581:
115:
498:
38:
1371:
554:
451:
459:
446:
233:
1172:
1157:
and their supporters more or less completely cowed by the secret police, by striking their names from voting lists and by arrest. The
Communist-dominated Government ventured to predict an "overwhelming" victory." Historian Piotr Wrobel wrote that this election saw "the highest level of repression and terror" that was ever seen during the four decades of Communist rule in Poland.
2218:
132:
917:
375:
1394:
With the support of a majority in its own right and the departure of Mikołajczyk, the
Communist-dominated government set about consolidating its now-total control over the country—a process completed in 1948, when the Communists forced what remained of the Polish Socialist Party to merge with them to
1106:, UB). 98 opposition parliamentary candidates were also crossed from the registration lists under these accusations. In some regions the government disqualified the entire People's Party list under various technical and legal pretenses, most commonly in regions known to be People's Party strongholds.
1156:
article covering the elections noted in its lead paragraph: "In a spirit of partisan exuberance tempered with terror, Poland approached its first nationwide popular election, ten days hence. By last week most of the combined opposition (Socialist and Polish
Peasant Party) candidates had been jailed,
1137:
Opposition candidates and activists were persecuted until election day; only the PPR and its allies were allowed to campaign unhindered. The publicized results were falsified, with the official results known to selected government officials long before the actual elections took place and any votes
1357:
In his post-election report to Stalin, Pałkin estimated that the real results (i.e. votes cast) gave the
Democratic Bloc about 50% of the vote. The opposition contended that it had the support of 63 percent of the voting population and would have received about 80% of the votes had the elections
1421:, it was part of the Communist-led coalition. However, this grouping increasingly took on a character similar to other "coalitions" in the Communist world. The ZSL and SD were reduced to being mostly subservient satellites of the Communists, and were required to accept the Communists' "
1075:, the PPR proposed to present voters with a single list from all of the legal parties in the country. The PSL rejected this proposal almost out of hand. Eventually, only the PPS, SD and SL joined the Democratic Bloc. Every electoral district had Democratic Bloc's candidates on List 3.
1145:
were simply destroyed without being counted, or exchanged with boxes filled with prepared votes. Where possible, government officials simply filled in the numbers in the relevant documents as per instructions from Soviet and PPR officials without bothering to count the real votes.
1382:
had the election been honest – saw no hope in further struggle and, fearing for their lives, left the country. Western governments issued only token protests, if any, which led many anti-Communist Poles to speak of postwar
2819:
2992:
2779:
1425:" as a condition of their continued existence. As a result, this would be the last election in which true opposition parties would be even nominally allowed to take part until the partly free election of
1102:). Over 80,000 members of the Polish People's Party were arrested under various false charges in the month preceding the election, and around 100 of them were murdered by the Polish Secret Police (
1110:
1129:) and acting president, asked for Soviet assistance in the election. Over 40% of the members of the electoral commissions who were supposed to monitor the voting were recruited by the UB.
2772:
1402:
Gomułka wanted to adapt the Soviet blueprint to Polish circumstances, and believed it was possible to be both a
Communist and a Polish patriot at the same time. He was also wary of the
1767:
534:
2746:
3209:
3158:
2674:
2919:
2765:
1249:
270:
2829:
2689:
2934:
1078:
The
January 1947 elections held under the supervision of the PPR fell well short of being "free and unfettered." The PPR, under the leadership of general secretary
513:
1017:(ORMO). The elections were heavily manipulated, and the opposition claimed that it would have won in a landslide had the election been conducted in a fair manner.
1036:
By 1946, Poland was mostly under the control of the Soviet Union and its proxies, the PPR. In 1946 the communists already tested their strength by falsifying the
2162:
438:
1413:
The PSL lingered on for a year and a half under increasing harassment. In 1949, the rump of the PSL merged with the pro-Communist People's Party to form the
957:
2814:
2939:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
3199:
2727:
2206:
1095:
2184:
1213:
167:
2839:
1853:
2834:
1087:
3214:
3128:
673:
2722:
2684:
1906:
1469:
1072:
867:
859:
855:
1946:"By January the fixed Polish election that sent the Peasant Party leader Stanisław Mikołajczyk, who probably should have won, into exile."
894:
839:
3074:
2929:
1775:
758:
737:
729:
3189:
2859:
2669:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2146:
1426:
1118:
1037:
819:
771:
703:
69:
52:
2801:
2788:
1722:
1499:
519:
3219:
3194:
3094:
2732:
2717:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2081:
2054:
2014:
1943:
1681:
1654:
1580:
1513:
1090:
had been dominated by the
Communists – to remove 409,326 people from the electoral rolls, as 'anti-government bandits' (i.e.,
698:
1414:
1109:
The electoral fraud was organized and closely monitored by UB specialists, who worked closely with their Soviet counterparts like
2982:
2864:
2130:
1801:
950:
662:
654:
3069:
2909:
1410:. His line was branded as "rightist-nationalist deviation," and he was pushed out as party leader in 1948 in favour of Bierut.
1407:
783:
1685:
2987:
2199:
1418:
1067:
was well aware that if Poland held a free election, it would result in an anti-Soviet government. Conditioned in part by the
3064:
2085:
1947:
1658:
3138:
3089:
3044:
1025:
580:
3204:
3168:
3148:
2997:
1358:
been free and fair. The only official electoral document known to exist showed the PSL taking 54 percent of the vote in
1002:
930:
2170:
1959:
1697:
1596:
2924:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
1625:
1396:
943:
832:
2792:
2115:
1049:
152:
2518:
2508:
2453:
1881:
2954:
2869:
1388:
1103:
1099:
489:
3029:
2971:
1079:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2445:
2192:
1068:
998:
711:
327:
2154:
1379:
979:
600:
588:
497:
338:
320:
1827:
1621:
1006:
1575:(Elections campaign and the elections to the Legislative Sejm of 19 January 1947), Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1999
1141:
The real results were not known to anyone. In areas where the government had sufficient control, some of the
1063:
in Poland. However, the
Kremlin and the PPR had no intention of permitting an honest election. Soviet leader
3007:
2006:
1987:
1755:
1195:
1086:
introduced before the elections allowed the government – which since its establishment in 1944 by the
678:
643:
635:
162:
2699:
2694:
2679:
2112:
The Role of the MGB of USSR in the
Sovietization of Poland: the Referendum and Sejm Elections in 1946-1947
1126:
994:
646:
572:
409:
396:
348:
331:
255:
1857:
665:
3133:
3116:
3002:
2944:
2809:
2661:
2226:
1231:
716:
265:
2049:(Elections to the Legislative Sejm on 19 January 1947 in the light of citizens complains), TRIO, 2003,
344:
2844:
2290:
1021:
1001:(SD) and non-partisan candidates officially received 80% of the vote and 394 of the 444 seats in the
990:
847:
778:
614:
430:
1114:
3163:
3143:
3105:
3059:
3054:
2854:
2757:
2709:
2623:
2235:
2222:
2029:
1378:
Many members of opposition parties, including Mikołajczyk – who would have likely become the
1370:
1024:
enough legitimacy to claim that Poland was 'free and democratic', thus allowing Poland to sign the
900:
788:
691:
627:
560:
553:
474:
114:
1914:
1657:"On January 19, 1947, the first Polish elections were held. They were widely seen as fraudulent."
1530:
3153:
3039:
1359:
547:
422:
388:
365:
17:
2900:
1122:
1009:, was officially credited with 28 seats. However, the elections were characterized by violence;
477:
147:
1998:
3049:
2824:
2126:
2077:
2050:
2010:
1939:
1677:
1650:
1576:
1509:
1465:
1438:
890:
885:
609:
3084:
3079:
2879:
1882:"Pułkownik Pałkin raportuje: Sfałszowanie wyborów w Polsce nie zbulwersowało opinii Zachodu"
1384:
1048:
stance). By 1947 the only remaining legal opposition was the Polish People's Party (PSL) of
505:
450:
250:
2155:
Pułkownik Pałkin raportuje: Sfałszowanie wyborów w Polsce nie zbulwersowało opinii
Zachodu.
1751:
1391:, and Bierut, who was also a citizen of the USSR, was elected president by the parliament.
1082:, embarked on a ruthless campaign to snuff out the PSL and all other potential opposition.
458:
2949:
2884:
2874:
2849:
2084:"In January 1947, manifestly rigged Polish elections gave Communists 80.1% of the vote..."
1726:
1150:
1056:
745:
445:
3121:
2959:
2063:
1983:
1422:
1171:
1010:
750:
526:
3183:
3018:
2914:
2895:
2107:
2101:, Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No. 2 (May, 1958), pp. 200–218,
2094:, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 403–424,
1457:
1091:
1064:
921:
404:
232:
3034:
1083:
975:
568:
596:
481:
2047:
Wybory do Sejmu Ustawodawczego z 19 stycznia 1947 roku w świetle skarg ludności
1387:". In the same year, the new Communist-dominated Legislative Sejm adopted the
1142:
1041:
1963:
1701:
1600:
1505:
1403:
987:
2025:
1885:
1538:
1060:
374:
131:
2102:
2067:
2217:
2123:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Volume II, 1795 to the Present
971:
795:
1831:
1573:
Kampania wyborcza i wybory do Sejmu Ustawodawczego 19 stycznia 1947
1369:
807:
2092:
Sejm Elections in Communist Poland: An Overview and a Reappraisal
1020:
The election gave the Soviets and the communist-dominated Polish
1045:
1014:
466:
83:
2761:
2188:
2074:
Forging Democracy the History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000
1936:
The Golden Age Is in Us: Journeys and Encounters, 1987-1994
1698:"Poland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05"
1013:
opposition candidates and activists were persecuted by the
1684:, "...the elections of January 1947 were clearly rigged."
1622:"Commanding Heights : Poland Overview | on PBS"
1417:. Along with the other legal minor party in Poland, the
2179:
1723:"The Historical Setting: The Polish People's Republic"
3159:
1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum
1802:
Do wyborów w 1947 r. PSL wchodzi już mocno osłabione.
3103:
3016:
2969:
2893:
2799:
2708:
2660:
2622:
2444:
2289:
2234:
1768:"Instytut Pamięci Narodowej | Pełna treść artykułu"
1647:
Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations
80:
2125:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 569–570, 575.
2066:, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr., 1990), pp. 295–315,
1876:
1874:
1796:
1794:
1792:
2830:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland
1854:"Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl"
315:
2747:Elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1668:
1666:
2180:Wybory 1947, Institute of National Remembrance
2773:
2200:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1674:Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945-2000: 1945-2000
1439:History of Poland#Post-war struggle for power
1125:, head of the provisional Polish parliament (
1117:, both high-ranking officers from the Soviet
951:
8:
2003:Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics
1567:
1565:
29:
2780:
2766:
2758:
2207:
2193:
2185:
2163:Sfałszowane wybory – 19 stycznia 1947 roku
1821:
1819:
1817:
1164:
958:
944:
360:
28:
3210:Elections in the Polish People's Republic
2171:Jak sfałszowano pierwsze powojenne wybory
2032:Federal Research Division, December 1989.
1725:. Info-poland.buffalo.edu. Archived from
1590:
1588:
1501:Historical Dictionary of Poland 1945-1996
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
978:. According to the official results, the
2940:Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia
2840:Provisional Government of National Unity
1044:parties (under the pretext of their pro-
2835:Polish Committee of National Liberation
2815:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
1450:
1349:
1336:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1293:
1279:
1250:Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"
1088:Polish Committee of National Liberation
363:
3129:Military Council of National Salvation
1856:. Wiadomosci.polska.pl. Archived from
1362:to the Democratic Bloc's 44 percent.
1337:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1178:
970:Parliamentary elections were held in
7:
2059:Jerzy Drygalski, Jacek Kwasniewski,
1462:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
1005:. The largest opposition party, the
974:on 19 January 1947, the first since
210:
92:
1962:. Poloniatoday.com. Archived from
30:1947 Polish parliamentary election
25:
3200:Parliamentary elections in Poland
3095:1981 Polish hunger demonstrations
3075:Independent Students' Association
2993:Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation
2930:Mokotów Prison executions of 1951
2076:, Oxford University Press, 2002,
1529:Piotr Osęka (February 20, 2011).
1040:and banning the vast majority of
18:Polish legislative election, 1947
2983:1957 Polish legislative election
2865:1947 Polish legislative election
2216:
2005:, pp. 34-36, 1990 Philadelphia,
1884:. Konstytucje.pl. Archived from
1170:
915:
579:
552:
520:Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska
496:
457:
449:
444:
373:
231:
130:
113:
36:
3070:Solidarity (Polish trade union)
2860:1946 Polish people's referendum
2173:, Polityka, 20 stycznia 2007 r.
1408:collectivization of agriculture
1061:"free and unfettered" elections
2988:Millennium of the Polish State
1676:, Blackwell Publishing, 2005,
1:
3215:January 1947 events in Europe
3090:1981 warning strike in Poland
2147:Results of the 1947 elections
2099:Elections in Communist Poland
2090:George Sakwa, Martin Crouch,
1026:charter of the United Nations
993:(PPR) and also including the
3169:Polish Round Table Agreement
3149:Federation of Fighting Youth
2998:1968 Polish political crisis
2910:Polish United Workers' Party
1913:. 1947-01-13. Archived from
1828:"Wprost 24 - Wybory Pałkina"
1772:Instytut Pamięci Narodonowej
1597:"Wprost 24 - Demokracja urn"
997:(PPS), People's Party (SL),
674:Supreme Administrative Court
2925:Socialist realism in Poland
1830:. Wprost.pl. Archived from
1599:. Wprost.pl. Archived from
1460:& Philip Stöver (2010)
1397:Polish United Workers Party
1351:Source: Nohlen & Stöver
840:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3236:
3110:autocratic rule and demise
3045:Workers' Defence Committee
2870:Small Constitution of 1947
1960:"Polish History - Part 13"
1559:Nohlen & Stöver, p1475
1389:Small Constitution of 1947
1100:Polish government in exile
3190:Electoral fraud in Poland
2741:
1649:, Westview Press, 2003,
1350:
1338:Registered voters/turnout
1294:
1280:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1169:
1015:Volunteer Reserve Militia
313:
206:
89:
58:17 January 1947
46:
34:
3220:1947 elections in Poland
3195:1947 elections in Europe
3065:Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes
2793:Polish People's Republic
1380:Prime Minister of Poland
772:Administrative divisions
589:Prime Minister of Poland
3008:Polish protests of 1970
2955:Poznań protests of 1956
2710:Silesian Sejm elections
2291:Parliamentary elections
2121:Davies, Norman (1981).
2026:Poland: a country study
2007:Temple University Press
1988:Encyclopedia Britannica
1907:"POLAND: Free Election"
1756:Encyclopedia Britannica
1098:movements loyal to the
738:Major political parties
655:Constitutional Tribunal
636:Supreme Court of Poland
2236:Presidential elections
1498:Wrobel, Piotr (2014).
1375:
1374:President Bierut, 1947
1127:State National Council
995:Polish Socialist Party
856:Diplomatic missions of
397:Constitution of Poland
328:Edward Osóbka-Morawski
3134:Pacification of Wujek
3117:Martial law in Poland
3023:international opening
3003:Kniefall von Warschau
2945:Trial of the Generals
2810:Recovered Territories
1645:Stephen Schlesinger,
1595:Dariusz Baliszewski.
1415:United People's Party
1406:, and opposed forced
1373:
1214:Polish People's Party
1050:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1007:Polish People's Party
153:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
82:All 444 seats in the
2845:Trial of the Sixteen
2820:Expulsion of Germans
2061:No-Choice Elections,
1934:Alexander Cockburn,
1917:on February 20, 2005
1571:Janusz Wrona (ed.),
1104:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa
1069:Hungarian Communists
1022:satellite government
991:Polish Workers Party
986:), dominated by the
431:Parliament of Poland
256:Bronisław Drzewiecki
3205:Stalinism in Poland
3164:1988 Polish strikes
3144:Fighting Solidarity
3139:1982 demonstrations
3055:1980 Lublin strikes
2976:autarchic communism
2086:Google Print, p.300
2030:Library of Congress
1966:on January 17, 2008
1948:Google Print, p.157
1659:Google Print, p.225
1312:Invalid/blank votes
1166:
647:Małgorzata Manowska
561:President of Poland
31:
3154:Orange Alternative
3040:June 1976 protests
2624:European elections
2097:Richard F. Staar,
2045:Michał Skoczylas,
1686:Google Print, p.84
1531:"Jak ORMO czuwało"
1376:
1360:Kielce Voivodeship
1165:
1071:' weak showing in
1038:"3xYES Referendum"
984:Blok Demokratyczny
439:Current Parliament
366:Politics of Poland
345:Józef Cyrankiewicz
288:Popular vote
185:Popular vote
3177:
3176:
3050:Flying University
3030:1971 Łódź strikes
2935:1952 Constitution
2825:Operation Vistula
2755:
2754:
1852:Co to jest RSS?.
1808:, Nr 1 - 1.2002.
1470:978-3-8329-5609-7
1355:
1354:
1096:Polish resistance
1080:Władysław Gomułka
968:
967:
922:Poland portal
848:Radosław Sikorski
833:Foreign relations
730:Political parties
359:
358:
355:
354:
309:
308:
76:
75:
16:(Redirected from
3227:
3085:Bydgoszcz events
3080:Rural Solidarity
3060:Gdańsk Agreement
2920:Collectivization
2880:Battle for trade
2855:Augustów roundup
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2221:
2220:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2178:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2136:
2033:
2023:
2017:
1996:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1826:Nikita Pietrow.
1823:
1812:
1811:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1774:. Archived from
1764:
1758:
1749:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
1694:
1688:
1670:
1661:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1583:
1569:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1495:
1472:
1455:
1419:Democratic Party
1385:Western betrayal
1174:
1167:
1003:Legislative Sejm
999:Democratic Party
960:
953:
946:
924:
920:
919:
918:
820:Cities and towns
815:
803:
666:Julia Przyłębska
583:
556:
524:
523:
522:
500:
461:
453:
448:
377:
361:
316:
251:Tadeusz Michejda
235:
134:
117:
91:
90:
65:
63:
48:
47:
41:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3109:
3099:
3022:
3012:
2975:
2965:
2950:PAX Association
2898:
2889:
2885:Three-Year Plan
2875:Amnesty of 1947
2850:Cursed soldiers
2795:
2786:
2756:
2751:
2737:
2704:
2656:
2618:
2446:Local elections
2440:
2285:
2230:
2215:
2213:
2176:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2133:
2120:
2042:
2040:Further reading
2037:
2036:
2024:
2020:
1997:
1993:
1984:Boleslaw Bierut
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1938:, Verso, 1997,
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1804:CENA WYGRANEJ.
1800:Barbara Polak,
1799:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1721:
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314:
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2141:External links
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2064:Soviet Studies
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1084:Electoral laws
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2108:Nikita Petrov
2106:
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2100:
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2082:0-19-504479-7
2079:
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2055:83-88542-43-5
2052:
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2019:
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2015:0-87722-655-5
2012:
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1944:0-86091-664-2
1941:
1937:
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1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1888:on 2006-09-28
1887:
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1860:on 2008-04-22
1859:
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1834:on 2011-06-07
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1682:0-631-22162-X
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1655:0-8133-3324-5
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1603:on 2009-02-08
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1537:(in Polish).
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187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
149:
146:
143:
142:
133:
124:
116:
107:
104:
103:
99:
96:
93:
88:
85:
79:
72: →
71:
68:
66:
56:
54:
51:←
50:
49:
45:
33:
27:
19:
3035:Letter of 59
2433:
2328:
2278:
2132:019-822592-X
2122:
2111:
2098:
2091:
2073:
2072:Geoff Eley,
2060:
2046:
2021:
2002:
1994:
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1954:
1935:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1910:
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1862:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1806:Biuletyn IPN
1805:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1771:
1762:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:the original
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1692:
1673:
1646:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1628:. 1990-01-01
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1572:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1534:
1524:
1500:
1461:
1453:
1423:leading role
1412:
1401:
1393:
1377:
1356:
1151:
1148:
1143:ballot boxes
1140:
1136:
1108:
1077:
1054:
1035:
1019:
983:
976:World War II
969:
901:Armed forces
811:
799:
736:
699:Presidential
653:
634:
587:
578:
569:Andrzej Duda
559:
504:
495:
465:
456:
443:
429:
410:Human rights
395:
343:
337:
326:
319:
215:Third party
57:
26:
2662:Referendums
2227:referendums
2177:(in Polish)
2168:(in Polish)
2160:(in Polish)
2152:(in Polish)
1810:(in Polish)
1325:Total votes
1299:Valid votes
1267:Local lists
1111:Aron Palkin
1059:called for
868:Ambassadors
779:Voivodeship
717:Referendums
597:Donald Tusk
423:Legislature
299:Percentage
196:Percentage
3184:Categories
3106:Jaruzelski
2745:See also:
2728:1930 (Nov)
2723:1930 (May)
1970:2009-08-22
1921:2009-08-22
1892:2009-08-22
1864:2009-08-22
1838:2009-08-22
1782:2021-11-12
1733:2009-08-22
1708:2006-05-15
1632:2009-08-22
1607:2009-08-22
1445:References
1341:12,701,058
1328:11,341,483
1302:11,244,873
1284:11,244,873
1094:and other
1042:right-wing
1032:Background
846:Minister:
615:Ministries
389:Government
191:1,154,847
188:9,003,682
62:1947-01-17
2229:in Poland
2223:Elections
1999:David Ost
1506:Routledge
1404:Cominform
1395:form the
1366:Aftermath
1218:1,154,847
1200:9,003,682
988:communist
895:political
860:in Poland
808:Communes
796:Counties
692:Elections
663:President
628:Judiciary
548:Executive
3104:1981–89
3017:1970–81
2970:1956–70
2894:1948–56
2800:1945–48
1539:Polityka
1535:Historia
1464:, p1491
1433:See also
1154:Magazine
789:marshals
784:voivodes
294:397,754
291:530,979
271:PSL "NW"
2972:Gomułka
2903:'s rule
2791:of the
2789:History
2519:1938–39
2509:1933–34
2454:1916–17
1270:157,611
1254:397,754
1236:530,979
1161:Results
1133:Conduct
891:History
886:Economy
610:Cabinet
514:Marshal
475:Marshal
339:Premier
321:Premier
247:Leader
223:
212:
202:10.27%
199:80.07%
144:Leader
105:
94:
60: (
3019:Gierek
2962:(1956)
2901:Bierut
2899:under
2129:
2080:
2053:
2013:
1942:
1752:Poland
1680:
1653:
1579:
1545:Sep 2,
1512:
1468:
1331:100.00
1315:96,610
1287:100.00
972:Poland
800:powiat
506:Senate
482:PL2050
305:3.54%
302:4.72%
262:Party
159:Party
2103:JSTOR
2068:JSTOR
1344:89.30
1305:99.15
1281:Total
1221:10.27
1203:80.07
1188:Seats
1182:Votes
1179:Party
812:gmina
712:Local
2733:1935
2718:1922
2700:2023
2695:2015
2690:2003
2685:1997
2680:1996
2675:1987
2670:1946
2652:2024
2647:2019
2642:2014
2637:2009
2632:2004
2614:2024
2609:2018
2604:2014
2599:2010
2594:2006
2589:2002
2584:1998
2579:1994
2574:1990
2569:1988
2564:1984
2559:1980
2554:1976
2549:1973
2544:1969
2539:1965
2534:1961
2529:1958
2524:1954
2514:1936
2504:1929
2499:1927
2494:1926
2489:1925
2484:1924
2479:1923
2474:1922
2469:1921
2464:1920
2459:1919
2435:Next
2429:2023
2424:2019
2419:2015
2414:2011
2409:2007
2404:2005
2399:2001
2394:1997
2389:1993
2384:1991
2379:1989
2374:1985
2369:1980
2364:1976
2359:1972
2354:1969
2349:1965
2344:1961
2339:1957
2334:1952
2329:1947
2324:1938
2319:1935
2314:1930
2309:1928
2304:1922
2299:1919
2280:2025
2274:2020
2269:2015
2264:2010
2259:2005
2254:2000
2249:1995
2244:1990
2225:and
2127:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1911:TIME
1678:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1547:2013
1510:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1427:1989
1318:0.85
1273:1.40
1257:3.54
1239:4.72
1152:Time
1113:and
1073:1945
1055:The
1046:Nazi
467:Sejm
177:394
84:Sejm
70:1952
53:1938
3021:'s
1986:at
1754:at
1626:PBS
1541:.pl
1290:444
1206:394
1119:MGB
405:Law
349:PPS
332:PPS
280:12
180:28
168:PSL
3186::
3108:'s
2974:'s
2110:,
2028:.
2009:,
2001:,
1909:.
1873:^
1816:^
1791:^
1770:.
1742:^
1665:^
1624:.
1587:^
1564:^
1533:.
1508:.
1504:.
1476:^
1429:.
1399:.
1242:12
1224:28
1149:A
1121:.
1052:.
1028:.
858:/
601:PO
527:PO
283:7
266:SP
2781:e
2774:t
2767:v
2208:e
2201:t
2194:v
2135:.
2117:)
2114:(
1973:.
1924:.
1895:.
1867:.
1841:.
1785:.
1736:.
1711:.
1635:.
1610:.
1549:.
1518:.
1383:"
1276:3
1260:7
1185:%
982:(
959:e
952:t
945:v
897:)
893:(
814:)
810:(
802:)
798:(
603:)
599:(
575:)
573:I
571:(
529:)
525:(
484:)
480:(
64:)
20:)
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