721:, by moving their hands or other areas with environment-skin contact. This will give a sense of what is being perceived, and give information about size, shape, weight, temperature, and material. Tactile stimulation can be direct in the form of bodily contact, or indirect through the use of a tool or probe. Direct and indirect send different types messages to the brain, but both provide information regarding roughness, hardness, stickiness, and warmth. The use of a probe elicits a response based on the vibrations in the instrument rather than direct environmental information. Tactual perception gives information regarding
243:, to come apart. Rhodopsin, which is usually pink, becomes bleached in the process. At high levels of light, photopigments are broken apart faster than can be regenerated. Because a low number of photopigments have been regenerated, the eyes are not sensitive to light. When entering a dark room after being in a well lit area, the eyes require time for a good quantity of rhodopsin to regenerate. As more time passes, there is a higher chance that the photons will split an unbleached photopigment because the rate of regeneration will have surpassed the rate of bleaching. This is called
762:) in the skin that detect physical stimuli. The response from a mechanoreceptor detecting pressure can be experienced as a touch, discomfort, or pain. Mechanoreceptors are situated in highly vascularized skin, and appear in both glabrous and hairy skin. Each mechanoreceptor is tuned to a different sensitivity, and will fire its action potential only when there is enough energy. The axons of these single tactile receptors will converge into a single nerve trunk, and the signal is then sent to the spinal cord where the message makes its way to the
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427:. High frequency sounds will stimulate the auditory hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane while medium frequency sounds cause vibrations of auditory hair cells located at the middle of the basilar membrane. For frequencies that are lower than 200 Hz, the tip of the basilar membrane vibrates in sync with the sound waves. In turn, neurons are fired at the same rate as the vibrations. The brain is able to measure the vibrations and is then aware of any low frequency pitches.
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previously uninvestigated are now considered multimodal. The reasons behind this are currently being investigated by several research groups, but it is now understood to approach these issues from a decentralized theoretical perspective. Moreover, several labs using invertebrate model organisms will provide invaluable information to the community as these are more easily studied and are considered to have decentralized nervous systems.
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intensity of a taste. The olfactory stimulation can occur before or during the episode of taste stimulation. The dual perception of the stimulus produces an interaction that facilitates association of the experience through an additive neural response and memorization of the stimulus. This association can also be made between olfactory and tactile stimuli during the act of swallowing. In each case, temporal synchrony is important.
832:, a lining deep within the nostrils that contains the receptors responsible for detecting molecules that are small enough to smell. These receptor neurons then synapse at the olfactory cranial nerve (CN I), which sends the information to the olfactory bulbs in the brain for initial processing. The signal is then sent to the remaining olfactory cortex for more complex processing.
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unique from neighboring fibers. Skin used by the single receptor ending of a temperature-sensitive nerve fiber is small. There are 20 cold points per square centimeter in the lips, 4 in the finger, and less than 1 cold point per square centimeter in trunk areas. There are 5 times as many cold sensitive points as warm sensitive points.
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vision is seen in most detail. Colour vision tests are used to measure one's ability to distinguish colours. It is used to diagnose colour blindness. This test is also used as an important step in some job screening processes as the ability to see colour in such jobs may be crucial. Examples include military work or law enforcement.
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tactile acuity, with extremities such as the fingers, face, and toes being the most sensitive. When two distinct points are perceived, it means that your brain receives two different signals. The differences of acuity for different parts of the body are the result of differences in the concentration of receptors.
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Olfaction interacts with other sensory modalities in significant ways. The strongest interaction is that of olfaction with taste. Studies have shown that an odor coupled with a taste increases the perceived intensity of the taste, and that an absence of a corresponding smell decreases the perceived
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During a whispered speech test, the participant is asked to cover the opening of one ear with a finger. The tester will then step back 1 to 2 feet behind the participant and say a series of words in a soft whisper. The participant is then asked to repeat what is heard. If the participant is unable to
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A number of studies have shown that a human fetus will respond to sound stimuli coming from the outside world. In a series of 214 tests conducted on 7 pregnant women, a reliable increase in fetal movement was detected in the minute directly following the application of a sound stimulus to the abdomen
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is encountered. Multimodal perception is not limited to one area of the brain: many brain regions are activated when sensory information is perceived from the environment. In fact, the hypothesis of having a centralized multisensory region is receiving continually more speculation, as several regions
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that participants consciously perceived as a sudden flash of light. None of the individuals were told of the subliminal images. The experiment found that during the questionnaire round, participants were more likely to assign positive personality traits to those in the pictures that were preceded by
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Some studies show that subliminal stimuli can affect attitude. In a 1992 study
Krosnick, Betz, Jussim and Lynn conducted a study where participants were shown a series of slides in which different people were going through normal every day activities (i.e. going to the car, sitting in a restaurant).
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stimuli (position of the body). There are varying degrees of tactual sensitivity and thresholds, both between individuals and between different time periods in an individual's life. It has been observed that individuals have differing levels of tactile sensitivity between each hand. This may be
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and paralimbic brain. Taste–odor integration occurs at earlier stages of processing. By life experience, factors such as the physiological significance of a given stimulus is perceived. Learning and affective processing are the primary functions of limbic and paralimbic brain. Taste perception is a
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require corrective lenses in order to cure blurriness of vision. Visual field tests detect any gaps in peripheral vision. In healthy normal vision, an individual should be able to partially perceive objects to the left or right of their field of view using both eyes at one time. The center field of
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and colour vision tests. Visual acuity tests are the most common tests and they measure the ability to bring details into focus at different distances. Usually this test is conducted by having participants read a map of letters or symbols while one eye is covered. Refraction tests measure the eye's
259:
in the retina, containing three different photopigments. The three cones are each specialized to best pick up a certain wavelength (420, 530 and 560 nm or roughly the colours blue, green and red). The brain is able to distinguish the wavelength and colour in the field of vision by figuring out
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Warm and cold sensitive nerve fibers differ in structure and function. The cold-sensitive and warm-sensitive nerve fibers are underneath the skin surface. Terminals of each temperature-sensitive fiber do not branch away to different organs in the body. They form a small sensitive point which are
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Speech recognition and word recognition tests measure how well an individual can hear normal day-to-day conversation. The participant is told to repeat conversation being spoken at different volumes. The spondee threshold test is a related test that detects the loudness at which the participant is
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is used to play a series of tones using headphones. The participants listen to the tones which will vary in pitch and loudness. The test will play with the volume controls and the participant is asked to signal when he or she can no longer hear the tone being played. The testing is completed after
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Aside from pitch and loudness, another quality that distinguishes sound stimuli is timbre. Timbre allows us to hear the difference between two instruments that are playing at the same frequency and loudness, for example. When two simple tones are put together they create a complex tone. The simple
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test of olfactory ability is the triangle test. In this test, the participant is given three odors to smell. Of these three odors, two are the same and one is different, and the participant must choose which odor is the unique one. To test the sensitivity of olfaction, the staircase method is
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Tactile information is often used as additional stimuli to resolve a sensory ambiguity. For example, a surface can be seen as rough, but this inference can only be proven through touching the material. When sensory information from each modality involved corresponds, the ambiguity is resolved.
93:
of all sensory modalities occurs when multimodal neurons receive sensory information which overlaps with different modalities. Multimodal neurons are found in the superior colliculus; they respond to the versatility of various sensory inputs. The multimodal neurons lead to change of behavior and
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Our olfactory ability can vary due to different conditions. For example, our olfactory detection thresholds can change due to molecules with differing lengths of carbon chains. A molecule with a longer carbon chain is easier to detect, and has a lower detection threshold. Additionally, women
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A common test used to measure the sensitivity of a person to tactile stimuli is measuring their two-point touch threshold. This is the smallest separation of two points at which two distinct points of contact can be sensed rather than one. Different parts of the body have different degrees of
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The sense of touch, or tactile perception, is what allows organisms to feel the world around them. The environment acts as an external stimulus, and tactile perception is the act of passively exploring the world to simply sense it. To make sense of the stimuli, an organism will undergo active
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Tactile stimulation is used in clinical psychology through the method of prompting. Prompting is the use of a set of instructions designed to guide a participant through learning a behavior. A physical prompt involves stimulation in the form of physically guided behavior in the appropriate
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set-point excite temperature specific sensory nerves in the skin. Then with the help of sensing range, specific thermosensory fibers respond to warmth and to cold. Then specific cutaneous cold and warm receptors conduct units that exhibit a discharge at constant skin temperature.
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is sound. Sound is created through changes in the pressure of the air. As an object vibrates, it compresses the surrounding molecules of air as it moves towards a given point and expands the molecules as it moves away from the point. Periodicity in sound waves is measured in
290:. According to Young, the human visual system is able to create any colour through the collection of information from the three cones. The system will put together the information and systematize a new colour based on the amount of each hue that has been detected.
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is increased. However, because the rate of firing also defines low pitch the brain has an alternate way of encoding for loudness of low frequency sounds. The number of hair cells that are stimulated is thought to communicate loudness in low pitch frequencies.
219:. When a particle of light hits the photoreceptors of the eye, the two molecules come apart from each other and a chain of chemical reactions occurs. The chemical reaction begins with the photoreceptor sending a message to a neuron called the
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fibers. Taste perception is created by combining multiple sensory inputs. Different modalities help determine perception of taste especially when attention is drawn to particular sensory characteristics which is different from taste.
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situation and environment. The physical stimulus perceived through prompting is similar to the physical stimulus that would be experienced in a real-world situation, and is makes the target behavior more likely in a real situation.
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due to callouses forming on the skin of the most used hand, creating a buffer between the stimulus and the receptor. Alternately, the difference in sensitivity may be due to a difference in the cerebral functions or ability of the
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are administered to ensure optimal function of the ear and to observe whether or not sound stimuli is entering the ear drum and reaching the brain as should be. The most common hearing tests require the spoken response to words or
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These slides were preceded by slides that caused either positive emotional arousal (i.e. bridal couple, a child with a Mickey Mouse doll) or negative emotional arousal (i.e. a bucket of snakes, a face on fire) for a period 13
742:. Tests have also shown that deaf children have a greater degree of tactile sensitivity than that of children with normal hearing ability, and that girls generally have a greater degree of sensitivity than that of boys.
782:, located deep within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Mechanoreceptors are classified in terms of their adaptation rate and the size of their receptive field. Specific mechanoreceptors and their functions include:
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vibrate so that it makes a sound. The tuning fork is placed in a specific place around the participant and hearing is observed. In some instances, individuals will show trouble hearing in places such as behind the ear.
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to result in an enhanced detection or identification of a particular stimulus. Combinations of all sensory modalities are done in cases where a single sensory modality results in an ambiguous and incomplete result.
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comes into effect when a unimodal stimulus fails to produce a response. Integration effect is applied when the brain detects weak unimodal signals and combines them to create a multimodal perception for the
455:(a sound's basic pitch). When a complex sound is heard, it causes different parts in the basilar membrane to become simultaneously stimulated and flex. In this way, different timbres can be distinguished.
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Humans are able to see an array of colours because light in the visible spectrum is made up of different wavelengths (from 380 to 760 nm). Our ability to see in colour is due to three different
534:(ABR) testing measures the brain's response to sounds. The OAE measures hearing of newborns by placing an emitting sound into the baby's ear through a probe. A microphone placed in the baby's
1795:
Pawson, Lorraine; Checkosky, Christine M.; Pack, Adam K.; Bolanowski, Stanley J. (January 2008). "Mesenteric and tactile
Pacinian corpuscles are anatomically and physiologically comparable".
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often used. In this method, the odor's concentration is increased until the participant is able to sense it, and subsequently decreased until the participant reports no sensation.
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Xiong, Shuping; Goonetilleke, Ravindra S.; Jiang, Zuhua (March 2011). "Pressure thresholds of the human foot: measurement reliability and effects of stimulus characteristics".
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The sensation of taste come from oral somatosensory stimulation and with retronasal olfaction. The perceived pleasure encountered when eating and drinking is influenced by:
131:. Integration effect is plausible when different stimuli are coincidental. This integration is depressed when multisensory information is not coincidentally presented.
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or what is perceived after a stimulus. For example, the temperature modality is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. Some sensory modalities include:
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Touch messages, in comparison to other sensory stimuli, have a large distance to travel to get to the brain. Tactile perception is achieved through the response of
372:. Humans, on average, are able to detect sounds as pitched when they contain periodic or quasi-periodic variations that fall between the range of 30 to 20000 hertz.
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distinguish the word, the tester will speak progressively louder until the participant is able to understand what is being said. The other ear is then tested.
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is a multimodal process for humans. By watching movements of lips and face, humans get conditioned and practice lip reading. Silent lip reading activates the
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activated by the stimulus plays the primary role in coding the sensation. All sensory modalities work together to heighten stimuli sensation when necessary.
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Location of visual, auditory and somatosensory perception in the superior colliculus of the brain. Overlapping of these systems creates multisensory space.
179:. Specific inhibitory responses that take place in the visual cortex help create a visual focus on a specific point rather than the entire surrounding.
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Temperature modality excites or elicits a symptom through cold or hot temperature. Different mammalian species have different temperature modality.
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There are four types of mechanoreceptors: Meissner corpuscles and merkel cell neurite complexes, located between the epidermis and dermis, and
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detection system deals with taste stimuli. The pheromone detection system is distinct from the normal taste system, and is designed like the
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the positive subliminal images and negative personality traits to those in the pictures that were preceded by the negative subliminal images.
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828:. All materials constantly shed molecules, which float into the nose or are sucked in through breathing. Inside the nasal chambers is the
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In insect and mammalian taste, receptor cells changes into attractive or aversive stimulus. The number of taste receptors in a mammalian
1540:"Texture perception through direct and indirect touch: An analysis of perceptual space for tactile textures in two modes of exploration"
542:(BAER) test or auditory brainstem evoked potential (ABEP) test measure the brain's response to clicking sounds sent through headphones.
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in the body attaches itself to another molecule and becomes a protein. The entire structure consisting of the two molecules becomes a
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Reuter E.; Voelcker-Rehage C.; Vieluf S.; Godde B. (2012). "Touch perception throughout working life: Effects of age and expertise".
114:. When sounds are matched or mismatched with the movements of the lips, temporal sulcus of the left hemisphere becomes more active.
400:. This opening allows the vibrations to move through the liquid in the cochlea where the receptive organ is able to sense it.
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Russell, J.P; Wolfe, S.L.; Hertz, P.E.; Starr, C.; Fenton, M. B.; Addy, H.; Denis, M.; Haffie, T.; Davey, K. (2010).
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Multimodal perception is the ability of the mammalian nervous system to combine all of the different inputs of the
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Wolfe, J., Kluender, K., & Levi, D. (2009). Sensation and perception. (2 ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer
Associates.
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will pick up the inner ear's response to sound stimulation and allows for observation. The ABR, also known as the
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Chakravarty A (1968). "Influence of tactual sensitivity on tactual localization, particularly of deaf children".
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The human ear is able to detect differences in pitch through the movement of auditory hair cells found on the
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Labbe D.; Gilbert F.; Martin N. (2008). "Impact of olfaction on taste, trigeminal, and texture perceptions".
333:. These conditions occur when the light rays entering the eye are unable to converge on a single spot on the
1068:"Brains response to visual stimuli helps us to focus on what we should see, rather than all there is to see"
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Miltenberger, R. (2012). Behavior modification: principles and procedures. (5 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
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Krosnick, J. A.; Betz, A. L.; Jussim, L. J.; Lynn, A. R. (1992). "Subliminal
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The stimulus modality for vision is light; the human eye is able to access only a limited section of the
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somatosensory system detects changes in temperature. The perception begins when thermal stimuli from a
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35:
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However, humans do not process the smell of various common molecules such as those present in the air.
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generally have lower olfactory thresholds than men, and this effect is magnified during a woman's
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Nociceptors that have bare nerve endings that detect tissue damage and give the sensation of pain.
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When a louder sound is heard, more hair cells are stimulated and the intensity of firing of
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is stimulated. The eardrum collects these vibrations and sends them to receptor cells. The
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which can respond to temperature, mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or pain (
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assist in analyzing behavior responses to certain stimulus. Information from two or more
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Bodenheimer, F. S (1941). "Observations on
Rodents in Herter's Temperature Gradient".
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Kinesthetic receptors detect movements of the body, and the position of the limbs.
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is the feature of a single receptor of responding to multiple modalities, such as
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and convey the message of a particular taste in a single medullar nucleus. This
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In mammals, taste stimuli are encountered by axonless receptor cells located in
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873:. People can sometimes experience a hallucination of smell, as in the case of
600:) is same in amount. Most of the receptors are dedicated to detect repulsive
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1337:"The Role of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Taste and Flavor Processing"
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which are connected to the eardrum pass the vibrations to the fluid-filled
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which cone has been stimulated. The physical dimensions of colour include
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195:. Refraction in the eye is completed through the combined efforts of the
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Feature binding across sense modalities: Visual and tactual interactions
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McGlone, Francis; Reilly, David (2010). "The cutaneous sensory system".
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Impression of both taste and smell occurs in heteromodal regions of the
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Perceptions of taste is generated by the following sensory afferents:
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484:, the tuning fork test, speech reception and word recognition tests,
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listening to a range of pitches. Each ear is tested individually.
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207:. The transduction of light into neural activity occurs via the
451:. Timbre is created by putting the harmonics together with the
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There are many different qualities in sound stimuli including
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848:, it must have specific properties. The molecule must be:
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and purity while the related perceptual dimensions include
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on the scalp and earlobes record a graph of the response.
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must first refract the light so that it directly hits the
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experience, such as prior exposure to taste-odor mixtures
239:(light packets) cause a photopigment molecule, primarily
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Thermoreceptors that detect changes in skin temperature.
480:. Some hearing tests include the whispered speech test,
520:
able to repeat half of a list of two syllable words or
1296:"Taste Perception: Drosophila – A Model of Good Taste"
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During the tuning fork test, the tester will have the
325:. This test is able to detect whether a person may be
1538:
Yoshioka T.; Bensmaïa S.; Craig J.; Hsiao S. (2007).
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Some common tests that measure visual health include
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The eye is able to detect a visual stimulus when the
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1114:
1020:. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 199.
663:cognitive context, such as information about brand
464:of the mother with a frequency of 120 per second.
279:Primates are the only mammals with colour vision.
1205:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
725:stimuli (pressure, vibration, and temperature),
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1018:Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind
1121:. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
392:. Once the vibrations reach the cochlea, the
8:
1729:Lovelace, Christopher Terry (October 2000).
572:. Receptor cells disseminate onto different
396:(part of the ossicles) puts pressure on the
1589:"Tactual perception of material properties"
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1341:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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1144:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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380:When there are vibrations in the air, the
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1454:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
855:small (less than 5.8 x 10-22 grams)
852:volatile (able to float through the air)
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654:sensory features, such as taste quality
629:Integration of taste and smell modality
211:in the retina. When there is no light,
1045:. Nelson Education. pp. 833–840.
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1007:
1005:
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7:
1217:10.1001/archpedi.1936.01970150087006
1117:Psychology: The Science of Behaviour
1113:Carlson, N. R.; et al. (2010).
909:Autonomous sensory meridian response
840:An olfactory sensation is called an
1294:Stocker, Reinhard F (1 July 2004).
588:Taste modality in flies and mammals
162:Schematic diagram of the human eye.
1797:Somatosensory & Motor Research
1544:Somatosensory & Motor Research
540:brainstem auditory evoked response
443:tones of an instrument are called
187:To perceive a light stimulus, the
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1232:Journal of Comparative Psychology
881:Interaction with other modalities
1630:"Tactual and kinæsthetic space"
1466:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.004
459:Sound stimuli and human fetuses
62:. The type and location of the
1877:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.423
1420:10.1086/physzool.14.2.30161738
596:and on the tongue of the fly (
1:
1708:10.1080/00221309.1968.9710435
1696:Journal of General Psychology
844:. For a molecule to trigger
824:The sense of smell is called
729:stimuli (limb movement), and
1863:Doty R (2001). "Olfaction".
1766:10.1080/00140139.2011.552736
1606:10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.005
698:Nerve fibers for temperature
1865:Annual Review of Psychology
1497:Experimental Brain Research
966:Experimental Brain Research
532:auditory brainstem response
490:auditory brainstem response
1961:
846:olfactory receptor neurons
806:Use in clinical psychology
642:and retronasal olfaction.
404:Pitch, loudness and timbre
363:The stimulus modality for
1912:10.1007/s12078-008-9029-x
1809:10.1080/08990220802377571
1587:Bergmann Tiest W (2010).
1556:10.1080/08990220701318163
1509:10.1007/s00221-011-2931-5
1313:10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.011
978:10.1007/s00221-005-2376-9
750:Somatosensory information
560:Taste modality in mammals
354:Diagram of the human ear.
316:tests, refraction tests,
294:Subliminal visual stimuli
1156:10.1177/0146167292182006
286:was proposed in 1802 by
173:electromagnetic spectrum
1900:Chemosensory Perception
1362:10.1196/annals.1401.002
1634:Psychological Bulletin
1393:"Temperature modality"
1016:Ivry, Richard (2009).
355:
223:through the use of an
175:, between 380 and 760
163:
87:
76:sensory nervous system
1408:Physiological Zoology
528:Otoacoustic emissions
486:otoacoustic emissions
453:fundamental frequency
353:
161:
85:
70:Multimodal perception
34:, is one aspect of a
929:Modality (semiotics)
914:Crossmodal Attention
861:(repellant to water)
764:somatosensory system
668:Temperature modality
638:combination of oral
501:pure tone audiometry
482:pure tone audiometry
321:need for glasses or
1353:2007NYASA1121..136S
760:cutaneous receptors
284:Trichromatic theory
209:photoreceptor cells
1268:Healthwise Staff.
1177:Healthwise Staff.
1066:Yarbrough, Cathy.
568:on the tongue and
356:
318:visual field tests
164:
144:free nerve endings
118:Integration effect
88:
1628:Angier R (1912).
1599:(24): 2775–2782.
1306:(14): R560–R561.
1128:978-0-205-64524-4
1052:978-0-17-650231-7
1027:978-0-393-92795-5
719:haptic perception
707:Pressure modality
339:refractive errors
323:corrective lenses
28:Stimulus modality
16:(Redirected from
1952:
1924:
1923:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1673:10.1037/h0044145
1656:
1650:
1649:
1646:10.1037/h0073444
1625:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1265:
1248:
1247:
1244:10.1037/h0071872
1227:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1110:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1013:
998:
997:
972:(3–4): 345–357.
961:
871:ovulatory period
770:Mechanoreceptors
756:mechanoreceptors
740:right hemisphere
717:exploration, or
646:Pleasure of food
582:olfactory system
425:basilar membrane
276:and saturation.
225:action potential
64:sensory receptor
32:sensory modality
21:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1940:Sensory systems
1930:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1832:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1593:Vision Research
1586:
1585:
1581:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1300:Current Biology
1293:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1270:"Hearing Tests"
1267:
1266:
1251:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1112:
1111:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1001:
963:
962:
947:
942:
905:
892:
883:
838:
830:neuroepithelium
822:
817:
808:
799:
780:Ruffini endings
778:corpuscles and
772:
752:
714:
709:
700:
683:
675:
670:
648:
640:somatosensation
631:
610:
590:
562:
557:
552:
530:test (OAE) and
488:(OAE) test and
470:
461:
406:
378:
361:
348:
310:
296:
253:
233:
185:
169:
156:
137:
120:
112:auditory cortex
105:
72:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1906:(4): 217–226.
1890:
1871:(1): 423–452.
1855:
1846:
1830:
1803:(3): 194–206.
1787:
1760:(3): 282–293.
1744:
1721:
1702:(2): 219–221.
1686:
1667:(6): 665–669.
1651:
1640:(7): 255–257.
1620:
1579:
1550:(1–2): 53–70.
1530:
1503:(2): 287–297.
1487:
1460:(2): 148–159.
1441:
1414:(2): 186–192.
1398:
1384:
1347:(1): 136–151.
1327:
1283:
1249:
1238:(5): 353–355.
1222:
1211:(3): 583–589.
1192:
1179:"Vision Tests"
1169:
1150:(2): 152–162.
1134:
1127:
1084:
1058:
1051:
1033:
1026:
999:
944:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
931:
926:
916:
911:
904:
901:
896:psychophysical
891:
888:
882:
879:
863:
862:
856:
853:
837:
834:
821:
818:
816:
815:Smell modality
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
787:
771:
768:
766:in the brain.
751:
748:
731:proprioceptive
713:
710:
708:
705:
699:
696:
682:
679:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
660:internal state
658:
655:
647:
644:
630:
627:
609:
606:
589:
586:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Taste modality
548:
469:
466:
460:
457:
436:cochlear nerve
405:
402:
377:
374:
360:
357:
347:
346:Sound modality
344:
309:
306:
295:
292:
252:
251:Colour stimuli
249:
232:
229:
184:
181:
168:
165:
155:
154:Light modality
152:
136:
133:
119:
116:
104:
101:
71:
68:
30:, also called
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1957:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
946:
939:
935:
932:
930:
927:
924:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
897:
889:
887:
880:
878:
876:
872:
866:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
827:
819:
814:
812:
805:
803:
796:
791:
788:
785:
784:
783:
781:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
749:
747:
743:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
711:
706:
704:
697:
695:
692:
688:
680:
678:
672:
667:
662:
659:
656:
653:
652:
651:
645:
643:
641:
636:
628:
626:
623:
622:somatosensory
619:
615:
607:
605:
603:
599:
595:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
554:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
523:
517:
514:
509:
506:
502:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
473:Hearing tests
467:
465:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
440:
437:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
366:
358:
352:
345:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
314:visual acuity
307:
305:
302:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
174:
166:
160:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
134:
132:
130:
125:
117:
115:
113:
109:
102:
100:
97:
92:
84:
80:
77:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1730:
1724:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1387:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1303:
1299:
1274:. Retrieved
1235:
1231:
1225:
1208:
1204:
1183:. Retrieved
1172:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1116:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:
1061:
1042:
1036:
1017:
969:
965:
934:Pallesthesia
893:
884:
867:
864:
839:
823:
809:
800:
773:
753:
744:
727:kinaesthetic
715:
701:
684:
676:
649:
632:
611:
591:
563:
526:
518:
510:
498:
494:
492:(ABR) test.
471:
462:
441:
429:
422:
407:
379:
362:
311:
301:milliseconds
297:
288:Thomas Young
281:
278:
254:
234:
221:bipolar cell
217:photopigment
186:
170:
140:Polymodality
139:
138:
135:Polymodality
121:
106:
89:
73:
31:
27:
26:
18:Polymodality
1072:EurekAlert!
923:Ideasthesia
919:Synesthesia
859:hydrophobic
712:Description
691:homeostatic
673:Description
555:Description
513:tuning fork
398:oval window
359:Description
327:nearsighted
167:Description
148:nociception
122:Multimodal
108:Lip reading
103:Lip reading
91:Integration
48:temperature
1945:Perception
1934:Categories
1754:Ergonomics
1733:(Thesis).
940:References
875:phantosmia
681:Perception
608:Perception
566:taste buds
544:Electrodes
505:audiometer
376:Perception
331:farsighted
274:brightness
262:wavelength
257:cone cells
245:adaptation
231:Adaptation
183:Perception
177:nanometres
124:perception
1920:144260061
1739:619577012
1164:145504287
894:A common
826:olfaction
820:Sensation
723:cutaneous
687:cutaneous
618:olfactory
614:gustatory
578:pheromone
536:ear canal
449:overtones
445:harmonics
266:intensity
241:rhodopsin
213:Vitamin A
1885:11148312
1825:33152961
1817:18821284
1782:22152573
1774:21390958
1735:ProQuest
1681:14005772
1615:20937297
1574:17558923
1525:16712201
1517:22080104
1474:19712693
1436:87698999
1428:30161738
1371:17846155
1322:15268874
986:16028032
903:See also
776:Pacinian
598:labellum
522:spondees
410:loudness
386:ossicles
56:pressure
36:stimulus
1716:5656904
1565:2635116
1482:9472588
1379:7934796
1349:Bibcode
1276:29 July
1272:. WebMD
1185:29 July
1181:. WebMD
1077:29 July
574:neurons
570:pharynx
434:in the
394:stirrup
390:cochlea
382:eardrum
365:hearing
337:. Both
237:photons
1918:
1883:
1823:
1815:
1780:
1772:
1737:
1714:
1679:
1613:
1572:
1562:
1523:
1515:
1480:
1472:
1434:
1426:
1377:
1369:
1320:
1162:
1125:
1049:
1024:
994:403254
992:
984:
635:limbic
620:, and
602:ligand
594:tongue
418:timbre
335:retina
197:cornea
193:retina
129:mammal
96:senses
58:, and
1916:S2CID
1821:S2CID
1778:S2CID
1521:S2CID
1478:S2CID
1432:S2CID
1424:JSTOR
1375:S2CID
1160:S2CID
990:S2CID
890:Tests
836:Odors
797:Tests
503:, an
478:tones
468:Tests
432:axons
414:pitch
370:hertz
308:Tests
60:smell
52:taste
44:sound
40:light
1881:PMID
1813:PMID
1770:PMID
1712:PMID
1677:PMID
1611:PMID
1570:PMID
1513:PMID
1470:PMID
1367:PMID
1345:1121
1318:PMID
1278:2012
1187:2012
1123:ISBN
1079:2012
1047:ISBN
1022:ISBN
982:PMID
842:odor
738:and
736:left
685:The
416:and
282:The
205:iris
203:and
201:lens
1908:doi
1873:doi
1805:doi
1762:doi
1704:doi
1669:doi
1642:doi
1601:doi
1560:PMC
1552:doi
1505:doi
1501:216
1462:doi
1416:doi
1357:doi
1308:doi
1240:doi
1213:doi
1152:doi
974:doi
970:166
499:In
447:or
329:or
270:hue
189:eye
150:).
1936::
1914:.
1902:.
1879:.
1869:52
1867:.
1833:^
1819:.
1811:.
1801:25
1799:.
1776:.
1768:.
1758:54
1756:.
1710:.
1700:78
1698:.
1675:.
1665:54
1663:.
1636:.
1632:.
1609:.
1597:50
1595:.
1591:.
1568:.
1558:.
1548:24
1546:.
1542:.
1519:.
1511:.
1499:.
1476:.
1468:.
1458:34
1456:.
1444:^
1430:.
1422:.
1412:14
1410:.
1373:.
1365:.
1355:.
1343:.
1339:.
1316:.
1304:14
1302:.
1298:.
1286:^
1252:^
1234:.
1209:51
1207:.
1195:^
1158:.
1148:18
1146:.
1087:^
1070:.
1002:^
988:.
980:.
968:.
948:^
877:.
616:,
604:.
584:.
524:.
420:.
412:,
272:,
264:,
247:.
199:,
54:,
50:,
46:,
42:,
1922:.
1910::
1904:1
1887:.
1875::
1827:.
1807::
1784:.
1764::
1741:.
1718:.
1706::
1683:.
1671::
1648:.
1644::
1638:9
1617:.
1603::
1576:.
1554::
1527:.
1507::
1484:.
1464::
1438:.
1418::
1395:.
1381:.
1359::
1351::
1324:.
1310::
1280:.
1246:.
1242::
1236:7
1219:.
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1189:.
1166:.
1154::
1131:.
1081:.
1055:.
1030:.
996:.
976::
925:)
921:(
758:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
