1055:
13.3 ± 2.1 °C (55.9 ± 3.8 °F) which was supported by the 14.8 ± 2.0 °C (58.6 ± 3.6 °F) returned from the LMA. LMA of the
Horsefly flora returned a mean annual temperature of 10.4 ± 2.2 °C (50.7 ± 4.0 °F). These are lower than the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimatic analysis for Republic, Quilchena, and Horsefly suggest mean annual precipitation amounts of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in) 130 ± 27 cm (51 ± 11 in) and 105 ± 47 cm (41 ± 19 in) respectively.
541:, apically of which it widens out again. While the subcostal vein structure is not well preserved, what is visible indicates that likely no cross-veins were present in the costal space. Both the subcosta and radius have a distinctive bend near the wing base which distinguishes the species from other polystechotids. The radial sector (Rs) forks from the radius near the wing base, and apically produces 16 pectinate veins, of which four fork near the Rs branching. The anterior cubitus (CuA) vein also branches, generating between five and seven long veins. Due to the incomplete nature of the fossil margin, both the posterior cubitus (CuP) and anal (A) veins are missing.
820:. At the time of description only the smaller wing fragment, specimen Q-0379, was physically studied. The more complete specimen, Q-0421, was collected in 1992 and deposited in the Simon Fraser University paleontology collections being figured in Archibald and Mathewes (2000). However, by the time Archibald and Makarkin were preparing to study fossils for their 2006 paper, the specimen had bee lost, and thus the descriptive work for the species diagnosis was accomplished based on examination of existing photographs. Due to Q-0421 going missing, Archibald and Makarkin decided that they could not formally name the taxon, and instead used the informal name
552:
121:
890:
498:
696:
615:
766:
in life. No mention of nygmata is made in the type description but trichorsors are present along the wing venation, and absent from the wing membrane. The macrotrichia are present along the longitudinal veins of the wing, being longer and denser in the anterior region, getting much shorter and sparser in the posterior region. The preserved section of the wing is dark in tone with the exception of a single light or clear spot along the anterior margin area, while there are indications that the basal section of the wing was light to hyaline in coloration.
937:
148:
681:
preserved falcate apical region. they make no mention of nygmata being present, while noting the entire wing margin, as preserved, to be lined with trichosors, becoming indistinct only along the costal margin. The coloration is composed of variegated light and dark patches in the distal costal space plus apical area of the wing. In the known basal costal space the variegation transitions to fully darkened membrane, while the known radial, R
864:"Sp. B" is known from a single poorly fossilized specimen found at Quilchena that consists of a partial pair of overlaid fore-wings. The fragments are 22 mm (0.87 in) long and only 8 mm (0.31 in) wide as preserved, and as such Archibald and Makarkin estimated the wings in life to have been approximately 40 mm (1.6 in) long. The wings have a uniform dark coloration similar to
592:
the costal space and the fourth is located more distally. The subcostal veinlets are all forked before reaching the wing margin.The Radial space has two separate series of regular gradate crossveins, one closer to the outer wing margin and one placed further into the wing center. Additionally there are a few scattered and isolated crossveins on the proximal side of the inner gradate crossveins.
588:, a nygmata is present in the distal region of the wing, between the Rs1 and Rs2 veins. Trichosors are also present, being located along the preserved costal wing margin, though the rest of the wing margin is missing. Both specimens show the same uniformly dark wing membrane coloration, with the holotype further displaying the venation having a pale color tone.
958:
872:, in the proximal costal area at least eleven were seen on one "Sp. B" wing and seven on the other. The section of Rs that is preserved shows only one fork, and only a scattered placement of crossveins. Due to the poor preservation of the fossils, it wasn't possible to tell if some radial spaces areas were densely covered in trichiation, as is seen in
897:
944:
911:
680:
The preserved and present fragment of the holotype is an estimated 20 mm (0.79 in) long by about 10 mm (0.39 in) wide. Based on this, Archibald and
Makarkin gave an estimated whole wing size of between 40–45 mm (1.6–1.8 in) long and 15 mm (0.59 in) wide with a
836:
veins, and trichosors are preserved along the apical margin of the wing at least. The color-patterning consists of thin alternating dark and light stripes running across the wing membrane from the leading edge to the hind edge where the bands change to rounded patches straddling the wing margin. The
575:
was selected as a matronym recognizing
Barksdales extensive and valuable contributions, as both collections manager and Curator of Stonerose, in furthering Republic, Washington paleontology. The uniformly dark coloration of the wing membrane combined with the two regular gradate series of crossveins
566:
was described from the holotype, a torn and damaged forewing collected from the
Klondike Mountain Formations "Boot Hill site" by Lisa Barksdale, along with a fragment of wing tentatively assigned to the species collected from the same site. Both the holotype, SR 97-03-09 A&B, and the additional
765:
Estimating from the preserved proportions of the fossil, 26 mm (1.0 in) long by 18 mm (0.71 in) wide, Archibald and
Makarkin estimated the hind-wing would have been approximately 18 mm (0.71 in) wide at most and between 42–44 mm (1.7–1.7 in) in maximum length
591:
In the holotype, the branched humeral veinlet is recurrent. The costal space reaches its widest point between 1/5 to 1/4 of the length from the wing apex, while narrowing both basally and apically from that point. Three of the four identified costal crossveins are present in the proximal region of
1038:
range between 0.7–1.2 km (0.43–0.75 mi) higher than the coastal forests. This is consistent with the paleoelevation estimates for the lake systems, which range between 1.1–2.9 km (1,100–2,900 m), which is similar to the modern elevation 0.8 km (0.50 mi), but higher.
1054:
of all three paleofloras. The CLAMP results after multiple linear regressions for
Republic gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), with the LMA giving 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). CLAMP results from Quilchena returned the higher
583:
Archibald and
Makarkin estimated the holotype wing would have been approximately 35–40 mm (1.4–1.6 in) long by 13–15 mm (0.51–0.59 in) wide if whole, based on the preserved length of about 30 mm (1.2 in) and the widest area of the base present at about 12 mm
1109:
analysis and modern forest equivalencies of the paleoflora. The results of the various methods have gaven a mean annual temperature rage between approximately 10.8–17.5 °C (51.4–63.5 °F), while the bioclimactic analysis for suggests mean annual precipitation amounts of 50 cm
440:, the "giant lacewings", but due to preservation quality or incompleteness of the fossil, could not be placed into an already described genus, or confidently be given a new genus. Each was considered identifiable as a species based on both the vein structure of the wings, using the
516:
forewing which has a slightly elongated and possibly sub-triangular in outline. As preserved the length is approximately 27 mm (1.1 in) and approximately 12.5 mm (0.49 in) wide, with an estimated full length around 31 mm (1.2 in). There appear to be no
599:
veins, and then flairs out slightly again, unlike the holotype. While the holotype has four costal crossveins, there are approximately ten identifiable on SR 01-01-14, split evenly between the distal and proximal regions of the costal space. The majority of the subcostal,
827:
Specimen Q-0379 is very fragmentary, with only 13 mm (0.51 in) of the wing present, while Q-0421 was a complete wing 47 mm (1.9 in) long by 28 mm (1.1 in) wide. The wing has one preserved nygma, present in the expanded region between the
584:(0.47 in). In contrast, based on the preserved section of the referred specimen, 48 mm × 6 mm (1.89 in × 0.24 in), Archibald and Makarkin estimated its total wing length to have been between 50–54 mm (2.0–2.1 in). Unlike
726:, SR 01-01-06, is housed at the Stonerose Interpretive Center. The fossil preserves the apical section of a hind-wing that was collected from the "Corner Lot site" in Republic by Standley Lewis. Archibald and Makarkin chose the species name
529:
indicates the wings were mainly of a light color or clear, with a mottling of small dark spots. Larger and more distinct dark coloration is found along the outer hind margin of the wing and overlaying the outer gradate series of cross-veins.
576:
in the radial sector and a lack of any gradate crossvein series in the costal space distinguish the species from other polystoechotids. Based on the preserved characters of the two specimens, it was noted the species may be a species of
1084:
The
Florissant paleoforest surrounding the lake has been described as similar to modern southeastern North America, with a number of taxa represented that are now found in the subtropics to tropics and confined to the old world.
1430:
Greenwood, D.R.; Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W; Moss, P.T. (2005). "Fossil biotas from the
Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape".
1651:
Smith, D.M. (2008). "A comparison of plant-insect associations in the middle Eocene Green River
Formation and the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation and their climatic implications". In Meyer, H. W.; Smith, D. M. (eds.).
841:
and Sc veins near the wing tip. A well developed outer gradate series of crossveins is present, and numerous additional cross veins are scattered in the radial space. The Rs vein has approximately 23 branches, and the
785:
vein has 31 branches, 28 of which are each unforked until passing the outer gradate series of crossveins, at which point they dichotomously fork several times each. Additionally the apical most three branches of the
652:
found in Chile based on the color pattering, general venation, and gross wing shape. However, due to incomplete nature of the fossil, they were not able to determine if the species was indeed a member of
1010:
climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable. The paleoforest surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors to the modern
868:, however it differs in the wider width of the costal space and the likely presence of a costal gradate series of crossveins. While there are only a few scattered costal space crossveins in
754:. No other polystoechotid lacewing genera show this set of characters, and they are augmented by the less distinctly curved pre-apical margin of the wing, which is more pronounced in
924:
837:
costal space is narrow at the base before widening for the quarter of its length between base and apical area. It widens again notably after the possibly fusion point of the R
889:
1101:
range between 1,900–4,133 m (6,234–13,560 ft), notably higher than the original estimates by MacGinitie of 300–900 m (980–2,950 ft). Estimates of the
999:
All three Okanagan Highlands sites represent upland lake systems that were surrounded by a warm temperate ecosystem with nearby volcanism. The highlands likely had a
808:
Quilchena site. The full wing shows a distinct triangular outline due to its unusually broad profile that distinguishes it from the similarly color patterned species
1066:
in age, based on the flora and fauna preserved. Successive research and fossil descriptions moved the age older and by 1985 the formation had been reassigned to an
1756:
1466:
Mathewes, R. W.; Greenwood, D. R.; Archibald, S. B. (2016). "Paleoenvironment of the Quilchena flora, British Columbia, during the early Eocene climatic optimum".
487:
parataxon was not given a specific description, however each of the referred species were given unique descriptions, pending more complete specimens being found.
746:
wing that are contrary to all other polystoechotids. In the basal area of the subcostal space a number of crossveins are present, and the crossveins in the R
456:
was not given a formal taxonomic description, and Archibald and Makarkin acknowledged it would contain an artificial grouping of species, rather than true
411:
psychopsids. Generic placement of the species was again questioned in 2003, when Vladimr Makarkin & S. Bruce Archibald reviewed the fossil record of
936:
1835:
1743:
428:, detailing seven named species and two unnamed species. Three of the species named, plus the two described but unnamed species were placed into a "
533:
The coastal space has its maximum width near the wing base before shrinking to its narrowest near the junction of the subcosta (Sc) and radius (R
1820:
1011:
971:
804:"Sp. A" is known from an isolated fore-wing fragment plus an almost full and well preserved fore wing, both of which were recovered from the
1325:"Phylogeny of Moth Lacewings and Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Ithonidae, Polystoechotidae) Using DNA Sequence Data, Morphology, and Fossils"
1840:
551:
758:. Archibald and Makarkin deemed the crossveination characters insufficient to name a new genus, but enough to exclude the species from
777:
and subcostal spaces are evenly proportioned, being of similar widths. There seven crossveins in the subcostal space and four in the R
1815:
1286:"Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystechotidae): Revision and Description of New Taxa From Western North America and Denmark"
1669:
663:
of wing shape. The species is distinguished from other polystoechotids with falcate wings by the color patterning and venation. In
120:
391:
re-examined the fossil in the early 1940s he concluded, based on the breadth of the costal region that the fossil was likely an
1058:
The Florissant Formation is composed of successive lake deposits resulting from a volcanic debris flow damming a valley. When
1220:
Andersen with description of a new species from the Early Eocene of British Columbia, Canada (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae)"
147:
497:
1850:
568:
471:
as a separate family of lacewings. however in 2010 the family Polystoechotidae was merged into the "moth lacewing" family
372:
135:
730:
as a patronym honoring Lewis for his role in pioneering insect research at Republic, and for his wider contributions to
695:
614:
580:, but the uniform dark wing color, and fragmentary nature of the known fossils leaves open doubt about that placement.
538:
441:
1830:
989:
816:
715:
1825:
985:
425:
361:
1236:
1215:
810:
669:
324:
species whose genus affiliation is uncertain, but which are distinct enough to identify as segregate species.
710:
was described from the holotype specimen, which is deposited into two separate institution collections. The
1845:
1686:
874:
655:
648:
436:. Taxa placed within the parataxon were all considered by Archibald and Makarkin to belong to the family
595:
The referred specimen shows a costal area that is wide basally, narrows near the juncture of the Sc and R
1782:
1538:
642:
space being narrower than the subcostal space, Archibald and Makarkin considered the partial fossil of
1724:
988:
in Central British Columbia and northeast central Washington state, with three named species from the
1475:
1440:
719:
660:
360:, plus two unnamed species. Three of the described species are known from fossils recovered from the
1027:
943:
910:
397:
309:
1810:
1600:
1561:
1402:
1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)".
1346:
1305:
723:
711:
424:
Three years later, Archibald and Makarkin (2006) described a larger polystechotid fauna from the
388:
142:
1787:
475:, with the polystoechotids treated as an internal clade based on molecular phylogenic analysis.
522:
1769:
1761:
1665:
526:
445:
1774:
1539:"A butterfly-moth (Lepidoptera:Castniidae) form the Oligocene shales of Florissant, Colorado"
1366:"Early Eocene insects from Quilchena, British Columbia, and their paleoclimatic implications"
1657:
1631:
1592:
1553:
1491:
1483:
1448:
1398:
Archibald, S.; Greenwood, D.; Smith, R.; Mathewes, R.; Basinger, J. (2011). "Great Canadian
1380:
1336:
1297:
1231:
1194:
1161:
1106:
1086:
1051:
1047:
731:
437:
412:
957:
1031:
1479:
1444:
878:
or if it was just apparent texturing of the wing area during the fossilization process.
993:
805:
417:
383:
17:
1804:
1565:
1285:
1094:
1090:
1015:
1000:
333:
75:
1604:
1350:
1309:
407:. This placement was retained by Ellis MacLeod (1970) who reviewed and updated the
1003:
646:
as a fore-wing. They also noted the similarity between the species and the living
630:
was found at the "corner lot site", location A0307. They derived the species name
468:
457:
408:
1183:"The Neuroptera of the Baltic Amber. I. Ascalaphidae, Nymphidae, and Psychopsidae"
896:
1709:
1718:
1023:
1007:
50:
1661:
1301:
673:
the radial space is mostly dark in coloration both conditions are opposite in
449:
429:
313:
199:
95:
60:
1656:. Special Papers. Vol. 435. Geological Society of America. p. 90.
1098:
1070:
age. Further refinement of the formation's age using radiometric dating of
1067:
1035:
472:
392:
321:
317:
209:
179:
159:
100:
44:
1735:
1596:
1512:
1487:
1166:
1149:
1636:
1619:
1384:
1703:
1199:
1182:
1071:
513:
132:
111:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
738:
species, however Archibald and Makarkin opted to place the species into
1748:
1102:
1076:
1063:
1043:
518:
105:
80:
1496:
381:, placing the fossil species into the living western hemisphere genus
1630:(3). Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences: 539–543.
1557:
1365:
1019:
387:, which is found in montane regions of North and South America. When
329:
189:
169:
1680:
1452:
1341:
1324:
1150:"Osmylidae of the Florissant shales, Colorado (Insecta–Neuroptera)"
521:
present on the wing membrane, but there are indistinctly preserved
1129:
Cockerell, T. (1908). "Fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado".
1081:
placing the formation in the Priabonian stage of the Late Eocene.
694:
635:
613:
550:
496:
1583:
and the Phylogeny and Biogeography of Mousebirds (Coliiformes)".
1684:
1654:
Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado
1014:
of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil
1089:(1953) suggested a warm temperate climate based on the modern
846:
has five preserved crossveins. Unlike other species placed in
734:. In almost all aspects the wing is match to the hindwings of
1062:
was described, the Florissant Formation was considered to be
1237:
10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0171:FAOTGP]2.0.CO;2
850:, there are no preserved crossveins in the subcostal area.
567:
fossil, SR 01-01-14, were housed in the collections of the
992:
of Washington, and a further two unnamed species from the
1050:
analysis of the Republic and Quilchena paleofloras, and
364:
of Washington State, while the fourth is from Colorado.
604:
and radial spaces are absent from the fossil fragment.
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
781:
space, a higher frequency then in other species. The R
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
667:
the costal space is mainly lighter colored, while in
1620:"A New Talpid from the Late Eocene of North America"
1105:
for the Florissant Formation have been derived from
415:
in conjunction with placement of the lacewing genus
1693:
1591:(2). The American Ornithologists' Union: 245–259.
1579:Ksepka, D.T.; Clarke, J.A. (2009). "Affinities of
1131:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1107:climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP)
1048:climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP)
421:into the family and description of a new species.
1097:found in the formation. Modern estimates of the
395:and transferred the species to the extinct genus
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1124:
1122:
638:"falcatus" meaning greatly curved. Due to the R
571:at the time of description. The specific name
1329:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1224:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1030:of Western Washington, which are described as
1520:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
320:. The taxon is a collective group for fossil
8:
626:Also known from a single holotype specimen,
1681:
1214:Makarkin, V. N.; Archibald, S. B. (2003).
1018:the lakes were higher and cooler then the
119:
31:
1635:
1495:
1340:
1235:
1198:
1165:
1364:Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W. (2000).
1118:
1546:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
750:space are fully perpendicular to the R
336:and is composed of four named species
1012:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
984:fossils have been recovered from the
685:and subcostal areas are light toned.
7:
1323:Winterton, SL; Makarkin, VN (2010).
1284:Archibald, S.; Makarkin, V. (2006).
1290:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
742:due to two character states of the
714:, SCSU-SR-0316, is retained in the
375:named the first species in 1908 as
1618:Lloyd, K.J.; Eberle, J.J. (2008).
1513:"The fossil ants of North America"
1468:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1433:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
25:
1022:coastal forests preserved in the
882:Distribution and paleoenvironment
956:
942:
935:
909:
895:
888:
659:or if the similarity was due to
467:Polystoechotidae was treated by
146:
1836:Eocene insects of North America
1187:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
1216:"Family affinity of the genus
282:Archibald & Makarkin, 2006
271:Archibald & Makarkin, 2006
260:Archibald & Makarkin, 2006
229:Archibald & Makarkin, 2006
1:
1821:Fossil taxa described in 2003
1624:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1034:ecosystems. Estimates of the
569:Stonerose Interpretive Center
373:Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell
322:polystechotid giant lacewing
316:in the moth lacewing family
1841:Klondike Mountain Formation
1373:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1154:American Journal of Science
990:Klondike Mountain Formation
790:each dichotomously branch.
546:Polystoechotites barksdalae
339:Polystoechotites barksdalae
255:Polystoechotites barksdalae
129:Polystoechotites barksdalae
1867:
1074:has resulted in an age of
1060:Polystoechotites piperatus
1052:leaf margin analysis (LMA)
716:St. Cloud State University
502:Polystoechotites piperatus
492:Polystoechotites piperatus
446:preserved color patterning
368:History and classification
357:Polystoechotites piperatus
244:Polystoechotites piperatus
27:Extinct genus of lacewings
1816:Insects described in 2003
1511:Carpenter, F. M. (1930).
1302:10.1017/S1477201906001817
986:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
628:Polystoechotites falcatus
619:Polystoechotites falcatus
609:Polystoechotites falcatus
559:Holotype counterpart side
426:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
362:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
345:Polystoechotites falcatus
266:Polystoechotites falcatus
239:
234:
143:Scientific classification
141:
127:
118:
34:
811:Palaeopsychops dodgeorum
670:Palaeopsychops douglasae
378:Polystoechotes piperatus
1537:Tindale, N. B. (1985).
1103:mean annual temperature
1079: million years ago
1046:have been derived from
1044:mean annual temperature
1032:lowland tropical forest
700:Polystoechotites lewisi
690:Polystoechotites lewisi
463:At the time of naming,
442:Comstock–Needham system
404:Propsychopsis piperatus
351:Polystoechotites lewisi
328:species are known from
277:Polystoechotites lewisi
18:Polystoechotites lewisi
1597:10.1525/auk.2009.07178
1488:10.1139/cjes-2015-0163
1167:10.2475/ajs.241.12.753
1148:Carpenter, F. (1943).
975:Republic and Florssant
928:Quilchena and Republic
875:Palaeopsychops setosus
704:
623:
560:
506:
1783:Paleobiology Database
1662:10.1130/2008.2435(06)
1637:10.4202/app.2008.0311
1385:10.1139/cjz-78-8-1441
703:Holotype, counterpart
698:
617:
554:
500:
1851:Florissant Formation
1181:MacLeod, E. (1970).
972:class=notpageimage|
925:class=notpageimage|
720:St. Cloud, Minnesota
649:Fontecilla graphicus
483:As a parataxon, the
1480:2016CaJES..53..574M
1445:2005CaJES..42..167G
1028:Chuckanut Formation
1831:Priabonian insects
1200:10.1155/1970/45459
1004:upper microthermal
705:
624:
561:
512:is known from the
507:
136:SRIC SR 97-03-09 A
1798:
1797:
1770:Open Tree of Life
1687:Taxon identifiers
1581:Palaeospiza bella
1404:Geoscience Canada
1160:: 753–760, 1 pl.
1093:relatives of the
1072:sanidine crystals
1042:Estimates of the
1008:lower mesothermal
332:fossils found in
301:
300:
230:
16:(Redirected from
1858:
1826:Ypresian insects
1791:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:Polystoechotites
1714:
1713:
1712:
1695:Polystoechotites
1682:
1676:
1675:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1558:10.5962/p.266764
1543:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1379:(8): 1441–1462.
1370:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1281:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1087:Harry MacGinitie
1080:
996:Quilchena site.
982:Polystoechotites
980:The majority of
960:
946:
939:
913:
899:
892:
862:Polystoechotites
855:Polystoechotites
848:Polystoechotites
822:Polystoechotites
802:Polystoechotites
795:Polystoechotites
740:Polystoechotites
732:palaeoentomology
724:counterpart side
525:. The preserved
485:Polystoechotites
465:Polystoechotites
454:Polystoechotites
452:, the parataxon
438:Polystoechotidae
434:Polystoechotites
413:Polystoechotidae
393:osmylid lacewing
326:Polystoechotites
305:Polystoechotites
293:Polystoechotites
287:Polystoechotites
283:
272:
261:
250:
249:(Cockerell 1908)
228:
224:Polystoechotites
221:
151:
150:
123:
110:
47:
43:54.52–49.5
40:Temporal range:
36:Polystoechotites
32:
21:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1689:
1679:
1672:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1453:10.1139/e04-100
1429:
1428:
1415:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1342:10.1603/an10026
1322:
1321:
1317:
1283:
1282:
1245:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1075:
978:
977:
976:
974:
968:
967:
966:
965:
961:
953:
952:
951:
947:
931:
930:
929:
927:
921:
920:
919:
918:
914:
906:
905:
904:
900:
884:
859:
845:
840:
835:
831:
799:
789:
784:
780:
776:
753:
749:
718:collections in
702:
693:
684:
641:
621:
612:
603:
598:
558:
549:
536:
504:
495:
481:
389:Frank Carpenter
370:
281:
280:
270:
269:
259:
258:
248:
247:
227:
219:
145:
131:
114:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1846:Coldwater Beds
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1740:
1730:
1715:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1643:
1610:
1571:
1529:
1503:
1474:(6): 574–590.
1458:
1439:(2): 167–185.
1413:
1390:
1356:
1335:(4): 511–522.
1315:
1296:(2): 119–155.
1243:
1230:(3): 171–180.
1218:Palaeopsychops
1206:
1193:(2): 147–180.
1173:
1140:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:(20 in).
1099:paleoelevation
1036:paleoelevation
994:Coldwater Beds
970:
969:
963:
962:
955:
954:
949:
948:
941:
940:
934:
933:
932:
923:
922:
916:
915:
908:
907:
902:
901:
894:
893:
887:
886:
885:
883:
880:
858:
852:
843:
838:
833:
829:
817:P. marringerae
806:Coldwater Beds
798:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
760:Palaeopsychops
756:Palaeopsychops
751:
747:
736:Palaeopsychops
692:
687:
682:
639:
611:
606:
601:
596:
578:Palaeopsychops
548:
543:
534:
494:
489:
480:
477:
418:Palaeopsychops
384:Polystoechotes
369:
366:
308:is an extinct
299:
298:
297:
296:
290:
284:
273:
262:
251:
237:
236:
232:
231:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
125:
124:
116:
115:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
48:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1863:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1673:
1671:9780813724355
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:(4): 155–164.
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:biogeographic
1088:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
973:
959:
945:
938:
926:
912:
898:
891:
881:
879:
877:
876:
871:
870:P. barksdalae
867:
866:P. barksdalae
863:
856:
853:
851:
849:
825:
823:
819:
818:
813:
812:
807:
803:
796:
793:
791:
772:
771:P. barksdalae
767:
763:
761:
757:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
697:
691:
688:
686:
678:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
657:
651:
650:
645:
637:
633:
629:
620:
616:
610:
607:
605:
593:
589:
587:
581:
579:
574:
570:
565:
564:P. barksdalae
557:
556:P. barksdalae
553:
547:
544:
542:
540:
531:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
503:
499:
493:
490:
488:
486:
478:
476:
474:
470:
469:entomologists
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
399:
398:Propsychopsis
394:
390:
386:
385:
380:
379:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:North America
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
294:
291:
288:
285:
279:
278:
274:
268:
267:
263:
257:
256:
252:
246:
245:
241:
240:
238:
233:
226:
225:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1694:
1653:
1646:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1552:(1): 31–40.
1549:
1545:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1506:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1436:
1432:
1407:
1403:
1400:Lagerstätten
1399:
1393:
1376:
1372:
1359:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1293:
1289:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1083:
1059:
1057:
1041:
998:
981:
979:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:
854:
847:
826:
821:
815:
809:
801:
800:
794:
770:
768:
764:
759:
755:
743:
739:
735:
727:
722:, while the
707:
706:
699:
689:
679:
674:
668:
665:F. graphicus
664:
654:
647:
643:
631:
627:
625:
618:
608:
594:
590:
586:P. piperatus
585:
582:
577:
572:
563:
562:
555:
545:
532:
510:P. piperatus
509:
508:
501:
491:
484:
482:
464:
462:
458:monophyletic
453:
433:
423:
416:
409:Baltic Amber
403:
402:
396:
382:
377:
376:
371:
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
325:
304:
303:
302:
292:
286:
276:
275:
265:
264:
254:
253:
243:
242:
223:
222:
128:
35:
29:
1719:Wikispecies
1024:Puget Group
675:P. falcatus
661:convergence
644:P. falcatus
479:Description
1805:Categories
1497:1807/71979
1114:References
964:Florissant
769:Unlike in
656:Fontecilla
573:barksdalae
527:coloration
523:trichosors
450:form taxon
444:, and the
200:Neuroptera
180:Arthropoda
1811:Ithonidae
1710:Q20904973
1566:109301568
1068:Oligocene
903:Quilchena
824:"Sp. A".
744:P. lewisi
712:part side
708:P. lewisi
634:from the
473:Ithonidae
430:parataxon
318:Ithonidae
314:lacewings
310:parataxon
210:Ithonidae
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
1733:BioLib:
1704:Wikidata
1605:85597698
1351:49384430
1310:55970660
1137:: 59–69.
950:Republic
917:Republic
632:falcatus
622:Holotype
514:holotype
505:holotype
432:" named
235:Species
206:Family:
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
133:holotype
112:Ypresian
1775:6290487
1762:1476895
1749:8558101
1736:1253456
1585:The Auk
1526:: 1–66.
1476:Bibcode
1441:Bibcode
1064:Miocene
857:"Sp. B"
797:"Sp. A"
773:, the R
519:nygmata
460:clade.
448:. As a
295:"sp. B"
289:"sp. A"
216:Genus:
196:Order:
190:Insecta
186:Class:
1788:192247
1668:
1603:
1564:
1349:
1308:
1020:coeval
1016:biotas
832:and Rs
728:lewisi
354:, and
330:Eocene
1757:IRMNG
1601:S2CID
1562:S2CID
1542:(PDF)
1516:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1347:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1095:biota
1077:34.07
1001:mesic
636:Latin
539:veins
1744:GBIF
1666:ISBN
1026:and
814:and
51:PreꞒ
1658:doi
1632:doi
1593:doi
1589:126
1554:doi
1492:hdl
1484:doi
1449:doi
1381:doi
1337:doi
1333:103
1298:doi
1232:doi
1195:doi
1162:doi
1158:241
1006:to
401:as
312:of
1807::
1785::
1772::
1759::
1746::
1721::
1706::
1664:.
1628:53
1626:.
1622:.
1599:.
1587:.
1560:.
1550:24
1548:.
1544:.
1524:70
1522:.
1518:.
1490:.
1482:.
1472:53
1470:.
1447:.
1437:42
1435:.
1416:^
1408:38
1406:.
1377:78
1375:.
1371:.
1345:.
1331:.
1327:.
1304:.
1292:.
1288:.
1246:^
1228:96
1226:.
1222:.
1191:77
1189:.
1185:.
1156:.
1152:.
1135:24
1133:.
1121:^
828:Rs
762:.
677:.
537:)
348:,
342:,
101:Pg
45:Ma
1674:.
1660::
1640:.
1634::
1607:.
1595::
1568:.
1556::
1500:.
1494::
1486::
1478::
1455:.
1451::
1443::
1387:.
1383::
1353:.
1339::
1312:.
1300::
1294:4
1240:.
1234::
1203:.
1197::
1170:.
1164::
844:1
842:R
839:1
834:2
830:1
788:s
786:R
783:s
779:1
775:1
752:1
748:1
683:1
640:1
602:1
600:R
597:1
535:1
220:†
106:N
96:K
91:J
86:T
81:P
76:C
71:D
66:S
61:O
56:Ꞓ
20:)
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