44:
31:
456:
segments, overlapping at the base, five to eight stamens and three fused carpels. The fruit is a dark brown, three-edged nut. The seeds need light to germinate which is why this plant appears in disturbed soil in locations where its seeds may have lain dormant for years. It is a common carrier of the
443:
Common knotgrass is an annual herb with a semi-erect stem that may grow from 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 in) high. The leaves are hairless and short-stalked. They are longish-elliptical with short stalks and rounded bases; the upper ones are few and are linear and stalkless. The
805:
Gibbs
Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt.
435:. It is an annual found in fields and wasteland, with white flowers from June to October. It is widespread across many countries in temperate regions, apparently native to Eurasia, naturalized in temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere.
818:
Parasitic activity of powdery mildew (pathogen strain hmlac226) on prostrate knotweed (polygonum aviculare l.) at various locations of
Shenyang, northeast China , Iqbal, M. F., Fend, Y. L., Liu, M. C., Lu, X. R., Nasir, M., Sikandar, A.,
468:
has a wide distribution as an arable weed and plant of fields, shingle, sand, roadsides, yards and waste places. There is much morphological variation among different populations and several different sub-species are recognized:
929:
Xu, Fuquan; Guan, Huashi; Li, Guoqiang; Liu, Hongbing (2009). "LC Method for
Analysis of Three Flavonols in Rat Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Polygonum aviculare Extract".
1039:Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) . Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
675:
It formed a traditional ingredient in porridge consumed by
Germanic peoples of western Europe, and has been found in numerous autopsies of peat bodies, including the
1356:
1581:
1431:
794:
Lindau, G. 1894. Beiträge zur argentinischen Flora. Botanische Jahrbücher für
Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 19(4, Beibl. 48): 8–23
1294:
1382:
1307:
1555:
1480:
1201:
1723:
1449:
891:
1698:
1196:
1718:
868:
1708:
903:
1713:
1343:
1632:
1617:
1387:
1418:
777:
993:"Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analyses of Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae), naturally growing in Egypt"
1369:
1137:
1622:
1568:
1436:
43:
1693:
1703:
1485:
762:
1573:
964:
Kim, Hyoung Ja; Woo, Eun-Rhan; Park, Hokoon (1994). "A Novel Lignan and
Flavonoids from Polygonum aviculare".
1108:
1271:
1276:
1263:
1162:
747:
723:
1258:
1070:
452:
that is membranous and silvery. The flowers are regular, green with white or pink margins. Each has five
147:
1312:
1472:
1209:
1237:
1529:
1410:
1688:
1660:
1534:
1188:
946:
793:
172:
38:
1642:
1560:
1361:
1052:
1506:
1170:
1022:
887:
864:
618:
215:
832:
1511:
1012:
1004:
973:
938:
660:
1335:
1652:
1493:
81:
1547:
1119:
705:
1542:
1250:
1017:
992:
652:
104:
68:
1586:
686:, it is widely used to prepare soup and hot pot, particularly in the southern region.
30:
1682:
815:
568:
366:
163:
950:
1665:
1175:
457:
parasitic pathogen powdery mildew, which can give the leaves a whitish appearance.
416:
114:
1142:
1129:
1521:
1397:
1609:
1423:
1405:
1320:
1102:
676:
576:
1008:
942:
632:
614:
606:
602:
1093:
1462:
1245:
1222:
656:
626:
412:
124:
1599:
1374:
1026:
1594:
1444:
1152:
1087:
648:
629:
622:
610:
599:
453:
445:
94:
1498:
1286:
977:
1457:
1299:
1183:
572:
796:
descriptions and geographic information in Latin, commentary in German
1325:
1053:
photo of herbarium specimen collected in Nuevo León in Mexico in 1989
664:
449:
1064:
1348:
1227:
587:
It is common on roadsides and arable ground in the
British Isles.
55:
448:
are fused into a stem-enclosing, translucent sheath known as an
1214:
1068:
752:
Linnaeus, 1753. Doorweed, knotgrass, renouée des oiseaux
991:
Salama, Hediat M.H.; Marraiki, Najat (January 2010).
859:
Clapham, A.R. , Tutin, T.G. and
Warburg, E.F. 1968.
1077:
816:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338187775
493:– Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, Scandinavia
878:
876:
784:includes photos and European distribution map
8:
827:
825:
1065:
855:
853:
29:
20:
1016:
701:
699:
743:
741:
739:
719:
717:
695:
187:
532:– northeastern China, Russian Far East
7:
1623:e9dbbe5e-9597-402f-a6d5-a5bff7c13d55
1473:2ba9bd96-fbc0-485d-84a0-319d0a631ce7
997:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
861:Excursion Flora of the British Isles
14:
1061:, (Century, 1987); page 162.
882:Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012.
1574:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:695422-1
42:
682:In Vietnam, where it is called
1:
763:Atlas of Living Australia,
635:is another known component.
1724:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
966:Journal of Natural Products
778:Altervista Flora Italiana,
504:(Small) Costea & Tardif
1740:
1009:10.1016/j.sjbs.2009.12.009
625:have also been found. The
1699:Flora of Northern America
1059:Traditional Folk Remedies
943:10.1365/s10337-009-1088-x
567:Widespread and common in
381:Polygonum fusco-ochreatum
178:
171:
153:
146:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1719:Plants described in 1753
748:Flora of North America,
655:fresh water deposits in
647:has been extracted from
556:(Jord. ex Boreau) Berher
1709:Flora of temperate Asia
886:Cork University Press.
558:– Europe, North America
545:– Europe, North America
519:– Europe, North America
266:Polygonum heterophyllum
258:Polygonum ganderbalense
1714:Flora of tropical Asia
884:Webb's An Irish Flora.
411:is a plant related to
274:Polygonum monspeliense
277:Thiéb.-Bern. ex Pers.
937:(11–12): 1251–1258.
643:One fossil fruit of
549:Polygonum aviculare
474:Polygonum aviculare
419:. It is also called
314:Polygonum procumbens
306:Polygonum prostratum
298:Polygonum polyneuron
234:Polygonum araraticum
198:Centinodium axillare
1535:Polygonum aviculare
1522:Polygonum_aviculare
1450:Polygonum~aviculare
1202:Polygonum_aviculare
1109:Polygonum aviculare
1079:Polygonum aviculare
978:10.1021/np50107a003
910:. Aarhus University
863:. Cambridge Press.
835:Polygonum aviculare
780:Polygonum aviculare
765:Polygonum aviculare
750:Polygonum aviculare
726:Polygonum aviculare
708:Polygonum aviculare
645:Polygonum aviculare
596:Polygonum aviculare
536:Polygonum aviculare
523:Polygonum aviculare
510:Polygonum aviculare
497:Polygonum aviculare
484:Polygonum aviculare
466:Polygonum aviculare
404:Polygonum aviculare
373:Polygonum argenteum
362:Polygonum argenteum
354:Polygonum uruguense
338:Polygonum scythicum
330:Polygonum rubescens
322:Polygonum retinerve
282:Polygonum neglectum
261:Munshi & Javeid
250:Polygonum buxiforme
190:Avicularia vulgaris
157:Polygonum aviculare
1633:prostrate-knotweed
543:(Besser) Arcangeli
421:prostrate knotweed
346:Polygonum striatum
301:Franch. & Sav.
242:Polygonum berteroi
226:Polygonum aphyllum
1676:
1675:
1507:Open Tree of Life
1071:Taxon identifiers
1057:Howard, Michael.
908:Planteværn Online
728:Linnaeus, 1753.
621:, and the lignan
613:. The flavanoids
557:
544:
531:
518:
505:
492:
480:– very widespread
400:
399:
393:
385:
377:
369:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
221:
217:Polygonum agreste
210:
206:Polygonum agreste
202:
194:
184:
139:P. aviculare
24:Common knotgrass
1731:
1694:Medicinal plants
1669:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1537:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1426:
1424:NHMSYS0000455480
1414:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1066:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
988:
982:
981:
961:
955:
954:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
900:
894:
880:
871:
857:
848:
847:
845:
844:
829:
820:
813:
807:
803:
797:
791:
785:
775:
769:
760:
754:
745:
734:
724:Flora of China,
721:
712:
706:The Plant List,
703:
661:West Carpathians
555:
542:
529:
517:(Meisn.) Arcang.
516:
503:
491:(Lange) Karlsson
490:
409:common knotgrass
391:
383:
375:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
290:Polygonum planum
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
219:
208:
200:
192:
182:
159:
47:
46:
33:
21:
16:Species of plant
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1704:Flora of Europe
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1494:Observation.org
1492:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1395:MichiganFlora:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1073:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
990:
989:
985:
963:
962:
958:
931:Chromatographia
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
902:
901:
897:
892:978-185918-4783
881:
874:
858:
851:
842:
840:
831:
830:
823:
814:
810:
804:
800:
792:
788:
776:
772:
761:
757:
746:
737:
731:
722:
715:
704:
697:
692:
673:
651:samples of the
641:
593:
585:
565:
527:fusco-ochreatum
506:– North America
463:
441:
396:
389:Polygonum stans
186:
185:
167:
161:
155:
142:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:wfo-0000489656
1657:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1614:
1604:
1591:
1578:
1565:
1552:
1539:
1526:
1516:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1340:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1291:
1281:
1268:
1255:
1242:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1099:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1047:External links
1045:
1042:
1041:
1032:
983:
972:(5): 581–586.
956:
921:
895:
872:
849:
821:
808:
798:
786:
770:
755:
735:
729:
713:
694:
693:
691:
688:
672:
669:
653:Middle Miocene
640:
637:
592:
589:
584:
581:
564:
561:
560:
559:
546:
533:
520:
507:
494:
481:
462:
459:
440:
437:
398:
397:
395:
394:
386:
378:
370:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
231:
223:
203:
195:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
162:
151:
150:
144:
143:
136:
134:
130:
129:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
105:Caryophyllales
102:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1736:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
922:
909:
905:
899:
896:
893:
889:
885:
879:
877:
873:
870:
869:0-521-04656-4
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
838:
836:
828:
826:
822:
817:
812:
809:
802:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
781:
774:
771:
768:
766:
759:
756:
753:
751:
744:
742:
740:
736:
733:
727:
720:
718:
714:
711:
709:
702:
700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
680:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:Fossil record
638:
636:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
598:contains the
597:
590:
588:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:Great Britain
562:
554:
550:
547:
541:
537:
534:
530:(Kom.) A.J.Li
528:
524:
521:
515:
511:
508:
502:
498:
495:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
460:
458:
455:
451:
447:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
390:
387:
382:
379:
374:
371:
368:
363:
360:
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
331:
328:
323:
320:
315:
312:
307:
304:
299:
296:
291:
288:
283:
280:
275:
272:
267:
264:
259:
256:
251:
248:
243:
240:
235:
232:
227:
224:
222:
218:
214:
207:
204:
199:
196:
191:
188:
177:
174:
170:
165:
160:
158:
152:
149:
148:Binomial name
145:
141:
140:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:Tracheophytes
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1078:
1058:
1035:
1003:(1): 57–63.
1000:
996:
986:
969:
965:
959:
934:
930:
924:
912:. Retrieved
907:
898:
883:
860:
841:. Retrieved
839:. NatureGate
834:
833:"Knotgrass:
811:
801:
789:
779:
773:
767:L., Wireweed
764:
758:
749:
725:
707:
683:
681:
674:
644:
642:
595:
594:
586:
566:
563:Distribution
552:
548:
539:
535:
526:
522:
513:
509:
500:
496:
487:
483:
477:
473:
465:
464:
442:
432:
428:
424:
420:
408:
403:
402:
401:
388:
380:
372:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
225:
216:
212:
205:
197:
189:
156:
154:
138:
137:
125:
115:Polygonaceae
88:
75:
62:
18:
1548:kew-2574669
1406:NatureServe
1321:iNaturalist
1103:Wikispecies
904:"Knotgrass"
677:Tollund Man
577:Scandinavia
553:. rurivagum
478:. aviculare
439:Description
365:Ehrenb. ex
82:Angiosperms
1683:Categories
1640:WisFlora:
1543:Plant List
1160:Calflora:
914:1 February
843:2013-12-30
690:References
633:panicudine
615:astragalin
607:myricitrin
603:avicularin
461:Subspecies
1689:Polygonum
1277:200006713
1264:200006713
1246:FloraBase
657:Nowy Sacz
627:diterpene
600:flavonols
591:Chemistry
540:neglectum
514:depressum
501:buxiforme
413:buckwheat
376:Skvortsov
309:Skvortsov
293:Skvortsov
201:Montandon
133:Species:
126:Polygonum
52:Kingdom:
1618:VicFlora
1607:VASCAN:
1600:26000064
1595:Tropicos
1519:PalDat:
1445:NSWFlora
1411:2.156047
1362:11060220
1349:695422-1
1197:eFloraSA
1150:BioLib:
1088:Wikidata
1027:23961059
951:93888073
732:bian xu
684:rau đắng
649:borehole
630:alkaloid
623:aviculin
619:betmidin
611:juglanin
454:perianth
446:stipules
433:lowgrass
425:birdweed
357:H. Gross
325:Vorosch.
183:Synonymy
173:Synonyms
111:Family:
95:Eudicots
1458:NTFlora
1300:5334400
1184:Ecocrop
1094:Q242573
1018:3730555
671:Cuisine
659:Basin,
583:Habitat
573:Ireland
538:subsp.
512:subsp.
499:subsp.
488:boreale
486:subsp.
429:pigweed
349:K. Koch
220:Sumnev.
121:Genus:
101:Order:
56:Plantae
1587:2220-5
1556:PLANTS
1512:143996
1470:NZOR:
1437:137693
1287:POLAVI
1284:FoIO:
1238:polavi
1235:FEIS:
1215:585391
1143:109640
1130:115930
1127:APDB:
1117:AoFP:
1025:
1015:
949:
890:
867:
665:Poland
575:, and
450:ochrea
392:Kitag.
367:Meisn.
341:Klokov
317:Gilib.
285:Besser
269:Lindm.
229:Krock.
209:Sumner
1650:WoI:
1630:WiO:
1582:SANBI
1481:NZPCN
1388:20876
1375:42685
1357:IRMNG
1333:IPA:
1326:78678
1313:29238
1228:POLAV
1176:4L94H
1163:10251
1153:38796
947:S2CID
551:subsp
525:var.
476:subsp
333:Small
253:Small
245:Phil.
193:Didr.
89:Clade
76:Clade
63:Clade
1653:1397
1643:4575
1610:8165
1569:POWO
1561:POAV
1530:PfaF
1499:7222
1486:3111
1463:4953
1432:NCBI
1398:2295
1383:ITIS
1344:IPNI
1336:6210
1308:GRIN
1295:GBIF
1251:2419
1223:EPPO
1189:8819
1138:APNI
1120:1776
1023:PMID
916:2016
888:ISBN
865:ISBN
819:2019
617:and
609:and
431:and
417:dock
415:and
384:Kom.
237:Kom.
166:1753
1661:WFO
1419:NBN
1370:ISC
1272:FoC
1259:FNA
1210:EoL
1171:CoL
1013:PMC
1005:doi
974:doi
939:doi
806:2).
710:L.
407:or
213:non
1685::
1663::
1620::
1597::
1584::
1571::
1558::
1545::
1532::
1509::
1496::
1483::
1460::
1447::
1434::
1421::
1408::
1385::
1372::
1359::
1346::
1323::
1310::
1297::
1274::
1261::
1248::
1225::
1212::
1199::
1186::
1173::
1140::
1105::
1090::
1021:.
1011:.
1001:17
999:.
995:.
970:57
968:.
945:.
935:69
933:.
906:.
875:^
852:^
824:^
782:L.
738:^
730:萹蓄
716:^
698:^
679:.
667:.
663:,
605:,
579:.
571:,
427:,
423:,
211:,
164:L.
91::
78::
65::
1029:.
1007::
980:.
976::
953:.
941::
918:.
846:.
837:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
