614:
776:
491:
807:
791:
2848:
2829:
2798:
2785:
654:. The study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Papuans. Polynesians predominantly belong to Haplogroup B (mtDNA), particularly to mtDNA B4a1a1 (the Polynesian motif). The high frequencies of mtDNA B4 in Polynesians are the result of genetic drift and represent the descendants of a few Austronesian females who mixed with Papuan males. The Polynesian population experienced a
2811:
2953:
416:
2722:
821:
There are an estimated 2 million ethnic
Polynesians and many of partial Polynesian descent worldwide, the majority of whom live in Polynesia, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. The Polynesian peoples are listed below in their distinctive ethnic and cultural groupings, with estimates of
392:
Polynesians have acquired a reputation as great navigators, with their canoes reaching the most remote corners of the
Pacific and allowing the settlement of islands as far apart as Hawaii, Rapanui (Easter Island), and Aotearoa (New Zealand). The people of Polynesia accomplished this voyaging using
563:
around 1500 BC from a convergence of
Austronesian migration waves, originating from both Island Southeast Asia to the west and an earlier Austronesian migration to Micronesia to the north. The culture was distinguished by dentate-stamped pottery. However, their eastward expansion halted when they
401:
Last queen Queen Lili'uokalani was born on
September 2, 1838 Lydia Lili'u Loloku Walachia Kamaka'eha to High Chief Kamanawa Il and his wife. Her father was the great-grandson of one of the five Kona chiefs in Hawaii. It is interesting to note here the existence of the Jukun-Kona tribe in Nigeria
2469:
Skoglund, Pontus; Posth, Cosimo; Sirak, Kendra; Spriggs, Matthew; Valentin, Frederique; Bedford, Stuart; Clark, Geoffrey R.; Reepmeyer, Christian; Petchey, Fiona; Fernandes, Daniel; Fu, Qiaomei; Harney, Eadaoin; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Novak, Mario; Rohland, Nadin; Stewardson, Kristin;
2470:
Abdullah, Syafiq; Cox, Murray P.; Friedlaender, Françoise R.; Friedlaender, Jonathan S.; Kivisild, Toomas; Koki, George; Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Merriwether, D. Andrew; Ricaut, Francois-X.; Wee, Joseph T. S.; Patterson, Nick; Krause, Johannes; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (3 October 2016).
2360:
Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Cordaux, Richard; Casto, Amanda; Lao, Oscar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Moyse-Faurie, Claire; Rutledge, Robb B.; Schiefenhoevel, Wulf; Gil, David; Lin, Alice A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Oefner, Peter J.; Trent, Ronald J.; Stoneking, Mark (November 2006).
1333:
580:
in the
Pacific for approximately 1,500 years, during which the Lapita culture in these islands abruptly lost the technology of pottery-making for unknown reasons. They resumed their eastward migrations around 700 AD, spreading to the
717:. Nonetheless, both groups show admixture, along with other Austronesian populations outside of Taiwan, indicating varying degrees of intermarriage between the incoming Neolithic Austronesian settlers and the preexisting
2553:
2642:
2527:
3024:
1291:
666:
from the parent population, due to the establishment of a new population by a very small number of individuals from a larger population, which also causes a loss of genetic variation.
813:('ava) makers (aumaga) of Samoa. A woman seated between two men with the round tanoa (or laulau) wooden bowl in front. Standing is a third man, distributor of the 'ava, holding the
1403:
393:
ancient navigation skills, including reading stars, currents, clouds, and bird movements—skills that have been passed down through successive generations to the present day.
694:. Examination of mitochondrial DNA lineages indicates that they have been evolving in ISEA for longer than previously believed. Ancestors of the Polynesians arrived in the
2754:
321:
As of 2012, there were an estimated 2 million ethnic
Polynesians (both full and part) worldwide. The vast majority either inhabit independent Polynesian nation-states (
1389:
1932:
Friedlaender, Jonathan S.; Friedlaender, Françoise R.; Reed, Floyd A.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Kidd, Judith R.; Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Lea, Rodney A.; et al. (2008).
1660:
Pietrusewsky, Michael (2006). "Initial
Settlement of remote Oceania: the evidence from physical anthropology". In Simanjuntak, T.; Pojoh, I.H.E.; Hisyam, M. (eds.).
2557:
3195:
2767:
613:
2531:
3034:
2973:
1347:
3260:
3245:
2937:
775:
764:
3255:
1540:
3235:
1838:
Carson, Mike T.; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Summerhayes, Glenn; Bellwood, Peter (January 2013). "The
Pottery Trail From Southeast Asia to Remote Oceania".
533:
oceans. They were the first humans to cross vast distances of water on ocean-going boats. Despite the popularity of rejected hypotheses, such as
490:
3139:
3073:
1288:
3240:
3164:
2988:
2747:
3109:
2692:
2303:
Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (19 August 2014).
658:
and genetic drift due to the small number of ancestors. As a result of the founder effect, Polynesians are distinctively different both
3250:
1731:
Magelssen, Scott (March 2016). "White-Skinned Gods: Thor
Heyerdahl, the Kon-Tiki Museum, and the Racial Theory of Polynesian Origins".
3169:
2993:
2983:
2838:
1692:
1411:
806:
760:
3225:
2833:
1883:
Kayser, Manfred; Lao, Oscar; Saar, Kathrin; Brauer, Silke; Wang, Xingyu; Nürnberg, Peter; Trent, Ronald J.; Stoneking, Mark (2008).
1822:
1576:
732:
Studies from 2016 and 2017 also support the idea that the earliest Lapita settlers mostly bypassed New Guinea, coming directly from
3124:
3114:
2740:
2246:
Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014).
690:
1433:
1111:
420:
2726:
1810:
3265:
3129:
3078:
3039:
3019:
2961:
2903:
1811:"Enter the Ceramic Matrix: Identifying the Nature of the Early Austronesian Settlement in the Cagayan Valley, Philippines"
1662:
Austronesian
Disapora and the Ethnogenesis of People in Indonesian Archipelago. Proceedings of the International Symposium
251:
1566:
3029:
3007:
1307:
1249:
382:
291:
3188:
3053:
2978:
2922:
2910:
3230:
2886:
1289:
Population Movement in the Pacific: A Perspective on Future Prospects. Wellington: New Zealand Department of Labour
1239:
1086:
3204:
3144:
3119:
651:
2051:"Testing migration patterns and estimating founding population size in Polynesia by using human mtDNA sequences"
713:
Modern Polynesians were shown to have lower levels of admixture with Australo-Melanesians than Austronesians in
3134:
2952:
2871:
1369:
790:
3104:
706:
681:
472:
2942:
1178:
577:
722:
267:
244:
1482:"High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia"
315:
3154:
2898:
2584:
2483:
2425:
2316:
2259:
2231:
2112:
2062:
2005:
1259:
1229:
1224:
695:
647:
537:'s belief that Polynesians are descendants of "bearded white men" who sailed on primitive rafts from
510:
509:, but the most widely accepted theory is that modern Austronesians originated from migrations out of
506:
502:
495:
468:
464:
406:
283:
279:
271:
228:
215:
159:
2161:
2049:
Murray-McIntosh, Rosalind P.; Scrimshaw, Brian J.; Hatfield, Peter J.; Penny, David (21 July 1998).
3149:
2927:
635:
424:
389:. New Zealand had the highest population of Polynesians, estimated at 110,000 in the 18th century.
259:
2363:"Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific"
1982:
Assessing Y-chromosome Variation in the South Pacific Using Newly Detected, By Krista Erin Latham
1865:
1791:
1783:
1766:
Coughlin, Jenna (2016). "Trouble in Paradise: Revising Identity in Two Texts by Thor Heyerdahl".
1748:
1634:
1254:
1234:
1219:
1096:
799:
643:
2932:
2915:
2891:
2881:
2816:
2610:
2509:
2451:
2394:
2342:
2285:
2191:
2142:
2090:
2031:
1965:
1914:
1818:
1688:
1572:
1521:
1503:
1090:
1014:
1010:
919:
300,000, including 43,465 residing in Australia, 67,221 in U.S.A, & 82,839 in New Zealand)
814:
685:
541:, Polynesians are believed to have originated from a branch of the Austronesian migrations in
456:
366:
287:
187:
179:
171:
167:
163:
3092:
2863:
2763:
2600:
2592:
2499:
2491:
2441:
2433:
2384:
2374:
2332:
2324:
2275:
2267:
2181:
2173:
2132:
2124:
2080:
2070:
2021:
2013:
1955:
1945:
1904:
1896:
1855:
1847:
1775:
1740:
1680:
1614:
1604:
1511:
1493:
1473:
1308:"Chuukese and Papua New Guinean Populations Fastest Growing Pacific Islander Groups in 2020"
1244:
1128:
714:
586:
556:
542:
386:
362:
303:
199:
191:
83:
2628:
638:
origin, with the remaining 79% being of Austronesian origin. Another study by Friedlaender
2821:
2803:
2790:
2389:
1787:
1477:
1295:
1264:
1161:
1157:
1082:
1066:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
195:
183:
175:
832:
795:
688:. The "out of Taiwan" model was challenged by a study from Leeds University published in
460:
295:
2667:
2588:
2487:
2429:
2320:
2263:
2066:
2009:
1684:
2605:
2572:
2504:
2471:
2446:
2413:
2337:
2304:
2280:
2247:
2186:
2137:
2026:
1993:
1960:
1933:
1909:
1884:
1619:
1592:
1516:
1481:
1137:
1103:
1062:
922:
862:
655:
552:
534:
522:
518:
444:
378:
2554:"DNA reveals Native American presence in Polynesia centuries before Europeans arrived"
3219:
2085:
2050:
1869:
1795:
1195:
1170:
1028:
873:
500,000–600,000, including the 109,000 residing in the US and 145,000 in New Zealand)
598:
538:
530:
513:
between 3000 and 1000 BC. Using relatively advanced maritime innovations such as the
370:
350:
263:
1752:
415:
2108:
1885:"Genome-wide analysis indicates more Asian than Melanesian ancestry of Polynesians"
1174:
926:
783:
582:
526:
484:
330:
248:
211:
116:
2128:
17:
2177:
1950:
1851:
1609:
1593:"Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese"
1269:
1141:
836:
745:
737:
718:
619:
602:
354:
2528:"First ancestry of Ni-Vanuatu is Asian: New DNA Discoveries recently published"
2017:
1994:"Paths and timings of the peopling of Polynesia inferred from genomic networks"
1900:
1779:
2596:
851:
892,200,(not including 170,057 residing in Australia, worldwide: c. 1,062,257)
560:
480:
476:
232:
2573:"Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement"
1675:
Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".
1507:
929:– 98,000+ (including 62,000 in New Zealand and 16,000 residing in Australia)
3065:
2876:
2732:
2379:
2362:
2210:
2075:
1709:
1498:
1390:
Christianity in its Global Context, 1970–2020 Society, Religion, and Mission
1214:
1209:
890:
876:
825:
726:
677:
663:
623:
590:
549:
514:
452:
448:
410:
342:
307:
255:
2614:
2513:
2455:
2398:
2346:
2289:
2146:
2035:
1969:
1918:
1525:
1323:, Earl R. Hinz & Jim Howard, University of Hawaii Press, 2006, page 80.
1071:
2721:
2195:
2094:
2853:
2305:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
2248:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
1744:
1191:
1187:
1149:
1120:
1000:
996:
946:
842:
674:
659:
275:
2495:
2437:
2328:
2271:
1541:"How The Sweet Potato Crossed The Pacific Way Before The Europeans Did"
1182:
1153:
1116:
1107:
1024:
986:
982:
854:
753:
741:
634:(2008) found that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is of
436:
432:
311:
299:
1860:
767:
around 1200, centuries before Europeans interacted with either group.
642:(2008) also confirmed that some Polynesians are genetically closer to
1145:
972:
968:
958:
950:
894:
880:
733:
594:
374:
358:
338:
134:
2693:"Cultural diversity: Census, 2021 | Australian Bureau of Statistics"
2211:"Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia"
1813:. In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumara, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.).
1710:"Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia"
1635:"Pacific People Spread From Taiwan, Language Evolution Study Shows"
744:
evident in the genetics of modern Polynesians (as well as Islander
1133:
1124:
965:
and 20% live elsewhere (specifically in Australia and New Zealand)
908:
904:
858:
805:
774:
749:
612:
573:
569:
489:
414:
346:
334:
322:
144:
106:
96:
1166:
962:
936:
932:
810:
565:
440:
326:
2736:
548:
The direct ancestors of the Polynesians are believed to be the
1809:
Heath, Helen; Summerhayes, Glenn R.; Hung, Hsiao-chun (2017).
2472:"Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific"
2414:"Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific"
1321:
Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands
740:. The intermarriage and admixture with Australo-Melanesian
576:
by around 900 BC. This remained the furthest extent of the
505:
regarding the ultimate origin and mode of dispersal of the
467:. They share the same origins as the indigenous peoples of
402:
whose people had migrated to different parts of the world.
298:
people form the largest Polynesian population, followed by
1815:
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
1568:
The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives
2643:"Māori population estimates: At 30 June 2022 | Stats NZ"
2235:, by Sindya N. Bhanoo, Feb. 7, 2011, The New York Times
1565:
Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2005).
698:
of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago.
1402:
Wellington, Victoria University of (1 December 2017).
1377:
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, Santiago de Chile
2162:"The theory of speciation via the founder principle"
1035:
5,000 (including mixtures and those living in Chile)
3091:
3052:
3006:
2960:
2862:
221:
205:
153:
143:
133:
125:
115:
105:
95:
82:
74:
66:
58:
53:
40:
525:, they rapidly colonized the islands of both the
2530:. Island Business. December 2016. Archived from
2412:Pontus Skoglund; et al. (27 October 2016).
266:. They trace their early prehistoric origins to
2055:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1486:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
943:20,000–25,000 (95% of whom live in New Zealand)
2748:
1840:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
1434:"Māori population estimates: At 30 June 2022"
1392:, Center for the Study of Global Christianity
8:
1934:"The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders"
1817:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press.
35:
2938:Annexation of the Leeward Islands by France
2233:DNA Sheds New Light on Polynesian Migration
840:
817:(tauau) used for distributing the beverage.
258:, which encompasses the islands within the
3097:
3058:
3012:
2966:
2755:
2741:
2733:
2668:"Ancestry | Australia | Community profile"
564:reached the western Polynesian islands of
487:, linguistic and archaeological evidence.
341:) or form minorities in countries such as
34:
2604:
2503:
2445:
2388:
2378:
2336:
2279:
2185:
2136:
2084:
2074:
2025:
1959:
1949:
1908:
1859:
1618:
1608:
1515:
1497:
887:178,000 (including multiracial: 250,000+)
1664:. Jakarta: LIPI Press. pp. 320–347.
1539:DOUCLEFF, MICHAELEEN (23 January 2013).
901:140,000 (including multiracial: 400,000)
789:
759:A 2020 study found that Polynesians and
2629:"The Pacific Islands & New Zealand"
1281:
1889:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1404:"Arts, humanities and social sciences"
593:. From here, they expanded further to
2113:"Ernst Mayr: Genetics and speciation"
1350:. world-statistics.org. 11 April 2012
1348:"Population of communities in Tuvalu"
7:
780:Female dancers of the Hawaii Islands
54:Regions with significant populations
1685:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2
1370:"Síntesis de Resultados Censo 2017"
748:) occurred after the settlement of
721:Australo-Melanesian populations of
3261:Polynesian diaspora in New Zealand
3246:Ethnic groups in the United States
1460:The Penguin History of New Zealand
709:, supports the findings of Kayser
29:Austronesian ethnolinguistic group
25:
1476:; Hunt, Terry L.; Lipo, Carl P.;
3256:Polynesian diaspora in Australia
2951:
2846:
2827:
2809:
2796:
2783:
2720:
1210:History of the Polynesian people
3236:Indigenous peoples of Polynesia
2367:Molecular Biology and Evolution
979:10,000 (+ 3,500 in New Zealand)
691:Molecular Biology and Evolution
673:(2008) argued for an older pre-
494:Chronological dispersal of the
274:ethnolinguistic group, with an
2390:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-0145-0
1462:. London: Penguin. p. 91.
1112:Federated States of Micronesia
993:1,500 (+ 6,500 in New Zealand)
1:
1334:"Census Profile, 2016 Census"
1079:738 (2013 New Zealand Census)
1076:
1056:
1032:
1018:
1004:
990:
976:
961:Island, 75% live on mainland
954:
940:
916:
912:
898:
884:
870:
866:
848:
88:
46:
3241:Ethnic groups in New Zealand
1951:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019
1852:10.1080/15564894.2012.726941
1610:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030281
1250:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
957:15,000–20,000 (5% reside on
822:the larger groups provided:
292:Austronesian language family
2129:10.1093/genetics/167.3.1041
617:1827 depiction of Tahitian
421:colonization of the Pacific
270:and are part of the larger
247:comprising closely related
3282:
3251:Ethnic groups in Australia
2178:10.1093/genetics/94.4.1011
2018:10.1038/s41586-021-03902-8
1901:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.010
1788:10.5406/scanstud.88.3.0246
1780:10.5406/scanstud.88.3.0246
1240:Pacific Islander Americans
404:
383:British Overseas Territory
3182:
3100:
3061:
3015:
2969:
2949:
2774:
2597:10.1038/s41586-020-2487-2
2160:Templeton, A. R. (1980).
652:Islander Southeast Asians
423:throughout the so-called
419:The Polynesian spread of
226:
210:
158:
45:
3226:Ethnic groups in Oceania
2974:Administrative divisions
601:by 1000 AD, and finally
555:. This group emerged in
411:Polynesia § History
2076:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9047
1499:10.1073/pnas.1015876108
1294:7 February 2013 at the
701:A 2014 study by Lipson
483:. This is supported by
473:Maritime Southeast Asia
431:Polynesians, including
2943:Bombardment of Papeete
1458:King, Michael (2003).
841:
818:
803:
787:
761:the Indigenous peoples
627:
578:Austronesian expansion
498:
463:, are a subset of the
428:
2380:10.1093/molbev/msl093
2309:Nature Communications
2252:Nature Communications
1708:Dr. Martin Richards.
809:
793:
778:
723:Island Southeast Asia
682:Island Southeast Asia
616:
493:
418:
381:), as well as in the
268:Island Southeast Asia
245:ethnolinguistic group
222:Related ethnic groups
3266:Austronesian peoples
2899:Kingdom of Bora Bora
2729:at Wikimedia Commons
1768:Scandinavian Studies
1745:10.1162/DRAM_a_00522
1733:TDR/The Drama Review
1474:Wilmshurst, Janet M.
1260:Austronesian peoples
1230:Polynesian mythology
1225:Polynesian languages
1173:(Erakoro, Eratapu),
915:104,000 (worldwide:
869:249,000 (worldwide:
696:Bismarck Archipelago
648:Taiwanese Aborigines
507:Austronesian peoples
496:Austronesian peoples
465:Austronesian peoples
407:Austronesian peoples
284:Polynesian languages
229:Austronesian peoples
216:Polynesian mythology
160:Polynesian languages
3150:Order of Tahiti Nui
2928:Franco-Tahitian War
2923:Monarchs of Raiatea
2911:Monarchs of Huahine
2727:People of Polynesia
2589:2020Natur.583..572I
2496:10.1038/nature19844
2488:2016Natur.538..510S
2438:10.1038/nature19844
2430:2016Natur.538..510S
2321:2014NatCo...5.4689L
2264:2014NatCo...5.4689L
2067:1998PNAS...95.9047M
2010:2021Natur.597..522I
1480:(1 February 2011).
1097:Polynesian outliers
1011:Marquesas Islanders
1001:Tuamotu Archipelago
636:Australo-Melanesian
630:Analysis by Kayser
503:multiple hypotheses
425:Polynesian Triangle
260:Polynesian Triangle
37:
3074:Telecommunications
2571:Ioannidis (2020).
2329:10.1038/ncomms5689
2272:10.1038/ncomms5689
1992:Ioannidis (2021).
1336:. 8 February 2017.
1235:Polynesian Society
1220:Polynesian culture
923:Cook Islands Māori
819:
804:
800:Gottfried Lindauer
788:
628:
499:
445:Cook Islands Māori
429:
316:Cook Islands Māori
286:, a branch of the
18:Polynesian peoples
3231:Polynesian people
3213:
3212:
3178:
3177:
3087:
3086:
3048:
3047:
3035:Political parties
3025:High Commissioner
3002:
3001:
2933:Jarnac Convention
2916:House of Teururai
2882:Kingdom of Tahiti
2877:Polynesian people
2817:Marquesas Islands
2725:Media related to
2699:. 12 January 2022
2672:profile.id.com.au
2647:www.stats.govt.nz
2583:(7817): 572–577.
2482:(7626): 510–513.
2424:(7626): 510–513.
2373:(11): 2234–2244.
2213:. Oxford Journals
2209:Martin Richards.
2061:(15): 9047–9052.
2004:(7877): 522–526.
1712:. Oxford Journals
1641:. 27 January 2009
1603:(8): e281. 2005.
1438:www.stats.govt.nz
1091:Wallis and Futuna
1039:Austral Islanders
1015:Marquesas Islands
815:coconut shell cup
763:of South America
707:whole genome data
686:mitochondrial DNA
461:New Zealand Māori
367:Wallis and Futuna
294:. The Indigenous
288:Oceanic subfamily
282:. They speak the
238:
237:
16:(Redirected from
3273:
3198:
3191:
3098:
3069:
3059:
3013:
2984:Cities and towns
2967:
2955:
2854:Tuamotus Islands
2852:
2850:
2849:
2839:Windward Islands
2832:
2831:
2830:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2764:French Polynesia
2757:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2724:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2560:on 10 July 2020.
2556:. Archived from
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1501:
1492:(5): 1815–1820.
1478:Anderson, Atholl
1470:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1414:on 13 April 2016
1410:. Archived from
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1286:
1245:Pacific Islander
1129:Papua New Guinea
1078:
1058:
1034:
1020:
1006:
992:
978:
956:
942:
918:
914:
900:
886:
872:
868:
850:
846:
736:or the northern
715:Island Melanesia
684:(ISEA) based on
587:French Polynesia
557:Island Melanesia
543:Island Melanesia
387:Pitcairn Islands
363:French Polynesia
304:Native Hawaiians
90:
84:French Polynesia
48:
41:Total population
38:
21:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3174:
3083:
3067:
3044:
2998:
2956:
2947:
2858:
2847:
2845:
2834:Leeward Islands
2828:
2826:
2822:Society Islands
2810:
2808:
2804:Gambier Islands
2797:
2795:
2791:Austral Islands
2784:
2782:
2770:
2761:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2534:on 30 July 2018
2526:
2525:
2521:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2048:
2047:
2043:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:. ANU E Press.
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1296:Wayback Machine
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1265:Malagasy people
1205:
1162:Solomon Islands
1158:Vaeakau-Taumako
1067:Chatham Islands
1053:Gambier Islands
1043:Austral Islands
773:
765:came in contact
611:
609:Genetic studies
523:crab claw sails
519:outrigger boats
449:Tahitian Mā'ohi
413:
405:Main articles:
399:
33:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:Pōmare dynasty
2889:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2819:
2806:
2793:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2716:
2715:External links
2713:
2711:
2710:
2697:www.abs.gov.au
2684:
2659:
2634:
2620:
2563:
2545:
2519:
2461:
2404:
2352:
2295:
2238:
2224:
2201:
2172:(4): 1011–38.
2152:
2109:Provine, W. B.
2100:
2041:
1984:
1975:
1924:
1895:(1): 194–198.
1875:
1830:
1823:
1801:
1774:(3): 246–269.
1758:
1723:
1700:
1694:978-0470016176
1693:
1667:
1652:
1626:
1584:
1577:
1557:
1531:
1465:
1450:
1425:
1408:victoria.ac.nz
1394:
1382:
1361:
1339:
1325:
1313:
1299:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1185:
1164:
1131:
1114:
1104:Kapingamarangi
1094:
1093:
1080:
1060:
1046:
1036:
1022:
1008:
994:
980:
966:
944:
930:
920:
902:
888:
874:
863:American Samoa
852:
794:A portrait of
772:
769:
664:phenotypically
656:founder effect
610:
607:
553:Lapita culture
535:Thor Heyerdahl
453:Hawaiian Māoli
398:
395:
379:American Samoa
236:
235:
224:
223:
219:
218:
208:
207:
203:
202:
156:
155:
151:
150:
147:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
86:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
43:
42:
31:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3278:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2805:
2794:
2792:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:(3): 1041–6.
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:PLOS Genetics
1935:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1824:9781760460952
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1578:9781920942854
1574:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:. p. 16.
1378:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:New Caledonia
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1029:Easter Island
1026:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1002:
998:
995:
988:
984:
981:
974:
970:
967:
964:
960:
952:
948:
945:
938:
934:
931:
928:
924:
921:
910:
906:
903:
896:
892:
889:
882:
878:
875:
864:
860:
856:
853:
845:
844:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
827:
823:
816:
812:
808:
801:
797:
792:
785:
781:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
692:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
660:genotypically
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
624:double-hulled
622:
621:
615:
608:
606:
604:
600:
599:Easter Island
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
554:
551:
546:
544:
540:
539:South America
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
422:
417:
412:
408:
403:
396:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:United States
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Easter Island
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Pacific Ocean
261:
257:
253:
250:
249:ethnic groups
246:
242:
234:
230:
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
204:
201:
197:
193:
190:and others),
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
67:United States
65:
61:
57:
52:
44:
39:
27:
19:
3159:
3125:Demographics
3115:Coat of arms
2779:Archipelagos
2778:
2701:. Retrieved
2696:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:
2637:
2623:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2558:the original
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:the original
2522:
2479:
2475:
2464:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2370:
2366:
2355:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2232:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2204:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2120:
2116:
2103:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1978:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1846:(1): 17–36.
1843:
1839:
1833:
1814:
1804:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1739:(1): 25–49.
1736:
1732:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1703:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:ScienceDaily
1638:
1629:
1600:
1597:PLOS Biology
1596:
1587:
1567:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1534:
1489:
1485:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1407:
1397:
1385:
1376:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1342:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1302:
1284:
1255:Micronesians
1095:
1070:
927:Cook Islands
824:
820:
784:Louis Choris
782:depicted by
779:
758:
731:
710:
702:
700:
689:
670:
668:
644:Micronesians
639:
631:
629:
618:
605:by 1200 AD.
583:Cook Islands
547:
500:
430:
400:
391:
331:Cook Islands
320:
272:Austronesian
240:
239:
214:(96.1%) and
212:Christianity
117:Cook Islands
32:Ethnic group
26:
3160:Polynesians
2315:(1): 4689.
2258:(1): 4689.
1270:Melanesians
1142:Ontong Java
837:New Zealand
746:Melanesians
738:Philippines
719:Paleolithic
603:New Zealand
597:by 900 AD,
369:), and the
355:New Zealand
290:within the
241:Polynesians
233:Euronesians
59:New Zealand
36:Polynesians
3220:Categories
3068:(currency)
3066:CFP franc
2781: :
2703:31 January
2677:1 February
2652:31 January
2538:11 January
1944:(1): e19.
1861:1885/72437
1550:25 January
1443:31 January
1277:References
1169:, Makata,
680:origin in
626:war canoes
589:, and the
561:Micronesia
501:There are
481:Madagascar
477:Micronesia
457:Marquesans
3155:Mythology
3140:Languages
3130:Education
3079:Transport
3040:President
3020:Elections
2989:Volcanoes
2962:Geography
2872:Marquesas
1870:128641903
1796:164373747
1716:1 January
1508:0027-8424
1215:Polynesia
1049:Mangareva
983:Tokelauan
891:Hawaiians
879:(Maohi):
877:Tahitians
826:Polynesia
786:, c. 1816
727:Melanesia
678:Sundaland
591:Marquesas
550:Neolithic
515:catamaran
343:Australia
308:Tahitians
256:Polynesia
154:Languages
75:Australia
62:1,157,478
49:3,200,000
3205:Category
3165:Religion
3110:Category
3030:Assembly
3008:Politics
2994:Wildlife
2904:Monarchs
2887:Monarchs
2768:articles
2615:32641827
2514:27698418
2456:27698418
2399:16923821
2347:25137359
2290:25137359
2217:28 March
2166:Genetics
2147:15280221
2117:Genetics
2111:(2004).
2036:34552258
1970:18208337
1919:18179899
1753:57559261
1645:29 April
1526:21187404
1418:14 April
1354:20 March
1292:Archived
1203:See also
1188:Fagauvea
1150:Sikaiana
1121:Nukumanu
1045:– ~7,000
969:Tuvaluan
947:Rotumans
843:Aotearoa
798:man, by
675:Holocene
276:Urheimat
206:Religion
188:Tuvaluan
180:Tahitian
172:Rapa Nui
164:Hawaiian
3189:Outline
3093:Culture
3054:Economy
2979:Climate
2864:History
2606:8939867
2585:Bibcode
2505:5515717
2484:Bibcode
2447:5515717
2426:Bibcode
2338:4143916
2317:Bibcode
2281:4143916
2260:Bibcode
2196:6777243
2187:1214177
2138:1470966
2095:9671802
2063:Bibcode
2027:9710236
2006:Bibcode
1961:2211537
1910:2253960
1620:1166355
1517:3033267
1183:Vanuatu
1154:Tikopia
1138:Bellona
1117:Nuguria
1108:Nukuoro
1063:Moriori
1025:Rapanui
997:Tuamotu
987:Tokelau
754:Vanuatu
742:Papuans
703:et al.,
669:Soares
531:Pacific
485:genetic
441:Niueans
437:Tongans
433:Samoans
397:Origins
385:of the
312:Tongans
300:Samoans
262:in the
243:are an
200:Spanish
192:English
111:103,036
101:192,342
91:215,000
78:409,805
70:988,519
3170:Sports
3105:Anthem
2851:
2814:
2801:
2788:
2766:
2613:
2603:
2577:Nature
2512:
2502:
2476:Nature
2454:
2444:
2418:Nature
2397:
2345:
2335:
2288:
2278:
2194:
2184:
2145:
2135:
2093:
2083:
2034:
2024:
1998:Nature
1968:
1958:
1917:
1907:
1868:
1821:
1794:
1786:
1751:
1691:
1617:
1575:
1524:
1514:
1506:
1179:Futuna
1177:, and
1146:Rennel
1087:Futuna
1072:Rēkohu
1021:11,000
1007:16,000
973:Tuvalu
959:Rotuma
951:Rotuma
933:Niuean
905:Tongan
895:Hawaii
881:Tahiti
855:Samoan
771:People
734:Taiwan
711:et al.
705:using
671:et al.
650:, and
640:et al.
632:et al.
595:Hawaii
572:, and
527:Indian
521:, and
511:Taiwan
479:, and
469:Taiwan
459:, and
375:Hawaii
359:France
339:Tuvalu
337:, and
314:, and
280:Taiwan
252:native
227:other
196:French
184:Tongan
176:Samoan
139:10,645
135:Tuvalu
129:10,760
126:Canada
121:17,683
3196:Index
3145:Music
3120:Dance
2086:21200
1866:S2CID
1792:S2CID
1784:JSTOR
1749:S2CID
1373:(PDF)
1192:Ouvéa
1175:Aniwa
1134:Anuta
1125:Takuu
1059:1,600
909:Tonga
859:Samoa
833:Māori
796:Māori
750:Tonga
574:Tonga
570:Samoa
347:Chile
335:Tonga
323:Samoa
296:Māori
168:Māori
149:9,399
145:Chile
107:Tonga
97:Samoa
3135:Flag
2705:2023
2679:2023
2654:2023
2611:PMID
2540:2017
2510:PMID
2452:PMID
2395:PMID
2343:PMID
2286:PMID
2219:2017
2192:PMID
2143:PMID
2091:PMID
2032:PMID
1966:PMID
1915:PMID
1819:ISBN
1718:2010
1689:ISBN
1647:2010
1573:ISBN
1552:2020
1522:PMID
1504:ISSN
1445:2023
1420:2018
1356:2016
1171:Mele
1167:Emae
1156:and
1123:and
1106:and
1085:and
1083:Uvea
1075:) –
963:Fiji
937:Niue
847:) –
811:Kava
752:and
725:and
662:and
620:pahi
566:Fiji
559:and
529:and
409:and
377:and
365:and
327:Niue
198:and
2601:PMC
2593:doi
2581:583
2500:PMC
2492:doi
2480:538
2442:PMC
2434:doi
2422:538
2385:hdl
2375:doi
2333:PMC
2325:doi
2276:PMC
2268:doi
2182:PMC
2174:doi
2133:PMC
2125:doi
2121:167
2081:PMC
2071:doi
2022:PMC
2014:doi
2002:597
1956:PMC
1946:doi
1905:PMC
1897:doi
1856:hdl
1848:doi
1776:doi
1741:doi
1681:doi
1677:eLS
1615:PMC
1605:doi
1545:NPR
1512:PMC
1494:doi
1490:108
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545:.
353:),
278:in
254:to
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2250:.
2190:.
2180:.
2170:94
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2115:.
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2069:.
2059:95
2057:.
2053:.
2030:.
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2012:.
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1903:.
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1057:c.
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