681:
1874:, Algeria, this structure proved incapable of dealing with its vastly expanded responsibilities. As a consequence, the old military structure was wedded to the new grass-roots refugee camp administration which had asserted itself in Tindouf, with its system of committees and elected camp assemblies. In 1976, the situation was further complicated by the Sahrawi Republic assuming functions of government in the camps and Polisario-held territories of Western Sahara. The SADR and Polisario institutions often overlapped, and their division of power was often hard to ascertain.
5055:
3720:
3414:
457:
1784:. It describes its struggle as a "clean war of national liberation". Since 1989, when the ceasefire was first concluded, the movement has stated it will pursue its goal of Western Sahara's independence by peaceful means as long as Morocco complies with the ceasefire conditions, which include arranging a referendum on independence, while reserving the right to resume armed struggle if terms are objectively breached, for example, if the referendum is not conducted.
1145:
154:
2064:. However, the conflict was never fully dragged into the American–Soviet dynamics like many other conflicts. This was mainly because both sides tried to avoid overt involvement, which would necessitate a crash in relations with either Morocco or Algeria – the major North African players – and because neither viewed it as an important front. Morocco was firmly entrenched in the US camp, whereas Algeria aligned generally with the
2037:. The Polisario is practically dependent on its bases and refugee camps, located on Algerian soil. While Sahrawis' right to wage an armed struggle against Morocco, and has helped to equip the SPLA, the government also seems to have barred Polisario from returning to armed struggle after 1991, attempting to curry favor from the US and France and to avoid inflaming its already poor relations with Morocco.
1828:
3732:
1840:
27:
1710:
1890:
1851:
division of powers, instead concentrating most of the decision-making power in the top echelons of
Polisario for maximum battlefield efficiency. This meant that most power rested in the hands of the Secretary General and a nine-man executive committee, elected at congresses and with different military and political responsibilities. A 21-man
1110:, that was conducted in June 1975 concluded that Sahrawi support for independence (as opposed to Spanish rule or integration with a neighbouring country) amounted to an "overwhelming consensus" and that the Polisario Front was the most powerful political force in the country. With Algeria's help, Polisario set up headquarters in
1701:, who has been accused by Moroccan authorities of being a "supporter of violence" with the Polisario, has been under de facto house arrest since November 2020, subject to repeated home raids and sexual assault by Moroccan security forces, as reported by a number of international human rights organizations.
2106:
fell. This came since the announced referendum for
Western Sahara was never held. Kenya and Uruguay followed in 2005, and relations were upgraded in some other countries, while recognition of the SADR was cancelled by others (Albania, Chad, Serbia); in 2006, Kenya suspended its decision to recognize
1945:
announced its existence, in the first break with the principle of "national unity" (i.e., working in one single organization to prevent internal conflict). It calls for reforms in the movement, as well as resumption of hostilities with
Morocco. But it remains of little importance to the conflict, as
2013:
had supported
Morocco; only Algeria and Libya have, at different times, given any significant support to Polisario. Iran recognized the SADR in 1980, Mauritania had recognized the SADR in 1984, and Syria and South Yemen had supported the Polisario position on the conflict when they were all members
1674:
in mid-April 2007, and quickly gained French and US support. Polisario had handed in its own proposal the day before, which insisted on the previously agreed referendum, but allowed for negotiating the status of
Moroccans now living in the territory should the outcome of a referendum be in favor of
2032:
The movement's main political and military backers were originally
Algeria and Libya, with Cuba coming a very distant third. Mauritania also attempts to avoid involvement and to balance between Morocco and Polisario's backers in Algeria, although it formally recognizes the SADR as Western Sahara's
1877:
A more comprehensive merger of these different organizational patterns (military organization/refugee camps/SADR) was not achieved until the 1991 congress, when both the
Polisario and SADR organizations were overhauled, integrated into the camp structure and further separated from each other. This
1813:
Algeria has shown an unconditional support for the
Polisario Front since 1975, delivering arms, training, financial aid, and food, without interruption for more than 30 years. In 1976, Algeria called the Moroccan takeover of Western Sahara a "slow, murderous" invasion against spirited fighting by
1796:
would logically lead to war from its perspective if the international community does not step in. In contrast, Polisario-Mauritanian relations following a peace treaty in 1979 and the recognition of the SADR by
Mauritania in 1984, with the latter's retreat from Western Sahara, have been quiet and
1975:
have decided to discontinue their military or political activities for the
Polisario Front. Most of them returned from the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria to Morocco, among them a few founder members and senior officials. Some of them are now actively promoting Moroccan sovereignty over Western
1924:
All residents of the camps have a vote in the Popular Congresses, and participate in the administrative work in the camp through base-level 11-person cells, which form the smallest unit of the refugee camp political structure. These typically care for distribution of food, water and schooling in
1908:
as Interim Secretary General upon his death. In 1976, Mohamed Abdelaziz was elected at the III Congress of the Polisario, and held the post until his death in 2016. The Secretary General is elected by the General Popular Congress (GPC), regularly convened every four years. The GPC is composed of
1850:
Until 1991, the Polisario Front's structure was much different from the present one. It was, despite a few changes, inherited from the before 1975, when the Polisario Front functioned as a small, tightly-knit guerrilla movement, with a few hundred members. Consequently, it made few attempts at a
1592:
A comprehensive peace treaty was signed on 5 August 1979, in which the new Mauritanian government recognized Sahrawi rights to Western Sahara and relinquished its own claims. Mauritania withdrew all its forces, and later formally recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, causing a massive
2080:
Spain, etc.) which generally only approached the issue from a humanitarian angle. The ceasefire coincided with the end of the Cold War. World interest in the conflict seemed to expire in the 1990s as the Sahara question gradually sank from public consciousness due to decreasing media attention.
2079:
decided in favor of ties and trade with Morocco and refused to recognize the SADR. This made the Polisario almost wholly dependent mainly on Algeria and Libya and some African and Latin American third world countries for political support, plus some NGOs from European countries (Sweden, Norway,
1989:
1686:
issues. Polisario agreed to add autonomy as per the Moroccan proposal to a referendum ballot, but refused to relinquish the concept of an independence referendum itself, as agreed in 1991 and 1997. Morocco, in its turn, insisted on only negotiating the terms of autonomy offered, but refused to
1937:
Sahrawis, for fear of infiltration and difficulties in communicating with Sahrawis in the Moroccan-controlled territories. It is probably intended to strengthen the movement's underground network in Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara, and link up with the rapidly growing Sahrawi civil rights
1804:
received strong vocal support from Polisario as a new pressure point on Morocco. Abdelaziz characterized them as a substitute path for the armed struggle, and indicated that if peaceful protest was squashed, in its view, without a referendum forthcoming, its armed forces would intervene.
1745:. It has stated that ideological disputes should be left for a future democratic Western Sahara to deal with. It views itself as a "front" encompassing all political trends in Sahrawi society, and not as a political party. As a consequence, there is no party program. However, the
1925:
their area, joining in higher-level organs (encompassing several camp quarters) to cooperate and establish distribution chains. There is no formal membership of Polisario; instead, anyone who participates in its work or lives in the refugee camps is considered a member.
1928:
Between congresses, the supreme decision-making body is the National Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General. The NS is elected by the GPC. It is subdivided into committees handling defense, diplomatic affairs, etc. The 2003 NS, elected at the 11th GPC in
1556:(western region of Algeria). For the next two years the movement grew tremendously as Sahrawi refugees continued flocking to the camps and Algeria and Libya supplied arms and funding. Within months, its army had expanded to several thousand armed fighters,
1629:, etc.) This stalemated the war, with no side able to achieve decisive gains, but artillery strikes and sniping attacks by the Polisario continued, and Morocco was economically and politically strained by the war. Today Polisario controls
2480:
1768:, or be completely disbanded. This is to be decided by a Polisario Front congress upon the achievement of Western Sahara's independence. In interactions with non-Sahrawi audiences, Polisario leaders have made reference to notions of
1046:
After attempting in vain to gain backing from several Arab governments, including both Algeria and Morocco, but only drawing faint notices of support from Libya and Mauritania, the movement eventually relocated to Spanish-controlled
1098:
began deserting to the Polisario, bringing weapons and training with them. At this point, Polisario's manpower included perhaps 800 men and women, but they were suspected of being backed by a much larger network of supporters.
1022:
2008:
Today 38 countries around the world recognize the legitimacy of the Polisario over Western Sahara. Support for the Polisario Front came mostly from newly independent African states, including Angola and Namibia. Most of the
2029:(occupied by Indonesia in 1975) were exceptionally strong and remain so after that country's independence; both Polisario and Fretilin have argued that there are numerous historical parallels between the two conflicts.
1933:, Western Sahara, has 41 members. Twelve of these are secret delegates from the Moroccan-controlled areas of Western Sahara. This is a shift in policy, as the Polisario traditionally confined political appointments to
963:
959:
3978:
3792:
3490:
3284:
3198:
2658:
1526:
1180:
934:
609:
1015:
2724:
2098:
of the SADR as a sovereign state and Western Sahara's legitimate government. In 2004, South Africa announced formal recognition of the SADR, delayed for ten years despite unequivocal promises by
1414:
3859:
3355:
2454:
1424:
629:
2476:
2033:
government since 1984 and has a substantial Sahrawi refugee population (around 30,000) on its territory. Support from Algeria remains strong, despite the country's preoccupation with its own
1659:
on independence the following year. However, the referendum stalled over disagreements on voter rights. Numerous attempts to restart the process (most significantly the launching of the 2003
1341:
1094:-staffed auxiliary forces), which was overrun and rifles seized. Polisario then gradually gained control over large swaths of desert countryside, and its power grew from early 1975 when the
2424:
3485:
2003:
1008:
927:
782:
2691:
3583:
2325:
3784:
3522:
3276:
2075:. Despite this, Polisario never received counter-support from the Soviet Union (or the People's Republic of China, the third and junior player in the Cold War). Instead, the entire
1419:
731:
2755:
3191:
1886:
The organizational order described below applies today, and was roughly finalized in the 1991 internal reforms of the movement, although minor changes have been made since then.
787:
4814:
4466:
3480:
1746:
694:
3497:
1878:
followed protests calling for expanding the internal democracy of the movement, and also led to important shifts of personnel in the top tiers of both Polisario and SADR.
1871:
1553:
3517:
1480:
1103:
863:
719:
1946:
the group had split in two factions, and Polisario has refused dialogs with it, stating that political decisions must be taken within the established political system.
4015:
3468:
3184:
2250:
1275:
810:
5090:
4126:
3890:
3883:
3688:
3634:
3551:
3386:
3379:
628:
to drive out the two armies. It forced Mauritania to relinquish its claim over Western Sahara in 1979 and continued its military campaign against Morocco until the
2650:
5110:
5100:
4611:
2815:
1909:
delegates from the Popular Congresses of the refugee camps in Tindouf, which are held biannually in each camp, and of delegates from the women's organization (
1532:
The Polisario kept up the guerrilla war while they simultaneously had to help guard the columns of Sahrawi refugees fleeing, but after the air bombings by the
632:, pending the holding of a UN-backed referendum which has been consistently postponed ever since. In 2020 the Polisario Front declared the ceasefire over and
1073:, kidnapping six French iron mining technicians and killing two civilians. The Polisario abducted two more civilians in October. They were freed in December.
4388:
3766:
3413:
5080:
4531:
491:
2714:
1336:
4027:
1667:
1281:
2071:
The United States claimed political neutrality on the issue, but militarily backed Morocco against Polisario during the Cold War, especially during the
2041:
2349:
4471:
4180:
3650:
2984:
2446:
651:. The Polisario Front is outlawed in the parts of Western Sahara under Moroccan control, and it is illegal to raise its party flag (often called the
4807:
3231:
1077:
4950:
4686:
2414:
2627:
2681:
4641:
4217:
3988:
1843:
1801:
1785:
633:
4626:
4003:
2878:
2317:
2289:
2184:
2138:
1972:
1966:
1682:
Four rounds were held in 2007 and 2008; no progress was made, however, as both parties refused to compromise about what they considered core
1473:
797:
792:
5085:
4958:
4636:
4355:
4335:
4061:
3942:
3564:
3449:
4621:
2884:
2845:
2295:
981:
4800:
4694:
4556:
4345:
4237:
4022:
3681:
2908:
2747:
2190:
1955:
253:
3144:
1509:
whereby Spain ceded Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania; in 1976 Morocco took over Saguia El Hamra and Mauritania took control of
5105:
4840:
4651:
4411:
3927:
3709:
3512:
3434:
2785:
2089:
1429:
1260:
1203:
949:
939:
887:
1690:
The 30-year cease-fire between Morocco and Polisario Front was broken in November 2020 as the government tried to open a road in the
4935:
4486:
2566:
2513:
909:
904:
110:
3007:
4900:
4666:
4501:
4436:
4381:
3932:
3835:
3714:
3439:
3207:
1514:
1466:
1454:
586:
44:
1529:
on the former Spanish colony just weeks before, which each party interpreted as confirming its right to the disputed territory.
4586:
4521:
4267:
4242:
3244:
1671:
680:
233:
1757:
politics, however a liberal economy has been difficult to implement in a society dependent on humanitarian aid organisations.
91:
4726:
4496:
4133:
4097:
3983:
3973:
3674:
3641:
3605:
3595:
2229:
1942:
1518:
1395:
48:
2519:
2144:
976:
63:
2929:
5002:
4350:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4320:
1331:
5045:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
2374:
4910:
4850:
4451:
3993:
3342:
1670:(CORCAS), should govern the territory with some degree of autonomy for Western Sahara. The project was presented to the
1405:
1390:
1265:
1255:
1193:
995:
882:
877:
260:
3046:
2959:
1713:
Gathering of Polisario troops, near Tifariti (Western Sahara), celebrating the 32nd anniversary of the Polisario Front.
899:
70:
4895:
4581:
4374:
4066:
3915:
3569:
3422:
3252:
2807:
2072:
2044:, material and humanitarian aid, food and emergency resources are provided by international organizations such as the
1174:
598:
496:
4158:
2594:
1780:
The Polisario Front has denounced terrorism and attacks against civilians, and sent condolences to Morocco after the
612:, the Polisario Front was formally constituted in 1973 with the intention of launching an armed struggle against the
456:
4890:
4571:
4173:
4010:
3961:
3947:
3454:
3026:
1040:
In 1971 a group of young Sahrawi students in the universities of Morocco began organizing what came to be known as
486:
37:
5022:
4526:
4446:
4431:
4080:
4041:
3937:
3743:
3536:
3444:
3216:
736:
77:
5095:
5075:
4166:
3502:
2261:
2215:
1781:
1533:
756:
419:
1733:, and it was not until August 1974 that Polisario declared itself to be in favour of the independence of the
4968:
4750:
4699:
4676:
4616:
4546:
4491:
4461:
4211:
4142:
4102:
4092:
3610:
3600:
3319:
2346:
1373:
1326:
1321:
1136:
944:
701:
656:
320:
176:
59:
4257:
4870:
4591:
4576:
4561:
4426:
3898:
3394:
2095:
1676:
1449:
1316:
652:
568:
433:
1084:. On 20 May, the new organization attacked El-Khanga, where there was a Spanish post manned by a team of
5059:
4930:
4920:
4880:
4860:
4855:
4845:
4704:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4646:
4601:
4541:
4506:
4481:
4476:
4441:
4147:
3655:
1366:
850:
201:
2778:"Morocco/Western Sahara: Further information: Sahrawi activist raped by Moroccan forces: Sultana Khaya"
4778:
4774:
4770:
4742:
4738:
4606:
4536:
4416:
2018:
671:
316:
281:
2870:
Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring
1597:, roughly corresponding to the southern half of Río de Oro), was annexed by Morocco in August 1979.
4940:
4925:
4915:
4885:
4875:
4762:
4758:
4714:
4631:
4566:
4551:
4511:
4252:
4247:
1992:
1718:
1581:
1498:
582:
579:
265:
243:
221:
762:
4905:
4865:
4596:
4516:
4456:
4421:
3827:
3726:
3324:
3091:
3083:
2748:"Opinion: I've been raped, beaten and held under house arrest for fighting for my Sahrawi people"
2719:
2686:
2419:
2034:
1977:
1855:
would further check decisions and connect the movement with its affiliated "mass organizations",
1765:
1761:
1754:
1738:
1726:
1630:
1614:
1565:
1311:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1169:
1123:
840:
648:
625:
594:
306:
301:
1988:
2981:
1517:(SADR) on 27 February 1976, and waged a guerrilla war against both Morocco and Mauritania. The
3867:
3363:
2874:
2868:
2837:
2562:
2509:
2285:
2279:
2180:
2134:
1905:
1594:
1577:
1439:
1383:
1144:
153:
2905:
2174:
1666:
In April 2007, the government of Morocco suggested that a self-governing entity, through the
84:
3176:
3075:
1361:
971:
344:
277:
273:
205:
2777:
1605:
From the mid-1980s Morocco largely managed to keep Polisario troops off by building a huge
5017:
4994:
4832:
4403:
3851:
3347:
3050:
3030:
3011:
2988:
2912:
2353:
2265:
1789:
1642:
1502:
1434:
1219:
1164:
559:
546:
337:
1772:
and religious tolerance to substantiate the "ideal" nature of the Sahrawi refugee camps.
228:
3066:
Lippert, Anne (1992). "Sahrawi Women in the Liberation Struggle of the Sahrawi People".
3004:
4107:
4053:
3808:
3758:
3697:
3615:
3556:
3300:
3236:
2099:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1593:
rupture in relations with Morocco. The area of Western Sahara evacuated by Mauritania (
1573:
1506:
1306:
1198:
1159:
1091:
1086:
1048:
640:
613:
602:
590:
269:
3162:
R.A.S.D. Foreign minister critical response to the supposed independent ESISC's report
2477:"LE CONFLIT DU SAHARA OCCIDENTAL Huit Français au moins sont détenus par le Polisario"
1904:, replaced in 1974 by El-Ouali at the II Congress of the Polisario Front, followed by
5069:
3843:
3334:
3095:
2052:. Valuable contributions also come from the strong Spanish solidarity organizations.
1894:
1698:
1610:
1545:
1510:
1224:
1107:
550:
2068:
during the 1970s, and took a more independent "third-worldist" position after that.
2060:
The most intense open warfare in the conflict in Western Sahara occurred during the
1870:
But after the movement took on the role as a state-in-waiting in 1975, based in the
4205:
2619:
2224:
2076:
2065:
1900:
The Polisario Front is led by a Secretary General. The first Secretary General was
1827:
1063:
1055:
166:
2219:
2651:"Fighting in Morocco May Present Biden with Fresh Africa Crisis Amid COVID Surge"
2503:
2128:
2094:
A key diplomatic dispute between Morocco and Polisario is over the international
1749:
gives a hint of the movement's ideological context. In 1991, Polisario voted for
4718:
3800:
3292:
2925:
2015:
1901:
1839:
1750:
1683:
1584:
against opposing forces in Western Sahara and in Morocco and Mauritania proper.
1494:
1378:
1081:
724:
26:
4792:
1709:
4824:
3875:
3371:
2583:
2366:
2026:
2010:
1793:
1769:
1691:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1537:
1444:
1070:
1059:
617:
285:
216:
2367:"Proyecto Desaparecidos: Mohamed Basiri El mas antiguo desaparecido saharaui"
5012:
4984:
3042:
2951:
2103:
1996:
1852:
1522:
1042:
The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro.
3166:
1058:
by several Sahrawi university students, survivors of the 1968 massacres in
3666:
2715:"Sakharov Prize: EU Rejects Candidacy of Polisario Activist Sultana Khaya"
1889:
1066:. They called themselves the Constituent Congress of the Polisario Front.
3257:
2061:
2022:
1934:
1930:
1918:
1856:
1742:
1725:
organization, whose main goal is the independence of Western Sahara from
1622:
1618:
1541:
1505:
of 31 October, Spain entered negotiations that led to the signing of the
1301:
644:
643:
considers the Polisario Front to be the legitimate representative of the
575:
al-Jabhah ash-Shaʿbiyah Li-Taḥrīr as-Sāqiyah al-Ḥamrāʾ wa Wādī adh-Dhahab
3023:
4734:
4366:
3087:
1941:
In 2004, an anti-ceasefire and anti-Abdelaziz opposition fraction, the
1914:
1860:
1741:
movement that is considered to be the legitimate representative of the
1652:
1569:
1270:
1111:
621:
524:
294:
209:
1764:
has been achieved, either function as a party within the context of a
608:
Tracing its origin to a Sahrawi nationalist organization known as the
1832:
1797:
generally neutral without reports of armed clashes from either side.
1655:(UN), has been in effect since 6 September 1991, on the promise of a
1549:
2559:
Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?
2258:
1802:
protests and riots in 2005 by Sahrawis in "the occupied territories"
3079:
2447:"France Is Under Public Pressure To Free 8 Kidnapped in the Sahara"
5007:
4730:
4191:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro
3161:
3157:
The Association for a Free & Fair Referendum in Western Sahara
2281:
Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in a Post-Brexit Era
2278:
Stefan Gänzle; Benjamin Leruth; Jarle Trondal (15 November 2019).
2049:
1888:
1838:
1826:
1708:
1626:
1557:
377:
369:
361:
2682:"Morocco Exposes Polisario, Algeria's Propaganda in Letter to UN"
1788:
has repeatedly stated that the Moroccan withdrawal from the 1991
1576:. The reorganized army was able to inflict severe damage through
610:
Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab
3171:
2347:
Member parties of the Socialist International – Observer parties
1910:
1864:
1675:
independence. This led to the negotiations process known as the
1606:
1561:
1069:
On 1 May 1977, the Polisario Front raided the city of Zouerate,
4796:
4370:
4162:
3670:
3180:
3125:
Fueling the Fire. U.S. policy & the Western Sahara Conflict
1054:
The Polisario Front was formally constituted on 10 May 1973 at
3145:
Forced Migration Organization: FMO Research Guide Bibliography
2045:
470:
353:
20:
2176:
Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion
530:
Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro
3172:
The self determination process of the former Spanish Sahara
624:
to partition and occupy the territory. The Polisario Front
616:
which lasted until 1975, when the Spanish decided to allow
2220:"The Polisario's Marxist past sinks into the desert sands"
1846:, the Polisario Front former secretary-general (in white).
1568:
jeeps, captured from Moroccan soldiers), and 19th-century
5036:- country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world
2906:"'11 Sept has not influenced Western Sahara's situation'"
2004:
Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3111:
United Nations Determination of the Western Saharan Self
2396:
2394:
2392:
2021:
countries have supported the Polisario Front. Ties with
1633:
of the Western Sahara on the east of the Moroccan Wall.
647:
people and maintains that the Sahrawis have a right to
3156:
1651:
between the Polisario Front and Morocco, monitored by
5043:
2808:"Western Sahara: Harassment of Independence Activist"
2746:
Khaya, Opinion by Sultana Sidibrahim (29 July 2021).
2318:"UN calls for peace in Western Sahara – Vatican News"
16:
Military and political organisation in Western Sahara
1921:) and military delegates from the SPLA (see below).
1760:
The Polisario has stated that it will, when Sahrawi
573:
4993:
4977:
4949:
4831:
4713:
4685:
4402:
4266:
4230:
4198:
4079:
4040:
4028:
Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS)
3960:
3914:
3820:
3777:
3751:
3742:
3582:
3544:
3535:
3467:
3421:
3312:
3269:
3224:
3215:
463:
449:
432:
418:
386:
327:
312:
300:
259:
249:
239:
227:
215:
197:
182:
172:
160:
125:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1687:consider an option of independence on the ballot.
4687:States and regions with limited or no recognition
564:الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير الساقية الحمراء ووادي الذهب
3045:. Middle East Research and Information Project.
2952:"Algeria Claims Spanish Sahara Is Being Invaded"
2505:La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962–1978)
2251:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37
2122:
2120:
1893:Polisario-held territory (in green) east of the
3074:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 636–651.
1613:), staffed by an army, enclosing within it the
4808:
4382:
4174:
3682:
3192:
3113:(Norwegian Institute of Foreign Affairs 1994)
1694:buffer zone near the border with Mauritania.
1474:
1016:
528:
141:
8:
2173:Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman (14 February 2017).
2014:of the Front of Refusal. Additionally, many
1552:, the Front had to relocate the refugees to
655:) there. It is a consultative member of the
391:
131:
3167:Michael Palin's visit to Smara Refugee Camp
1615:economically useful parts of Western Sahara
534:
399:
4815:
4801:
4793:
4389:
4375:
4367:
4181:
4167:
4159:
4085:
4046:
3966:
3920:
3748:
3689:
3675:
3667:
3588:
3541:
3473:
3427:
3221:
3199:
3185:
3177:
2179:. Princeton University Press. p. 31.
2133:. Africana Publishing Company. p. 3.
1668:Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs
1481:
1467:
1127:
1023:
1009:
666:
122:
3118:Western Sahara. The Roots of a Desert War
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
3130:Anthony G. Pazzanita & Tony Hodges,
2873:. Oxford University Press. p. 276.
2545:La historia prohibida del Sáhara Español
2415:"MOROCCO IS FIGHTING SAHARAN GUERRILLAS"
2210:
2208:
2127:Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (1981).
1987:
5050:
3132:Historical dictionary of Western Sahara
3024:"LATEST DEVELOPMENTS ON WESTERN SAHARA"
2561:. London: Zed Books. pp. 171–172.
2400:
2116:
1536:on improvised Sahrawi refugee camps in
1404:
1352:
1292:
1247:
1211:
1151:
1135:
669:
5091:Democratic socialist parties in Africa
2328:from the original on 21 September 2021
5111:1973 establishments in Spanish Sahara
5101:Political parties established in 1973
2980:Ramos-Horta, Jose (31 October 2005).
2932:from the original on 15 December 2006
2887:from the original on 19 November 2023
2818:from the original on 31 December 2021
2727:from the original on 30 December 2021
2694:from the original on 31 December 2021
2539:
2537:
2483:from the original on 23 December 2021
2457:from the original on 23 December 2021
2427:from the original on 23 December 2021
2284:. Taylor & Francis. p. 191.
2193:from the original on 19 November 2023
2147:from the original on 11 November 2023
2107:the SADR to act as a mediating party.
2084:International recognition of the SADR
1967:Former members of the Polisario Front
1513:. The Polisario Front proclaimed the
1493:After Moroccan pressures through the
7:
3884:UN Security Council Resolution 1495
3380:UN Security Council Resolution 1495
2848:from the original on 8 December 2021
2788:from the original on 8 December 2021
2600:from the original on 3 December 2016
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
1976:Sahara, which Morocco considers its
1697:Sahrawi self-determination activist
1637:Ceasefire and the referendum process
545:Popular Front for the Liberation of
49:adding citations to reliable sources
2713:Kasraoui, Safaa (15 October 2021).
2661:from the original on 6 October 2021
2649:Brennan, David (15 November 2020).
1737:from Spanish colonization. It is a
1729:. Initially, its driving force was
563:
392:
132:
5081:Arab nationalist political parties
2962:from the original on 12 March 2020
2758:from the original on 28 March 2022
2522:from the original on 22 March 2023
2413:Markham, James (23 October 1977).
2298:from the original on 22 March 2023
2232:from the original on 13 April 2021
2090:Political status of Western Sahara
1261:Political status of Western Sahara
1183:Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab
940:Political status of Western Sahara
14:
3836:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2680:Hatim, Yahia (25 February 2021).
2630:from the original on 25 July 2011
2582:Arieff, Alexis (8 October 2014).
2377:from the original on 9 March 2022
1995:, Sahrawi Republic ambassador to
1831:A pro-Polisario demonstration in
5053:
4978:Autonomous regional armed forces
4964:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4695:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4467:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4238:Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
4023:Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
3730:
3718:
3412:
3208:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2502:Grimaud, Nicole (January 1984).
1973:several members of the Polisario
1956:Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
1601:Moroccan wall stalemates the war
1515:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1501:'s previous invasion of eastern
1143:
679:
587:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
455:
254:Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
152:
25:
4951:States with limited recognition
4243:National Union of Sahrawi Women
2620:"Mauritania profile – Timeline"
2257:. Adopted on 21 November 1979.
1747:Sahrawi republic's constitution
1672:United Nations Security Council
234:National Union of Sahrawi Women
36:needs additional citations for
3134:(2nd ed. Scarecrow Press 1994)
2591:Congressional Research Service
2547:, Destino, 2002, Pages 105–106
2056:Western Sahara in the Cold War
1943:Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid
1519:International Court of Justice
1181:Movement for the Liberation of
1:
3139:Endgame in the Western Sahara
2867:Willis, Michael (June 2014).
2479:. Le Monde. 28 October 1977.
2356:. Socialistinternational.org.
1792:and refusal to sign the 2003
1051:to start an armed rebellion.
601:in the disputed territory of
3994:Moroccan Western Sahara Wall
3343:Western Sahara peace process
3014:. East Timor Action Network.
1971:Since the end of the 1980s,
1266:Foreign relations of Morocco
1256:Annexation of Western Sahara
1194:Sahrawi National Union Party
1062:and Sahrawi veterans of the
5086:Communist parties in Africa
4532:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
4223:Brahim Ghali (2016–present)
3253:Moroccan Army of Liberation
3033:. ARSO.org (26 March 2004).
2982:"The dignity of the ballot"
2970:– via Newspapers.com.
2940:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
2268:, retrieved 8 January 2020.
1776:Attitudes to armed struggle
1564:(most of them were Spanish
1175:Moroccan Army of Liberation
574:
5127:
3120:(Lawrence & Hill 1983)
2255:Question of Western Sahara
2087:
2001:
1964:
1953:
1917:), workers' organization (
1640:
1121:
634:resumed the armed conflict
487:Politics of Western Sahara
5106:Social democratic parties
5031:
4120:
4088:
4049:
3979:International recognition
3969:
3923:
3705:
3628:
3591:
3491:International recognition
3476:
3430:
3410:
3005:"Timor achieves UN dream"
1823:Organizational background
1731:anti-colonial nationalism
1717:The Polisario Front is a
935:International recognition
737:Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun
482:
468:
454:
313:International affiliation
151:
4452:Central African Republic
3232:Colonial wars in Morocco
3049:10 December 2006 at the
2926:"'Africa's last colony'"
2911:25 February 2006 at the
1872:refugee camps in Tindouf
1782:2003 Casablanca bombings
1588:Withdrawal of Mauritania
1560:were replaced by modern
1534:Royal Moroccan Air Force
835:Administrative divisions
757:Sahrawi National Council
477:(Spanish representation)
444:(Sahrawi Republic seats)
420:Sahrawi National Council
3899:Manhasset negotiations
3862:(MINURSO, 1991–present)
3395:Manhasset negotiations
3358:(MINURSO, 1991–present)
3320:Western Sahara conflict
3029:21 October 2006 at the
2352:1 February 2011 at the
1913:), youth organization (
1663:) seem to have failed.
1137:Western Sahara conflict
1131:Part of a series on the
945:Western Sahara conflict
657:Socialist International
585:seeking to establish a
321:Socialist International
302:Political position
240:Trade union affiliation
177:El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed
5023:People's Defense Units
3860:UN referendum mission
3356:UN referendum mission
2557:Shelley, Toby (2004).
2096:diplomatic recognition
1999:
1897:
1847:
1836:
1809:Relations with Algeria
1714:
1677:Manhasset negotiations
1497:of 6 November and the
1450:Manhasset negotiations
1282:Royal Advisory Council
960:Diplomatic missions of
783:Constitutional Council
529:
434:Pan-African Parliament
409:Sahara is our Homeland
142:
4612:São Tomé and Príncipe
4472:Republic of the Congo
4258:Sahrawi Student Union
3793:ICJ Advisory Opinion
3285:ICJ Advisory Opinion
2987:22 March 2023 at the
2782:Amnesty International
2371:www.desaparecidos.org
2073:Reagan administration
1991:
1892:
1842:
1830:
1712:
1425:UN referendum mission
1322:Independence Intifada
851:Sahrawi refugee camps
593:through the means of
202:Sahrawi refugee camps
4936:United Arab Emirates
4397:Militaries of Africa
3838:(SADR, 1976–present)
3785:UN visiting mission
3486:Diplomatic relations
3277:UN visiting mission
3127:(Red Sea Press 1987)
3010:30 June 2006 at the
2956:The Monroe News-Star
2842:Front Line Defenders
2324:. 17 November 2020.
2218:(11 February 1999).
1430:ICJ Advisory Opinion
1337:2020–present clashes
1332:Arab Spring protests
1276:Politics of the SADR
950:ICJ Advisory Opinion
672:Politics of the SADR
317:Progressive Alliance
282:Democratic socialism
45:improve this article
4743:Plazas de soberanía
4253:Sahrawi Youth Union
4248:Sahrawi Trade Union
4212:Luali Mustafa Sayed
4199:Secretaries-General
3989:Moroccan Initiative
3828:Western Sahara War
3325:Western Sahara War
2928:. 21 October 2003.
2844:. 5 February 2021.
2453:. 1 November 1977.
2264:4 June 2020 at the
1993:Omar Emboirik Ahmed
1950:Armed forces (SPLA)
1814:Sahara guerrillas.
1727:Moroccan occupation
1719:Sahrawi nationalist
1582:hit-and-run attacks
1499:Royal Moroccan Army
1420:UN visiting mission
1374:Sahrawi nationality
1284:for Saharan Affairs
1204:Partition agreement
1118:Withdrawal of Spain
1104:UN visiting mission
583:liberation movement
580:Sahrawi nationalist
266:Sahrawi nationalism
244:Sahrawi Trade Union
222:Sahrawi Youth Union
138:Jabhat al-Bōlīsāryū
4823:Militaries of the
4231:Mass organizations
4062:Telecommunications
3868:Houston Agreement
3767:Colonial governors
3727:Southern Provinces
3565:Telecommunications
3364:Houston Agreement
2958:. 1 January 1976.
2812:Human Rights Watch
2720:Morocco World News
2687:Morocco World News
2451:The New York Times
2420:The New York Times
2322:www.vaticannews.va
2000:
1978:Southern Provinces
1898:
1848:
1837:
1766:multi-party system
1762:self-determination
1715:
1705:Political ideology
1609:or sand wall (the
1566:Land Rover Santana
1527:issued its verdict
1312:Western Sahara War
1235:Tiris al-Gharbiyya
1230:Southern Provinces
1170:Greater Mauritania
1124:Western Sahara War
649:self-determination
614:Spanish occupation
595:self-determination
523:(from the Spanish
5041:
5040:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4767:
4755:
4747:
4487:Equatorial Guinea
4364:
4363:
4218:Mohamed Abdelaziz
4156:
4155:
4116:
4115:
4075:
4074:
4036:
4035:
3956:
3955:
3910:
3909:
3846:(built 1981–1987)
3664:
3663:
3624:
3623:
3578:
3577:
3531:
3530:
3463:
3462:
3408:
3407:
3337:(built 1981–1987)
2880:978-0-19-936820-4
2291:978-0-429-64884-7
2186:978-0-691-17622-2
2140:978-0-8419-0664-8
2042:Algerian military
1984:Foreign relations
1906:Mahfoud Ali Beiba
1882:Present structure
1844:Mohamed Abdelaziz
1786:Mohamed Abdelaziz
1595:Tiris al-Gharbiya
1572:were replaced by
1491:
1490:
1455:Autonomy Proposal
1440:Houston Agreement
1384:Moroccan settlers
1078:Secretary General
1033:
1032:
977:Visa requirements
928:Foreign relations
870:Recent elections
572:
505:
504:
492:Political parties
445:
162:Secretary-General
121:
120:
113:
95:
60:"Polisario Front"
5118:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5049:
4995:Non-state actors
4833:Sovereign states
4817:
4810:
4803:
4794:
4782:(United Kingdom)
4781:
4779:Tristan da Cunha
4775:Ascension Island
4765:
4753:
4745:
4404:Sovereign states
4391:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4192:
4183:
4176:
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4129:
4086:
4057:
4047:
3967:
3921:
3902:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3852:Settlement Plan
3847:
3839:
3831:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3762:
3749:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3715:Sahrawi Republic
3710:Political status
3691:
3684:
3677:
3668:
3644:
3637:
3589:
3560:
3542:
3513:Political status
3474:
3428:
3416:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3348:Settlement Plan
3338:
3328:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3261:
3248:
3245:Spanish Morocco
3240:
3222:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3141:(Zed Books 2004)
3099:
3053:
3040:
3034:
3021:
3015:
3002:
2996:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2814:. 5 March 2021.
2804:
2798:
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2795:
2793:
2774:
2768:
2767:
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2732:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
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2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2588:
2584:"Western Sahara"
2579:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2499:
2493:
2492:
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2473:
2467:
2466:
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2200:
2198:
2170:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2124:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1147:
1128:
1025:
1018:
1011:
683:
667:
599:armed resistance
577:
567:
565:
557:
554:
542:
539:
536:
532:
513:Frente Polisario
478:
475:
472:
459:
443:
441:
427:
414:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
395:
394:
393:صحراؤنا هي الوطن
376:
368:
360:
352:
345:Pan-Arab colours
336:
278:Social democracy
274:Arab nationalism
206:Tindouf Province
193:
191:
163:
156:
145:
143:Frente Polisario
135:
134:
133:جبهة البوليساريو
123:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5096:Marxist parties
5076:Polisario Front
5066:
5065:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5044:
5042:
5037:
5027:
5018:Houthi movement
4989:
4973:
4945:
4827:
4821:
4791:
4786:
4709:
4681:
4398:
4395:
4365:
4360:
4262:
4226:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4157:
4152:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4112:
4071:
4055:
4054:Sahrawi peseta
4032:
3999:Polisario Front
3952:
3906:
3900:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3816:
3810:
3809:Madrid Accords
3802:
3794:
3786:
3773:
3760:
3759:Spanish Sahara
3738:
3731:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3701:
3695:
3665:
3660:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3620:
3574:
3558:
3557:Sahrawi peseta
3527:
3508:Polisario Front
3459:
3417:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3336:
3326:
3308:
3302:
3301:Madrid Accords
3294:
3286:
3278:
3265:
3259:
3246:
3238:
3237:Spanish Sahara
3211:
3205:
3153:
3106:
3104:Further reading
3065:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3051:Wayback Machine
3041:
3037:
3031:Wayback Machine
3022:
3018:
3012:Wayback Machine
3003:
2999:
2989:Wayback Machine
2979:
2975:
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2963:
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2949:
2945:
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2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2913:Wayback Machine
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2838:"Sultana Khaya"
2836:
2835:
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2821:
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2601:
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2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2543:Tomás Bárbulo,
2542:
2535:
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2500:
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2411:
2407:
2399:
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2354:Wayback Machine
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2316:
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2266:Wayback Machine
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2171:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2141:
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2125:
2118:
2113:
2092:
2086:
2058:
2040:Apart from the
2006:
1986:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1884:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1790:Settlement Plan
1778:
1707:
1645:
1643:Settlement Plan
1639:
1603:
1590:
1503:Saguia el-Hamra
1487:
1435:Settlement Plan
1400:
1348:
1286:
1283:
1220:Saguia el-Hamra
1189:Polisario Front
1185:
1182:
1165:Greater Morocco
1126:
1120:
1038:
1029:
1000:
996:Other countries
987:
986:
968:
956:
930:
920:
919:
914:
892:
866:
856:
855:
836:
828:
827:
821:Polisario Front
813:
803:
802:
798:Judicial system
793:Court of Appeal
778:
770:
769:
752:
744:
743:
715:
707:
706:
702:Nationality law
697:
674:
665:
555:
547:Saguia el-Hamra
543:
540:
537:
509:Polisario Front
501:
476:
471:frentepolisario
469:
442:
439:
428:
425:
411:
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398:
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382:
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288:
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189:
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128:Polisario Front
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5124:
5122:
5114:
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5108:
5103:
5098:
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5088:
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5078:
5068:
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5063:
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5060:Western Sahara
5039:
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5015:
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4739:Alboran Island
4727:Canary Islands
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4108:Sahrawi people
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
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4077:
4076:
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4067:Transportation
4064:
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4034:
4033:
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4008:
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4004:former members
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3698:Western Sahara
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3616:Sahrawi people
3613:
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3572:
3570:Transportation
3567:
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3554:
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3545:Infrastructure
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3526:
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3523:Prime Minister
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3152:
3151:External links
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:Toby Shelley,
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3109:Jarat Chopra,
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3080:10.1086/494752
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2405:
2403:, p. 638.
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2100:Nelson Mandela
2088:Main article:
2085:
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2057:
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2002:Main article:
1985:
1982:
1965:Main article:
1962:
1959:
1954:Main article:
1951:
1948:
1883:
1880:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1800:The series of
1777:
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1753:economics and
1743:Sahrawi people
1735:Spanish Sahara
1723:Arab socialist
1706:
1703:
1641:Main article:
1638:
1635:
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1599:
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1574:assault rifles
1507:Madrid Accords
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1415:UN resolutions
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1317:First Intifada
1314:
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1307:Zemla Intifada
1304:
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1199:Madrid Accords
1196:
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1160:Spanish Sahara
1154:
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1122:Main article:
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1096:Tropas Nomadas
1087:Tropas Nomadas
1049:Spanish Sahara
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845:Municipalities
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732:Prime Minister
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641:United Nations
630:1991 ceasefire
603:Western Sahara
591:Sahrawi people
503:
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331:
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323:(consultative)
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270:Arab socialism
263:
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101:September 2018
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5003:Islamic State
5001:
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4527:Guinea-Bissau
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3116:Tony Hodges,
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
5033:
4963:
4911:Saudi Arabia
4771:Saint Helena
4715:Dependencies
4637:South Africa
4627:Sierra Leone
4432:Burkina Faso
4206:Brahim Ghali
4189:
4134:Bibliography
4098:Demographics
3998:
3984:Legal status
3974:Human rights
3889: /
3801:Green March
3642:Bibliography
3606:Human rights
3596:Demographics
3507:
3481:Constitution
3385: /
3293:Green March
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3071:
3067:
3038:
3019:
3000:
2993:The Guardian
2992:
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2955:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2920:
2915:. Afrol.net.
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2869:
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2841:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2781:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2751:
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2718:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2685:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2657:. Newsweek.
2654:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2590:
2577:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2524:. Retrieved
2508:. Khartala.
2504:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:
2401:Lippert 1992
2379:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2342:
2332:21 September
2330:. Retrieved
2321:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2280:
2273:
2254:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2225:The Guardian
2223:
2216:Hooper, John
2195:. Retrieved
2175:
2149:. Retrieved
2129:
2093:
2077:Eastern Bloc
2070:
2066:Soviet Union
2059:
2039:
2031:
2007:
1970:
1940:
1927:
1923:
1899:
1885:
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1396:Human rights
1188:
1106:, headed by
1101:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1068:
1064:Spanish Army
1053:
1045:
1041:
1039:
962: /
820:
763:Hamma Salama
695:Constitution
653:Sahrawi flag
638:
607:
544:
520:
516:
512:
508:
506:
343:
289:
229:Women's wing
198:Headquarters
167:Brahim Ghali
137:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4719:territories
4642:South Sudan
4356:16th (2023)
4351:15th (2019)
4346:Ext. (2016)
4341:14th (2015)
4336:13th (2011)
4331:12th (2007)
4326:11th (2003)
4321:10th (1999)
4220:(1976–2016)
4214:(1974–1976)
4208:(1973–1974)
3901:(2007–2008)
3878:(2000/2003)
3876:Baker Plan
3830:(1975–1991)
3761:(1884–1975)
3752:Before 1975
3397:(2007–2008)
3374:(2000/2003)
3372:Baker Plan
3327:(1975–1991)
3260:(1957–1958)
3247:(1913–1956)
3239:(1884–1975)
3225:Before 1975
3123:Leo Kamil,
2891:19 November
2852:31 December
2822:31 December
2792:31 December
2762:31 December
2731:31 December
2698:31 December
2665:15 November
2526:24 December
2487:23 December
2461:23 December
2431:23 December
2381:27 February
2236:11 February
2197:19 November
2151:11 November
2019:non-aligned
2016:third world
1902:Brahim Gali
1755:multi-party
1751:free market
1684:sovereignty
1495:Green March
1379:Green March
1082:Brahim Gali
1056:Ain Bentili
982:Visa policy
964:to the SADR
761:President:
751:Legislature
725:Brahim Gali
626:waged a war
190:10 May 1973
186:10 May 1973
5070:Categories
4969:Somaliland
4891:Mauritania
4825:Arab world
4754:(Portugal)
4717:and other
4700:Somaliland
4622:Seychelles
4587:Mozambique
4572:Mauritania
4557:Madagascar
4512:The Gambia
4447:Cape Verde
4316:9th (1995)
4311:8th (1991)
4306:7th (1989)
4301:6th (1985)
4296:5th (1982)
4291:4th (1978)
4286:3rd (1976)
4281:2nd (1974)
4276:1st (1973)
4268:Congresses
4056:(currency)
3943:Ecoregions
3821:Since 1975
3811:(November)
3803:(November)
3559:(currency)
3503:Parliament
3498:Government
3450:Ecoregions
3313:Since 1975
3303:(November)
3295:(November)
2966:19 October
2634:1 February
2604:24 October
2111:References
2027:East Timor
2011:Arab world
1961:Defections
1938:activism.
1794:Baker Plan
1770:secularism
1692:Guerguerat
1661:Baker Plan
1657:referendum
1538:Umm Dreiga
1511:Río de Oro
1445:Baker Plan
1327:Gdeim Izik
1225:Río de Oro
1152:Background
1108:Simeon Aké
1076:Its first
1071:Mauritania
1036:Beginnings
841:Free Zones
618:Mauritania
551:Río de Oro
519:or simply
517:Frelisario
450:Party flag
290:Historical
286:Secularism
250:Armed wing
217:Youth wing
71:newspapers
5013:Hezbollah
4985:Peshmerga
4959:Palestine
4577:Mauritius
3916:Geography
3795:(October)
3518:President
3423:Geography
3287:(October)
3258:Ifni War
3096:144819149
3043:MERIP.org
2936:26 August
2302:9 January
2104:apartheid
2035:civil war
1997:Venezuela
1853:Politburo
1818:Structure
1739:left-wing
1649:ceasefire
1578:guerrilla
1523:The Hague
1240:Free Zone
864:Elections
817:Parties:
777:Judiciary
720:President
714:Executive
569:romanized
521:Polisario
497:Elections
307:Left-wing
4856:Djibouti
4777: /
4773: /
4766:(France)
4761: /
4741: /
4737: /
4733: /
4729: /
4677:Zimbabwe
4652:Tanzania
4502:Ethiopia
4497:Eswatini
4477:Djibouti
4442:Cameroon
4427:Botswana
4143:Category
4011:Politics
3962:Politics
3948:Wildlife
3651:Category
3469:Politics
3455:Wildlife
3047:Archived
3027:Archived
3008:Archived
2985:Archived
2960:Archived
2930:Archived
2909:Archived
2885:Archived
2846:Archived
2816:Archived
2786:Archived
2756:Archived
2725:Archived
2692:Archived
2659:Archived
2628:Archived
2624:BBC News
2595:Archived
2520:Archived
2481:Archived
2455:Archived
2425:Archived
2375:Archived
2350:Archived
2326:Archived
2296:Archived
2262:Archived
2230:Archived
2191:Archived
2145:Archived
2062:Cold War
2023:Fretilin
1935:diaspora
1931:Tifariti
1919:UGTSARIO
1857:UGTSARIO
1631:the part
1623:El-Aaiun
1619:Bou Craa
1542:Tifariti
1362:Refugees
1342:Timeline
1302:Ifni War
1248:Politics
972:Passport
811:Politics
589:for the
578:), is a
261:Ideology
4931:Tunisia
4916:Somalia
4896:Morocco
4881:Lebanon
4851:Comoros
4846:Bahrain
4841:Algeria
4763:Réunion
4759:Mayotte
4751:Madeira
4746:(Spain)
4735:Melilla
4662:Tunisia
4632:Somalia
4617:Senegal
4602:Nigeria
4592:Namibia
4582:Morocco
4547:Liberia
4542:Lesotho
4492:Eritrea
4462:Comoros
4437:Burundi
4412:Algeria
4127:Outline
4093:Cuisine
4081:Culture
4042:Economy
3938:Climate
3928:Borders
3744:History
3635:Outline
3601:Cuisine
3584:Society
3552:Economy
3537:Economy
3445:Climate
3435:Borders
3217:History
3088:3174626
3060:Sources
2655:msn.com
1915:UJSARIO
1861:UJSARIO
1653:MINURSO
1580:-style
1570:muskets
1554:Tindouf
1293:Clashes
1271:Makhzen
1212:Regions
1112:Tindouf
1092:Sahrawi
1060:Zouérat
663:History
645:Sahrawi
622:Morocco
571::
538:
525:acronym
464:Website
426:51 / 51
403:
295:Marxism
210:Algeria
188: (
183:Founded
173:Founder
85:scholar
5046:Portal
5034:italic
4876:Kuwait
4871:Jordan
4705:Tigray
4672:Zambia
4667:Uganda
4607:Rwanda
4562:Malawi
4522:Guinea
4417:Angola
4148:Portal
3933:Cities
3893:(2007)
3886:(2003)
3870:(1997)
3854:(1991)
3656:Portal
3440:Cities
3389:(2007)
3382:(2003)
3366:(1997)
3350:(1991)
3094:
3086:
2877:
2565:
2512:
2288:
2183:
2137:
1835:(2006)
1833:Madrid
1558:camels
1550:Amgala
1353:Issues
560:Arabic
387:Anthem
375:
367:
359:
351:
340:(main)
338:Orange
335:
328:Colors
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
5008:Hamas
4941:Yemen
4926:Syria
4921:Sudan
4906:Qatar
4886:Libya
4861:Egypt
4731:Ceuta
4647:Sudan
4597:Niger
4552:Libya
4537:Kenya
4517:Ghana
4507:Gabon
4482:Egypt
4422:Benin
4103:Music
3891:1754
3844:Berm
3787:(May)
3611:Music
3387:1754
3335:Berm
3279:(May)
3092:S2CID
3084:JSTOR
3068:Signs
2598:(PDF)
2587:(PDF)
2050:UNHCR
1627:Smara
1562:jeeps
1367:camps
440:5 / 5
378:White
370:Black
362:Green
92:JSTOR
78:books
4901:Oman
4866:Iraq
4657:Togo
4567:Mali
4457:Chad
4016:SADR
3778:1975
3270:1975
2968:2016
2938:2006
2893:2023
2875:ISBN
2854:2021
2824:2021
2794:2021
2764:2021
2733:2021
2700:2021
2667:2020
2636:2021
2606:2016
2563:ISBN
2528:2021
2510:ISBN
2489:2021
2463:2021
2433:2021
2383:2019
2334:2021
2304:2020
2286:ISBN
2238:2021
2199:2023
2181:ISBN
2153:2023
2135:ISBN
2048:and
1911:UNMS
1865:UNMS
1863:and
1721:and
1607:berm
1548:and
1525:had
1080:was
910:2023
905:2020
900:2016
888:2023
883:2019
878:2016
639:The
620:and
597:and
549:and
535:lit.
507:The
400:lit.
64:news
3076:doi
2752:CNN
2102:as
2046:WHO
2025:of
1521:at
527:of
473:.es
354:Red
47:by
5072::
3090:.
3082:.
3072:17
3070:.
2991:.
2954:.
2883:.
2840:.
2810:.
2784:.
2780:.
2754:.
2750:.
2723:.
2717:.
2690:.
2684:.
2653:.
2626:.
2622:.
2593:.
2589:.
2536:^
2518:.
2449:.
2423:.
2417:.
2391:^
2373:.
2369:.
2320:.
2294:.
2253::
2228:.
2222:.
2207:^
2189:.
2161:^
2143:.
2119:^
1980:.
1859:,
1679:.
1647:A
1625:,
1621:,
1544:,
1540:,
1114:.
1102:A
659:.
636:.
605:.
566:,
562::
558:;
533:;
515:,
511:,
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208:,
204:,
5048::
4816:e
4809:t
4802:v
4390:e
4383:t
4376:v
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3690:e
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3676:v
3200:e
3193:t
3186:v
3098:.
3078::
2995:.
2895:.
2856:.
2826:.
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