37:
265:
62:
526:
3701:
635:, to apply to Jews who attempted to leave the ghettos without proper authorization, and all those who "deliberately offer a hiding place to such Jews". The law was made public by posters distributed in all major cities. The death penalty was also imposed for helping Jews in other Polish territories under the German occupation, but without issuing any legal act.
807:
recorded in full detail, with persons and names counted; yet without them the survival of thousands of Jews would not have been possible. If these people are anywhere typical of non-Jews under the Nazis, the percentage of 20 percent represents a huge number of many millions. I was truly astonished when I read these numbers...
659:, in his work on history of the Warsaw Jews during the Holocaust, has demonstrated that, despite the much harsher conditions, Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did the residents of cities in safer countries of Western Europe, where no death penalty for saving them existed.
673:
There are 7,232 officially recognized Polish
Righteous – the highest count among nations of the world. At a 1979 international historical conference dedicated to Holocaust rescuers, J. Friedman said in reference to Poland: "If we knew the names of all the noble people who risked their lives to save
1318:
Grądzka-Rejak, Martyna; Namysło, Aleksandra (2022). "Prawodawstwo niemieckie wobec Polaków i Żydów na terenie
Generalnego Gubernatorstwa oraz ziem wcielonych do III Rzeszy. Analiza porównawcza" [German legislation towards Poles and Jews in the General Government and the lands incorporated into
638:
Anyone from the Aryan side caught assisting those on the Jewish side in obtaining food was subject to the death penalty. The usual punishment for aiding Jews was death, applied to entire families. Polish rescuers were fully conscious of the dangers facing them and their families, not only from the
806:
Thousands of helping acts were done on impulse, on the spur of the moment, lasting no longer than a few seconds to a few hours: such as a quick warning from mortal danger, giving some food or water, showing the way, sheltering from cold or exhaustion for a few hours. None of these acts can be
357:
concealed their Jewish neighbors. Many of these efforts arose spontaneously from individual initiatives, but there were also organized networks dedicated to aiding the Jews. Most notably, in
September 1942 a
1998:
3563:
2807:
1427:
223:
in World War II. There are 7,232 (as of 1 January 2022) Polish men and women conferred with the honor, over a quarter of the 28,217 recognized by Yad Vashem in total. The list of
36:
3164:
3199:
3154:
269:
3194:
3189:
3174:
3179:
3184:
3159:
2917:
1991:
190:
3417:
3128:
349:
As it became apparent that, not only were conditions in the ghettos terrible (hunger, diseases, executions), but that the Jews were being singled out for extermination at the
315:
929:. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on 14 March 2008.
1468:
1420:
1984:
1558:
249:
3123:
556:
According to this decree, those knowingly helping these Jews by providing shelter, supplying food, or selling them foodstuffs are also subject to the death penalty.
3958:
3930:
3133:
134:
100:
3460:
3978:
3963:
3138:
164:
139:
129:
1013:
3994:
3943:
3938:
3596:
3213:
1413:
415:
289:
154:
114:
109:
3445:
1072:(Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), pp.66–68, 71.
4013:
3973:
159:
3968:
3953:
3638:
2802:
708:
668:
232:
148:
124:
1652:
1031:
Exhibition "Righteous among the
Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war – most of us already know that."
3948:
3601:
3169:
2910:
183:
119:
3410:
1804:
616:
606:
1302:
423:
3535:
2832:
2864:
2757:
3268:
718:
3656:
2762:
612:
545:
There is a need for a reminder, that in accordance with paragraph 3 of the decree of 15 October 1941, on the
Limitation of Residence in the
3465:
2948:
2903:
1551:
1364:
1255:
323:
176:
1392:
1163:
1139:
682:
holds that the number of Poles who helped Jews is greatly underestimated and there might have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers.
3403:
1963:
76:
2943:
1377: (archived 6 February 2008) with photographs and bibliography, 2004. List of Poles recognized as "Righteous among the Nations" by
900:
1336:
1328:
1240:
1198:
1159:
1135:
1054:
963:
943:
912:
359:
1305:
In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested
Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003.
483:
411:. It is estimated that about half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.
2494:
939:
293:
4023:
3548:
1742:
1544:
1202:
883:
4018:
3631:
3521:
2876:
2852:
1647:
2999:
227:
is not comprehensive and it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of Poles concealed and aided tens of thousands of their
264:
3543:
3353:
1872:
1595:
995:
439:
281:
228:
987:
3725:
3009:
2994:
1642:
1622:
1590:
785:
653:. The Nazis implemented a law forbidding all non-Jews from buying from Jewish shops under the maximum penalty of death.
475:
1687:
702:
3760:
3647:
3578:
2844:
1722:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1600:
525:
224:
51:
2589:
2091:
1707:
463:
407:
alone. At the end of the war, Sendler attempted to locate their parents but nearly all of them had been murdered at
61:
3490:
3432:
3373:
3314:
3004:
2968:
2872:
2812:
2395:
1958:
1672:
1617:
1498:
1273:
1220:
447:
273:
231:
neighbors. Many of these initiatives were carried out by individuals, but there also existed organized networks of
3990:
3800:
3624:
3475:
3263:
2848:
2539:
2484:
1953:
1682:
1662:
1612:
1518:
1473:
3590:
3294:
2856:
1737:
1634:
1573:
1523:
1508:
1488:
1478:
1463:
1458:
549:(page 595 of the GG Register) Jews leaving the Jewish Quarter without permission will incur the death penalty.
3304:
2686:
1917:
1712:
3700:
3233:
2958:
2792:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1436:
375:
3014:
2564:
2479:
277:
821:
3910:
3553:
2973:
367:
1827:
1385:(31 December 1999), with 5,400 awards including 704 of those who paid with their lives for saving Jews.
1370:
353:, they increasingly tried to escape from the ghettos and hide in order to survive the war. Many Polish
306:
had numbered about 3,460,000 – about 9.7 percent of the country's total population. Following the
3860:
3805:
3730:
3030:
2868:
2741:
2706:
2626:
2262:
2187:
2131:
1727:
1029:"Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." (
331:
1857:
981:, "Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski," in Dariusz Libionka,
3568:
3440:
3090:
3080:
3040:
2489:
2312:
1882:
1851:
1817:
1752:
1175:
713:
686:
627:
crammed into a fraction of the city space. On 15 October 1941, the death penalty was introduced by
335:
1822:
3810:
3775:
3685:
3278:
3065:
2817:
2365:
2302:
2232:
2222:
2141:
1606:
1582:
1123:
693:
priest from
Chicago) remarked that the hundreds of thousands of rescuers strike him as inflated.
656:
632:
546:
471:
319:
307:
253:
245:
86:
3845:
3830:
3309:
3070:
2641:
2579:
1862:
1252:
495:
1389:
3865:
3740:
3675:
3558:
3333:
3243:
3060:
3055:
3035:
2711:
2438:
2403:
2355:
2197:
2136:
2061:
1342:
1332:
1236:
1214:
1194:
1155:
1131:
1050:
959:
955:
908:
623:
fences in most metropolitan cities and towns, with gentile Poles on the 'Aryan side' and the
3905:
3870:
3825:
3815:
3790:
3785:
3735:
3495:
3100:
3050:
2840:
2661:
2519:
2499:
2469:
2307:
2297:
2272:
2247:
2156:
2146:
2121:
2076:
2071:
1912:
1907:
1842:
1812:
1794:
1784:
1747:
1732:
1186:
978:
862:
797:
350:
3920:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3835:
3820:
3715:
3516:
3511:
3368:
3299:
3248:
3228:
2989:
2796:
2726:
2656:
2594:
2584:
2524:
2459:
2327:
2237:
2126:
2111:
2096:
2056:
1922:
1774:
1396:
1374:
1259:
991:
389:
311:
3238:
2569:
2151:
2031:
1887:
1303:
Polish
Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust: Heroism, Timidity, and Collaboration.
1014:
The
Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma, by Mateusz Szpytma
3900:
3770:
3258:
3253:
3085:
2953:
2860:
2782:
2736:
2651:
2549:
2510:
2474:
2433:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2252:
2242:
2192:
2081:
2066:
2046:
2036:
1897:
1847:
1789:
1717:
1405:
925:
754:
4007:
3855:
3850:
3750:
3680:
3670:
3455:
3273:
3045:
2786:
2721:
2716:
2701:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2636:
2574:
2529:
2443:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2380:
2370:
2350:
2322:
2212:
2182:
2101:
2086:
2041:
1932:
1902:
1877:
1867:
1837:
1832:
1768:
1450:
948:
679:
650:
393:
343:
303:
220:
81:
71:
27:
737:
506:. Numerous families who concealed their Jewish neighbours were killed for doing so.
3915:
3875:
3840:
3765:
3755:
3720:
3363:
3075:
2882:
2822:
2731:
2696:
2691:
2559:
2544:
2385:
2317:
2287:
2257:
2207:
2177:
2172:
2026:
1927:
1892:
1779:
327:
299:
41:
There are 7,232 Polish men and women recognized as
Righteous by the State of Israel
2217:
431:
427:
1390:
Do Izraela z bohaterami: Wystawa pod Tel Awiwem pokaże, jak Polacy ratowali Żydów
3745:
3358:
3095:
2631:
2621:
2554:
2534:
2464:
2423:
2360:
2345:
2267:
2227:
2116:
2106:
645:
624:
620:
499:
455:
339:
3780:
3690:
3616:
2681:
2646:
2202:
2051:
1382:
1346:
982:
835:
801:
675:
628:
435:
208:
91:
3795:
2938:
2375:
1948:
408:
2963:
1086:
1026:
451:
384:
237:
403:, but at one point in 1943 it had 2,500 Jewish children under its care in
3378:
1027:
Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów.
905:
Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath
487:
479:
467:
418:
by entire communities, with everyone engaged, such as in the villages of
1321:
Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką
1319:
the Third Reich. Comparative analysis]. In Domański, Tomasz (ed.).
865:. "The Number of Victims" in Gutman, Yisrael & Berenbaum, Michael.
690:
491:
419:
354:
998:–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), p.325.
342:, parallel to the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population including
3450:
1378:
1324:
1046:
1045:
Jolanta Chodorska, ed., "Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny: Świadectwa,"
503:
459:
443:
404:
371:
204:
564:
This is a categorical warning to the non-Jewish population against:
263:
207:
have the highest count of individuals who have been recognized by
256:
if a Jew was found concealed in their home or on their property.
216:
3620:
3399:
2899:
1980:
1540:
1409:
1371:"Saving Jews: Polish Righteous. Those Who Risked Their Lives,"
1360:
1152:'My Brother's Keeper?': Recent Polish Debates on the Holocaust
235:
which were dedicated to aiding Jews – most notably, the
2007:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
1049:, Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002, Part Two, pp.161–62.
984:
Akcja Reinhardt: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie
869:, Indiana University Press, 1994; this edition 1998, p. 62.
1191:
Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future
3564:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
270:
The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland
705:: a Polish midwife at the Auschwitz concentration camp
678:
would be full of trees and would turn into a forest."
581:
574:
567:
399:
It is not exactly known how many Jews were helped by
330:, which they were forbidden to leave. Soon after the
1110:
1098:
649:) within the local, multi-ethnic population and the
3929:
3708:
3663:
3577:
3534:
3504:
3483:
3474:
3431:
3346:
3326:
3287:
3221:
3212:
3147:
3116:
3109:
3023:
2982:
2931:
2831:
2775:
2750:
2614:
2607:
2508:
2452:
2394:
2336:
2165:
2019:
2012:
1941:
1803:
1761:
1700:
1633:
1581:
1572:
1216:
The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews
755:"Names of Righteous by Country | www.yadvashem.org"
738:"Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem"
516:
366:) was founded on the initiative of Polish novelist
947:
897:Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust
880:The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust.
1274:"Remembering the Response of the Catholic Church"
26:Medals and diplomas awarded at a ceremony in the
2926:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
334:had broken out in 1941, the Germans began their
1281:History 1933 – 1948. What we choose to remember
639:invading Germans, but also from blackmailers (
3632:
3411:
2911:
1992:
1552:
1421:
1174:Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project:
786:"One million Polish rescuers of hunted Jews?"
184:
8:
3995:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
3597:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
322:territory of occupied Poland and across the
290:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
20:
1567:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
3639:
3625:
3617:
3480:
3418:
3404:
3396:
3218:
3113:
2918:
2904:
2896:
2611:
2016:
1999:
1985:
1977:
1578:
1559:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1428:
1414:
1406:
1070:To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account
709:History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland
669:List of Polish Righteous Among the Nations
248:, the task of rescuing Jews was difficult
191:
177:
47:
1009:
1007:
858:
856:
615:, the Nazi German administration created
1283:. University of Portland. pp. 85–97
926:Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII
822:“Righteous Among the Nations” by country
607:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
252:. All household members were subject to
3522:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
729:
99:
50:
3505:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
2865:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1033:) Last actualization 8 November 2008.
834:Węgrzynek, Hanna; Zalewska, Gabriela.
513:
370:, of the famous artistic and literary
19:
3657:Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust
817:
815:
7:
1365:Museum of the History of Polish Jews
1272:Margaret Monahan Hogan, ed. (2011).
1089:: Wydawnictwo Znak, 1969, pp.533–34.
779:
777:
775:
324:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
316:concentration and forced-labor camps
3426:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
1437:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
1277:(PDF file, direct download 1.36 MB)
1130:, Columbia University Press, 2000,
1128:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
1016:, Institute of National Remembrance
954:. McFarland & Company. p.
867:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
396:as head of its children's section.
326:. Most Jews were imprisoned in the
314:from every European country to the
4014:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
3587:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1193:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007,
907:, Rutgers University Press, 2003,
374:family. This body soon became the
213:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
14:
3269:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
1329:Institute of National Remembrance
414:In numerous instances, Jews were
360:Provisional Committee to Aid Jews
3699:
3446:Population transfers (1944–1946)
2495:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1111:Grądzka-Rejak & Namysło 2022
1099:Grądzka-Rejak & Namysło 2022
613:occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
539:the Sheltering of Escaping Jews.
524:
346:and other minorities of Poland.
294:The Holocaust in occupied Poland
60:
35:
3549:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
3461:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
836:"Demografia | Wirtualny Sztetl"
719:"Polish death camp" controversy
364:Tymczasowy Komitet Pomocy Żydom
2877:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
2853:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1262:H-Net Review: John Radzilowski
589:
1:
3989:Related articles by country:
3544:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
3374:Human medical experimentation
570:1) Providing shelter to Jews,
310:, Germany's Nazi regime sent
3726:Princess Alice of Battenberg
1081:Bartoszewski and Lewinówna,
1025:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej,
790:Journal of Genocide Research
577:2) Supplying them with Food,
336:extermination of Polish Jews
3761:Helen of Greece and Denmark
3648:Righteous Among the Nations
3579:Righteous Among the Nations
3466:Ministry of Public Security
2845:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
1455:Related articles by country
1189:, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska,
584:3) Selling them Foodstuffs.
225:Righteous Among the Nations
4040:
3491:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2873:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
1399:, Rp.pl, 18 November 2009
1221:KTAV Publishing House Inc.
996:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
674:the Jews, the area around
666:
604:
287:
274:Polish government-in-exile
219:from extermination during
3991:Rescue of the Danish Jews
3987:
3801:Aristides de Sousa Mendes
3697:
3654:
3395:
3264:Sobibor perpetrator album
2895:
2849:Estonian Auxiliary Police
1976:
1959:Human medical experiments
1536:
1532:
1443:
1253:Unveiling the Secret City
1219:, page 184. Published by
1083:Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej
824:at Jewish Virtual Library
802:10.1080/14623529908413952
523:
517:Warning of death penalty
382:), known by the codename
304:Poland's Jewish community
34:
25:
3512:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
2857:Latvian Auxiliary Police
2590:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2092:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
903:in Joshua D. Zimmerman,
619:surrounded by walls and
3602:Garden of the Righteous
3354:Identification in camps
3347:Technical and logistics
2793:Order Police battalions
990:4 December 2008 at the
784:Furth, Hans G. (1999).
376:Council for Aid to Jews
4024:Poland in World War II
3015:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2480:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
703:Stanisława Leszczyńska
338:on either side of the
285:
246:German-occupied Poland
4019:Jewish Polish history
3911:Johan Hendrik Weidner
3731:Archbishop Damaskinos
3554:Majdanek State Museum
2687:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
1591:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1395:10 April 2015 at the
1301:John T. Pawlikowski.
895:John T. Pawlikowski,
605:Further information:
392:as its president and
368:Zofia Kossak-Szczucka
312:millions of deportees
288:Further information:
267:
3861:Klymentiy Sheptytsky
3031:Mordechai Anielewicz
2742:Elisabeth Volkenrath
2627:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
2263:Arthur Liebehenschel
2188:Hermine Braunsteiner
2132:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1258:12 June 2007 at the
1235:, Hippocrene, 1998.
944:"Assistance to Jews"
901:Google Print, p. 113
3709:Notable individuals
3569:March of the Living
3441:Holocaust survivors
3305:Vrba–Wetzler report
3081:Alexander Pechersky
3041:Mordechai Tenenbaum
2490:Alexander Palfinger
2313:Johann Schwarzhuber
1873:Międzyrzec Podlaski
1852:Lviv pogroms (1941)
1753:Sonderaktion Krakau
1164:Google Print, p.149
1154:, Routledge, 1990,
1140:Google Print, p.114
923:Andrzej Sławiński,
714:Holocaust in Poland
687:John T. Pawlikowski
617:hundreds of ghettos
587:Częstochowa 24/9/42
519:for supporting Jews
22:
3931:Nations and groups
3811:Tadeusz Pankiewicz
3776:Constantin Karadja
3686:Seven Laws of Noah
3484:West German trials
3279:Wannsee Conference
3066:Itzhak Katzenelson
2818:General Government
2303:Franz Reichleitner
2233:Fritz Hartjenstein
2223:Maximilian Grabner
2142:Bruno Streckenbach
1954:Grossaktion Warsaw
1607:Operation Reinhard
1213:Mordecai Paldiel,
1124:Francis R. Nicosia
1122:Donald L. Niewyk,
1113:, p. 103-104.
950:Poland's Holocaust
940:Tadeusz Piotrowski
657:Gunnar S. Paulsson
633:General Government
631:, governor of the
594:Der Stadthauptmann
562:
554:
547:General Government
543:
320:General Government
308:invasion of Poland
286:
254:capital punishment
87:Seven Laws of Noah
4001:
4000:
3741:Odoardo Focherini
3676:Holocaust victims
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3530:
3529:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3342:
3341:
3334:Sonderaktion 1005
3208:
3207:
2891:
2890:
2869:Ypatingasis būrys
2771:
2770:
2712:Johanna Langefeld
2707:Hildegard Lächert
2603:
2602:
2439:Alfred Trzebinski
2404:Franz von Bodmann
2356:Lorenz Hackenholt
2198:Theodor van Eupen
2137:Jakob Sporrenberg
1972:
1971:
1696:
1695:
1388:Piotr Zychowicz,
1203:Google Print, p.5
1150:Antony Polonsky,
882:Macmillan, 2003.
759:www.yadvashem.org
603:
602:
380:Rada Pomocy Żydom
332:German–Soviet war
276:addressed to the
233:Polish resistance
201:
200:
54:Among the Nations
46:
45:
4031:
3906:Raoul Wallenberg
3826:Marion Pritchard
3816:Giorgio Perlasca
3791:Valdemar Langlet
3703:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3496:Treblinka trials
3481:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3295:Graebe affidavit
3288:Witness accounts
3234:Frank memorandum
3219:
3114:
3101:Szmul Zygielbojm
3091:Frumka Płotnicka
3051:Leon Feldhendler
3036:Icchak Cukierman
2990:Ghetto uprisings
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2841:Schutzmannschaft
2662:Feodor Fedorenko
2612:
2520:Wolfgang Birkner
2308:Heinrich Schwarz
2298:Josef Oberhauser
2273:Heinrich Matthes
2157:Dieter Wisliceny
2147:Richard Thomalla
2122:Heinz Reinefarth
2072:Heinrich Himmler
2017:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1942:Other atrocities
1579:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1402:
1361:Polish Righteous
1350:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1250:
1244:
1231:Iwo Pogonowski,
1229:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1187:Robert D. Cherry
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1148:
1142:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1002:
1001:
979:Dariusz Libionka
976:
970:
969:
953:
936:
930:
921:
915:
893:
887:
878:Martin Gilbert.
876:
870:
863:Franciszek Piper
860:
851:
850:
848:
846:
831:
825:
819:
810:
809:
781:
770:
769:
767:
765:
751:
745:
744:
742:
734:
590:
582:
575:
568:
563:
555:
544:
532:
528:
514:
351:Nazi death camps
203:The citizens of
193:
186:
179:
77:Rescuers of Jews
64:
48:
39:
30:on 17 April 2012
23:
21:Polish Righteous
4039:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3983:
3925:
3921:Jan Zwartendijk
3896:Johan van Hulst
3891:Corrie ten Boom
3886:Casper ten Boom
3881:Chiune Sugihara
3846:Gustav Schröder
3836:Oskar Schindler
3831:Ángel Sanz Briz
3821:Nurija Pozderac
3716:Irena Adamowicz
3704:
3695:
3659:
3650:
3645:
3615:
3606:
3573:
3526:
3517:Stutthof trials
3500:
3470:
3427:
3424:
3383:
3369:Holocaust train
3338:
3322:
3310:Witold's Report
3300:Gerstein Report
3283:
3249:Katzmann Report
3229:Auschwitz Album
3204:
3143:
3105:
3071:Michał Klepfisz
3019:
2978:
2927:
2924:
2887:
2827:
2797:Ordnungspolizei
2767:
2746:
2727:Erich Muhsfeldt
2657:Margot Dreschel
2642:Alexander Bülow
2599:
2595:Udo von Woyrsch
2585:Hermann Schaper
2580:Emanuel Schäfer
2565:Josef Meisinger
2525:Helmut Bischoff
2504:
2460:Heinz Auerswald
2448:
2390:
2338:
2332:
2328:Christian Wirth
2238:Gottlieb Hering
2161:
2127:Julian Scherner
2112:Georg Michalsen
2097:Franz Kutschera
2057:Odilo Globocnik
2008:
2005:
1968:
1937:
1799:
1757:
1738:Kielce cemetery
1692:
1629:
1568:
1565:
1528:
1439:
1434:
1400:
1397:Wayback Machine
1375:Wayback Machine
1357:
1339:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1260:Wayback Machine
1251:
1247:
1230:
1226:
1212:
1208:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1149:
1145:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1068:Kalmen Wawryk,
1067:
1063:
1057:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1005:
999:
992:Wayback Machine
977:
973:
966:
938:
937:
933:
922:
918:
894:
890:
877:
873:
861:
854:
844:
842:
833:
832:
828:
820:
813:
783:
782:
773:
763:
761:
753:
752:
748:
740:
736:
735:
731:
727:
699:
671:
665:
609:
599:
598:
595:
588:
586:
580:
579:
573:
572:
566:
565:
561:
559:
557:
553:
551:
542:
541:
537:
530:
518:
512:
496:Ostrów Lubelski
390:Julian Grobelny
296:
262:
197:
53:
42:
12:
11:
5:
4037:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3901:Raimondo Viale
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Czesław Miłosz
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Wilm Hosenfeld
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Sobibór Museum
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:Sonderkommando
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Posen speeches
3256:
3254:Korherr Report
3251:
3246:
3244:Höfle telegram
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Witold Pilecki
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Henryk Iwański
3058:
3056:Paweł Frenkiel
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2861:Arajs Kommando
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2790:
2783:Einsatzgruppen
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2737:Alice Orlowski
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:John Demjanjuk
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Gerhard Flesch
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2511:Einsatzgruppen
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2453:Ghetto command
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:Horst Schumann
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Johann Niemann
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Hermann Michel
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:Karl-Otto Koch
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Irmfried Eberl
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Fritz Katzmann
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Arthur Greiser
2064:
2062:Richard Glücks
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Ludwig Fischer
2044:
2039:
2037:Adolf Eichmann
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1701:Mass shootings
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1688:Danzig-Matzkau
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Kraków-Płaszów
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1386:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1337:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1294:
1264:
1245:
1233:Jews in Poland
1224:
1206:
1179:
1167:
1143:
1115:
1103:
1101:, p. 103.
1091:
1074:
1061:
1038:
1018:
1003:
971:
964:
931:
916:
888:
871:
852:
826:
811:
796:(2): 227–232.
771:
746:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
698:
695:
664:
661:
601:
600:
592:
529:
521:
520:
511:
508:
318:set up in the
282:United Nations
278:wartime allies
261:
258:
241:organization.
199:
198:
196:
195:
188:
181:
173:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
104:
103:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
66:
65:
57:
56:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4036:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Henryk Sławik
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Leopold Socha
3854:
3852:
3851:Irena Sendler
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Derviš Korkut
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:Marianne Golz
3749:
3747:
3746:Francis Foley
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:María Edwards
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Righteousness
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:The Holocaust
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Kielce pogrom
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Stroop Report
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Documentation
3211:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
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3046:Marek Edelman
3044:
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2932:Organizations
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2833:Collaboration
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2776:Organizations
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2723:
2722:Eduard Lorenz
2720:
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2717:Anton Lechner
2715:
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2702:Josef Kollmer
2700:
2698:
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2672:Kurt Gerstein
2670:
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2667:Hans Hoffmann
2665:
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2648:
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2637:Juana Bormann
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2575:Erich Naumann
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2530:Lothar Beutel
2528:
2526:
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2513:
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2507:
2501:
2500:Jürgen Stroop
2498:
2496:
2493:
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2470:Josef Blösche
2468:
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2445:
2444:Eduard Wirths
2442:
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2432:
2430:
2429:Josef Mengele
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Horst Fischer
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2414:Karl Gebhardt
2412:
2410:
2409:Carl Clauberg
2407:
2405:
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2381:Ludwig Plagge
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2371:Herbert Lange
2369:
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2351:Kurt Bolender
2349:
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2323:Gustav Wagner
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2248:Franz Hössler
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2183:Wilhelm Boger
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2110:
2108:
2105:
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2102:Erwin Lambert
2100:
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2087:Wilhelm Koppe
2085:
2083:
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2077:Hermann Höfle
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2042:Theodor Eicke
2040:
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2018:
2015:
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1743:Aktion Krakau
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1713:Bloody Sunday
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1635:Concentration
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1583:Extermination
1580:
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1451:The Holocaust
1449:
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1338:9788382294194
1334:
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1326:
1323:(in Polish).
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1298:
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1241:0-7818-0604-6
1238:
1234:
1228:
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1204:
1200:
1199:0-7425-4666-7
1196:
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1160:0-415-04232-1
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1136:0-231-11200-9
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1055:83-7257-103-1
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913:0-8135-3158-6
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840:sztetl.org.pl
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692:
688:
683:
681:
680:Hans G. Furth
677:
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662:
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658:
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651:Volksdeutsche
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394:Irena Sendler
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271:
266:
259:
257:
255:
251:
250:and dangerous
247:
242:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:Polish-Jewish
226:
222:
221:the Holocaust
218:
215:, for saving
214:
210:
206:
194:
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180:
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108:
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106:
105:
102:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
82:Righteousness
80:
78:
75:
73:
72:The Holocaust
70:
69:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
49:
38:
33:
29:
28:Polish Senate
24:
18:
16:
3916:Rudolf Weigl
3876:Tina Strobos
3841:Anton Schmid
3766:Feng-Shan Ho
3756:Jane Haining
3721:Gino Bartali
3586:
3315:
3239:Höcker Album
3222:Nazi sources
3110:Victim lists
3076:Miles Lerman
2883:Trawniki men
2823:Hotel Polski
2732:Detlef Nebbe
2697:Oswald Kaduk
2692:Karl Jeschke
2570:Bruno Müller
2560:Felix Landau
2545:Ernst Damzog
2540:Karl Brunner
2509:
2485:Franz Konrad
2386:Adolf Theuer
2339:executioners
2318:Franz Stangl
2288:Robert Mulka
2258:Josef Kramer
2208:Karl Frenzel
2178:Richard Baer
2173:Hans Aumeier
2166:Camp command
2152:Otto Wächter
2032:Josef Bühler
2027:Viktor Brack
2013:Perpetrators
1605:
1447:Main article
1369:Anna Poray,
1320:
1312:Bibliography
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1280:
1267:
1248:
1232:
1227:
1215:
1209:
1190:
1182:
1170:
1151:
1146:
1127:
1118:
1106:
1094:
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1077:
1069:
1064:
1041:
1030:
1021:
983:
974:
949:
934:
924:
919:
904:
896:
891:
879:
874:
866:
843:. Retrieved
839:
829:
805:
793:
789:
764:29 September
762:. Retrieved
758:
749:
732:
684:
672:
655:
646:szmalcowniks
644:
640:
637:
610:
593:
583:
576:
569:
560:
552:
538:
534:
533:
413:
400:
398:
383:
379:
363:
348:
328:Nazi ghettos
300:World War II
297:
280:of the then-
243:
236:
212:
202:
144:
17:
15:
3866:Ona Šimaitė
3359:Gas chamber
3327:Concealment
3318:photographs
3165:Gross-Rosen
3134:Lviv (Lwów)
3096:Roza Robota
3000:Częstochowa
2632:Herta Bothe
2622:Hans Anhalt
2615:Camp guards
2555:Ludwig Hahn
2535:Paul Blobel
2475:Franz Bürkl
2465:Hans Biebow
2424:Fritz Klein
2361:Josef Klehr
2346:Erich Bauer
2337:Gas chamber
2283:Karl Möckel
2268:Maria Mandl
2243:Rudolf Höss
2228:Otto Hantke
2117:Oswald Pohl
2107:Ernst Lerch
1918:Stanisławów
1828:Częstochowa
1718:Bronna Góra
1648:Gross-Rosen
1643:Auschwitz I
1401:(in Polish)
1058:(in Polish)
1035:(in Polish)
1000:(in Polish)
625:Polish Jews
621:barbed-wire
611:During the
535:Concerning:
340:Curzon Line
4008:Categories
3959:Lithuanian
3781:Jan Karski
3691:Yad Vashem
2682:Irma Grese
2677:Paul Götze
2647:Luise Danz
2396:Physicians
2203:Kurt Franz
2052:Hans Frank
2020:Organizers
1964:Heidelager
1383:Yad Vashem
1355:References
1347:1325606240
1243:. Page 99.
676:Yad Vashem
667:See also:
629:Hans Frank
596:Dr. Franke
498:area, and
484:Tyśmienica
272:", by the
260:Activities
209:Yad Vashem
135:Lithuanian
101:By country
92:Yad Vashem
3979:Ukrainian
3964:Norwegian
3796:Carl Lutz
3536:Memorials
3433:Aftermath
3200:Treblinka
3155:Auschwitz
3010:Treblinka
2995:Białystok
2983:Uprisings
2763:Treblinka
2608:Personnel
2376:Otto Moll
2366:Hans Koch
2218:Amon Göth
1949:Action T4
1913:Sosnowiec
1883:Nowy Sącz
1818:Białystok
1785:Szczuczyn
1733:Erntefest
1723:Bydgoszcz
1708:Białystok
1623:Treblinka
1499:Lithuania
994:(Warsaw:
456:Głupianka
448:Dąbrowica
409:Treblinka
165:Ukrainian
140:Norwegian
130:Hungarian
52:Righteous
3944:Croatian
3939:Austrian
3664:Overview
3379:Zyklon B
3195:Trawniki
3190:Stutthof
3175:Majdanek
1923:Tarnopol
1863:Lubartów
1775:Jedwabne
1678:Trawniki
1668:Stutthof
1658:Potulice
1601:Majdanek
1519:Slovakia
1393:Archived
1256:Archived
988:Archived
942:(1997).
697:See also
480:Makoszka
476:Jedlanka
355:Gentiles
155:Romanian
115:Croatian
110:Austrian
3974:Serbian
3364:Gas van
3180:Sobibór
3117:Ghettos
3024:Leaders
3005:Sobibor
2758:Sobibor
2751:By camp
1898:Siedlce
1805:Ghettos
1790:Tykocin
1762:Pogroms
1748:Palmiry
1673:Szebnie
1618:Sobibor
1596:Chełmno
1524:Ukraine
1509:Romania
1489:Germany
1479:Estonia
1474:Denmark
1469:Croatia
1464:Belgium
1459:Belarus
1373:at the
1363:at the
1287:21 June
845:6 March
691:Servite
685:Father
663:Numbers
502:, near
492:Parczew
464:Teresin
440:Borkowo
436:Ozorków
424:Głuchów
420:Markowa
388:, with
298:Before
211:as the
160:Serbian
3969:Polish
3954:German
3476:Trials
3451:Bricha
3185:Soldau
3170:Izbica
3160:Bełżec
3139:Warsaw
3124:Kraków
2964:Żegota
1933:Warsaw
1908:Słonim
1903:Sambor
1878:Mizocz
1868:Lublin
1843:Kraków
1838:Kielce
1833:Grodno
1813:Będzin
1795:Wąsosz
1771:(1946)
1769:Kielce
1683:Warsaw
1663:Soldau
1613:Belzec
1514:Russia
1504:Norway
1494:Latvia
1484:France
1379:Israel
1345:
1335:
1325:Warsaw
1239:
1197:
1176:Poland
1158:
1134:
1087:Kraków
1053:
1047:Warsaw
962:
911:
899:, in,
884:pp 101
531:NOTICE
486:, and
460:Otwock
452:Ulanów
444:Sierpc
432:Główne
428:Łańcut
405:Warsaw
401:Żegota
385:Żegota
372:Kossak
344:Romani
284:, 1942
238:Żegota
205:Poland
145:Polish
125:German
3949:Czech
3148:Camps
2808:RKFDV
1928:Wilno
1893:Radom
1888:Pińsk
1823:Brest
1728:Dynów
1574:Camps
741:(PDF)
725:Notes
504:Głusk
500:Mętów
488:Bójki
472:Rudka
468:Chełm
466:near
458:near
454:, in
450:near
442:near
426:near
416:saved
120:Czech
3591:List
3129:Łódź
2949:Bund
2813:VoMi
2803:WVHA
1858:Łódź
1848:Lwów
1780:Lviv
1343:OCLC
1333:ISBN
1289:2013
1237:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1051:ISBN
960:ISBN
909:ISBN
847:2023
766:2018
510:Risk
422:and
292:and
217:Jews
149:list
2974:ŻZW
2969:ŻOB
2959:PKB
2944:AOB
1381:'s
956:118
798:doi
689:(a
641:see
490:in
244:In
4010::
3993:•
2954:GL
2939:AK
2875:/
2871:,
2867:,
2863:,
2859:,
2855:,
2851:/
2847:,
2787:SS
1341:.
1331:.
1327::
1279:.
1201:,
1162:,
1138:,
1126:,
1085:,
1006:^
958:.
946:.
855:^
838:.
814:^
804:.
792:.
788:.
774:^
757:.
643::
482:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
462:,
446:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
302:,
3640:e
3633:t
3626:v
3593:)
3589:(
3419:e
3412:t
3405:v
2919:e
2912:t
2905:v
2879:)
2843:(
2799:)
2795:(
2789:)
2785:(
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1854:)
1850:(
1560:e
1553:t
1546:v
1429:e
1422:t
1415:v
1349:.
1291:.
968:.
886:.
849:.
800::
794:1
768:.
743:.
494:-
378:(
362:(
268:"
192:e
185:t
178:v
151:)
147:(
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