511:
181:
390:, previously a troop of royal hornblowers, was transformed into a kind of "personnel pool" for the education and training of future government officials. The king then recruited his officials from the Asokwafo community for a wide variety of administrative tasks. The head of the Asokwafo was the Batahene, who was also responsible for the management of the state trade organizations in Asante. The post of Okyeame (spokesman for the king), newly created under Kwadwo, was for example, filled with people from the Asokwafo circle. Likewise, the liaison men to the Europeans during Osai Bonsu's reign had previously been members of the Asokwafo.
90:
133:
emergence of conflict between the
Asantemanhyiamu and the Inner council. Edgerton refers to the Inner council as the Kotoko council instead whiles Wilks writes that the Inner council eventually evolved to be known as the Kumasi council by the 19th century The Inner/Kumasi council met everyday in the 19th century sometimes with meetings held until late night under torchlight. The council served as a court of law, justice and legislation. The council also held its meetings at the
277:
622:, which translates as criers or heralds, enforced law and order at the meetings of the Asantemanhyiamu and whenever the Asantehene sat in session. The Nseniefo publicized all new decrees and regulations throughout the empire. For instance, after the ratification of the Bowdich Treaty of 1817, the Nseniefo traveled to all the principal towns and villages where they assembled the people through the use of
326:
system due to special fidelity and loyalty. The succession in office was mostly regulated by maternal law with the exception of the Asafo stool in Kumasi. Matriclan succession meant that the successor for the office of an
Adehyedwa chair was determined through the election of a noble who was suitable for the office within the maternal consanguinity.
124:, Kumasi chiefs and provincial rulers which met once a year. The Asantemanhyiamu translates as a "Great Council" or "National Assembly." Some scholars have suggested that the Asantemanhyiamu and the Kotoko council were the same or a similar institution. The Asantemanhyiamu served as the judicial and legislative body of the state.
551:
on the coast. Foreign envoys particularly from the coast were stopped at the southern borders of Asante until the
Asantehene was prepared to receive them. This period of waiting could last from a day or two or even several weeks. After being allowed into Asante, the envoy had to wait until a date was
534:
did employ writing to an extent from the nineteenth century, as a solution to the weakness of oral diplomatic communication. Literate members of the chancery were educated by the
British for instance. Adjaye estimates that Asante's diplomatic documents "could have exceeded several thousands" based on
158:
revolution by
Vandervort, which saw the growth in trade of kola nuts, gold, palm oil and strengthened the position of merchants who made up the Peace party. The Imperial party surpassed the Peace party as the major influence in Asante politics starting in the 1870s following the dip in relations with
132:
As a result of the tedious work faced by the
Asantemanhyiamu, another council headed by the king, known as the Inner or Kumasi council was formed in the eighteenth century. This Inner council gradually assumed the administrative duties of the Asantemanhyiamu in the nineteenth century. This led to the
153:
by modern historians. Vandervort comments that the Peace party advocated for mercantile policies, free enterprise and it undervalued the importance of military. The
Imperial or War party, according to Vandervort, emphasized on state monopoly of trade as well as the support of a strong military force
651:
and other royal family members. The methods of electing a chief varied from one chiefdom to another. For the election of the
Asantehene, the Queen mother nominated eligible males as candidates from a royal lineage. She then consulted the elders of that lineage. The final candidate is then selected.
529:
ambassadors whose appointment came to an end following the conclusion of their missions. Training was mainly obtained through apprenticeship as young men observed the professionals in court for experience. Qualification was based on merit. Diplomatic missions were carried out mainly through oral or
362:
All office holders of a stool of the three categories mentioned had to swear allegiance to the king. These “stools” (offices) were subordinate to the highest of all stools, the golden stool, occupied by the
Asantehene. They were therefore strictly separated from the group of Abusuadwa stools, which
501:
Wilks states that the empire was bureaucratic as early as the 18th century due to reforms by the Asante kings. The Asante king appointed officers based on merit and assigned specific duties in the administration. All chiefs had the authority to appoint and dismiss staff. They also had the power to
300:
was an important figure in Asante political systems. She was the most powerful female in the Empire. She had the prerogative of being consulted in the process of installing a chief or the king, as she played a major role in the nomination and selection. She settled disputes involving women and was
267:
Each village in Asante had a chief called Odikro who was the owner of the village. The Odikro was responsible for the maintenance of law and order. He also served as a medium between the people of his jurisdiction, the ancestor and the gods. As the head of the village, the Odikro presided over the
608:
were a corps of envoys who served the
Asantehene and all principal chiefs. By the 19th century, members of the Nhenkwaa were involved in the diplomatic structure of Asante. Unlike the Okyeame who was employed on embassies to more distant towns and foreign states, the Nhenkwaa were mostly sent on
358:
The Esomdwa stools were offices of public administration ("Esom") that do not form part of the Adehyewa and Poduodwa stools. Among them were the Mmammadwa stools whose succession was organized via the “Fekuw” system. The Fekuw system was a kinship relationships that arose from the paternal blood
325:
The Adehyedwa stools were offices originally independent of the king, that is, they were either pre-Asante stools that had been incorporated into the Asante administration system after the establishment of the kingdom, or they were non-Asante stools that took over into the Asante administrative
105:
unified the Asante city-states into one empire. According to oral tradition, Okomfo Anokye, the chief priest and adviser of Osei Tutu, brought down the stool from the sky to the earth. He demanded that all chiefs of the Asante city-state surrender their stools and recognize the supremacy of the
258:
were divisional chiefs under the Amanhene. Their major function was to advise the Amanhene. The divisional chiefs were the highest order in various Asante state divisions. The divisions were made up of various villages put together. Examples of divisional chiefs included Krontihene, Nifahene,
669:
taken during his or her enstoolment, were destooled by Kingmakers. For instance, if a king punished citizens arbitrarily or was exposed as corrupt, he would be destooled. Destoolment entailed kingmakers removing the sandals of the king and bumping his buttocks on the ground three times. Once
615:
grew to prominence starting from the early 19th century when they were employed as officials to dispatch messages between Asante and foreign governments. Besides their major function as transmitters of messages, the Afenasoafo engaged in the negotiation process for peace making or returning
378:
The Abusuadwa stools were all offices within a family clan (defined by the maternal blood line), which did not fulfill any public function and whose function, occupation and succession are solely the matter of their respective matrilineal Abusua. An example is the Oyokohene, head of the
552:
fixed for his reception in the capital. When the foreign envoy was allowed into Kumasi, they were welcomed with large ceremonies. Throughout their stay in Kumasi, the envoys were provided with free accommodation as well as allowances on food and drink from the Asante government.
670:
destooled from office, his sanctity and thus reverence were lost, as he could not exercise any of the powers he had as king; this includes Chief administrator, Judge, and Military Commander. The now previous king was dispossessed of the Stool, swords and other
417:, that is, through which all payments with gold dust from the royal treasury were processed. Every sub Asante chief possessed their own local treasury which was managed by a Sanaahene. Subordinate to the Sanaahene (and thus also to the Gyaasehene) was the
674:
which symbolized his office and authority. He also lost his position as custodian of the land. However, even if destooled from office, the king remained a member of the royal family from which he was elected. One impeachment occurred during the reign of
404:
was the head of the national treasurer's office at the court of the Asantehene. He was responsible for the implementation of a general financial budget and expenditure control of the Asante Empire. In addition, the Gyaasehene presided over the
510:
656:
who represented the commoners, indicated if there was widespread approval or disapproval of the nominee. If the commoners disapproved of the nominee, the process was restarted. If Chosen, the new King was enstooled by the kingmakers.
180:
226:; several checks curbed any abuse of power. All Asante authorities including the Asantehene, pledged allegiance to the Golden stool. The Asantehene was the chief judge, chief administrator and commander-in-chief of the
301:
involved in decision-making alongside the Council of elders and chiefs. Not only did she participate in the judicial and legislative processes, but also in the making and unmaking of war, and the distribution of land.
154:
to preserve the empire and intimidate Asante neighbors. Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the Peace Party dominated Asante politics. During this period there emerged a phase termed to be similar to a
542:
The Asante chancery was made up of four district bureaus. They included the Dutch bureau which was responsible for maintaining relations with the Dutch, the Danish bureau responsible for Danish and southeastern
1487:
1450:
167:
The Mpanyimfo in Asante was an assembly of the oldest members of a particular territory, who represented the inhabitants and acted as advisors to the chief in administrative matters.
525:, roving ambassadors and resident ambassadors. Roving ambassadors like Oheneba Owusu Dome, traveled from place to place for political purposes. In addition, there were temporal or
57:
Panyin" who was head of a family or lineage. The family was the basic political unit in the empire. The family or lineage followed the village organization which was headed by the
547:
affairs, the Arabic bureau which directed communication with Muslim states in Northern Ghana and the English bureau which was in charge of Asante affairs with the British and
346:). Bantama was the location of the mausoleum of the royal family. The bantahene was the chief, authority over the mausoleum however was traditionally exercised by the Asante
1968:
489:
of the Asante Empire and the Commander-in-Chief of the Asante Army in the absence of the King. Edgerton relates the process to justify war in Asante with that of the
101:(King). According to Asante oral tradition, the Golden Stool first appeared near the end of the 17th century. It became the spiritual centre of the Empire after King
1145:
246:
or paramount chief. Each of these paramount chiefs served as principal rulers of their own states, where they exerted executive, legislative and judicial powers.
1083:
493:. Although the Asantehene was commander in chief of the army, the decision to go to war fell to the function of the National Assembly and Inner Council.
692:
317:
system of appointing central officials according to their ability, rather than their birth. A group classification emerged in Asante politics.
1949:
1835:
1586:
481:
Among the Akan of the Gold Coast, Krontihene (or Kontihene) is the title of "leader of the warriors", who was sometimes also referred to as
73:. Finally, all Asante states formed the Asante Empire with the Asantehene as their king. The Seventy-Seven Laws of Komfo Anokye, drafted by
811:
574:. Each town, district or region of Asante had an okyeame as a representative in the council. Adjaye also states that the collectively, the
639:
During the period between the death of an Asantehene and the election of a successor, the Manponhene, the Asantehene's deputy, acted as a
1973:
845:
1533:
238:
The Asante Empire was made up of metropolitan and provincial states. The metropolitan states were made up of Asante citizens known as
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During the nineteenth century, there existed two factions that dominated the political scene of Asante which are referred to as the
473:. Members of this institution travelled to the villages, towns and cities of the empire to collect taxes, tributes and tolls.
1736:
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227:
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The offices of government and public administration in Asante were completely reorganized during the reign of Asantehene
202:. Thus, he was the highest form of authority in the empire and he held more power than the paramount chiefs known as the
242:. The provincial states were other kingdoms absorbed into the empire. Every metropolitan Asante state was headed by the
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89:
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fugitives. They also provided the diplomatic channel of communication between foreign envoys and the Asantehene. The
1983:
1058:
185:
97:
The Golden Stool was the most powerful of all stools or "offices" in the Asante Empire. It was occupied by the
1978:
851:
289:
1901:
Odwira and the Gospel: A Study of the Asante Odwira Festival and Its Significance for Christianity in Ghana
334:
The Poduodwa stools were offices created by the king and inherited by a certain lineage. This included the
31:
was the most powerful of all, because it was the office of the King of the Asante Empire. Scholars such as
647:
or governing council itself ruled as regent. The succession was decided by a series of councils of Asante
490:
359:
line. However, the king had the right to intervene in the succession and to appoint a successor himself.
1191:
Aidoo, Agnes A. (1977). "Order and Conflict in the Asante Empire: A Study in Interest Group Relations".
762:
McCaskie, T.C. (1986). "Komfo Anokye of Asante: Meaning, History and Philosophy in an African Society".
680:
423:, who was head of the cashiers and weighers. The national treasury contained separate offices for the
807:
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The nomination was sent to a council of elders or kingmakers, who represent other Asante states. The
640:
531:
53:
In all, the Asante state was a centralized state made up of a hierarchy of heads starting from the "
1696:
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which served as the local palace police, at their disposal to exercise the state executive power.
192:
The Asante Empire was made up of a number of states grouped together and headed by a monarch. The
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61:. All villages were then grouped together to form divisions headed by a divisional head called
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643:. This policy was only changed during a time of civil war in the late 19th century, when the
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where state affairs were regulated by a council of elders headed by the king, who was simply
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580:(plural) performed both bureaucratic and judicial functions.The head of all Akyeame was the
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the remains of Asante letters found today in archival centers in Ghana, the United Kingdom,
521:
Historian Adjaye identifies three types of professional Ambassadors in Asante. He lists the
1071:
486:
424:
276:
1776:
Wilks, Ivor (1966). "Aspects of Bureaucratization in Ashanti in the Nineteenth Century".
65:. The various divisions were politically grouped to form a state which was headed by an
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1962:
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28:
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Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order
1587:"Historical Reminisciences: Great Empires Of Yore (Part 15) By Mike Ozekhome, SAN"
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Adjaye, Joseph K. (1985). "Indigenous African Diplomacy: An Asante Case Study".
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which denoted "offices" that were associated with a particular authority. The
1724:
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The chiefs of the regional and supraregional public administration had the
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is defined as the chief linguist who performed roles similar to that of a
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203:
121:
1921:
Le royaume asante (Ghana): parenté, pouvoir, histoire, XVIIe-XXe siècles
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Arhin, Kwame, "The Political and Military Roles of Akan Women", in
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unwritten means. Despite the Asante being pre-literate, the Asante
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509:
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285:
275:
211:
179:
88:
1814:
The Ashanti question and the British: eighteenth-century origins.
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With the Kwadwo's administrative reform, among other things, the
413:, who was responsible for the routine administration of the
313:(r. 1764–1777) in a major administrative reform. He began a
439:). According to Wilks, over a hundred workforce known as
1683:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies.
35:
have described the governance of the Asante Empire as a
1488:
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1451:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
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917:
1643:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
1285:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 317.
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to gold dust. The Buramfo workforce was headed by the
1362:
1360:
467:. The arm responsible for revenue collection was the
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1606:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
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913:
911:
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907:
905:
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1117:. K4 Series Investment Ventures. pp. 205–206.
665:Kings of the Asante Empire who violated any of the
1679:Spirituality, Gender, and Power in Asante History.
626:for the announcement on the status of the treaty.
1882:Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana.
993:
991:
930:
928:
926:
354:Esomdwa stools (including the Mmammadwa stools)
1313:
1311:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
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517:leads a diplomatic mission to Kumasi in 1820
206:, who were leaders of Asante states such as
1878:The reign and times of Kusi Obodum 1750-64.
1564:. Princeton University Press. p. 112.
1106:
1104:
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1100:
1098:
1096:
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1014:
958:
934:
813:Ideology and the Formation of Early States
1923:. Paris: KARTHALA Editions. p. 582.
1528:. BoD - Books on Demand. pp. 32–33.
693:Emblem of His Majesty the King of Ashanti
617:
610:
609:missions around Metropolitan Asante. The
603:
581:
575:
565:
502:create a new office or abolish old ones.
468:
454:
440:
434:
428:
418:
399:
115:
18:political organization of the historical
1848:State and Society in Pre-colonial Asante
1411:
997:
259:Benkumhene, Adontenhene and Kyidomhene.
1969:Political systems of the Ashanti Empire
1677:Emmanuel Akyeampong, Pashington Obeng:
1367:Eisenstadt, Abitbol & Chazan (1988)
918:Eisenstadt, Abitbol & Chazan (1988)
724:
722:
720:
711:
704:
445:, was employed by the mint in reducing
1423:Frank K. Adams (2010), pp. 13–14
363:were not subject to the Golden stool.
1612:
1317:
1279:Fage, J.D. and Roland Oliver (1975).
982:
970:
7:
93:The Golden Stool on display in 1935.
732:History of Ghana: Since Pre-history
222:. But the Asantehene did not enjoy
81:constitution of the Asante Empire.
1144:Tordoff, William (November 1962).
1089:from the original on 2 March 2021.
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485:(war leader). He embodied the
433:) and the handling of monies (
409:. Subordinate to him were the
110:Asantemanhyiamu/Kotoko council
1:
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1771:– via Books.google.com.
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1585:Chioma, Unini (2020-03-15).
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1111:Prince A. Kuffour (2015).
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681:failed invasion of Dahomey
49:Structure and organization
1941:Wars Of Imperial Conquest
1919:Pescheux, GĂ©rard (2003).
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1685:28 (3), 1995, S. 481–508.
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630:Elections and Impeachment
1873:3 (3), 1962, S. 399–417.
1867:The Ashanti Confederacy.
1715:Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah.
394:Financial administration
186:Naturhistorisches Museum
1898:Frank K. Adams (2010).
1070:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
852:Oxford University Press
477:Military administration
350:(Minister of Defence).
290:War of the Golden Stool
1845:T.C. McCaskie (2003).
1830:. Vol. 1. Brill.
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491:United States Congress
469:
459:who presided over the
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23:was characterized by
1812:Margaret Priestley:
1717:; Abitbol, Michael;
1697:Simon & Schuster
947:T.C. McCaskie (2003)
808:Claessen, Henri J.M.
292:against the British.
159:the British Empire.
128:Inner/Kumasi council
1561:Ghana in Transition
523:Ambassador-at-large
305:Osei Kwadwo reforms
224:absolute royal rule
1884:8, 1965, S. 24–32.
1624:Pescheux, page 449
556:Okyeame (Linguist)
519:
294:
199:primus inter pares
190:
151:Imperial/War party
141:Political factions
95:
42:primus inter pares
1984:Political systems
1951:978-1-13-422374-9
1892:History of Africa
1888:Kevin Shillington
1865:William Tordoff:
1837:978-90-04-10631-4
1391:Ivor Wilks (1989)
1379:Ivor Wilks (1989)
1267:History of Africa
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1034:Vandervort (2015)
1015:Ivor Wilks (1989)
959:Ivor Wilks (1989)
937:, p. 392–397
935:Ivor Wilks (1989)
592:Chief of protocol
338:stool in Kumasi (
268:village council.
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586:who served as a
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374:Abusuadwa stools
321:Adehyedwa stools
196:was regarded as
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85:The Golden Stool
77:, served as the
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1959:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1912:
1897:
1890:, 1995 (1989),
1859:
1844:
1838:
1823:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1755:. CUP Archive.
1745:
1739:
1713:
1707:
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1655:10.2307/1157437
1637:
1634:
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1412:Edgerton (2010)
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1094:
1086:
1072:Clarendon Press
1067:
1057:
1056:
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1021:
1013:
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998:Edgerton (2010)
996:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
924:
916:
903:
896:
888:. p. 405.
877:
876:
869:
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854:. p. 299.
840:
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828:
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558:
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487:Minister of War
479:
396:
376:
356:
332:
330:Poduodwa stools
323:
307:
284:led her state,
274:
265:
252:
236:
178:
173:
165:
143:
130:
117:Asantemanhyiamu
112:
87:
51:
12:
11:
5:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:Ashanti Empire
1976:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1910:
1895:
1885:
1876:John K. Fynn:
1874:
1863:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1821:
1810:
1784:(2): 215–232.
1773:
1761:
1743:
1737:
1711:
1705:
1686:
1675:
1649:(4): 324–335.
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1602:
1577:
1570:
1556:Apter David E.
1547:
1535:978-9522226822
1534:
1514:
1501:10.2307/217487
1477:
1464:10.2307/218650
1458:(3): 487–503.
1425:
1416:
1404:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1356:
1337:(2): 109–115.
1321:
1307:
1298:
1291:
1271:
1251:
1234:
1205:10.2307/523860
1183:
1156:(3): 399–417.
1136:
1123:
1092:
1050:
1038:
1019:
1002:
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
922:
901:
894:
867:
860:
833:
826:
820:. p. 89.
799:
772:(2): 315–339.
754:
741:
716:
712:Vansina (1962)
703:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
688:
685:
679:, caused by a
662:
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572:prime minister
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177:
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111:
108:
106:Golden Stool.
86:
83:
50:
47:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1980:
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1943:
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1726:
1725:
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1719:Chazan, Naomi
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:9781451603736
1702:
1698:
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1571:9781400867028
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1399:
1396:
1393:, p. 423
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:, p. 421
1380:
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1265:Shillington,
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1124:9789988159306
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1017:, p. 403
1016:
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1007:
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999:
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988:
984:
979:
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960:
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949:, p. 146
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895:9780415189057
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887:
883:
882:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:9780195334739
857:
853:
849:
848:
843:
842:Irele, Abiola
837:
834:
829:
827:9789027979049
823:
819:
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734:
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723:
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714:, p. 333
713:
708:
705:
698:
694:
691:
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654:Nkwankwaahene
650:
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634:
629:
627:
625:
620:
613:
606:
597:
595:
593:
589:
584:
578:
573:
568:
564:'s work, the
563:
555:
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540:
538:
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528:
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516:
515:Joseph Dupuis
512:
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296:The queen or
291:
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282:Yaa Asantewaa
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75:Okomfo Anokye
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
46:
45:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:
20:Asante Empire
1940:
1920:
1900:
1891:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1847:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1781:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1751:
1723:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1646:
1642:
1639:Vansina, Jan
1632:Bibliography
1620:
1613:Obeng (1996)
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1580:
1560:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1524:
1517:
1495:(1): 81–96.
1492:
1486:
1480:
1455:
1449:
1419:
1414:, p. 52
1407:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1369:, p. 81
1334:
1330:
1324:
1318:Wilks (1966)
1301:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1246:
1237:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1128:. Retrieved
1113:
1063:
1053:
1048:, p. 83
1041:
1036:, p. 86
1000:, p. 32
985:, p. 26
983:Obeng (1996)
978:
973:, p. 25
971:Obeng (1996)
966:
954:
942:
920:, p. 83
880:
846:
836:
812:
802:
769:
763:
757:
746:. Retrieved
731:
707:
664:
653:
644:
638:
601:
559:
541:
520:
500:
482:
480:
420:Fotosanahene
397:
387:
385:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
347:
343:
339:
333:
324:
315:meritocratic
308:
297:
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266:
255:
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243:
239:
237:
197:
191:
166:
150:
146:
144:
131:
113:
98:
96:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
40:
29:Golden Stool
24:
17:
15:
1199:(1): 1–36.
677:Kusi Obodom
661:Impeachment
583:Akyeamehene
562:Eisendstadt
497:Bureaucracy
456:Adwumfohene
415:Adaka Kesie
340:Bantamahene
311:Osei Kwadwo
228:Asante army
147:Peace party
135:Pramakeseso
33:Jan Vansina
1963:Categories
1768:2020-12-29
1747:Ivor Wilks
1738:9004083553
1596:2020-05-30
1541:2020-12-27
1292:0521204135
1130:2020-12-16
748:2020-12-27
742:9988070810
699:References
612:Afenasoafo
545:Gold Coast
465:goldsmiths
436:danponkese
401:Gyaasehene
381:Oyoko clan
348:Krontihene
210:, Kokufu,
194:Asantehene
176:Asantehene
156:capitalist
99:Asantehene
37:federation
1806:159872590
1671:143572050
1269:, p. 195.
1229:143436033
1213:0002-0206
1178:159479224
1170:1469-5138
1080:921009966
794:145530470
635:Elections
537:the Hague
506:Diplomacy
411:Sanaahene
407:tax court
344:Bantahene
288:, in the
188:, Germany
171:Executive
163:Mpanyimfo
103:Osei Tutu
1904:. OCMS.
1749:(1989).
1721:(1988).
1558:(2015).
1351:40697868
1084:Archived
1061:(1929).
687:See also
619:Nseniefo
605:Nhenkwaa
532:chancery
388:Asokwafo
298:Ohenemaa
244:Amanhene
234:Amanhene
204:Amanhene
122:Amanhene
79:codified
71:Amanhene
67:Omanhene
1663:1157437
1245:(ed.),
672:regalia
577:Akyeame
567:Okyeame
451:nuggets
442:Buramfo
368:Ahenfie
336:Bantama
263:Odikuro
208:Mampong
1948:
1927:
1908:
1855:
1834:
1804:
1798:179951
1796:
1759:
1735:
1703:
1669:
1661:
1568:
1532:
1509:217487
1507:
1472:179951
1470:
1349:
1289:
1227:
1221:523860
1219:
1211:
1176:
1168:
1121:
1078:
892:
858:
824:
792:
786:181138
784:
739:
649:nobles
641:regent
527:Ad hoc
483:Sahene
470:Atogye
447:ingots
280:Queen
240:amanfo
220:Bekwai
216:Juaben
59:Odikro
55:Abusua
25:stools
1802:S2CID
1794:JSTOR
1729:Brill
1667:S2CID
1659:JSTOR
1505:JSTOR
1468:JSTOR
1347:JSTOR
1225:S2CID
1217:JSTOR
1174:S2CID
1087:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
818:Brill
790:S2CID
782:JSTOR
667:oaths
624:gongs
560:From
549:Fante
461:guild
430:ebura
286:Ejisu
272:Queen
256:Ohene
250:Ohene
212:Ejisu
63:Ohene
1946:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1880:In:
1869:In:
1853:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1816:In:
1757:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1681:In:
1566:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1209:ISSN
1166:ISSN
1119:ISBN
1076:OCLC
890:ISBN
856:ISBN
822:ISBN
737:ISBN
602:The
590:and
449:and
425:mint
398:The
254:The
218:and
149:and
114:The
16:The
1786:doi
1651:doi
1497:doi
1460:doi
1339:doi
1201:doi
1158:doi
774:doi
463:of
342:or
137:.
69:or
1965::
1800:.
1792:.
1780:.
1731:.
1727:.
1699:.
1695:.
1665:.
1657:.
1647:32
1645:.
1605:^
1589:.
1503:.
1491:.
1466:.
1456:18
1454:.
1428:^
1359:^
1345:.
1335:12
1333:.
1310:^
1254:^
1223:.
1215:.
1207:.
1197:20
1195:.
1172:.
1164:.
1152:.
1148:.
1095:^
1082:.
1074:.
1022:^
1005:^
990:^
925:^
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870:^
850:.
816:.
788:.
780:.
770:27
768:.
719:^
683:.
594:.
383:.
230:.
214:,
1954:.
1933:.
1914:.
1861:.
1840:.
1808:.
1788::
1782:7
1741:.
1709:.
1673:.
1653::
1599:.
1574:.
1511:.
1499::
1493:8
1474:.
1462::
1353:.
1341::
1295:.
1231:.
1203::
1180:.
1160::
1154:3
898:.
864:.
830:.
796:.
776::
427:(
44:.
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