255:. The competition between the acid-base equilibria of these groups leads to additional complications in their physical behavior. These polymers usually only dissolve when sufficient added salt screens the interactions between oppositely charged segments. In the case of amphoteric macroporous hydrogels, the action of concentrated salt solution does not lead to the dissolution of polyampholyte material due to the covalent cross-linking of macromolecules. Synthetic 3-D macroporous hydrogels shows the excellent ability to adsorb heavy-metal ions in a wide range of pH from extremely diluted aqueous solutions, which can be later used as an adsorbent for purification of salty water All
420:
89:. Charged molecular chains, commonly present in soft matter systems, play a fundamental role in determining structure, stability and the interactions of various molecular assemblies. Theoretical approaches to describe their statistical properties differ profoundly from those of their electrically neutral counterparts, while technological and industrial fields exploit their unique properties. Many biological molecules are polyelectrolytes. For instance,
31:
391:) deposition technique. During LbL deposition, a suitable growth substrate (usually charged) is dipped back and forth between dilute baths of positively and negatively charged polyelectrolyte solutions. During each dip, a small amount of polyelectrolyte is adsorbed, and the surface charge is reversed, allowing the gradual and controlled build-up of electrostatically
223:, etc.). Although the statistical conformation of polyelectrolytes can be captured using variants of conventional polymer theory, it is, in general, quite computationally intensive to properly model polyelectrolyte chains, owing to the long-range nature of the electrostatic interaction. Techniques such as
434:
The main benefits of PEM coatings are the ability to conformably coat objects (that is, the technique is not limited to coating flat objects), the environmental benefits of using water-based processes, reasonable costs, and the utilization of the particular chemical properties of the film for further
204:, which causes the chain to adopt a more expanded, rigid-rod-like conformation. The charges will be screened if the solution contains a great deal of added salt. Consequently, the polyelectrolyte chain will collapse to a more conventional conformation (essentially identical to a neutral chain in good
156:(pKa or pKb) in the range of ~2 to ~10, meaning that it will be partially dissociated at intermediate pH. Thus, weak polyelectrolytes are not fully charged in the solution, and moreover, their fractional charge can be modified by changing the solution pH, counter-ion concentration, or ionic strength.
195:
The conformation of any polymer is affected by a number of factors, notably the polymer architecture and the solvent affinity. In the case of polyelectrolytes, charge also has an effect. Whereas an uncharged linear polymer chain is usually found in a random conformation in solution (closely
366:
coatings, controlled drug release, and other applications. Thus, recently, the biocompatible and biodegradable macroporous material composed of polyelectrolyte complex was described, where the material exhibited excellent proliferation of mammalian cells and muscle like soft actuators.
482:– the system is effectively discharged. As we increase the macroion separation, we simultaneously stretch the polyelectrolyte chain adsorbed to them. The stretching of the chain gives rise to the above-mentioned attractive interactions due to the chain's
864:
Granqvist, Niko; Liang, Huamin; Laurila, Terhi; Sadowski, Janusz; Yliperttula, Marjo; Viitala, Tapani (2013). "Characterizing
Ultrathin and Thick Organic Layers by Surface Plasmon Resonance Three-Wavelength and Waveguide Mode Analysis".
159:
The physical properties of polyelectrolyte solutions are usually strongly affected by this degree of ionization. Since the polyelectrolyte dissociation releases counter-ions, this necessarily affects the solution's
395:
films of polycation-polyanion layers. Scientists have demonstrated thickness control of such films down to the single-nanometer scale. LbL films can also be constructed by substituting charged species such as
764:
Tatykhanova, G. S.; Sadakbayeva, Z. K.; Berillo, D.; Galaev, I.; Abdullin, K. A.; Adilov, Z.; Kudaibergenov, S. E. (2012). "Metal
Complexes of Amphoteric Cryogels Based on Allylamine and Methacrylic Acid".
475:
to two (or more) oppositely charged macroions (e.g. DNA molecule) thus establishing molecular bridges and, via its connectivity, mediate attractive interactions between them.
42:(PAA). Both are negatively charged polyelectrolytes when dissociated. PSS is a 'strong' polyelectrolyte (fully charged in solution), whereas PAA is 'weak' (partially charged).
115:: Polymer composed of macromolecules in which a substantial portion of the constitutional units contains ionic or ionizable groups, or both. (See Gold Book entry for note.)
236:
105:
148:). Similarly, polyelectrolytes can be divided into "weak" and "strong" types. A "strong" polyelectrolyte dissociates completely in solution for most reasonable
246:: Polyelectrolyte composed of macromolecules containing both cationic and anionic groups, or corresponding ionizable groups. (See Gold Book entry for note.)
428:
358:
Because some of them are water-soluble, they are also investigated for biochemical and medical applications. There is currently much research on using
829:
Lee, Goo Soo; Lee, Yun-Jo; Yoon, Kyung Byung (2001). "Layer-By-Layer
Assembly Of Zeolite Crystals On Glass With Polyelectrolytes As Ionic Inkers".
478:
At small macroion separations, the chain is squeezed in between the macroions and electrostatic effects in the system are completely dominated by
427:
An LbL formation of PEM (PSS-PAH (poly(allylamine) hydrochloride)) on a gold substrate can be seen in the Figure. The formation is measured using
467:
If polyelectrolyte chains are added to a system of charged macroions (i.e., an array of DNA molecules), an interesting phenomenon called the
489:
Because of its connectivity, the behavior of the polyelectrolyte chain bears almost no resemblance to that of confined, unconnected ions.
790:"Oxidized Dextran as Crosslinker for Chitosan Cryogel Scaffolds and Formation of Polyelectrolyte Complexes between Chitosan and Gelatin"
977:
590:
927:
Hess, M.; Jones, R. G.; Kahovec, J.; Kitayama, T.; KratochvĂl, P.; Kubisa, P.; Mormann, W.; Stepto, R. F. T.; et al. (2006).
271:
Polyelectrolytes have many applications, mostly related to modifying flow and stability properties of aqueous solutions and
929:"Terminology of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and of polymers containing ions (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)"
471:
might occur. The term bridging interactions is usually applied to the situation where a single polyelectrolyte chain can
1002:
35:
1022:
169:
1027:
423:
Formation of 20 layers of PSS-PAH polyelectrolyte multilayer measured by multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
413:
978:
Polyelectrolytes: Institute of
Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
997:
187:) is usually formed. This occurs because the oppositely-charged polymers attract one another and bind together.
62:
1012:
448:
348:
296:
224:
404:
in place of or in addition to one of the polyelectrolytes. LbL deposition has also been accomplished using
1017:
419:
900:
Podgornik, R.; LiÄŤer, M. (2006). "Polyelectrolyte bridging interactions between charged macromolecules".
452:
153:
101:
are polyelectrolytes. Both natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes are used in a variety of industries.
619:
559:
312:
287:
to neutral particles, enabling them to be dispersed in aqueous solution. They are thus often used as
276:
85:. Like salts, their solutions are electrically conductive. Like polymers, their solutions are often
201:
951:
554:
363:
351:. All but the last are of natural origin. Finally, they are used in various materials, including
212:
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Polyelectrolytes have been used in the formation of new types of materials known as
397:
280:
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34:
Chemical structures of two synthetic polyelectrolytes, as examples. To the left is
580:
913:
696:
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340:
197:
184:
145:
133:
54:
663:
327:
incorporate polyelectrolytes. Furthermore, they are added to many foods and to
549:
472:
392:
292:
260:
251:
Polyelectrolytes that bear both cationic and anionic repeat groups are called
227:
can be used to study polyelectrolyte conformation and conformational changes.
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220:
216:
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344:
328:
50:
431:
to determine adsorption kinetics, layer thickness, and optical density.
514:
498:
401:
320:
256:
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878:
842:
733:"Novel macroporous amphoteric gels: Preparation and characterization"
352:
336:
73:. Polyelectrolyte properties are thus similar to both electrolytes (
608:"Disappearance of the polyelectrolyte peak in salt-free solutions"
436:
418:
74:
972:
510:
316:
125:
335:). Some of the polyelectrolytes that appear on food labels are
982:
272:
98:
58:
149:
412:. For more information on multilayer creation, please see
973:
Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
27:
Polymers whose repeating units bear an electrolyte group
152:
values. A "weak" polyelectrolyte, by contrast, has a
283:(precipitation). They can also be used to impart a
168:. This, in turn, affects other properties, such as
902:Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science
275:. For instance, they can be used to destabilize a
788:Berillo, D.; Elowsson, L.; Kirsebom, H. (2012).
196:approximating a self-avoiding three-dimensional
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110:
618:(1). American Physical Society (APS): 012611.
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383:). These thin films are constructed using a
263:tend to be acidic, while others are basic.
983:Polyelectrolytes: Vadodara, Gujarat, India
429:multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
805:
748:
708:
639:
831:Journal of the American Chemical Society
513:groups on a substantial fraction of the
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571:
435:modification, such as the synthesis of
69:solutions (water), making the polymers
606:Chremos, A.; Horkay, F. (2020-07-27).
215:affects many bulk properties (such as
517:. Most commonly, the acid groups are
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81:compounds) and are sometimes called
582:Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics
61:are polyelectrolytes. These groups
25:
579:de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles (1979).
505:is a polyelectrolyte composed of
750:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.38
53:whose repeating units bear an
36:poly(sodium styrene sulfonate)
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183:) are mixed, a bulk complex (
585:. Cornell University Press.
447:phase transitions to create
259:are polyampholytes, as some
914:10.1016/j.cocis.2006.08.001
632:10.1103/PhysRevE.102.012611
377:polyelectrolyte multilayers
307:reducers. They are used in
38:(PSS), and to the right is
1049:
936:Pure and Applied Chemistry
731:Kudaibergenov, S. (2012).
414:polyelectrolyte adsorption
59:Polycations and polyanions
794:Macromolecular Bioscience
128:are classified as either
710:10.1351/goldbook.AT07196
469:polyelectrolyte bridging
449:anti-reflective coatings
140:similarly may be either
948:10.1351/pac200678112067
767:Macromolecular Symposia
737:Express Polymer Letters
676:10.1351/goldbook.P04728
349:carboxymethyl cellulose
225:static light scattering
170:electrical conductivity
807:10.1002/mabi.201200023
775:10.1002/masy.201100065
424:
248:
117:
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422:
362:polyelectrolytes for
154:dissociation constant
77:) and polymers (high
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697:"ampholytic polymer"
560:Polypyridinium salts
515:constitutional units
277:colloidal suspension
164:, and therefore the
1003:Colloidal chemistry
624:2020PhRvE.102a2611C
202:double layer forces
1023:Physical chemistry
769:. 317–318: 18–27.
555:Ion-exchange resin
443:nanoparticles, or
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244:ampholytic polymer
95:glycosaminoglycans
44:
1028:Polymer chemistry
879:10.1021/la401084w
843:10.1021/ja010517q
664:"polyelectrolyte"
484:rubber elasticity
301:clarifying agents
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406:hydrogen bonding
333:superplasticizer
279:and to initiate
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410:electrostatics
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385:layer-by-layer
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179:and one of
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566:References
550:Dispersity
459:coatings.
451:, optical
331:mixtures (
289:thickeners
239:definition
177:polycation
108:definition
63:dissociate
18:Polyanions
701:Gold Book
668:Gold Book
345:alginates
325:cosmetics
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217:viscosity
181:polyanion
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1033:Polymers
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503:polyacid
493:Polyacid
463:Bridging
453:shutters
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329:concrete
321:shampoos
311:and for
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716:1 April
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