2211:
2118:
2091:
2024:
64:
2191:
42:
2346:
polyphyletic before the advent of molecular information but that were left in their polyphyletic ranks because there was not enough information to do otherwise. The classification of ferns using these molecular studies, which have generally supported one another, reflects the best information available at present, because traditional morphological characters are not always informative in elucidating evolutionary relationships among ferns.
2063:
2369:). A number of other extinct families have been described. They are not included in the classification systems used for extant ferns, and so most cannot be assigned to orders used in these systems. Taylor et al. (2009) use the order "Filicales", which corresponds to four Polypodiidae orders in more modern systems: Hymenophyllales, Gleicheniales, Schizaeales and Cyatheales. The unplaced families include:
4580:
1913:
1969:
287:
ferns only into
Eusporangiatae and Leptosporangiatae in 1884–9. The latter group was treated at a variety of ranks in subsequent systems of classification. The subclass "Polypodiidae" was first published and used for the homosporous leptosporangiate ferns by Cronquist, Takhtajan and Zimmermann in
2345:
There has been some challenge to recent molecular studies, claiming that these provide a skewed view of the phylogenetic order because they do not take into account fossil representatives. However, the molecular studies have clarified relations among families that had already been thought to be
254:
arise from a single epidermal cell and not from a group of cells as in eusporangiate ferns (a polyphyletic lineage). The mature sporangia have a wall that is just a single cell thick, and are typically covered with a scale called the
2991:
Kramer, K. U. (1990). Notes on the Higher Level
Classification of the Recent Ferns. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. K. Kubitzki, K. U. Kramer and P. S. Green. New York, Springer-Verlag. 1:
239:. There are approximately 8465 species of living leptosporangiate ferns, compared with about 2070 for all other ferns, totalling 10535 species of ferns. Almost a third of leptosporangiate fern species are
2210:
1802:
The following phylogram shows a likely relationship between the other vascular plant classes and the leptosporangiate ferns. It was formerly unclear about the relationship between
1352:
In both the
Christenhusz and Chase, and the PPG classification, the extant Polypodiidae are divided into seven orders, 44 families, 300 genera, and an estimated 10,323 species.
312:) (placed in a separate subclass by Cronquist et al. due to their highly modified morphology) within the leptosporangiate ferns, which they elevated to the rank of class as the
2900:
Hardeep S. Rai; Sean W. Graham (2010). "Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (Monilophytes)".
279:
in 1881, who placed the eusporangiate ferns with seed plants and vascular plants into a coeval "Eusporangiateen". As this classification artificially split the ferns,
4905:
4724:
3260:
4931:
4750:
2599:
2957:
Rothwell, G. W. & Nixon, K. C. (2006). "How does the inclusion of fossil data change our conclusions about the phylogenetic history of euphyllophytes".
2117:
196:, the largest of these being the largest group of living ferns, including some 11,000 species worldwide. The group has also been treated as the class
4711:
3044:
337:. The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between subclass Polypodiidae and the other Equisetopsida subclasses in that system
4918:
4737:
2090:
2023:
1211:
grouped all the fern subclasses together as
Polypodiophyta and in 2016 the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) adopted the class Polypodiopsida
3227:
1219:
shows the phylogenic relationship between the subclasses according to the PPG. The first three small subclasses being informally grouped as
1088:
3253:
2609:
263:, forming a ring or cup around the sorus, or can also be strongly reduced to completely absent. Many leptosporangiate ferns have an
333:. This subclass comprises leptosporangiate ferns as opposed to the remaining three subclasses which are informally referred to as
5003:
4838:
3303:
63:
3298:
2839:
4825:
2570:
4923:
4742:
3382:
3372:
3355:
3246:
4703:
3144:
4879:
4652:
4936:
4830:
4755:
3067:
200:
or
Polypodiopsida, although other classifications assign them a different rank. Older names for the group include
4799:
3182:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G. (2006).
349:
327:
3387:
5036:
4605:
2325:
301:
276:
4291:
2374:
5031:
4967:
4786:
3350:
2395:
2388:
4279:
2409:
2381:
4285:
5008:
4946:
4843:
4765:
4675:
4583:
4329:
2854:
215:
The leptosporangiate ferns are one of the four major groups of ferns, with the other three being the
4095:
2765:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
4643:
4297:
3748:
3731:
3641:
3489:
3238:
917:
50:
4427:
2354:
The leptosporangiate ferns have a substantial fossil record. For example, fossils assigned to the
4024:
3775:
3758:
3600:
3484:
3479:
3367:
3345:
3333:
3308:
3206:
3170:
2974:
2698:
2416:
2402:
2318:
1220:
334:
280:
216:
58:
4791:
4107:
4972:
4910:
4729:
4954:
4773:
4490:
4391:
4379:
4223:
4202:
3916:
3736:
3667:
3657:
3587:
3377:
3340:
3328:
3318:
3223:
3132:
2917:
2882:
2798:
2747:
2656:
2605:
2480:
4959:
4778:
4403:
4397:
4361:
4044:
3906:
3791:
3692:
3292:
3198:
3160:
3122:
3114:
3105:
3085:
3053:
3031:
2966:
2909:
2872:
2862:
2788:
2778:
2737:
2729:
2690:
2674:
2646:
2638:
2470:
264:
41:
3183:
4495:
4478:
4385:
3911:
3894:
3677:
3636:
3504:
3494:
3474:
3035:
2678:
2085:
1851:
1814:, but recent studies have shown that Equisetopsida is most likely sister to Psilotopsida.
1622:
1407:
1182:
412:
320:
275:
The leptosporangiate ferns were first recognized as a group, the "Leptosporangiateen", by
189:
141:
2858:
2190:
2062:
1223:, in contrast to the Polypodiidae or leptosporangiate ferns. Polypodiidae is shown as a
300:
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level classification of ferns based on
4415:
4355:
4229:
4196:
4154:
4067:
3995:
3990:
3938:
3408:
3323:
3270:
3127:
3100:
2877:
2793:
2766:
2742:
2717:
2651:
2626:
2461:
Palmer, Jeffrey (2004), "The Plant Tree of Life: an
Overview and Some Points of View",
2359:
2045:
1947:
1838:
1825:
1269:
1234:
886:
313:
88:
2936:
5025:
4505:
4349:
4312:
4269:
4182:
4158:
3975:
3697:
3672:
3554:
3499:
3058:
3039:
2625:
Llorens, C.; Argentina, M.; Rojas, N.; Westbrook, J.; Dumais, J.; Noblin, X. (2016).
2355:
2113:
2006:
1894:
1864:
1811:
1803:
1644:
1430:
1208:
305:
146:
3174:
2978:
17:
4566:
4421:
4409:
4149:
3980:
3970:
3770:
3722:
3595:
2571:"Fern Phylogeny Inferred from 400 Leptosporangiate Species and Three Plastid Genes"
2423:
2206:
1934:
1807:
1734:
1515:
1224:
1187:
745:
228:
220:
166:
4884:
4657:
297:. Other contemporary classifications used the name "Filicidae" for this subclass.
2867:
326:
Later classifications renamed the group
Polypodiidae, initially as a subclass of
4892:
4637:
4373:
4367:
4162:
4143:
4101:
4051:
3858:
3801:
3742:
3687:
3620:
3570:
3540:
3522:
3514:
2162:
2140:
2019:
1907:
1695:
1666:
1476:
1453:
1291:
1247:
1197:
1192:
855:
824:
309:
284:
232:
209:
156:
151:
4870:
319:
The common ancestor of
Salviniales, Cyatheales and Polypodiales went through a
4995:
4573:
4500:
4468:
4454:
4437:
3985:
3662:
3451:
3442:
3090:
3071:
2733:
2185:
2058:
1963:
1710:
1600:
1499:
1384:
1177:
995:
290:
251:
224:
161:
136:
4628:
2783:
2681:& Zimmermann, Walter (April 1966). "On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta".
4985:
4688:
4238:
4134:
4000:
3884:
3682:
3462:
3431:
3076:
1216:
980:
4817:
3136:
2921:
2886:
2802:
2751:
2660:
2642:
2484:
2475:
1912:
2718:"Fern genomes elucidate land plant evolution and cyanobacterial symbioses"
2444:
2442:
2440:
4980:
4864:
4812:
4622:
4510:
3943:
3926:
3362:
3118:
3072:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
2364:
1026:
650:
256:
240:
236:
4667:
3210:
2913:
2816:
4716:
4463:
4166:
3965:
3422:
3040:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
2702:
1041:
4897:
3165:
3148:
2716:
Li, Fay-Wei; Brouwer, Paul; Carretero-Paulet, L.; et al. (2018).
3202:
4599:
3149:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
2694:
1968:
2970:
4693:
4588:
4449:
3862:
3560:
3274:
260:
75:
2520:
2518:
2516:
4234:
3953:
1877:
539:
193:
108:
98:
4603:
3856:
3242:
2627:"The fern cavitation catapult: Mechanism and design principles"
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
4680:
2448:
4804:
3562:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2552:
2550:
3220:
Paleobotany, The
Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
3276:
316:(published by Cronquist et al. to include all ferns).
3218:
Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009).
2767:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
2578:
The
Evolution and Diversification of Epiphytic Ferns
4854:
4612:
4477:
4436:
4325:
4310:
4265:
4252:
4215:
4180:
4133:
4120:
4084:
4065:
4033:
4021:
3952:
3925:
3893:
3882:
3800:
3784:
3757:
3720:
3650:
3629:
3617:
3586:
3553:
3531:
3513:
3461:
3441:
3421:
3406:
3222:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press.
3099:Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Chase, Mark W. (2014).
2524:
3013:
3001:
2840:"Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life"
3070:; Zhang, X.C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011).
2507:
2358:, a member of the Cyatheales, are known from the
2817:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
267:around the sporangium, which ejects the spores.
208:, although at least the "water ferns" (now the
3864:
219:comprising the marattioid ferns (Marattiidae,
3254:
1215:for the four fern subclasses. The following
8:
3101:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
2935:Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz (2009).
2541:
2942:. In S. Blair Hedges; Sudhir Kumar (eds.).
2556:
4600:
4579:
4322:
4262:
4258:
4212:
4188:
4130:
4126:
4081:
4077:
4062:
4030:
4018:
3890:
3879:
3875:
3853:
3797:
3781:
3763:
3754:
3717:
3626:
3614:
3583:
3579:
3418:
3414:
3403:
3261:
3247:
3239:
40:
31:
3164:
3126:
3089:
3057:
2876:
2866:
2792:
2782:
2741:
2650:
2598:Lack, Andrew J.; Evans, David E. (2005).
2474:
3045:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2580:(Doctoral dissertation). Duke University
1841:(club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
1361:Nitta et al. 2022 and Fern Tree of life
1354:
2959:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2436:
2631:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
2341:Discussion of molecular classification
7:
4947:fc81a60b-4c81-46a9-a51f-f30593f4bf7d
4831:6ac14188-70de-11e6-a989-005056b0018f
4766:9e178bb5-c314-47ca-88dd-31a54155e7b3
4704:897478cb-590d-485f-8bd2-786923344a02
3153:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
3184:"A classification for extant ferns"
2449:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (2016)
2178:
2155:
2133:
2106:
2078:
2051:
2012:
2002:
1940:
1900:
1890:
1883:
1857:
1831:
1821:
1688:
1681:
1659:
1637:
1615:
1593:
1586:
1492:
1469:
1446:
1423:
1400:
1377:
1367:
1284:
1262:
1240:
1230:
1081:
1074:
1019:
973:
966:
959:
910:
879:
848:
817:
810:
803:
796:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
344:
3014:Taylor, Taylor & Krings (2009)
3002:Taylor, Taylor & Krings (2009)
25:
4578:
3059:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
2209:
2189:
2116:
2089:
2061:
2022:
1967:
1911:
212:) were then treated separately.
62:
2508:Christenhusz & Chase (2014)
123:Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.
4589:Current definitions of Plantae
1:
1358:Christenhusz and Chase 2014
3145:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
2868:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851
259:, which can cover the whole
1816:
339:
5053:
2902:American Journal of Botany
2771:Frontiers in Plant Science
2569:Schuettpelz, Eric (2007).
2525:Christenhusz et al. (2011)
2463:American Journal of Botany
1798:Phylogenetic relationships
1207:In 2014, Christenhusz and
4561:
4261:
4211:
4191:
4129:
4080:
4061:
4017:
3878:
3874:
3852:
3766:
3716:
3613:
3582:
3417:
3402:
3286:
3091:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
2734:10.1038/s41477-018-0188-8
2557:Chase & Reveal (2009)
2204:
2183:
2176:
2160:
2153:
2138:
2131:
2111:
2104:
2083:
2076:
2056:
2049:
2017:
2010:
2000:
1961:
1945:
1938:
1905:
1898:
1888:
1881:
1862:
1855:
1836:
1829:
1732:
1708:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1664:
1657:
1642:
1635:
1620:
1613:
1598:
1591:
1518:6 suborders, 26 families
1513:
1497:
1490:
1474:
1467:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1421:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1375:
1360:
1357:
1304:
1289:
1282:
1267:
1260:
1245:
1238:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1039:
1024:
1017:
993:
978:
971:
964:
957:
915:
908:
884:
877:
853:
846:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
133:
128:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
2838:Samuli Lehtonen (2011).
2784:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
321:whole genome duplication
302:molecular phylogenetics
246:These ferns are called
2643:10.1098/rsif.2015.0930
2476:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
277:Karl Ritter von Goebel
182:leptosporangiate ferns
35:Leptosporangiate fern
4968:Paleobiology Database
4787:Paleobiology Database
4701:Euro+Med PlantBase:
4584:List of plant orders
4464:Pinopsida (conifers)
4450:Cycadopsida (cycads)
4442:(living gymnosperms)
3939:Leiosporocerotopsida
3658:Nephroselmidophyceae
3068:Christenhusz, M.J.M.
2944:The Timetree of Life
2365:201 to 175
18:Polypodiidae (plant)
4292:Archaeopteridopsida
4025:Polysporangiophytes
3749:Klebsormidiophyceae
3732:Mesostigmatophyceae
3678:Chlorodendrophyceae
3642:Pyramimonadophyceae
3596:Prasinodermophyceae
3490:Compsopogonophyceae
3016:, pp. 436–476.
2914:10.3732/ajb.0900305
2859:2011PLoSO...624851L
2819:. FTOL v1.3.0. 2022
2542:Smith et al. (2006)
2375:Anachoropteridaceae
1221:eusporangiate ferns
335:eusporangiate ferns
217:eusporangiate ferns
51:Pteridium aquilinum
4483:(flowering plants)
4404:Lyginopteridopsida
4197:Eophyllophytopsida
4150:Zosterophyllopsida
4088:Paratracheophytes*
3866:sensu strictissimo
3776:Coleochaetophyceae
3759:Phragmoplastophyta
3601:Palmophyllophyceae
3523:Glaucocystophyceae
3485:Stylonematophyceae
3480:Porphyridiophyceae
3269:Classification of
3119:10.1093/aob/mct299
2396:Psalixochlaenaceae
2389:Kaplanopteridaceae
1950:(grapeferns etc.)
288:1966, typified on
281:Christian Luerssen
188:, are one of four
180:, commonly called
5019:
5018:
4955:Open Tree of Life
4774:Open Tree of Life
4606:Taxon identifiers
4597:
4596:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4491:Basal angiosperms
4392:Gigantopteridales
4341:seed plant groups
4339:and other extinct
4306:
4305:
4280:Noeggerathiopsida
4248:
4247:
4203:Trimerophytopsida
4176:
4175:
4116:
4115:
4072:(vascular plants)
4037:Protracheophytes*
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
3976:Andreaeobryopsida
3917:Jungermanniopsida
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3737:Chlorokybophyceae
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3668:Chloropicophyceae
3609:
3608:
3588:Prasinodermophyta
3549:
3548:
3229:978-0-12-373972-8
3166:10.1111/jse.12229
3147:(November 2016).
2946:. Oxford Biology.
2675:Cronquist, Arthur
2410:Skaaripteridaceae
2382:Botryopteridaceae
2367:million years ago
2335:
2334:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2035:
2034:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1924:
1923:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1721:
1720:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1205:
1204:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1006:
1005:
946:
945:
937:
936:
928:
927:
897:
896:
866:
865:
835:
834:
783:
782:
774:
773:
765:
764:
756:
755:
697:
696:
688:
687:
679:
678:
670:
669:
661:
660:
595:
594:
586:
585:
577:
576:
568:
567:
559:
558:
550:
549:
477:
476:
468:
467:
459:
458:
450:
449:
441:
440:
432:
431:
423:
422:
296:
186:Leptosporangiatae
174:
173:
124:
27:Subclass of ferns
16:(Redirected from
5044:
5012:
5011:
4999:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4976:
4975:
4963:
4962:
4950:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4927:
4926:
4914:
4913:
4901:
4900:
4888:
4887:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4808:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4782:
4781:
4769:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4684:
4683:
4671:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4601:
4582:
4581:
4496:Core angiosperms
4484:
4443:
4438:Acrogymnospermae
4416:Peltaspermopsida
4398:Glossopteridales
4380:Corystospermales
4362:Callistophytales
4342:
4334:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4286:Aneurophytopsida
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4213:
4189:
4185:
4144:Barinophytopsida
4131:
4127:
4123:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4045:Horneophytopsida
4036:
4031:
4027:
4019:
3959:
3944:Anthocerotopsida
3932:
3927:Anthocerotophyta
3907:Haplomitriopsida
3900:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3854:
3807:
3798:
3792:Zygnematophyceae
3782:
3764:
3755:
3725:
3718:
3693:Trebouxiophyceae
3663:Picocystophyceae
3627:
3623:
3615:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3468:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3315:
3295:
3280:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3214:
3203:10.2307/25065646
3188:
3178:
3168:
3140:
3130:
3106:Annals of Botany
3095:
3093:
3063:
3061:
3036:Reveal, James L.
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2908:(9): 1444–1456.
2897:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2870:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2679:Takhtajan, Armen
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2528:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2368:
2350:Extinct families
2326:Leptosporangiate
2213:
2193:
2179:
2165:(heterosporous)
2156:
2134:
2120:
2107:
2093:
2079:
2065:
2052:
2026:
2013:
2003:
1971:
1941:
1915:
1901:
1891:
1884:
1858:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1689:
1682:
1660:
1638:
1616:
1594:
1587:
1493:
1470:
1447:
1424:
1401:
1378:
1368:
1355:
1285:
1263:
1241:
1231:
1227:of Marattiidae.
1082:
1075:
1020:
974:
967:
960:
911:
880:
849:
818:
811:
804:
797:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
345:
340:
304:. They included
294:
248:leptosporangiate
122:
67:
66:
44:
32:
21:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5007:
5002:
4994:
4992:
4984:
4979:
4971:
4966:
4958:
4953:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4930:
4922:
4917:
4909:
4904:
4896:
4891:
4883:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4850:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4816:
4811:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4762:
4754:
4749:
4741:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4710:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4687:
4679:
4674:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4608:
4598:
4593:
4517:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4386:Czekanowskiales
4340:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4302:
4266:
4253:
4244:
4216:Moniliformopses
4207:
4181:
4172:
4122:Eutracheophytes
4121:
4112:
4085:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4057:
4034:
4022:
4005:
3996:Polytrichopsida
3991:Tetraphidopsida
3957:
3956:
3948:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3912:Marchantiopsida
3898:
3897:
3895:Marchantiophyta
3883:
3870:
3816:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3780:
3753:
3721:
3704:
3646:
3637:Mamiellophyceae
3618:
3605:
3574:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3527:
3509:
3505:Florideophyceae
3495:Rhodellophyceae
3475:Cyanidiophyceae
3466:
3465:
3457:
3437:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3313:
3291:
3282:
3267:
3237:
3230:
3217:
3186:
3181:
3143:
3098:
3066:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:, pp. 464.
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2695:10.2307/1217531
2673:
2672:
2668:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2523:
2514:
2506:
2491:
2469:(10): 1437–45,
2460:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2438:
2433:
2363:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2086:Hymenophyllales
2036:
1990:
1981:
1925:
1839:Lycopodiophytes
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1722:
1623:Hymenophyllales
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1408:Hymenophyllales
1350:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:lycopodiophytes
1180:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1062:
1053:
1007:
947:
938:
929:
898:
867:
836:
784:
775:
766:
757:
698:
689:
680:
671:
662:
596:
587:
578:
569:
560:
551:
478:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
424:
283:subdivided the
273:
227:(Equisetiidae,
142:Hymenophyllales
121:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5050:
5048:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5000:
4990:
4977:
4964:
4951:
4941:
4928:
4915:
4902:
4889:
4876:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4835:
4822:
4809:
4796:
4783:
4770:
4760:
4747:
4734:
4721:
4708:
4698:
4685:
4672:
4662:
4649:
4644:Polypodiopsida
4634:
4618:
4616:
4614:Polypodiopsida
4610:
4609:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4570:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4422:Pentoxylopsida
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4356:Calamopityales
4352:
4345:
4343:
4320:
4313:Spermatophytes
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4270:Progymnosperms
4256:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4235:Polypodiopsida
4232:
4230:Cladoxylopsida
4226:
4219:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4183:Euphyllophytes
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4155:Lycopodiopsida
4152:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4096:Cooksoniopsida
4091:
4089:
4075:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4028:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Oedipodiopsida
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3888:
3872:
3871:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3795:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3630:Prasinophytina
3624:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3577:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3533:incertae sedis
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3412:
3409:Archaeplastida
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:Mesomycetozoea
3385:
3380:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3324:Diaphoretickes
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3271:Archaeplastida
3268:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3215:
3197:(3): 705–731.
3179:
3159:(6): 563–603.
3141:
3113:(4): 571–594.
3096:
3064:
3052:(2): 122–127.
3032:Chase, Mark W.
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2984:
2971:10.1086/503298
2965:(3): 737–749.
2949:
2927:
2892:
2853:(10): e24851.
2830:
2808:
2757:
2728:(7): 460–472.
2708:
2689:(4): 129–134.
2666:
2617:
2610:
2590:
2561:
2546:
2529:
2512:
2489:
2453:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2360:Lower Jurassic
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2088:(filmy ferns)
2082:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2046:Polypodiopsida
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1966:(whisk ferns)
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:Ophioglossales
1944:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:(seed plants)
1865:Spermatophytes
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:Euphyllophytes
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:Ophioglossidae
1266:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1235:Polypodiopsida
1229:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
953:
952:
949:
948:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
914:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
895:
894:
891:
890:
887:Ophioglossidae
883:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:
860:
859:
852:
847:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
833:
832:
829:
828:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
781:
780:
777:
776:
772:
771:
768:
767:
763:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
750:
749:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
664:
663:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:Anthocerotidae
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
571:
570:
566:
565:
562:
561:
557:
556:
553:
552:
548:
547:
544:
543:
536:
531:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
475:
474:
471:
470:
466:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
426:
425:
421:
420:
417:
416:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
343:
314:Polypodiopsida
272:
269:
250:because their
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
131:
130:
126:
125:
116:
112:
111:
109:Polypodiopsida
106:
102:
101:
99:Polypodiophyta
96:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5049:
5038:
5037:Plant classes
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4350:Bennettitales
4347:
4346:
4344:
4331:
4330:Pteridosperms
4324:
4321:
4317:(seed plants)
4314:
4309:
4299:
4298:Protopityales
4295:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4069:
4068:Tracheophytes
4064:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:Andreaeopsida
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3806:(land plants)
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3699:
3698:Chlorophyceae
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Pedinophyceae
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:Chlorophytina
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3555:Viridiplantae
3552:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Bangiophyceae
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Stramenopiles
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3314:(major groups
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:Nature Plants
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2611:9780415356435
2607:
2603:
2602:
2601:Plant Biology
2594:
2591:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2356:Dicksoniaceae
2349:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2319:Eusporangiate
2315:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2188:(tree ferns)
2187:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:Gleicheniales
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:Marattiopsida
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:(horsetails)
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:Equisetopsida
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:Marattiopsida
1809:
1805:
1804:Equisetopsida
1797:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:Gleicheniales
1640:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Gleicheniales
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
976:
975:
969:
968:
962:
961:
955:
954:
951:
950:
942:
941:
933:
932:
924:
923:
920:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
893:
892:
889:
888:
882:
881:
875:
874:
871:
870:
862:
861:
858:
857:
851:
850:
844:
843:
840:
839:
831:
830:
827:
826:
820:
819:
813:
812:
806:
805:
799:
798:
792:
791:
788:
787:
779:
778:
770:
769:
761:
760:
752:
751:
748:
747:
741:
740:
734:
733:
727:
726:
720:
719:
713:
712:
706:
705:
702:
701:
693:
692:
684:
683:
675:
674:
666:
665:
657:
656:
653:
652:
646:
645:
639:
638:
632:
631:
625:
624:
618:
617:
611:
610:
604:
603:
600:
599:
591:
590:
582:
581:
573:
572:
564:
563:
555:
554:
546:
545:
542:
541:
535:
534:
528:
527:
521:
520:
514:
513:
507:
506:
500:
499:
493:
492:
486:
485:
482:
481:
473:
472:
464:
463:
455:
454:
446:
445:
437:
436:
428:
427:
419:
418:
415:
414:
413:Marchantiidae
408:
407:
401:
400:
394:
393:
387:
386:
380:
379:
373:
372:
366:
365:
359:
358:
352:
351:
350:Equisetopsida
347:
346:
342:
341:
338:
336:
332:
329:
328:Equisetopsida
324:
322:
317:
315:
311:
308:water ferns (
307:
306:heterosporous
303:
298:
293:
292:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
147:Gleicheniales
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
127:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Tracheophytes
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5032:Polypodiidae
4856:Polypodiidae
4855:
4800:Tree of Life
4613:
4567:paraphyletic
4479:Angiospermae
4456:
4455:Ginkgoales (
4428:Petriellales
4410:Medullosales
4337:(seed ferns)
4050:
3971:Sphagnopsida
3966:Takakiopsida
3899:(liverworts)
3865:
3859:Embryophytes
3813:(see below↓)
3771:Charophyceae
3741:
3723:Streptophyta
3575:land plants)
3563:
3532:
3450:
3443:Rhodelphidia
3430:
3373:Opisthokonta
3277:
3234:</ref>
3219:
3194:
3190:
3156:
3152:
3110:
3104:
3081:
3075:
3049:
3043:
3024:Bibliography
3009:
2997:
2987:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2943:
2930:
2905:
2901:
2895:
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2846:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2811:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2725:
2721:
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2686:
2682:
2669:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2600:
2593:
2582:. Retrieved
2577:
2564:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2424:Tempskyaceae
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2353:
2344:
2336:
2207:Polypodiales
2205:
2184:
2161:
2139:
2112:
2084:
2057:
2018:
1962:
1946:
1935:Psilotopsida
1906:
1863:
1837:
1826:Tracheophyta
1808:Psilotopsida
1801:
1735:Polypodiales
1733:
1709:
1694:
1665:
1643:
1621:
1599:
1516:Polypodiales
1514:
1498:
1475:
1452:
1429:
1406:
1383:
1372:Polypodiidae
1371:
1351:
1307:Polypodiidae
1306:
1305:
1290:
1268:
1246:
1225:sister group
1212:
1206:
1188:monilophytes
1087:
1040:
1025:
994:
979:
918:Polypodiidae
916:
885:
854:
823:
746:Lycopodiidae
744:
649:
538:
411:
348:
330:
325:
318:
299:
289:
274:
247:
245:
229:Equisetaceae
221:Marattiaceae
214:
205:
201:
198:Pteridopsida
197:
185:
181:
178:Polypodiidae
177:
175:
167:Polypodiales
119:Polypodiidae
118:
82:
49:
29:
4893:iNaturalist
4638:Wikispecies
4374:Cordaitales
4368:Caytoniales
4254:Lignophytes
4237:(ferns and
4163:spikemosses
4102:Rhyniopsida
4052:Aglaophyton
3931:(hornworts)
3802:Embryophyta
3785:Anydrophyta
3743:Spirotaenia
3688:Ulvophyceae
3621:Chlorophyta
3571:green algae
3541:Algospongia
3515:Glaucophyta
3467:(red algae)
2823:12 December
2417:Tedeleaceae
2403:Sermayaceae
2163:Salviniales
2141:Schizaeales
2020:Marattiales
1908:Equisetales
1696:Salviniales
1667:Schizaeales
1502:8 families
1479:2 families
1477:Salviniales
1456:3 families
1454:Schizaeales
1433:3 families
1348:Subdivision
1292:Marattiidae
1248:Equisetidae
1198:angiosperms
1193:gymnosperms
1089:Magnoliidae
856:Marattiidae
825:Equisetidae
310:Salviniales
285:homosporous
233:whisk ferns
210:Salviniales
184:, formerly
157:Salviniales
152:Schizaeales
5026:Categories
4501:Magnoliids
4469:Gnetopsida
4239:horsetails
4167:quillworts
4159:clubmosses
4135:Lycophytes
4108:Renaliales
3885:Bryophytes
3463:Rhodophyta
3452:Rhodelphis
2584:2019-12-04
2431:References
2186:Cyatheales
2059:Osmundales
1964:Psilotales
1711:Cyatheales
1601:Osmundales
1500:Cyatheales
1385:Osmundales
1213:sensu lato
1178:bryophytes
996:Ginkgoidae
331:sensu lato
291:Polypodium
225:horsetails
190:subclasses
162:Cyatheales
137:Osmundales
115:Subclass:
95:Division:
4986:100352370
4001:Bryopsida
3954:Bryophyta
3683:UTC clade
3432:Picomonas
3368:Amoebozoa
3346:Alveolata
3334:Cryptista
3309:Eukaryota
3077:Phytotaxa
1410:1 family
1387:1 family
1217:cladogram
981:Cycadidae
252:sporangia
241:epiphytes
237:moonworts
206:Filicales
202:Filicidae
72:Kingdom:
4993:VASCAN:
4981:Tropicos
4911:11907107
4871:Q3395756
4865:Wikidata
4826:VicFlora
4818:43000111
4813:Tropicos
4730:11905164
4665:BioLib:
4623:Wikidata
4511:Eudicots
4506:Monocots
4224:Ibykales
3958:(mosses)
3863:Plantae
3561:Plantae
3363:Amorphea
3341:Rhizaria
3329:Hacrobia
3319:Excavata
3304:Bacteria
3275:Plantae
3211:25065646
3175:39980610
3137:24532607
3084:(1): 7.
3038:(2009).
2979:86172890
2922:21616899
2887:22022365
2847:PLOS ONE
2803:36092417
2752:29967517
2661:26763327
2485:21652302
1027:Gnetidae
271:Taxonomy
257:indusium
4960:5662210
4937:1521262
4717:7228684
4629:Q373615
4574:extinct
3423:Picozoa
3378:Animals
3299:Archaea
3128:3936591
2937:"Ferns"
2878:3192703
2855:Bibcode
2794:9449725
2743:6786969
2703:1217531
2652:4759797
2637:(114).
1042:Pinidae
540:Bryidae
265:annulus
231:), and
223:), the
129:Orders
105:Class:
76:Plantae
5009:449899
4944:NZOR:
4924:846532
4898:764796
4885:224852
4844:596330
4792:196331
4779:166292
4763:NZOR:
4756:241806
4743:846528
4658:223523
4569:groups
4457:Ginkgo
4165:&
4023:
3619:
3356:Plants
3293:Domain
3226:
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2977:
2920:
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2875:
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5004:WoRMS
4973:55185
4906:IRMNG
4839:WoRMS
4805:20615
4725:IRMNG
4694:1PTEC
3573:&
3383:Fungi
3207:JSTOR
3191:Taxon
3187:(PDF)
3171:S2CID
2992:49-52
2975:S2CID
2940:(PDF)
2843:(PDF)
2699:JSTOR
2683:Taxon
2574:(PDF)
2328:Ferns
2321:Ferns
1878:Ferns
1209:Chase
261:sorus
194:ferns
83:Clade
4932:NCBI
4919:ITIS
4880:APNI
4751:NCBI
4738:ITIS
4712:GBIF
4689:EPPO
4681:4495
4668:3076
4653:APNI
4572:† =
3564:s.s.
3278:s.l.
3224:ISBN
3133:PMID
2918:PMID
2883:PMID
2825:2022
2799:PMID
2748:PMID
2657:PMID
2606:ISBN
2481:PMID
235:and
204:and
176:The
4676:EoL
3861:or
3559:or
3273:or
3199:doi
3161:doi
3123:PMC
3115:doi
3111:113
3086:doi
3054:doi
3050:161
2967:doi
2963:167
2910:doi
2873:PMC
2863:doi
2789:PMC
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