60:
1630:
1986:
2703:
1349:
2562:
2484:
during the power stroke, where heat is lost from the hot combustion products, through the cylinder walls, to the cooler surroundings, at the same time as those hot combustion products push on the piston.
2253:
Negative exponents reflect a process where work and heat flow simultaneously in or out of the system. In the absence of forces except pressure, such a spontaneous process is not allowed by the
2219:
For certain values of the polytropic index, the process will be synonymous with other common processes. Some examples of the effects of varying index values are given in the following table.
2158:
2111:
2429:
during compression, where the elevated vapour temperature resulting from the work done by the compressor on the vapour leads to some heat loss from the vapour to the cooler surroundings.
2064:
2208:
1184:
1129:
1074:
1820:
881:
834:
749:
702:
614:
567:
1893:
1714:
1659:
785:
653:
1921:
2397:
1019:
1975:
1948:
2348:
2519:
2299:
1861:
1785:
1360:
518:
1248:
857:
810:
725:
678:
590:
543:
2257:; however, negative exponents can be meaningful in some special cases not dominated by thermal interactions, such as in the processes of certain plasmas in
482:
1338:
1371:
1989:
Polytropic processes behave differently with various polytropic indices. A polytropic process can generate other basic thermodynamic processes.
941:
1652:
1239:
475:
353:
908:
291:
1423:
1397:
918:
372:
2802:
2812:
324:
1476:
2834:
2012:
947:
346:
2780:
2426:
1645:
1576:
108:
1471:
1746:
is a constant. The polytropic process equation describes expansion and compression processes which include heat transfer.
1551:
1324:
301:
2254:
936:
139:
129:
2698:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {c_{p}}{c_{v}}}={\frac {c_{v}+R}{c_{v}}}=1+{\frac {R}{c_{v}}}={\frac {c_{p}}{c_{p}-R}}.}
144:
134:
2116:
2073:
2740:
2481:
1466:
1428:
1392:
104:
2357:
1221:
969:
415:
228:
218:
2713:
2164:
1683:
2770:
2528:
1633:
1461:
1258:
961:
900:
436:
425:
91:
1566:
1486:
1283:
367:
121:
96:
1677:
1501:
1078:
391:
237:
86:
1581:
1506:
1496:
296:
170:
158:
2557:
1526:
1521:
1288:
310:
276:
271:
184:
27:
Thermodynamic process that involves heat and work transfer between the system and its surroundings
2760:
2745:
2447:
2353:
2261:, or if there are other forms of energy (e.g. chemical energy) involved during the process (e.g.
1896:
1864:
1615:
1278:
1226:
1139:
1084:
1029:
458:
442:
329:
266:
256:
65:
59:
1796:
1273:
863:
816:
731:
684:
596:
549:
1872:
2808:
2755:
2730:
2524:
1823:
1610:
1571:
1561:
1133:
931:
767:
759:
632:
261:
251:
193:
1906:
2750:
2546:
2367:
2304:
2006:
1788:
1531:
1516:
1456:
1451:
1268:
1263:
989:
913:
381:
246:
1953:
1926:
2324:
1481:
1329:
983:
624:
447:
208:
175:
2498:
2278:
1840:
1764:
500:
2775:
2002:
1536:
1306:
842:
795:
710:
663:
575:
528:
406:
286:
223:
213:
81:
51:
2828:
2473:
2451:
2418:
2361:
1998:
1831:
1605:
923:
492:
453:
165:
2258:
1556:
1541:
1491:
974:
42:
31:
1981:
Equivalence between the polytropic coefficient and the ratio of energy transfers
1511:
319:
35:
2735:
1600:
1546:
2765:
2717:
2262:
1994:
198:
17:
2308:
1723:
1314:
1231:
1023:
431:
203:
1985:
420:
2450:(adiabatic and reversible, no heat transfer), under the assumption of
1731:
1984:
2545:, or ∞), it means that the polytropic curve will cut through (be
396:
41:"Polytropic" redirects here. For polytropism in viruses, see
2804:
1923:
is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure (
2565:
2501:
2370:
2327:
2281:
2167:
2119:
2076:
2015:
2001:
undergoing a slow process with negligible changes in
1956:
1929:
1909:
1875:
1843:
1799:
1767:
1686:
1142:
1087:
1032:
992:
866:
845:
819:
798:
770:
734:
713:
687:
666:
635:
599:
578:
552:
531:
503:
2697:
2513:
2391:
2342:
2293:
2202:
2152:
2105:
2058:
1969:
1942:
1915:
1887:
1855:
1814:
1779:
1708:
1178:
1123:
1068:
1013:
875:
851:
828:
804:
779:
743:
719:
696:
672:
647:
608:
584:
561:
537:
512:
2421:, heat and work flows go in opposite directions (
30:"Pantropic" redirects here. For the term used in
2476:, heat and work flows go in the same direction (
2541:is between any two of the former values (0, 1,
2153:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {c_{p}}{c_{v}}}}
2106:{\displaystyle K={\frac {\delta q}{\delta w}}}
1653:
8:
2059:{\displaystyle pv^{(1-\gamma )K+\gamma }=C}
2549:) the curves of the two bounding indices.
1660:
1646:
1209:
361:
180:
58:
47:
2677:
2666:
2660:
2649:
2640:
2623:
2606:
2599:
2588:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2500:
2369:
2326:
2280:
2174:
2166:
2142:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2083:
2075:
2023:
2014:
1961:
1955:
1934:
1928:
1908:
1874:
1842:
1798:
1766:
1694:
1685:
1141:
1086:
1031:
991:
865:
844:
818:
797:
769:
733:
712:
686:
665:
634:
598:
577:
551:
530:
502:
2221:
2203:{\displaystyle n={(1-\gamma )K+\gamma }}
2793:
2716:using a polytropic fluid is known as a
1950:) to heat capacity at constant volume (
1406:
1383:
1337:
1297:
1247:
1212:
405:
380:
309:
236:
183:
50:
2160:, and with the polytropic coefficient
2009:the process is polytropic, such that
7:
2552:For an ideal gas, 1 <
2480: < 0), such as in an
1809:
867:
820:
735:
688:
600:
553:
373:Intensive and extensive properties
25:
1758:correspond to particular cases:
1629:
1628:
948:Table of thermodynamic equations
2781:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2427:vapor compression refrigeration
2425: > 0), such as in
2215:Relationship to ideal processes
1424:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
2556: < 5/3, since by
2223:Variation of polytropic index
2187:
2175:
2036:
2024:
1158:
1146:
1103:
1091:
1048:
1036:
1008:
996:
1:
1325:Mechanical equivalent of heat
2801:Horedt, G. P. (2004-08-10).
2255:second law of thermodynamics
937:Onsager reciprocal relations
2360:), under the assumption of
1429:Entropy as energy dispersal
1240:"Perpetual motion" machines
1179:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1124:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1069:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
2851:
2741:Internal combustion engine
2482:internal combustion engine
1815:{\displaystyle n=+\infty }
876:{\displaystyle \partial T}
829:{\displaystyle \partial V}
744:{\displaystyle \partial p}
697:{\displaystyle \partial V}
609:{\displaystyle \partial T}
562:{\displaystyle \partial S}
40:
29:
1888:{\displaystyle n=\gamma }
1680:that obeys the relation:
1350:An Inquiry Concerning the
2807:. Springer. p. 24.
2472:Under the assumption of
2417:Under the assumption of
1754:Some specific values of
1709:{\displaystyle pV^{n}=C}
1363:Heterogeneous Substances
780:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
648:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
2835:Thermodynamic processes
2771:Quasistatic equilibrium
1916:{\displaystyle \gamma }
2699:
2515:
2393:
2392:{\displaystyle pV=nRT}
2344:
2295:
2204:
2154:
2107:
2060:
1990:
1971:
1944:
1917:
1889:
1857:
1830:In addition, when the
1816:
1781:
1710:
1180:
1125:
1070:
1015:
1014:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
877:
853:
830:
806:
781:
745:
721:
698:
674:
649:
610:
586:
563:
539:
514:
493:Specific heat capacity
97:Quantum thermodynamics
2700:
2516:
2394:
2345:
2296:
2205:
2155:
2108:
2061:
1988:
1972:
1970:{\displaystyle C_{V}}
1945:
1943:{\displaystyle C_{P}}
1918:
1890:
1858:
1817:
1782:
1711:
1678:thermodynamic process
1361:On the Equilibrium of
1181:
1126:
1079:Helmholtz free energy
1071:
1016:
878:
854:
831:
807:
782:
746:
722:
699:
675:
650:
611:
587:
564:
540:
515:
2563:
2499:
2368:
2343:{\displaystyle pV=C}
2325:
2279:
2165:
2117:
2074:
2013:
1954:
1927:
1907:
1873:
1841:
1797:
1765:
1684:
1374:Motive Power of Fire
1140:
1085:
1030:
990:
942:Bridgman's equations
919:Fundamental relation
864:
843:
817:
796:
768:
732:
711:
685:
664:
633:
597:
576:
550:
529:
501:
2714:Lane–Emden equation
2514:{\displaystyle V=C}
2294:{\displaystyle p=C}
2227:
1856:{\displaystyle n=1}
1780:{\displaystyle n=0}
1352:Source ... Friction
1284:Loschmidt's paradox
476:Material properties
354:Conjugate variables
2761:Isothermal process
2746:Isentropic process
2712:A solution to the
2695:
2511:
2466: < ∞
2448:isentropic process
2389:
2354:isothermal process
2340:
2291:
2247: < 0
2222:
2200:
2150:
2103:
2056:
1991:
1967:
1940:
1913:
1897:isentropic process
1885:
1865:isothermal process
1853:
1812:
1777:
1706:
1674:polytropic process
1616:Order and disorder
1372:Reflections on the
1279:Heat death paradox
1176:
1121:
1066:
1011:
873:
849:
826:
802:
777:
741:
717:
694:
670:
645:
606:
582:
559:
535:
513:{\displaystyle c=}
510:
483:Property databases
459:Reduced properties
443:Chemical potential
407:Functions of state
330:Thermal efficiency
66:Carnot heat engine
2756:Isochoric process
2731:Adiabatic process
2690:
2655:
2629:
2594:
2535:
2534:
2525:isochoric process
2523:Equivalent to an
2446:Equivalent to an
2404:1 <
2352:Equivalent to an
2303:Equivalent to an
2148:
2101:
1824:isochoric process
1670:
1669:
1611:Self-organization
1436:
1435:
1134:Gibbs free energy
932:Maxwell relations
890:
889:
886:
885:
852:{\displaystyle V}
805:{\displaystyle 1}
760:Thermal expansion
754:
753:
720:{\displaystyle V}
673:{\displaystyle 1}
619:
618:
585:{\displaystyle N}
538:{\displaystyle T}
466:
465:
382:Process functions
368:Property diagrams
347:System properties
337:
336:
302:Endoreversibility
194:Equation of state
16:(Redirected from
2842:
2819:
2818:
2798:
2751:Isobaric process
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2641:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2573:
2558:Mayer's relation
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2493: = +∞
2462: <
2408: <
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2305:isobaric process
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2228:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2007:potential energy
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1789:isobaric process
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1750:Particular cases
1740:polytropic index
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1632:
1631:
1339:Key publications
1320:
1319:("living force")
1269:Brownian ratchet
1264:Entropy and life
1259:Entropy and time
1210:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
914:Clausius theorem
909:Carnot's theorem
882:
880:
879:
874:
858:
856:
855:
850:
835:
833:
832:
827:
811:
809:
808:
803:
790:
789:
786:
784:
783:
778:
750:
748:
747:
742:
726:
724:
723:
718:
703:
701:
700:
695:
679:
677:
676:
671:
658:
657:
654:
652:
651:
646:
615:
613:
612:
607:
591:
589:
588:
583:
568:
566:
565:
560:
544:
542:
541:
536:
523:
522:
519:
517:
516:
511:
489:
488:
362:
181:
62:
48:
21:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2726:
2710:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2645:
2619:
2602:
2601:
2584:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2537:When the index
2497:
2496:
2366:
2365:
2323:
2322:
2319: = 1
2277:
2276:
2273: = 0
2232:
2217:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2138:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2093:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2070:is a constant,
2019:
2011:
2010:
1983:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1905:
1904:
1871:
1870:
1839:
1838:
1795:
1794:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1666:
1621:
1620:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1416:
1402:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1318:
1311:
1293:
1274:Maxwell's demon
1236:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1028:
1027:
1026:
988:
987:
986:
984:Internal energy
979:
964:
954:
953:
928:
903:
893:
892:
891:
862:
861:
841:
840:
815:
814:
794:
793:
766:
765:
730:
729:
709:
708:
683:
682:
662:
661:
631:
630:
625:Compressibility
595:
594:
574:
573:
548:
547:
527:
526:
499:
498:
478:
468:
467:
448:Particle number
401:
360:
349:
339:
338:
297:Irreversibility
209:State of matter
176:Isolated system
161:
151:
150:
149:
124:
114:
113:
109:Non-equilibrium
101:
76:
68:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2776:Thermodynamics
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2709:
2706:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2412:
2401:
2400:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2350:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2216:
2213:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
1982:
1979:
1964:
1960:
1937:
1933:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1868:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1828:
1827:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1792:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1751:
1748:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1393:Thermodynamics
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1310:
1309:
1307:Caloric theory
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1021:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
980:
978:
977:
972:
966:
965:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
944:
939:
934:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
904:
899:
898:
895:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
872:
869:
859:
848:
837:
836:
825:
822:
812:
801:
787:
776:
773:
763:
756:
755:
752:
751:
740:
737:
727:
716:
705:
704:
693:
690:
680:
669:
655:
644:
641:
638:
628:
621:
620:
617:
616:
605:
602:
592:
581:
570:
569:
558:
555:
545:
534:
520:
509:
506:
496:
487:
486:
485:
479:
474:
473:
470:
469:
464:
463:
462:
461:
456:
451:
440:
429:
410:
409:
403:
402:
400:
399:
394:
388:
385:
384:
378:
377:
376:
375:
370:
351:
350:
345:
344:
341:
340:
335:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
314:
313:
307:
306:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:Free expansion
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
241:
240:
234:
233:
232:
231:
226:
224:Control volume
221:
216:
214:Phase (matter)
211:
206:
201:
196:
188:
187:
179:
178:
173:
168:
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:
64:The classical
63:
55:
54:
52:Thermodynamics
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2847:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2814:9781402023507
2810:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2705:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:ideal gas law
2471:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2452:ideal gas law
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437: =
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:ideal gas law
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2364:, since then
2363:
2362:ideal gas law
2359:
2355:
2351:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2069:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:closed system
1996:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1935:
1931:
1910:
1898:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:ideal gas law
1825:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Self-assembly
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:van der Waals
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:von Helmholtz
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1005:
1002:
999:
993:
985:
982:
981:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
958:
957:
950:
949:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
924:Ideal gas law
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
897:
896:
870:
860:
846:
839:
838:
823:
813:
799:
792:
791:
788:
774:
771:
764:
761:
758:
757:
738:
728:
714:
707:
706:
691:
681:
667:
660:
659:
656:
642:
639:
636:
629:
626:
623:
622:
603:
593:
579:
572:
571:
556:
546:
532:
525:
524:
521:
507:
504:
497:
494:
491:
490:
484:
481:
480:
477:
472:
471:
460:
457:
455:
454:Vapor quality
452:
450:
449:
444:
441:
439:
438:
433:
430:
427:
423:
422:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:
408:
404:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
387:
386:
383:
379:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
359:
355:
348:
343:
342:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
312:
308:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Reversibility
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
239:
235:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
186:
182:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
166:Closed system
164:
163:
160:
155:
154:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
123:
118:
117:
110:
106:
103:
102:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
72:
71:
67:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2803:
2796:
2711:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2490:
2477:
2463:
2459:
2438:
2434:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2316:
2270:
2259:astrophysics
2244:
2224:
2218:
2067:
1992:
1902:
1829:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1673:
1671:
1467:Carathéodory
1398:Heat engines
1370:
1359:
1348:
1330:Motive power
1315:
975:Free entropy
946:
446:
445: /
435:
434: /
426:introduction
419:
418: /
357:
320:Heat engines
281:
107: /
43:Amphotropism
32:biogeography
2358:temperature
1289:Synergetics
970:Free energy
416:Temperature
277:Quasistatic
272:Isenthalpic
229:Instruments
219:Equilibrium
171:Open system
105:Equilibrium
87:Statistical
36:Pantropical
2788:References
2736:Compressor
2547:bounded by
2527:(constant
2356:(constant
2307:(constant
2231:Polytropic
1601:Nucleation
1445:Scientists
1249:Philosophy
962:Potentials
325:Heat pumps
282:Polytropic
267:Isentropic
257:Isothermal
18:Polytropic
2766:Polytrope
2718:polytrope
2684:−
2567:γ
2263:explosion
2236:Relation
2197:γ
2185:γ
2182:−
2121:γ
2095:δ
2087:δ
2046:γ
2034:γ
2031:−
1995:ideal gas
1911:γ
1883:γ
1834:applies:
1810:∞
1582:Waterston
1532:von Mayer
1487:de Donder
1477:Clapeyron
1457:Boltzmann
1452:Bernoulli
1413:Education
1384:Timelines
1168:−
1113:−
901:Equations
868:∂
821:∂
772:α
736:∂
689:∂
643:−
637:β
601:∂
554:∂
262:Adiabatic
252:Isochoric
238:Processes
199:Ideal gas
82:Classical
2829:Category
2724:See also
2309:pressure
2239:Effects
1724:pressure
1634:Category
1572:Thompson
1482:Clausius
1462:Bridgman
1316:Vis viva
1298:Theories
1232:Gas laws
1024:Enthalpy
432:Pressure
247:Isobaric
204:Real gas
92:Chemical
75:Branches
2003:kinetic
1993:For an
1895:for an
1863:for an
1822:for an
1787:for an
1738:is the
1722:is the
1557:Smeaton
1552:Rankine
1542:Onsager
1527:Maxwell
1522:Massieu
1227:Entropy
1222:General
1213:History
1203:Culture
1200:History
424: (
421:Entropy
358:italics
159:Systems
2811:
2529:volume
2233:index
2066:where
1903:Where
1742:, and
1732:volume
1718:where
1547:Planck
1537:Nernst
1512:Kelvin
1472:Carnot
762:
627:
495:
437:Volume
352:Note:
311:Cycles
140:Second
130:Zeroth
34:, see
2708:Other
1997:in a
1676:is a
1595:Other
1562:Stahl
1517:Lewis
1507:Joule
1497:Gibbs
1492:Duhem
185:State
145:Third
135:First
2809:ISBN
2005:and
1567:Tait
397:Heat
392:Work
122:Laws
2265:).
1977:).
1730:is
1410:Art
356:in
2831::
2720:.
2531:)
2469:—
2454:.
2443:—
2414:—
2399:.
2311:)
2250:—
2113:,
1734:,
1726:,
1672:A
2817:.
2693:.
2687:R
2679:p
2675:c
2668:p
2664:c
2658:=
2651:v
2647:c
2643:R
2638:+
2635:1
2632:=
2625:v
2621:c
2616:R
2613:+
2608:v
2604:c
2597:=
2590:v
2586:c
2580:p
2576:c
2570:=
2554:γ
2543:γ
2539:n
2509:C
2506:=
2503:V
2491:n
2478:K
2464:n
2460:γ
2439:γ
2435:n
2423:K
2410:γ
2406:n
2387:T
2384:R
2381:n
2378:=
2375:V
2372:p
2338:C
2335:=
2332:V
2329:p
2317:n
2289:C
2286:=
2283:p
2271:n
2245:n
2225:n
2210:.
2194:+
2191:K
2188:)
2179:1
2176:(
2172:=
2169:n
2144:v
2140:c
2134:p
2130:c
2124:=
2098:w
2090:q
2081:=
2078:K
2068:C
2054:C
2051:=
2043:+
2040:K
2037:)
2028:1
2025:(
2021:v
2017:p
1963:V
1959:C
1936:P
1932:C
1899:.
1880:=
1877:n
1867:,
1851:1
1848:=
1845:n
1826:.
1807:+
1804:=
1801:n
1791:,
1775:0
1772:=
1769:n
1756:n
1744:C
1736:n
1728:V
1720:p
1704:C
1701:=
1696:n
1692:V
1688:p
1661:e
1654:t
1647:v
1174:S
1171:T
1165:H
1162:=
1159:)
1156:p
1153:,
1150:T
1147:(
1144:G
1119:S
1116:T
1110:U
1107:=
1104:)
1101:V
1098:,
1095:T
1092:(
1089:A
1064:V
1061:p
1058:+
1055:U
1052:=
1049:)
1046:p
1043:,
1040:S
1037:(
1034:H
1009:)
1006:V
1003:,
1000:S
997:(
994:U
871:T
847:V
824:V
800:1
775:=
739:p
715:V
692:V
668:1
640:=
604:T
580:N
557:S
533:T
508:=
505:c
428:)
45:.
38:.
20:)
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