92:, for instance, always gives birth to four identical young. There are two conditions that are expected to promote the evolution of polyembryony: the mother does not know the environmental conditions of her offspring as in the case of parasitoids, or a constraint on reproduction. It is thought that nine banded armadillos evolved to be polyembryonic because of the latter.
101:
116:. The progeny of the splitting embryo develop into at least two forms, those that will develop into adults and those that become a type of soldier, called precocious larvae. These latter larvae patrol the host and kill any other parasitoids they find with the exception of their siblings, usually sisters.
67:
The evolution of polyembryony and the potential evolutionary advantages that may entail have been studied. In parasitoid wasps, there are several hypotheses surrounding the evolutionary advantages of polyembryony, one of them being that it allows female wasps that are small in size to increase the
733:
Nakano, Michiharu; Shimada, Takehiko; Endo, Tomoko; Fujii, Hiroshi; Nesumi, Hirohisa; Kita, Masayuki; Ebina, Masumi; Shimizu, Tokurou; Omura, Mitsuo (2012-02-01). "Characterization of genomic sequence showing strong association with polyembryony among diverse Citrus species and cultivars, and its
240:
in the genotypes sequenced. The variation within the species of citrus is based on the amount of embryos that develop, the impact of the environment, and gene expression. As with other species, due to the many embryos developing in close proximity, competition occurs, which can cause variation in
34:
developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents. The genetic difference between the offspring and the parents, but the similarity among siblings, are significant
550:
Loughry, W. J.; Prodöhl, Paulo A.; McDonough, Colleen M.; Avise, John C. (1 January 1998). "Polyembryony in
Armadillos: An unusual feature of the female nine-banded armadillo's reproductive tract may explain why her litters consist of four genetically identical offspring".
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splits into many identical embryos. In some plant taxa, the many embryos of polyembryony eventually gives rise to only a single offspring. The mechanism underlying the phenomenon of a resulting single (or in some cases a few) offspring is described in
68:
number of potential offspring in comparison to wasps that are mono embryonic. There are limitations to monoembryony, but with this method of development, multiple embryos can be derived from each of the individual eggs that are laid.
207:(PCD), which removes all but one embryo. Originally, all embryos have equal opportunity to develop into full seeds, but during the early stages of development, one embryo becomes dominant through
333:
Craig, Sean F.; Slobodkin, Lawrence B.; Wray, Gregory A.; Biermann, Christiane H. (1997-03-01). "The 'paradox' of polyembryony: A review of the cases and a hypothesis for its evolution".
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123:. From one egg, these insects can produce over thousands of offspring. Polyembryonic wasps from the Hymenoptera group can be further subdivided into four families including
626:
790:
Kishore, Kundan; N., Monika; D., Rinchen; Lepcha, Boniface; Pandey, Brijesh (2012-05-01). "Polyembryony and seedling emergence traits in apomictic citrus".
487:
876:
Craig, S.F.; Slobodkin, L.B.; Wray, G. (1997). "The 'Paradox' of
Polyembryony: A review of the cases and a hypothesis for its evolution".
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has a number of species that undergo polyembryony, where multiple nucellar-cell-derived embryos exist alongside sexually-derived embryos.
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665:"Phylogenetically Widespread Polyembryony in Cyclostome Bryozoans and the Protracted Asynchronous Release of Clonal Brood-Mates"
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164:. Through genotype analysis and molecular data, it has been suggested that polyembryony happens in the entire bryozoan order
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510:"Does polyembryony confer a competitive advantage to the invasive perennial vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae)?"
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Blanchard, Megan L.; Barney, Jacob N.; Averill, Kristine M.; Mohler, Charles L.; DiTommaso, Antonio (February 2010).
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A more striking example of the use of polyembryony as a competitive reproductive tool is found in the parasitoid
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are the most well studied vertebrate that undergoes polyembryony, with six species of armadillo in the genus
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663:
Jenkins, Helen L.; Waeschenbach, Andrea; Okamura, Beth; Hughes, Roger N.; Bishop, John D. D. (2017-01-17).
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236:, polyembryony is genetically controlled by a shared polyembryony locus among the species, determined by
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47:, though the process is random and at a low frequency. Polyembryony occurs regularly in many species of
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The potential advantages of polyembryony in competing invasive plant species has been studied as well.
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Obligately polyembryonic insects fall in two classes: Hymenoptera (certain wasps), and
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Parasites and pathogens : effects on host hormones and behavior
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Filonva, L. H.; von Arnold, S.; Daniel, G.; Bozhkov, P. V. (2002).
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848:"Memoirs: Polyembryony in Parasitic Hymenoptera: A Review"
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seed, while the other embryos are destroyed through PCD.
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Batygina, T. B.; Vinogradova, G. Iu (2007-05-01). "".
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first described polyembryony in 1719 when the seed in
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distinctions between polyembryony and the process of
232:was observed to have two germinating embryos. In
43:. Polyembryony can occur in humans, resulting in
482:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 821–825,
478:, in Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.),
184:emerging from one embryo. Around 20 genera of
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625:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
869:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
852:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
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829:Juan Manuel Alvarez A. (15 April 1997).
480:Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition)
831:"Chapter 26 — Largest Parasitoid Brood"
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861:"The Segregation of the Germ-cells in
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734:synteny with Vitis and Populus".
591:E., Beckage, Nancy (1997-01-01).
474:Strand, Michael R. (2009-01-01),
30:is the phenomenon of two or more
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433:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
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238:single-nucleotide polymorphism
188:undergo polyembryony, termed "
180:to describe the phenomenon of
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690:10.1371/journal.pone.0170010
476:"Chapter 208 - Polyembryony"
160:Polyembryony also occurs in
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859:J. Bronté Gatenby (1918).
846:J. Bronté Gatenby (1918).
514:American Journal of Botany
176:The term is also used in
63:Evolution of polyembryony
645:Strand, Michael (2009).
211:, and therefore the now
898:10.1023/A:1018443714917
863:Trichogramma evanescens
647:Encyclopedia of Insects
355:10.1023/A:1018443714917
241:seed success or vigor.
226:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
835:Book of Insect Records
792:Scientia Horticulturae
597:. Chapman & Hall.
302:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401068
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839:University of Florida
205:programmed cell death
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90:nine banded armadillo
878:Evolutionary Ecology
335:Evolutionary Ecology
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41:sexual reproduction
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553:American Scientist
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933:Insect physiology
871:. s2-63: 161–174.
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917:Categories
495:2022-04-10
257:References
218:The genus
150:Copidosoma
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125:Braconidae
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245:See also
190:cleavage
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886:Bibcode
800:Bibcode
744:Bibcode
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677:Bibcode
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213:dormant
162:Bryozoa
153:), and
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172:Plants
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569:JSTOR
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760:ISSN
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627:link
609:OCLC
599:ISBN
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399:ISSN
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