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The
Polygars often had artillery and stubbornly resisted the storming of their hill forts. The British columns were exposed throughout the operations to constant harassing attacks and had usually to cut their way through almost impenetrable jungles while being fired on from under cover on all sides.
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Balendu
Sekaram, Kandavalli, 1909β. The Nayakas of Madura by Khandavalli Balendusekharam (Hyderabad : Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi, 1975) ; 30 p. ; 22 cm. ; "World Telugu Conference publication." ; History of the Telugu speaking Nayaka kings of Pandyan Kingdom,
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Rajaram, K. (Kumarasamy), 1940β. History of
Thirumalai Nayak (Madurai : Ennes Publications, 1982) ; 128 p., leaf of plates : ill., maps ; 23 cm. ; revision of the author's thesis (M. Phil.--Madurai-Kamaraj University, 1978) Includes index ; bibliography
299:. The Polygars also at times founded villages, built dams, constructed tanks and built temples. Also the rulers taxed regions according to the cultivable and fertility of the land. Often several new rainwater tanks were erected in the semi-arid tracts of western and southern Tamil Nadu.
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Rao, Velcheru
Narayana, and David Shulman, Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamil Nadu (Delhi ; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998) ; xix, 349 p., p. of plates : ill., maps ; 22 cm. ; Oxford India
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is often classified as the First
Polygar War (1799), while the Second Polygar War (1800β1805) against the British was fought by a much bigger coalition over the whole of western Tamil Nadu headed by
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After a long and expensive campaign the
British East India Company finally defeated the rebelling Polygars, some of whom were executed while others were banished to the
173:. Traditionally there were supposed to be 72 Palayakkarars. The majority of those Palaiyakkarar, who during the late 17th- and 18th-centuries controlled much of the
153:(as the British referred to them) in Andhra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu were the holders of a small kingdom as a feudatory to a greater sovereign. Under this system,
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were instrumental in establishing administrative reforms by building irrigation projects, forts and religious institutions. The
Palaiyakkarar who worshipped the
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The
Polygar Wars were a series of wars fought by a coalition of Palaiyakkarar's against the British between 1798 and 1805. The war between the British and
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means domain, a military camp, or a small kingdom. This type of
Palayakkarars system was in practice during the rule of Pratapa Rudhra of Warangal in the
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The
Polygar's role was to administer their Palaiyams (territories) from their fortified centres. Their chief functions were to collect taxes, maintain
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N. Rajendran, National Movement in Tamil Nadu, 1905β1914 β Agitational Politics and State Coercion, Madras Oxford University Press.
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who were rampant in those regions and from invading armies which often resorted to pillaging the villages and countryside.
336:. A final Polygar War in 1847 against the British was fought by Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy at Kovelakuntla (Koilakuntla)
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M. P. Manivel, 2003 β Viduthalaipporil Virupachi Gopal Naickar (Tamil Language), New Century Book House, Chennai
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p. 119β125 ; on the achievements of Tirumala Nayaka, fl. 1623β1659, Madurai ruler.
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They served as regional military and civil administrators. In turn they were to retain
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A 1700 AD map of India, showing the region ruled by the Palaiyakkarar in the south.
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Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
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were some notable Palaiyakkarar who rose up in revolt against the British rule in
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226:. Many captured Palaiyakkarar commanders were either executed or banished to the
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Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra
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D. Sreenivasulu, "Palegars or factionists, they call the shots in Rayalaseema",
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was given for valuable military services rendered by any individual. The word
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K. Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion-The First War of Independence (1800β1801)
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status, which had only tax collection rights and disarmed them completely.
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by many decades but is still largely given less importance by historians.
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of the revenue collected as tax, and submit the remaining to the king's
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paperbacks ; Includes bibliographical references and index ;
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Their armed status was also to protect the civilians from robbers and
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258:. Their wars against the British East India Company predates the
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It took more than a year to suppress the rebellion completely.
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region as well as the Tamil area, had themselves come from the
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is often regarded as one of the earliest struggles for
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K. Rajayyan, A History of Freedom Struggle in India
282:, and maintain a battalion of troops for the king.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
203:did not allow their territory to be annexed by
165:. The system was put in place in Tamil Nadu by
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374:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
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