22:
122:
427:
which they usually represent (and rough equivalents for them), other possible pronunciations, and letter frequencies. Diacritics are shown for the sake of clarity. For more information about the sounds, see
392:). As a result, they are sometimes included in the Polish alphabet (bringing the total number of letters in the alphabet to 35); when included, they take their usual positions from the
3260:
2539:
When giving the spelling of words, certain letters may be said in more emphatic ways to distinguish them from other identically pronounced characters. For example,
3386:
1715:
3718:
225:, which are used only in foreign words, are usually absent from the Polish alphabet. Additionally, before the standardization of Polish spelling,
1315:
3327:
2503:
The names of the letters are not normally written out in the way shown above, except as part of certain lexicalized abbreviations, such as
1972:
1299:
913:
560:
2300:
2244:
1808:
1764:
1262:
699:
2192:
105:
2280:
2229:
1827:
718:
39:
3517:
3497:
2093:
948:
853:
86:
3512:
3507:
3502:
905:
837:
290:
are not used in any native Polish words and are mostly found in foreign words (such as place names) and commercial names. In
43:
58:
3487:
3445:
3379:
2360:
2164:) and some names, as Xymena, Xawery, surnames as Xiężopolski, Axentowicz, Axer and names of some companies in Poland with
1883:
801:
3467:
2078:
2005:
1528:
1455:
963:
483:
65:
3606:
3591:
3146:
2720:
1964:
1585:
1508:
1120:
552:
2516:
Some letters may be referred to in alternative ways, often consisting of just the sound of the letter. For example,
2755:(Latin-10) encodings include glyphs of the Polish alphabet. Microsoft's format for encoding the Polish alphabet is
2344:
1911:
1875:
1614:
1171:
1136:
793:
773:
644:
612:
500:
32:
2292:
1819:
1476:
1467:
1050:
710:
72:
3713:
3708:
3372:
1948:
1859:
1569:
1359:
1080:
781:
3288:
3477:
3181:
1903:
1666:
1630:
1207:
1010:
765:
659:
595:
54:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3524:
3186:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2395:
1421:
1409:
1068:
1516:
3559:
2638:
2481:
1891:
1403:
1344:
750:
3596:
3579:
3564:
2358:
2342:
2298:
2278:
2242:
2227:
2190:
2091:
2076:
2003:
1970:
1962:
1946:
1909:
1901:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1857:
1825:
1806:
1762:
1713:
1664:
1628:
1612:
1583:
1567:
1526:
1506:
1474:
1453:
1413:
1401:
1386:
1357:
1342:
1313:
1297:
1260:
1222:
1220:
1205:
1169:
1134:
1118:
1078:
1066:
1048:
1008:
995:
993:
961:
946:
911:
903:
880:
851:
835:
799:
791:
779:
771:
763:
748:
716:
697:
657:
642:
610:
593:
558:
550:
527:
498:
481:
3661:
3641:
2432:
1388:
3462:
3440:
3171:
2724:
2712:
2507:(or PeKaO), the name of a bank, which represents the spoken form of the abbreviation P.K.O. (for
2485:
2374:
2366:
2314:
2306:
2254:
2250:
2099:
1897:
1833:
1782:
1738:
1636:
1429:
1415:
1236:
1228:
1143:
1094:
1074:
1024:
1016:
969:
920:
811:
787:
724:
673:
665:
618:
567:
249:
158:
3549:
3534:
3358:
3666:
3574:
3554:
3544:
3457:
3406:
3323:
3142:
257:
253:
245:
79:
3472:
3423:
2763:
2728:
2653:
1730:
429:
424:
3343:
3676:
3656:
3621:
3601:
3395:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2676:. The accented letters also have their own sections in dictionaries (words beginning with
2657:
2649:
206:
184:
154:
134:
3646:
3616:
3611:
3584:
3569:
3539:
3529:
3492:
3482:
3452:
3433:
3176:
2744:
2700:
393:
162:
150:
3152:
A common test sentence containing all the Polish diacritic letters is the nonsensical
2715:
the Polish alphabet for computers. All letters of the Polish alphabet are included in
1141:
before a consonant; marks palatization of the preceding consonant before a vowel (see
3702:
3681:
3671:
3651:
3416:
3315:
3274:
1482:
2687:
Digraphs are not given any special treatment in alphabetical ordering. For example,
419:
The following table lists the letters of the alphabet, their Polish names (see also
2756:
882:
529:
170:
125:
The Polish alphabet. Grey indicates letters not used in native words (Q, V, and X).
3348:
2664:
are treated as fully independent letters in alphabetical ordering. For example,
21:
2431:
was historically used in native words prior to the 1891 spelling reform by the
3411:
378:). In addition, they can occasionally be found in common abbreviations (e.g.,
121:
2743:
of
Unicode. The standard 8-bit character encoding for the Polish alphabet is
2387:
For
English speakers who end the word with a nasal vowel and not a consonant.
1729:
Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely – a trill. See
3319:
2661:
273:
166:
342:'oxymoron'), although some loanwords retain their original spelling (e.g.,
2484:
and other rules about spelling and the corresponding pronunciations, see
2399:
291:
3235:
2156:'duchy'), which remains in abbreviations of these words (sometimes used
2771:
2716:
2533:
2140:, also historical letter for native words prior to 19th century, e.g.,
3311:
2736:
198:
2496:
The spoken Polish names of the letters are given in the table under
3364:
3159:
2732:
2504:
269:
120:
2767:
2426:
2322:
2262:
1790:
1539:
1437:
1281:
864:
681:
511:
244:
Modified variations of the Polish alphabet are used for writing
3368:
2739:
can be used. The Polish alphabet is completely included in the
15:
3353:
354:), and in a few cases both spellings are accepted (such as
2211:
2174:
2108:
2060:
1984:
1922:
1841:
1746:
1697:
1645:
1596:
1490:
1370:
1326:
1244:
1189:
1153:
1102:
1032:
977:
930:
819:
732:
626:
577:
465:
3289:"Niesubordynowany korespondent – Poradnia językowa PWN"
1969:
between palatal or palatalized consonants, sometimes
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2595:('open u', a reference to its graphical form) or
2459:'pope'). Now it is used in some loanwords, e.g.,
3361:, interactive listen-along guide from Culture.pl
2762:The Polish letters which are not present in the
2641:uses the order of letters as in the table under
423:below), the Polish spelling alphabet name, the
268:There are 32 letters in the Polish alphabet: 9
3380:
3349:Polish Pronunciation Audio and Grammar Charts
2575:('z with an overdot') to distinguish it from
8:
3153:
2731:), and thus Unicode-based encodings such as
2671:
2665:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2596:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
899:q (Also depends on where it is in the word)
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
188:
174:
144:
138:
2629:('dashed ó', 'dashed o', 'o with a dash').
3387:
3373:
3365:
3359:A Foreigner's Guide to the Polish Alphabet
3354:Online editor for typing Polish characters
1590:between palatal or palatalized consonants
1533:between palatal or palatalized consonants
858:between palatal or palatalized consonants
505:between palatal or palatalized consonants
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2958:
2776:
434:
3226:
3198:
2648:Note that (unlike in languages such as
2018:Only in some traditional loanwords as
1679:Only in some traditional loanwords as
384:'priest' can be abbreviated as either
165:but includes certain letters (9) with
2420:⟩, though it is phonetically .
546:(Depends on where it is in the word)
420:
7:
2601:('normal u') to distinguish it from
1275:May be instead in eastern dialects
44:adding citations to reliable sources
3344:Polish Alphabet & Pronunciation
2549:('h alone') to distinguish it from
2520:may be called as it is pronounced:
1085:in a small number of dialects. For
14:
3275:"Q, V, X – Poradnia językowa PWN"
2699:and not as a single letter as in
20:
3518:Southern Greater Polish dialect
3498:Northern Greater Polish dialect
3308:Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar
229:was sometimes used in place of
31:needs additional citations for
3719:Polish letters with diacritics
3513:Eastern Greater Polish dialect
3508:Central Greater Polish dialect
3503:Western Greater Polish dialect
2711:There are several systems for
1364:before labiodental consonants
1:
2680:are not usually listed under
294:they are usually replaced by
181:⟨ć, ń, ó, ś, ź⟩
118:Script of the Polish language
3468:Greater Poland dialect group
3261:"Witamy w PORADNI JĘZYKOWEJ"
2642:
2605:, which is sometimes called
2497:
1320:instead in eastern dialects
264:Letters: aspect, name, value
256:use a mixture of Polish and
159:Polish system of orthography
3607:Masovian Borderland dialect
3592:Lesser Poland dialect group
3158:('Yellow the ego with/of a
3147:Combining Diacritical Marks
3735:
2136:Only in some loanwords as
2050:and in artistic forms, as
3402:
3209:is typically replaced by
3141:For other encodings, see
2747:(Latin-2), although both
1515:(for accents without the
3306:Sadowska, Iwona (2012).
2741:Basic Multilingual Plane
2414:transcribed phonetically
910:word-finally and before
3488:Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect
3478:Bory Tucholskie dialect
3182:Cyrillization of Polish
3637:Eastern Lublin dialect
3632:Western Lublin dialect
3627:Eastern Krakow dialect
3525:Masovian dialect group
3187:Polish manual alphabet
3154:
2672:
2666:
2660:) Polish letters with
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2543:may be referred to as
2528:
2522:
2509:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
306:, respectively (as in
189:
175:
145:
139:
126:
3560:Near Mazovian dialect
2691:is treated simply as
2639:alphabetical ordering
2398:may be pronounced as
161:. It is based on the
124:
3565:Far Mazovian dialect
203:⟨ą, ę⟩
157:, the basis for the
40:improve this article
3662:Podegrodzie dialect
2766:have the following
2433:Academy of Learning
2253:. For digraphs see
2042:, some acronyms as
386:⟨ks.⟩
3233:As on the picture
3211:⟨kw⟩
3207:⟨qu⟩
3172:Polish orthography
2725:Latin-1 Supplement
2689:⟨ch⟩
2633:Alphabetical order
2577:⟨rz⟩
2551:⟨ch⟩
2510:Polska Kasa Opieki
2486:Polish orthography
1722:American English a
456:other) equivalent
390:⟨x.⟩
304:⟨ks⟩
239:⟨ks⟩
231:⟨kw⟩
227:⟨qu⟩
127:
3696:
3695:
3580:Białystok dialect
3575:Podlachia dialect
3545:Masurian dialects
3329:978-0-415-47541-9
3240:Wikimedia Commons
3155:Zażółć gęślą jaźń
3143:Polish code pages
3139:
3138:
2957:
2956:
2707:Computer encoding
2697:⟨h⟩
2693:⟨c⟩
2682:⟨c⟩
2678:⟨ć⟩
2603:⟨ó⟩
2587:⟨u⟩
2561:⟨ż⟩
2541:⟨h⟩
2518:⟨y⟩
2474:chargé d’affaires
2380:
2379:
1077:, may be glottal
454:Rough English (or
414:⟨w⟩
410:⟨x⟩
406:⟨v⟩
402:⟨p⟩
398:⟨q⟩
300:⟨w⟩
296:⟨k⟩
288:⟨x⟩
284:⟨v⟩
280:⟨q⟩
258:Czech orthography
254:Sorbian languages
235:⟨x⟩
223:⟨x⟩
219:⟨v⟩
215:⟨q⟩
211:⟨ł⟩
195:⟨ż⟩
116:
115:
108:
90:
55:"Polish alphabet"
3726:
3642:Przemyśl dialect
3473:Kociewie dialect
3389:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3333:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3157:
2959:
2777:
2764:English alphabet
2729:Latin Extended-A
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2611:('closed u') or
2610:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2492:Names of letters
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2430:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2364:
2348:
2304:
2284:
2248:
2233:
2196:
2097:
2082:
2009:
1976:
1968:
1952:
1915:
1907:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1863:
1831:
1812:
1768:
1731:Polish phonology
1719:
1670:
1634:
1618:
1589:
1573:
1532:
1512:
1480:
1459:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1392:
1363:
1348:
1319:
1303:
1266:
1226:
1211:
1175:
1140:
1124:
1084:
1072:
1054:
1014:
999:
967:
952:
917:
909:
886:
857:
841:
805:
797:
785:
777:
769:
754:
722:
703:
663:
648:
616:
599:
564:
556:
533:
504:
487:
435:
430:Polish phonology
421:Names of letters
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
387:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
301:
297:
289:
285:
281:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
196:
192:
182:
178:
148:
142:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3714:Polish language
3709:Latin alphabets
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3677:Podhale dialect
3657:Goral ethnolect
3622:Lasovia dialect
3602:Sieradz dialect
3597:Łęczyca dialect
3550:Suwałki dialect
3535:Ostróda dialect
3398:
3396:Polish language
3393:
3340:
3330:
3305:
3302:
3300:Further reading
3297:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3168:
3149:Unicode block.
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2709:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2635:
2602:
2586:
2576:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2517:
2494:
2424:
2405:
2390:
2383:
2293:alveolo-palatal
1820:alveolo-palatal
1468:alveolo-palatal
711:alveolo-palatal
455:
444:
439:
425:Polish phonemes
413:
412:either side of
409:
405:
401:
397:
389:
385:
303:
299:
295:
287:
283:
279:
266:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
202:
197:); the tail or
194:
180:
155:Polish language
131:Polish alphabet
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3732:
3730:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3667:Żywiec dialect
3664:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:Krakow dialect
3614:
3612:Kielce dialect
3609:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3585:Warsaw dialect
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Kurpie dialect
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Łowicz dialect
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Warmia dialect
3537:
3532:
3530:Lubawa dialect
3522:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Kujawy dialect
3490:
3485:
3483:Krajna dialect
3480:
3475:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3338:External links
3336:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3280:
3266:
3252:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Polish braille
3174:
3167:
3164:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2751:(Latin-7) and
2708:
2705:
2634:
2631:
2589:may be called
2563:may be called
2493:
2490:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2296:
2285:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2240:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1823:
1813:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1683:and recent as
1677:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1513:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1460:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1144:Spelling rules
1132:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1006:
1000:
991:
986:
981:
973:
972:
959:
953:
944:
939:
934:
926:
925:
902:, , ; becomes
900:
887:
878:
873:
868:
860:
859:
849:
842:
833:
828:
823:
815:
814:
761:
755:
746:
741:
736:
728:
727:
714:
704:
695:
690:
685:
677:
676:
655:
649:
640:
635:
630:
622:
621:
608:
600:
591:
586:
581:
573:
572:
549:, , ; becomes
547:
534:
525:
520:
515:
507:
506:
495:
488:
479:
474:
469:
461:
460:
457:
452:
449:
446:
441:
394:Latin alphabet
265:
262:
252:, whereas the
163:Latin alphabet
140:alfabet polski
117:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3731:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3683:
3682:Spisz dialect
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Orawa dialect
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Biecz dialect
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3417:Middle Polish
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3316:New York City
3313:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3241:
3237:
3236:"GDL Statute"
3230:
3227:
3220:
3202:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2685:
2674:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2415:
2412:is sometimes
2407:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:after vowels
1974:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:syllable coda
1478:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:
975:
974:
971:
965:
960:
957:
954:
950:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:
928:
927:
923:
922:
915:
907:
901:
898:
895:, as French c
894:
893:
888:
884:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:
862:
861:
855:
850:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:
817:
816:
813:
809:
803:
795:
789:
783:
775:
767:
762:
759:
756:
752:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
734:
730:
729:
726:
720:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
683:
679:
678:
675:
671:
667:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:
624:
623:
620:
614:
609:
607:
604:
601:
597:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:
575:
574:
570:
569:
562:
554:
548:
545:
542:, as French b
541:
540:
535:
531:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:
509:
508:
502:
497:More frontal
496:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:
463:
462:
459:Other values
458:
453:
450:
447:
442:
437:
436:
433:
431:
426:
422:
417:
395:
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
293:
277:
275:
271:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
208:
200:
191:
186:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
141:
136:
132:
123:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
3647:Lwów dialect
3428:
3307:
3283:
3269:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:
3229:
3205:The digraph
3201:
3151:
3140:
3034:ź
3029:ś
3024:ó
3019:ń
3014:ł
3004:ć
2994:HTML entity
2852:Ź
2847:Ś
2842:Ó
2837:Ń
2832:Ł
2822:Ć
2812:HTML entity
2774:codepoints:
2761:
2757:Windows-1250
2710:
2695:followed by
2686:
2670:comes after
2647:
2636:
2620:o kreskowane
2614:ó kreskowane
2572:zet z kropką
2566:żet z kropką
2538:
2526:rather than
2515:
2502:
2495:
2479:
2423:
2406:
2396:/t.t͡ʂd.d͡ʐ/
2391:
2384:
2370:
2352:
2338:zet z kropką
2337:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2310:
2288:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2236:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2200:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2085:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:, recent as
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1867:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1815:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1778:
1771:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1734:
1723:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1622:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1577:
1562:
1559:o kreskowane
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1520:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1463:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1425:
1395:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1351:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1306:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1269:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1232:
1214:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1142:
1128:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1090:
1086:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1020:
1002:
988:
983:
976:
955:
941:
936:
929:
921:Nasal vowels
919:
896:
891:
889:
875:
870:
863:
845:
830:
825:
818:
807:
757:
743:
738:
731:
706:
692:
687:
680:
669:
652:
637:
632:
625:
606:
602:
588:
583:
576:
568:Nasal vowels
566:
543:
538:
536:
522:
517:
510:
491:
476:
471:
464:
451:Usual value
448:Polish name
418:
278:
267:
243:
237:in place of
171:acute accent
130:
128:
102:
96:October 2021
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
3145:, but also
3039:ż
3009:ę
2999:ą
2962:Lower case
2857:Ż
2827:Ę
2817:Ą
2780:Upper case
2753:ISO 8859-16
2749:ISO 8859-13
2721:Basic Latin
2608:u zamknięte
2416:as ⟨
2160:instead of
1832:(cf. Ź) if
1563:u zamknięte
330:'savanna',
324:'veranda',
205:); and the
3703:Categories
3458:Morphology
3412:Old Polish
3245:4 November
3221:References
3037:ż
3032:ź
3027:ś
3022:ó
3017:ń
3012:ł
3007:ę
3002:ć
2997:ą
2855:Ż
2850:Ź
2845:Ś
2840:Ó
2835:Ń
2830:Ł
2825:Ę
2820:Ć
2815:Ą
2770:codes and
2745:ISO 8859-2
2662:diacritics
2626:o z kreską
2394:Sequences
2152:'prince',
2020:varsaviana
1555:o z kreską
1517:cot-caught
670:ch, ci, cz
274:consonants
167:diacritics
66:newspapers
3424:Phonology
3320:Routledge
2592:u otwarte
2400:geminates
1942:u otwarte
1519:merger) l
1412:; can be
810:etc. see
339:oksymoron
336:'extra',
318:'quark',
312:'niqab',
292:loanwords
250:Kashubian
149:) is the
3463:Dialects
3441:Spelling
3429:Alphabet
3166:See also
3044:Unicode
2862:Unicode
2719:(blocks
2713:encoding
2598:u zwykłe
2482:digraphs
2453:'four',
2435:, e.g.,
2429:⟩
2425:⟨
2375:Digraphs
2367:devoiced
2315:Digraphs
2307:devoiced
2255:Digraphs
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