113:
353:). The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009) which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida, reclassified Smith's Polypodiopsida as subclass Polypodiidae and placed the Hymenophyllales there. The circumscription of the order and its families was not changed, and that circumscription and placement in Polypodiidae has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) and PPG I (2016).
134:
3273:
410:. The PPG I classification of 2016 again recognizes the segregate genera (and treats the two clades as subfamilies, Hymenophylloideae and Trichomanoideae), although the segregate genera are not always accepted by contemporary floras; e.g., as of 2016, the
370:
s.l. with tubular involucres. Subsequent proposals have created 34 genera (Copeland 1938), 6 genera (Morton 1968), 47 genera (Sermolli 1977), and 8 genera (Iwatsuki 1984). These classifications all had only limited regional acceptance. Recent
1576:
Light and desiccation responses of some
Hymenophyllaceae (filmy ferns) from Trinidad, Venezuela and New Zealand: poikilohydry in a light-limited but low evaporation ecological niche
406:
This subdivision was recognized by Smith et al. in 2006 and
Christenhusz et al. in 2011, but Christenhusz and Chase, in 2014, reverted to combining the trichomanoid clades into
345:
In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, the
Hymenophyllales, containing the single family Hymenophyllaceae, were placed in class Polypodiopsida
4588:
1953:
1521:
4627:
3314:
356:
The division of the family into genera was disputed, as of
October 2019. Traditionally, only two genera of Hymenophyllaceae have been recognized: (1)
4536:
3357:
4601:
4549:
112:
1946:
3307:
1925:
318:. Within the sori, sporangia mature starting at the apex of the sorus and progressing to the base. They have a continuous, oblique
1996:
330:; in many species, the gametophyte has an extended, independent lifespan and can reproduce asexually by fragmenting or releasing
4575:
1991:
379:
clades of fairly equal size, but they are only roughly aligned with the two traditional genera. For example, the traditional
4725:
1907:
217:
310:
where a reliable water supply is not present. The leaves occasionally bear hairs, but scales are generally not present. The
133:
4606:
4614:
3336:
2075:
2065:
2048:
1939:
399:, in 2006, revised the taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae to place all species of the "hymenophylloid" clade in a single genus
3362:
3352:
3300:
1498:
A filmy fern from the Upper
Triassic of North Carolina (USA) - Axsmith et al. 88 (9): 1558 - American Journal of Botany
1552:
1520:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G. (August 2006).
294:. In most species, the frond, apart from the vascular tissue, is only a single cell thick, and they do not have any
4730:
4689:
1592:
4632:
255:
4694:
4771:
3347:
258:
distribution, but generally restricted to very damp places or to locations where they are wetted by spray from
4523:
2080:
372:
314:
are borne at the leaf margins at the end of the nerve. They are protected by conical, bivalvate, or tubular
262:
or springs. Fossil evidence shows that ferns of the family
Hymenophyllaceae have existed since at least the
4035:
1911:. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Saikat Basu and C.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment
4766:
4497:
4424:
3872:
3718:
3688:
3465:
2984:
250:, are a family of two to nine genera (depending on classification system) and about 650 known species of
4663:
3898:
3878:
3866:
3640:
2043:
1497:
1466:
350:
188:
4528:
4502:
4462:
4104:
4053:
3938:
3912:
3892:
3806:
3712:
3595:
2972:
4681:
4554:
3932:
3920:
3906:
3694:
3682:
3664:
3646:
3607:
3601:
3451:
2978:
4642:
4471:
4093:
4041:
4001:
3926:
3836:
3830:
3818:
3812:
3706:
3700:
3676:
3613:
3276:
3022:
1770:
Ebihara, Atsushi; Dubuisson, Jean-Yves; Iwatsuki, Kunio; Hennequin, Sabine; Ito, Motomi (July 2006).
1389:
392:
3824:
3724:
3652:
3538:
2788:
1823:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
396:
3658:
3479:
3423:
3417:
2990:
2441:
2424:
2334:
2182:
1931:
1385:
291:
4168:
3473:
3411:
3120:
1596:
4738:
4510:
4159:
3959:
3884:
3459:
3342:
2717:
2468:
2451:
2293:
2177:
2172:
2060:
2038:
2026:
2001:
1749:
1544:
128:
4515:
4047:
3437:
2800:
1801:
4668:
3431:
4650:
4356:
4295:
4134:
3513:
3507:
3183:
3084:
3072:
2916:
2895:
2609:
2429:
2360:
2350:
2280:
2070:
2033:
2021:
2011:
1921:
1856:
1705:
4593:
4655:
4371:
4366:
4315:
4305:
4290:
4285:
4271:
3619:
3581:
3096:
3090:
3054:
2737:
2599:
2484:
2385:
1985:
1846:
1836:
1783:
1739:
1695:
1687:
1651:
1631:
1613:
1536:
1478:
1448:) to the humid eastern third of the continent and the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest.
319:
286:
is usually thin and wiry and the fronds variously pinnate with a single strand ("nerve") of
274:
They often appear as very dark green or even black clumps and may be mistaken for a robust
4361:
4351:
4217:
4211:
4144:
3974:
3776:
3589:
3575:
3552:
3445:
3188:
3171:
3078:
2604:
2587:
2370:
2329:
2197:
2187:
2167:
1635:
287:
279:
426:
The genera used in PPG I and the subgenera assigned by the system of
Ebihara et al. are:
391:
were shown to belong to the "hymenophylloid" clade. To reflect these recent discoveries
1575:
4300:
4238:
4011:
3768:
3546:
3491:
3402:
3108:
3048:
2922:
2889:
2847:
2760:
2688:
2683:
2631:
2101:
2016:
1963:
1851:
1824:
1700:
1675:
1401:
1366:
790:
561:
403:, and to place the eight clear "trichomanoid" subclades in eight corresponding genera.
331:
263:
158:
4760:
4391:
4183:
4139:
4006:
3992:
3532:
3198:
3042:
3005:
2962:
2875:
2851:
2668:
2390:
2365:
2247:
2192:
1894:
1771:
1656:
1639:
1441:
1413:
1169:
1045:
956:
932:
757:
650:
609:
454:
358:
299:
70:
1753:
4743:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4310:
4243:
4233:
4225:
4202:
4109:
4098:
4074:
4059:
3841:
3729:
3670:
3259:
3114:
3102:
2842:
2673:
2663:
2463:
2415:
2288:
1355:
1227:
1199:
973:
908:
821:
633:
585:
503:
418:
s.l. due to the difficulty of morphologically distinguishing the segregate genera.
376:
303:
4619:
4562:
4456:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4259:
4253:
4188:
4178:
4173:
4149:
4084:
4069:
4026:
4016:
3964:
3797:
3758:
3631:
3066:
3060:
2855:
2836:
2794:
2744:
2551:
2494:
2435:
2380:
2313:
2263:
2233:
2215:
2207:
1445:
1393:
1296:
1266:
1161:
864:
838:
536:
486:
327:
307:
45:
4717:
4447:
1483:
17:
4119:
4064:
3950:
3750:
3266:
3193:
3161:
3147:
3130:
2678:
2355:
2144:
2135:
1617:
1421:
90:
55:
1841:
1787:
4484:
2931:
2827:
2693:
2577:
2375:
2155:
2124:
1604:
259:
95:
4707:
1860:
1709:
1159:(the "trichomanoid" clade) (sometimes all included in a single broad genus
4702:
4441:
3203:
2636:
2619:
2055:
1691:
1597:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
1467:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
363:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
1874:
1548:
3156:
2859:
2658:
2115:
1640:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
1437:
1433:
1409:
323:
315:
283:
100:
75:
3292:
1744:
1727:
4567:
1540:
1429:
1405:
1397:
4580:
4541:
4418:
1728:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
4676:
4489:
3389:
3383:
3281:
3142:
2555:
2253:
1967:
311:
295:
145:
3323:
2927:
2646:
1674:
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Chase, Mark W. (13 February 2014).
275:
251:
178:
168:
4422:
3296:
2549:
1935:
4476:
2255:
1595:; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (18 February 2011).
1669:
1667:
1396:, with 25 species) and slightly drier forest regions. In
1587:
1585:
1583:
302:
is also greatly reduced or absent, leaving filmy ferns
1969:
1825:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
326:
spores. The spores grow into thread- or ribbon-like
4431:
4344:
4278:
4266:
4252:
4224:
4210:
4201:
4158:
4127:
4118:
4083:
4025:
3991:
3973:
3949:
3854:
3796:
3789:
3767:
3749:
3742:
3630:
3563:
3524:
3499:
3490:
3400:
3375:
3170:
3129:
3018:
3003:
2958:
2945:
2908:
2873:
2826:
2813:
2777:
2758:
2726:
2714:
2645:
2618:
2586:
2575:
2493:
2477:
2450:
2413:
2343:
2322:
2310:
2279:
2246:
2224:
2206:
2154:
2134:
2114:
2099:
1726:The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1444:, they are restricted (often occurring solely as
1875:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
1384:The great majority of the species are found in
2557:
1916:H.A.Hyde, A.E.Wade, & S.G.Harrison. 1978.
337:Individual plants may persist for many years.
3308:
1947:
8:
1676:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
1465:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016).
1895:USDA Plants Profile: Distribution in U.S.A.
4419:
4207:
4124:
3858:
3793:
3746:
3567:
3496:
3372:
3315:
3301:
3293:
3272:
3015:
2955:
2951:
2905:
2881:
2823:
2819:
2774:
2770:
2755:
2723:
2711:
2583:
2572:
2568:
2546:
2490:
2474:
2456:
2447:
2410:
2319:
2307:
2276:
2272:
2111:
2107:
2096:
1954:
1940:
1932:
1772:"A Taxonomic Revision of Hymenophyllaceae"
111:
31:
1850:
1840:
1743:
1699:
1655:
1482:
1404:fringes of the continent, notably in the
1644:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1117:(C.Presl) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon 1981
1457:
1721:
1719:
1147:(C. Presl) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
1107:(C.Presl) Ebihara & K. Iwats. 2006
290:. As in most ferns, young fronds have
1765:
1763:
1288:(C.Presl) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
1191:(C.Presl) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
1097:(C.Presl) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
7:
4731:58f7f8fc-af73-44e7-8ff9-1dd68f642b9b
4682:038B9637-6930-2A51-B1BC-FD7F147FFE6C
4643:dd7c6519-e68c-42c1-ae0c-c40edfd7dfe8
1732:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1258:(Prantl) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
1220:(Copel.) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
1087:(Prantl) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
1522:"A classification for extant ferns"
1320:(Bosch) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
1137:(Bosch) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
948:
924:
900:
813:
806:
782:
774:
748:
741:
625:
601:
577:
553:
528:
478:
471:
445:
438:
4695:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001856-2
25:
3271:
1657:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
132:
3282:Current definitions of Plantae
1477:(3). Magnolia Press: 201–217.
1041:(the "hymenophylloid" clade):
735:Phylogeny of Hymenophyllaceae
432:Phylogeny of Hymenophyllaceae
1:
375:studies do show two distinct
1920:. National Museum of Wales.
1311:Dubuisson & Ebihara 2021
1593:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
1400:they are restricted to the
1127:Ebihara & K.Iwats. 2006
4788:
1829:Frontiers in Plant Science
1484:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
3861:
3570:
3371:
3331:
3254:
2954:
2904:
2884:
2822:
2773:
2754:
2710:
2571:
2567:
2545:
2459:
2409:
2306:
2275:
2110:
2095:
1979:
1618:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
1418:Hymenophyllum tunbrigense
1388:, but some also occur in
1165:with about 400 species):
970:
953:
946:
929:
922:
905:
898:
861:
835:
818:
811:
804:
787:
780:
772:
754:
746:
647:
630:
623:
606:
599:
582:
575:
558:
551:
533:
526:
500:
483:
476:
469:
451:
443:
322:and release round, green
229:
224:
129:Scientific classification
127:
121:Hymenophyllum tunbrigense
119:
110:
34:
1842:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
1788:10.3767/000651906x622210
1380:Distribution and habitat
306:and very susceptible to
1906:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
1802:"Hymenophyllaceae Mart"
1428:) so far north as West
1303:– more than 60 species
1243:– more than 15 species
1206:– more than 30 species
1176:– more than 30 species
414:preferred to recognize
1804:. Flora of New Zealand
1349:– more than 30 species
1290:– more than 10 species
1250:– more than 15 species
1204:(C.Presl) C.Presl 1849
1193:– more than 10 species
1183:– more than 20 species
1079:– more than 35 species
1077:C.Presl ex Copel. 1937
351:leptosporangiate ferns
4664:Paleobiology Database
4036:Acrostichopteridaceae
1390:temperate rainforests
1342:– more than 4 species
1332:– more than 5 species
1067:(C.Presl) C.Chr. 1934
41:Upper Triassic–Recent
3277:List of plant orders
3157:Pinopsida (conifers)
3143:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3135:(living gymnosperms)
2632:Leiosporocerotopsida
2351:Nephroselmidophyceae
1899:E.B.Copeland. 1947.
1877:. FTOL v1.4.0 . 2023
1386:tropical rainforests
1340:(Bosch) C. Chr. 1906
1322:– at least 1 species
1260:– at least 2 species
1119:– at least 3 species
1109:– at least 8 species
1052:– about 250 species
412:Flora of New Zealand
373:molecular phylogenic
3873:Anachoropteridaceae
3719:Gondwanostachyaceae
3689:Manchurostachyaceae
3659:Archaeocalamitaceae
3466:Pseudosporochnaceae
2985:Archaeopteridopsida
2718:Polysporangiophytes
2442:Klebsormidiophyceae
2425:Mesostigmatophyceae
2371:Chlorodendrophyceae
2335:Pyramimonadophyceae
2289:Prasinodermophyceae
2183:Compsopogonophyceae
1416:, but one species (
1273:– about 25 species
1059:– about 100 species
292:circinate vernation
4291:Rhachidosoridaceae
3899:Botryopteridiaceae
3879:Psalixochlaenaceae
3867:Anachoropteridales
3641:Asterocalamitaceae
3460:Pseudosporochnales
3176:(flowering plants)
3097:Lyginopteridopsida
2890:Eophyllophytopsida
2843:Zosterophyllopsida
2781:Paratracheophytes*
2559:sensu strictissimo
2469:Coleochaetophyceae
2452:Phragmoplastophyta
2294:Palmophyllophyceae
2216:Glaucocystophyceae
2178:Stylonematophyceae
2173:Porphyridiophyceae
1962:Classification of
1692:10.1093/aob/mct299
1420:) locally east to
1280:– about 15 species
1234:– about 15 species
1089:– about 25 species
1069:– about 70 species
752:Hymenophylloideae
449:Hymenophylloideae
4754:
4753:
4651:Open Tree of Life
4425:Taxon identifiers
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4357:Didymochlaenaceae
4296:Diplaziopsidaceae
4197:
4196:
4135:Thyrsopteridaceae
4128:Thyrsopteridineae
4105:Hydropteridiaceae
4054:Stachypteridaceae
3939:Urnatopteridaceae
3913:Senftenbergiaceae
3893:Botryopteridiales
3850:
3849:
3807:Knorripteridaceae
3785:
3784:
3738:
3737:
3713:Echinostachyaceae
3596:Aspidostachyaceae
3514:Stauropteridaceae
3500:†Stauropterididae
3290:
3289:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3184:Basal angiosperms
3085:Gigantopteridales
3034:seed plant groups
3032:and other extinct
2999:
2998:
2973:Noeggerathiopsida
2941:
2940:
2896:Trimerophytopsida
2869:
2868:
2809:
2808:
2765:(vascular plants)
2730:Protracheophytes*
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2669:Andreaeobryopsida
2610:Jungermanniopsida
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2430:Chlorokybophyceae
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2361:Chloropicophyceae
2302:
2301:
2281:Prasinodermophyta
2242:
2241:
1745:10.1111/jse.12229
1373:– about 5 species
1362:– about 4 species
1330:(Bory) Hook. 1844
1039:Hymenophylloideae
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
985:
984:
886:
885:
877:
876:
850:
849:
730:
729:
725:
724:
716:
715:
707:
706:
698:
697:
689:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
515:
514:
236:
235:
220:
204:
16:(Redirected from
4779:
4747:
4746:
4734:
4733:
4721:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4698:
4697:
4685:
4684:
4672:
4671:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4623:
4622:
4620:NBNSYS0000160200
4610:
4609:
4597:
4596:
4584:
4583:
4571:
4570:
4558:
4557:
4545:
4544:
4532:
4531:
4519:
4518:
4516:Hymenophyllaceae
4506:
4505:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4479:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4463:Hymenophyllaceae
4452:
4451:
4450:
4433:Hymenophyllaceae
4420:
4372:Nephrolepidaceae
4367:Lomariopsidaceae
4316:Thelypteridaceae
4306:Desmophlebiaceae
4286:Cystopteridaceae
4272:Dennstaedtiaceae
4267:Dennstaedtiineae
4208:
4125:
3983:Hymenophyllaceae
3933:Discopteridaceae
3921:Urnatopteridales
3907:Senftenbergiales
3859:
3794:
3747:
3695:Notocalamitaceae
3683:Konnostachyaceae
3665:Paracalamitaceae
3647:Autophyllitaceae
3620:Sphenophyllaceae
3608:Boegendorfiaceae
3602:Boegendorfiaceae
3582:Pseudoborniaceae
3568:
3508:Stauropteridales
3497:
3452:Iridopteridaceae
3373:
3358:Acrogymnospermae
3317:
3310:
3303:
3294:
3275:
3274:
3189:Core angiosperms
3177:
3136:
3131:Acrogymnospermae
3109:Peltaspermopsida
3091:Glossopteridales
3073:Corystospermales
3055:Callistophytales
3035:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3011:
2979:Aneurophytopsida
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2906:
2882:
2878:
2837:Barinophytopsida
2824:
2820:
2816:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2738:Horneophytopsida
2729:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2652:
2637:Anthocerotopsida
2625:
2620:Anthocerotophyta
2600:Haplomitriopsida
2593:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2547:
2500:
2491:
2485:Zygnematophyceae
2475:
2457:
2448:
2418:
2411:
2386:Trebouxiophyceae
2356:Picocystophyceae
2320:
2316:
2308:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2161:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2008:
1988:
1973:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1913:. Washington DC.
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1680:Annals of Botany
1671:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1638:(October 2009).
1636:Reveal, James L.
1628:
1622:
1621:
1601:
1589:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1551:. Archived from
1541:10.2307/25065646
1526:
1517:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1462:
1426:H. wilsonii
1372:
1361:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1312:
1302:
1289:
1272:
1259:
1242:
1233:
1221:
1205:
1192:
1175:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1051:
949:
925:
901:
814:
807:
783:
775:
770:Trichomanoideae
749:
742:
732:
731:
626:
602:
578:
554:
529:
479:
472:
467:Trichomanoideae
446:
439:
429:
428:
240:Hymenophyllaceae
216:
213:Hymenophyllaceae
202:
137:
136:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
35:Hymenophyllaceae
32:
21:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4772:Hymenophyllales
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4742:
4737:
4729:
4724:
4716:
4714:
4706:
4701:
4693:
4688:
4680:
4675:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4641:
4639:
4631:
4626:
4618:
4613:
4605:
4600:
4592:
4587:
4579:
4574:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4501:
4496:
4488:
4483:
4475:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4427:
4417:
4396:
4362:Dryopteridaceae
4352:Hypodematiaceae
4340:
4274:
4262:
4248:
4220:
4218:Saccolomataceae
4212:Saccolomatineae
4193:
4154:
4145:Plagiogyriaceae
4114:
4094:Heroleandraceae
4079:
4042:Cynepteridaceae
4021:
4002:Oligocarpiaceae
3987:
3975:Hymenophyllales
3969:
3945:
3927:Crossothecaceae
3846:
3837:Danaeopsidaceae
3831:Asterothecaceae
3819:Ptychocarpaceae
3813:Pecopteridaceae
3781:
3777:Ophioglossaceae
3763:
3734:
3707:Sorocaulinaceae
3701:Schizoneuraceae
3677:Apocalamitaceae
3626:
3614:Eviostachyaceae
3590:Sphenophyllales
3576:Pseudoborniales
3559:
3553:Zygopteridaceae
3525:†Zygopterididae
3520:
3486:
3446:Iridopteridales
3396:
3367:
3348:Marchantiophyta
3327:
3321:
3291:
3286:
3210:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3079:Czekanowskiales
3033:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2959:
2946:
2937:
2909:Moniliformopses
2900:
2874:
2865:
2815:Eutracheophytes
2814:
2805:
2778:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2727:
2715:
2698:
2689:Polytrichopsida
2684:Tetraphidopsida
2650:
2649:
2641:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2605:Marchantiopsida
2591:
2590:
2588:Marchantiophyta
2576:
2563:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2473:
2446:
2414:
2397:
2339:
2330:Mamiellophyceae
2311:
2298:
2267:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2238:
2220:
2202:
2198:Florideophyceae
2188:Rhodellophyceae
2168:Cyanidiophyceae
2159:
2158:
2150:
2130:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2006:
1984:
1975:
1960:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1382:
1370:
1359:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1310:
1308:Afrotrichomanes
1300:
1287:
1270:
1257:
1240:
1231:
1219:
1203:
1190:
1173:
1157:Trichomanoideae
1146:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1049:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
896:Didymoglosseae
887:
878:
851:
726:
717:
708:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
516:
424:
393:Atsushi Ebihara
343:
288:vascular tissue
272:
256:subcosmopolitan
215:
201:
199:Hymenophyllales
131:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:Family of ferns
23:
22:
18:Hymenophyllales
15:
12:
11:
5:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:wfo-7000000290
4735:
4722:
4712:
4699:
4686:
4673:
4660:
4647:
4637:
4624:
4611:
4598:
4585:
4572:
4559:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4507:
4494:
4481:
4468:
4453:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:Hemidictyaceae
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4239:Lonchitidaceae
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4012:Gleicheniaceae
4009:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3825:Weichseliaceae
3821:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3769:Ophioglossales
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3744:
3743:Ophioglossidae
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3725:Tchernoviaceae
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3653:Honseleriaceae
3649:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3571:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3547:Zygopteridales
3543:
3542:
3541:
3539:Rhacophytaceae
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3492:Polypodiopsida
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3407:
3405:
3403:Cladoxylopsida
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Polypodiophyta
3350:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:classification
3322:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3115:Pentoxylopsida
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3049:Calamopityales
3045:
3038:
3036:
3013:
3006:Spermatophytes
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2963:Progymnosperms
2949:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2928:Polypodiopsida
2925:
2923:Cladoxylopsida
2919:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2876:Euphyllophytes
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2848:Lycopodiopsida
2845:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2789:Cooksoniopsida
2784:
2782:
2768:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Oedipodiopsida
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2581:
2565:
2564:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2323:Prasinophytina
2317:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2270:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2226:incertae sedis
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2105:
2102:Archaeplastida
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:Mesomycetozoea
2078:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2017:Diaphoretickes
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1964:Archaeplastida
1961:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1914:
1904:
1901:Genera Filicum
1897:
1889:
1888:
1866:
1815:
1793:
1782:(2): 221–280.
1759:
1738:(6): 563–603.
1715:
1686:(4): 571–594.
1663:
1650:(2): 122–127.
1632:Chase, Mark W.
1623:
1579:
1568:
1535:(3): 705–731.
1501:
1490:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1412:, and western
1402:Atlantic Ocean
1392:(particularly
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1367:Callistopteris
1363:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1064:Sphaerocionium
1060:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
952:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
928:
923:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
904:
899:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
870:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
817:
812:
810:
805:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
791:Callistopteris
786:
781:
779:
773:
771:
767:
766:
763:
762:
753:
747:
745:
740:
737:
736:
728:
727:
723:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
701:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:
686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
674:
673:
669:
668:
665:
664:
660:
659:
656:
655:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
629:
624:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
605:
600:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
581:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
562:Callistopteris
557:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
532:
527:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
509:
508:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
482:
477:
475:
470:
468:
464:
463:
460:
459:
450:
444:
442:
437:
434:
433:
423:
420:
397:Kunio Iwatsuki
362:with bivalved
342:
339:
271:
268:
264:Upper Triassic
234:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
210:
206:
205:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
179:Polypodiopsida
176:
172:
171:
169:Polypodiophyta
166:
162:
161:
156:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
123:in Luxembourg
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4784:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:Fern families
4765:
4764:
4762:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
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4538:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4499:
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4478:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4393:
4392:Polypodiaceae
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:Polypodiineae
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Dicksoniaceae
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:Loxsomataceae
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Dipteridaceae
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3993:Gleicheniales
3990:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
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3745:
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3731:
3728:
3726:
3722:
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3716:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3704:
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3698:
3696:
3692:
3690:
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3680:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:Rhacophytales
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3480:Steloxylaceae
3477:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:Voelkeliaceae
3421:
3419:
3418:Cladoxylaceae
3415:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:Bennettitales
3040:
3039:
3037:
3024:
3023:Pteridosperms
3017:
3014:
3010:(seed plants)
3007:
3002:
2992:
2991:Protopityales
2988:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2762:
2761:Tracheophytes
2757:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Andreaeopsida
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2499:(land plants)
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2392:
2391:Chlorophyceae
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Pedinophyceae
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:Chlorophytina
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2248:Viridiplantae
2245:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Bangiophyceae
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:Stramenopiles
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:(major groups
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1926:0-7200-0210-9
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1558:on 2021-12-09
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:North America
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Great Britain
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:Vandenboschia
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:Vandenboschia
1236:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:Didymoglossum
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:Didymoglossum
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1134:Diploöphyllum
1131:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1114:Hymenoglossum
1111:
1105:
1104:Myrmecostylum
1101:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:Hymenophyllum
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:Hymenophyllum
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
990:
989:
981:
980:
977:
976:
975:
968:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
958:
957:Vandenboschia
951:
950:
944:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:Didymoglossum
927:
926:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
910:
903:
902:
895:
894:
891:
890:
882:
881:
873:
872:
869:
867:
866:
859:
858:
855:
854:
846:
845:
842:
841:
840:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
823:
816:
815:
809:
808:
802:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
792:
785:
784:
778:Trichomaneae
777:
776:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:Hymenophyllum
751:
750:
744:
743:
739:
738:
734:
733:
721:
720:
712:
711:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
684:
676:
675:
667:
666:
658:
657:
654:
653:
652:
651:Vandenboschia
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
635:
628:
627:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:Didymoglossum
604:
603:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
587:
580:
579:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
563:
556:
555:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
539:
538:
531:
530:
524:
523:
520:
519:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
481:
480:
474:
473:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:Hymenophyllum
448:
447:
441:
440:
436:
435:
431:
430:
427:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
401:Hymenophyllum
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
360:
359:Hymenophyllum
354:
352:
348:
347:sensu stricto
340:
338:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:poikilohydric
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:bristle ferns
245:
241:
232:
228:
223:
219:
214:
211:
208:
207:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:Tracheophytes
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
4432:
4387:Davalliaceae
4382:Oleandraceae
4377:Tectariaceae
4311:Aspleniaceae
4279:Aspleniineae
4244:Lindsaeaceae
4234:Cystodiaceae
4226:Lindsaeineae
4203:Polypodiales
4169:Tanydoraceae
4110:Salviniaceae
4099:Marsileaceae
4075:Schizaeaceae
4060:Tempskyaceae
3982:
3855:Polypodiidae
3842:Marattiaceae
3730:Equisetaceae
3671:Calamitaceae
3474:Steloxylales
3412:Cladoxylales
3363:Angiospermae
3260:paraphyletic
3172:Angiospermae
3149:
3148:Ginkgoales (
3121:Petriellales
3103:Medullosales
3030:(seed ferns)
2743:
2664:Sphagnopsida
2659:Takakiopsida
2592:(liverworts)
2558:
2552:Embryophytes
2506:(see below↓)
2464:Charophyceae
2434:
2416:Streptophyta
2268:land plants)
2256:
2225:
2143:
2136:Rhodelphidia
2123:
2066:Opisthokonta
1970:
1917:
1908:
1900:
1879:. Retrieved
1869:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1796:
1779:
1775:
1735:
1731:
1683:
1679:
1647:
1643:
1626:
1609:
1603:
1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1532:
1528:
1493:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1446:gametophytes
1425:
1417:
1383:
1365:
1360:C.Presl 1843
1356:Cephalomanes
1354:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1317:Davalliopsis
1316:
1307:
1295:
1285:Pachychaetum
1284:
1277:
1271:C.Presl 1843
1265:
1255:Lacosteopsis
1254:
1247:
1237:
1228:Polyphlebium
1226:
1216:
1211:Crepidomanes
1210:
1200:Crepidomanes
1198:
1187:
1180:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1056:
1044:
1038:
974:Crepidomanes
972:
971:
955:
954:
931:
930:
909:Polyphlebium
907:
906:
863:
862:
837:
836:
822:Cephalomanes
820:
819:
789:
788:
756:
755:
649:
648:
634:Crepidomanes
632:
631:
608:
607:
586:Polyphlebium
584:
583:
560:
559:
535:
534:
504:Cephalomanes
502:
501:
485:
484:
453:
452:
425:
415:
411:
407:
405:
400:
388:
384:
380:
377:monophyletic
367:
357:
355:
346:
344:
336:
328:gametophytes
273:
247:
243:
239:
237:
230:
212:
198:
189:Polypodiidae
152:
120:
29:
4563:iNaturalist
4457:Wikispecies
4336:Athyriaceae
4331:Blechnaceae
4326:Onocleaceae
4321:Woodsiaceae
4260:Pteridaceae
4254:Pteridineae
4189:Cyatheaceae
4179:Cibotiaceae
4174:Metaxyaceae
4160:Cyatheineae
4150:Culcitaceae
4085:Salviniales
4070:Lygodiaceae
4027:Schizaeales
4017:Matoniaceae
3965:Osmundaceae
3960:Guaireaceae
3885:Sermayaceae
3798:Marattiales
3790:Marattiidae
3759:Psilotaceae
3632:Equisetales
3564:Equisetidae
3376:Basal clade
3335:Supergroup
3067:Cordaitales
3061:Caytoniales
2947:Lignophytes
2930:(ferns and
2856:spikemosses
2795:Rhyniopsida
2745:Aglaophyton
2624:(hornworts)
2495:Embryophyta
2478:Anydrophyta
2436:Spirotaenia
2381:Ulvophyceae
2314:Chlorophyta
2264:green algae
2234:Algospongia
2208:Glaucophyta
2160:(red algae)
1918:Welsh Ferns
1808:22 December
1440:, while in
1424:, another (
1394:New Zealand
1371:Copel. 1938
1347:Trichomanes
1297:Trichomanes
1278:Abrodictyum
1267:Abrodictyum
1241:Copel. 1938
1232:Copel. 1938
1188:Microgonium
1162:Trichomanes
1149:– 1 species
1144:Cardiomanes
1139:– 1 species
1129:– 2 species
1099:– 5 species
1094:Pleuromanes
865:Trichomanes
839:Abrodictyum
537:Trichomanes
487:Abrodictyum
416:Trichomanes
408:Trichomanes
389:Cardiomanes
385:Pleuromanes
381:Trichomanes
368:Trichomanes
308:desiccation
270:Description
244:filmy ferns
4761:Categories
4581:30001856-2
4120:Cyatheales
4065:Anemiaceae
4048:Klukiaceae
3951:Osmundales
3751:Psilotales
3438:Hyeniaceae
3194:Magnoliids
3162:Gnetopsida
2932:horsetails
2860:quillworts
2852:clubmosses
2828:Lycophytes
2801:Renaliales
2578:Bryophytes
2156:Rhodophyta
2145:Rhodelphis
1903:. Waltham.
1835:: 909768.
1562:2016-12-22
1452:References
1436:and South
1422:Luxembourg
1217:Nesopteris
1174:Desv. 1827
1124:Fuciformia
366:, and (2)
364:involucres
260:waterfalls
185:Subclass:
165:Division:
3432:Hyeniales
3390:Ibykaceae
3343:Bryophyta
2694:Bryopsida
2647:Bryophyta
2376:UTC clade
2125:Picomonas
2061:Amoebozoa
2039:Alveolata
2027:Cryptista
2002:Eukaryota
1605:Phytotaxa
1471:Phytotaxa
280:liverwort
254:, with a
231:See text
203:A.B.Frank
142:Kingdom:
4726:VicFlora
4715:VASCAN:
4708:42000399
4703:Tropicos
4448:Q1066700
4442:Wikidata
3384:Ibykales
3204:Eudicots
3199:Monocots
2917:Ibykales
2651:(mosses)
2556:Plantae
2254:Plantae
2056:Amorphea
2034:Rhizaria
2022:Hacrobia
2012:Excavata
1997:Bacteria
1968:Plantae
1861:36092417
1754:39980610
1710:24532607
1612:: 7–54.
1549:25065646
1337:Lacostea
1074:Mecodium
1050:Sm. 1793
383:subtaxa
341:Taxonomy
209:Family:
3267:extinct
2116:Picozoa
2071:Animals
1992:Archaea
1881:8 March
1852:9449725
1701:3936591
1438:Iceland
1434:Faeroes
1410:Ireland
1301:L. 1753
1084:Globosa
324:trilete
320:annulus
316:indusia
300:cuticle
296:stomata
284:rhizome
225:Genera
195:Order:
175:Class:
146:Plantae
4656:915107
4640:NZOR:
4594:112831
3262:groups
3150:Ginkgo
2858:&
2716:
2312:
2049:Plants
1986:Domain
1924:
1859:
1849:
1776:Blumea
1752:
1708:
1698:
1547:
1430:Norway
1406:Azores
1398:Europe
1345:subg.
1335:subg.
1325:subg.
1315:subg.
1306:subg.
1283:subg.
1276:subg.
1253:subg.
1246:subg.
1215:subg.
1209:subg.
1186:subg.
1179:subg.
1142:subg.
1132:subg.
1122:subg.
1112:subg.
1102:subg.
1092:subg.
1082:subg.
1072:subg.
1062:subg.
1055:subg.
422:Genera
332:gemmae
298:. The
282:. The
242:, the
4677:Plazi
4669:54769
4633:29619
4607:17876
4589:IRMNG
4568:60444
4529:10433
4511:FoAO2
4503:10433
4490:1HYMF
3337:Plant
2266:&
2076:Fungi
1750:S2CID
1600:(PDF)
1556:(PDF)
1545:JSTOR
1529:Taxon
1525:(PDF)
868:s.s.
540:s.s.
349:(the
252:ferns
153:Clade
4690:POWO
4628:NCBI
4602:ITIS
4576:IPNI
4555:1248
4550:GRIN
4542:2372
4537:GBIF
4485:EPPO
4477:4514
3324:Fern
3265:† =
2257:s.s.
1971:s.l.
1922:ISBN
1909:Fern
1883:2023
1857:PMID
1810:2016
1706:PMID
1327:Feea
395:and
387:and
312:sori
276:moss
246:and
238:The
218:Link
46:PreꞒ
4739:WFO
4718:144
4615:NBN
4524:FoC
4498:FNA
4472:EoL
2554:or
2252:or
1966:or
1847:PMC
1837:doi
1784:doi
1740:doi
1696:PMC
1688:doi
1684:113
1652:doi
1648:161
1614:doi
1537:doi
1479:doi
1475:261
278:or
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334:.
266:.
155::
96:Pg
4167:†
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4000:†
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101:N
91:K
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76:P
71:C
66:D
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