Terminology 778:Baudrillard 654:Tocqueville 568:Comparative 563:Qualitative 533:Victimology 363:Immigration 348:Generations 263:Criminology 5589:Categories 5518:Humanities 5452:historical 5385:psychology 5357:Management 5199:demography 5157:Psychology 5140:philosophy 5101:public law 5032:integrated 4829:Categories 4770:Popularity 4723:Key themes 4687:Historical 4439:technology 4244:Demography 4188:Positivism 3638:Extension, 3592:(3): 422. 3472:1000395483 2828:required.) 2307:2021-06-16 2067:2021-06-16 1906:References 1729:income gap 1639:Republican 1635:Democratic 1476:Approaches 1418:patriarchs 1353:pluralists 1348:Bob Jessop 1343:Bob Jessop 1293:Henry Ford 1192:young Marx 1180:capitalist 1099:Bob Jessop 834:By country 588:Historical 513:Technology 453:Punishment 438:Philosophy 413:Mathematic 403:Literature 368:Industrial 358:Historical 283:Demography 203:Positivism 128:Popularity 83:Key themes 5396:Planning 5375:economics 5292:Education 5189:Sociology 5167:cognitive 5118:semiotics 5069:political 5027:technical 5012:Geography 4985:Economics 4692:Interview 4474:Martineau 4379:knowledge 4339:education 4334:economics 4091:Sociology 3824:155609832 3816:1556-5068 3781:151236500 3738:154815836 3606:0003-1224 3521:246969831 3480:cite book 3437:610027153 3402:145048045 3386:0003-0554 3312:909324368 2977:cite book 2969:849815163 2864:907284212 2793:629920309 2758:792820929 2679:cite book 2598:0017-257X 2522:144223251 2514:0163-4437 2469:cite book 2461:779166506 2351:cite book 2243:cite book 2113:cite book 2105:932385459 2025:145607717 2017:0011-3921 1940:910157494 1426:feudalism 1408:religious 1371:Max Weber 1277:reformism 1227:bourgeois 1214:political 1188:communist 1158:Karl Marx 1134:political 1118:democracy 1106:sociology 1067:pluralism 1023:Max Weber 1019:Karl Marx 991:Sociology 965:Karl Marx 957:Max Weber 933:communism 925:sociology 650:Martineau 593:Interview 518:Terrorism 498:Sociology 443:Political 383:Knowledge 303:Education 45:Sociology 5537:Category 5405:regional 5400:land use 5235:business 5204:internet 5162:abnormal 5064:military 5054:economic 5044:cultural 5017:physical 4978:physical 4968:cultural 4840:Journals 4751:Identity 4634:Bourdieu 4624:Habermas 4619:Luhmann 4614:Foucault 4549:Mannheim 4524:Durkheim 4409:religion 4399:military 4394:medicine 4344:emotions 4329:deviance 4112:Timeline 3875:32309461 3773:20048274 3703:53686238 3657:Archived 3630:Archived 3347:19264138 3209:23 March 3175:22 March 3135:23 March 3094:22 March 3015:22 March 2723:48754391 2557:74525259 2427:22984818 2392:43894515 2343:53480377 2301:Archived 2235:45505958 2163:26551452 1869:See also 1714:, from " 1685:Concepts 1404:familial 1365:Marxists 1361:statists 1357:elitists 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