1007:
Pomaks in
Bulgaria were the subject of three state-sponsored forced assimilation campaigns – in 1912, the 1940s and the 1960s and 1970s which included the change of their Turkish-Arabic names to ethnic Bulgarian Christian Orthodox ones and in the first campaign conversions from Islam to Eastern Orthodoxy. The first two campaigns were abandoned after a few years, while the third was reversed in 1989. The campaigns were carried out under the pretext that the Pomaks as ancestral Christian Bulgarians who had been converted to Islam and who therefore needed to be repatriated back to the national domain. These attempts were met with stiff resistance by many Pomaks.
684:
735:
Islamization, destroyed 218 churches and 336 chapels in these areas. A lot of
Bulgarians preferred to die instead of becoming Muslim. According to recent investigations the theory of forced conversion to Islam, supported by some scientists, has no solid grounds with all or most evidence being faked or misinterpreted. At the same time, the sincerity of the convert is a subject to suspicion and interrogation. Some authors for example, explain the mass conversions that occurred in the 17th century with the tenfold increase of the
1049:
755:
316:
4061:
3872:
264:
131:
342:
296:
5277:
32:
928:(1923). The treaty made no mention of their language, but declared that their languages of education should be Turkish and Greek. The main school manual used for the teaching the language is 'Pomaktsou' by Moimin Aidin and Omer Hamdi, Komotini 1997. There is also a Pomak-Greek dictionary by Ritvan Karahodja, 1996. The Pomak dialects are on the Eastern side of the
73:
816:. Bulgaria, after a brief period of control over the area, passed the sovereignty of Western Thrace at the end of World War I. The Provisional Government was revived between 1919 and 1920 under French protectorate (France had annexed the region from Bulgaria in 1918) before Greece took over in June 1920.
1006:
identity, down from 131,000 who declared Muslim
Bulgarian identity at the 2001 census. Unofficially, there may be between 150,000 and 250,000 Pomaks in Bulgaria, though maybe not in the ethnic sense as one part declare Bulgarian, another part – Turkish ethnic identity. During the 20th century the
734:
that he would execute them if they didn't turn to Islam. In 1656, Ottoman military troops entered the
Chepino valley and arrested the local Bulgarian provosts, in order to transfer them in the local Ottoman administrator. There, they converted to Islam. Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü, after the mass
841:
There is no specific Pomak dialect of the
Bulgarian language. Within Bulgaria, the Pomaks speak almost the same dialects as those spoken by the Christian Bulgarians with which they live side by side and Pomaks living in different regions speak different dialects. In Bulgaria there is a trend for
594:
within this population. This indicates that the Greek Pomaks are an isolated population with limited contacts with their neighbours. A 2014 study also confirmed high homozygosity and according to MDS analysis the Greek Pomaks cluster among
European populations, near the general Greek population.
901:
sub-dialects) dialects. The
Smolyan dialect is also spoken by the Pomaks living in the Western Thrace region of Greece. The Pomaks living in the region of Teteven in Northern Bulgaria speak the Balkan dialect, specifically the Transitional Balkan sub-dialect. The Rup dialects of the Bulgarian
932:
of
Bulgarian, yet many pockets of western Bulgarian speakers remain. A large number of them no longer transmit it; they have adopted Turkish as a first language and Greek as a second language. Recently the Community of the Pomaks of Xanthi, has announced its request to be treated equally and
642:, mentioned that around 1550 only 6 or 9 villages had turned to Islam. Furthermore the documents show that not only Islam has been spread in the area at that time, but that the Pomaks participated in Ottoman military operations voluntarily as is the case with the village of Shahin (
516:. The community in Greece is commonly fluent in Greek, and in Turkey, Turkish, while the communities in these two countries, especially in Turkey, are increasingly adopting Turkish as their first language as a result of education and family links with the Turkish people.
544:", "more important than a Yamak", similar to "пó юнак", i.e. "more than a hero"). It has also been argued that the name comes from the dialectal words "помáкан, омáкан, омáчен, помáчен" (pomákan, omákan, omáchen, pomáchen), meaning "tormented, tortured".
539:
The name "Pomak" first appeared in the
Bulgarian Christian-heretical language surroundings of North Bulgaria (the regions of Lovech, Teteven, Lukovit, Byala Slatina). According to one theory, it comes from the expression "по-ямак" ("more than a
812:. The Ottoman administration didn't support the rebels and finally under the neutrality of Greek and Ottoman governments, Bulgaria took over the lands on 30 October 1913. The rebels requested support by the Greek state and put Greek major in
680:. So, in North Central Bulgaria Pomaks became those of Bulgarian Christian heretics, for which it was unacceptable or impossible to convert to the Eastern Orthodox Christian because of dogmatic, economic, family or other reasons.
842:
dialects to give way to the standard
Bulgarian language and this is also affecting the dialects spoken by the Pomaks and their usage is now rare in urban areas and among younger people. As part of the wider Pomak community, the
3307:
3374:
Bulgarians in the region of Korcha and Mala Prespa (Albania) nowadays, Balkanistic Forum (1-3/2005), South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Blagoevgrad, Pashova, Anastasija Nikolaeva; Issue: 1-3/2005, Page Range:
527:. However, in Greece and Turkey the practice for declaring the ethnic group at census has been abolished for decades. Different members of the group today declare a variety of ethnic identities: Bulgarian, Pomak,
714:
local administrator to announce their decision, but he sent them to the Greek bishop of Philippoupolis Gabriel (1636–1672). The bishop could not change their mind. According to the verbal tradition of the
2331:
Archimandrite Nikodemos Anagnostopoulos, Orthodoxy and Islam: Theology and Muslim–Christian Relations in Modern Greece and Turkey, Culture and Civilization in the Middle East, Taylor & Francis, 2017,
3128:"Capidan, Theodor. Meglenoromânii, istoria şi graiul lor, vol. I, Bucureşti, 1925, p.5, 19, 21–22 (Capidan, Theodor. Megleno-Romanians – their history and dialect, Bucharest 1925, vol 1, p.5, 19, 21–22)"
2294:. (Bulgarian language) С., 1925 (фототипно изд. С., 1970), с. 36 (Jordan. Bogomil Books and Legends, Sofia, 1925, p. 36: or in: Ivanov, Ĵ. Bogomil Books and Legends. Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1976.
619:. They started to become Muslim gradually, from the Ottoman occupation (early 15th century) to the end of the 18th century. Subsequently, these people became part of the Muslim community of the
2607:
1787:
1120:) as a big village with 300 houses and two panes, inhabited exclusively by Pomaks. Greek nationalist scholars and government officials frequently refer to the Pomaks as "slavicised"
2165:
Martikainen, Tuomas; Mapril, José; Khan, Adil Hussain (2019). "Nation-state, Citizenship and Belonging: A Socio-historical Exploration of the Role of Indigenous Islam in Greece".
723:
took place in front of the old mosque of the city, near the Government House. After that, the villagers became Muslim, too. According to the verbal tradition of the Bulgarians,
3180:
3492:
2943:
2137:
1976:"Interview With Mr. Damjan Iskrenov* and Mr. Shikir Bujukov* from the Village of Kochan – Pomaks from Chech, Western Rodop Mountains (Pirin Part of Macedonia), R. of Bulgaria"
3203:Лабаури, Дмитрий Олегович. Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894–1908 гг: Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, София 2008, с. 184–186,
2093:
4049:
3219:
Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entestehung und etwicklung bis 1908., Wiessbaden 1979 (in Bulgarian: Аданър, Фикрет. Македонският въпрос, София 2002, с. 20)
3860:
3177:
Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914, p.28, 155, 288, 317
2866:
When languages collide: perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence, Brian D. Joseph, Ohio State University Press, 2003, p. 281
1619:
The Pomaks, known officially in Bulgaria as Bulgarian Muhammadans or Bulgarian Muslims, are an ethno-confessional minority at present numbering about 220,000 people.
5013:
3730:
3483:
3228:
1396:
1089:
552:
Their precise origin has been interpreted differently by Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish historians, but it is generally considered they are descendants of native
2929:
Adamou E. & Drettas G. 2008, Slave, Le patrimoine plurilingue de la Grèce – Le nom des langues II, E. Adamou (éd.), BCILL 121, Leuven, Peeters, p. 107-132.
3631:
1975:
1509:
4016:
3569:
In: Voss, C.; Steinke, K. (ed.): The Pomaks in Greece and Bulgaria - a model case for borderland minorities in the Balkans, p. 227-234. Munich: Biblion.
827:
system disappeared and the members of the Pomak groups today declare a variety of ethnic identities, depending predominantly on the country they live in.
4370:
2119:
3183:, Петров Гьорче, Материали по изучаванието на Македония, София 1896, с. 475 (Petrov, Giorche. Materials on the Study of Macedonia, Sofia, 1896, p. 475)
3697:
3684:
2638:
2615:
1318:
2351:"HbO-Arab mutation originated in the Pomak population of Greek Thrace, Haematologica, Vol 90, Issue 2, 255–257, 2005 by Ferrata Storti Foundation"
1177:
3276:Асенова, Петя. Местни имена от Голо бърдо, Североизточна Албания, в: Езиковедски проучвания в памет на проф. Йордан Заимов, София 2005, с. 42–53.
2493:
5859:
4042:
3749:
3673:
3651:
3601:
3582:
3556:
3467:
3426:
3050:
3022:
2995:
2537:
2316:
2229:
2203:
2176:
2063:
1920:
1878:
1696:
1669:
1642:
1612:
1582:
1552:
1380:
4027:
3853:
3838:
3457:
920:
The Pomak language is taught at primary school level (using the Greek alphabet) in the Pomak regions of Greece, which are primarily in the
792:. In 1886 the Ottoman government accepted the Bulgarian rule over Eastern Rumelia and that was the end of the free Pomak state. During the
3205:Кънчов, Васил. Македония. Етнография и статистика, с. 39–53 (Kanchov, Vasil. Macedonia — ethnography and statistics Sofia, 1900, p. 39-53)
4175:
1225:
649:
In North Central Bulgaria (the regions of Lovech, Teteven, Lukovit, Byala Slatina) the Ottoman authorities requested in 1689, after the
528:
400:
2350:
2091:
Vemund Aarbakke, The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace, University of Bergen, Bergen, 2000, pp.5 and 12 (pp. 27 and 34 in the pdf file).
657:(heterodox Christian sect) to convert to one of the officially recognized religions in the Ottoman Empire. One part of them became the
5854:
5761:
5006:
4220:
1688:
Identity, nationalism, and cultural heritage under siege : five narratives of Pomak heritage - from forced renaming to weddings /
898:
683:
3828:
1861:
1465:
1085:
773:
5839:
4011:
3523:
3392:
3362:
3342:
3293:
3260:
3127:
2893:
2873:
2853:
2833:
2813:
2793:
2773:
2753:
2733:
2477:
2337:
1124:, to give the impression and support Greek narratives that they are the descendants of Ottoman-era Greek converts to Islam like the
820:
232:
214:
112:
59:
1510:"Social Construction of Identities: Pomaks in Bulgaria, Ali Eminov, JEMIE 6 (2007) 2 © 2007 by European Centre for Minority Issues"
5844:
5834:
5829:
4035:
3615:
1259:
3334:
2097:
5719:
3846:
3193:
Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe – Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). Muslims of Macedonia. p. 2, 11
2414:"Genetic characterization of Greek population isolates reveals strong genetic drift at missense and trait-associated variants"
1180:, their language has been regarded as Macedonian, while within Bulgarian academia, their dialect is considered as part of the
5874:
5682:
4363:
3321:
152:
3354:
2249:
2013:
1999:
5869:
5058:
4999:
3925:
3308:"Българетѣ въ Македония: издирвания и документи за тѣхното потекло, езикъ и народность, съ етнографска карта и статистика"
1434:
2938:
Demetriou, Olga (January 2004). "Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe".
727:
687:
Ethnographic map of European Turkey from the late 19th century, showing the regions largely populated by Pomaks in brown.
4968:
4262:
3646:
1153:
482:
by the government. The term has also been used as a wider designation, including also the Slavic Muslim populations of
5138:
4139:
3066:
2954:
1936:
1589:
The name ... refers to about 220,000 people in Bulgaria ... Pomaks inhabit borderlands ... between Bulgaria and Greece
3710:
707:
195:
90:
83:
5864:
5672:
4894:
4847:
1982:
1516:
933:
therefore to have the right of education in Greek schools without the obligation of learning the Turkish language.
167:
924:. The Pomaks of Thrace were, together with Turks and Roma, exempted from the population exchanges provided by the
141:
5786:
5445:
4598:
4356:
3229:Смиљанић, Тома. Пастирски живот код Миjака, Гласник српског географског друштва, Свеска 5, Београд, 1921, с. 232.
1160:. However the estimated 100,000 Pomaks in North Macedonia maintain a strong affiliation to the Turkish identity.
1061:
1043:
966:(pejorative, meaning "infidels"), Pogantsi, Poturani, Poturnatsi, Eruli, Charaklii, etc. They mainly inhabit the
421:
3384:
877:
in Northern Bulgaria. The Pomaks living in the Bulgarian part of the Rhodopes speak the Rhodope (especially the
5729:
5053:
4437:
4287:
3947:
1157:
710:
in the middle of the 17th century, some Bulgarian provosts agreed to become Muslim en masse. They visited the
174:
1559:
living in the Rhodope Mountains in Thrace in southern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and northwestern Turkey.
1417:
5460:
4564:
4549:
4392:
4282:
4243:
4236:
4205:
4065:
3014:
Religious Minorities, Nation States, and Security: Five Cases from the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean
2132:
Olga Demetriou, "Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe", in
1634:
Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria
1295:
1285:
1144:), are also referred to as Pomaks, especially in historical context. They are a minority religious group in
1073:
1048:
995:
764:
665:
148:
45:
3665:
Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria
3535:
2664:
2308:
Religious Minorities, Nation States and Security: Five Cases from the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean
5704:
5677:
5583:
5554:
5514:
5499:
4444:
3920:
3876:
3761:"Urban culture, religious conversion, and crossing ethnic fluidity among the Bulgarian Muslims ("Pomaks")"
3413:. Modernity, Memory and Identity in South-East Europe. Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–36.
3285:
1069:
696:
639:
624:
635:
5608:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5374:
5063:
5048:
5038:
4459:
4277:
3937:
1185:
1077:
805:
441:
181:
3596:(in Bulgarian). София: Институт за изследване на близкото минало; Фондация "Отворено общество"; Сиела.
1574:
Culture and Power at the Edges of the State: National Support and Subversion in European Border Regions
1224:. By the last censuses at the end of the 20th century in Yugoslavia they had declared themselves to be
1152:
national identity and are linguistically distinct from the larger Muslim ethnic groups in the country,
3788:"Historical and ethnological influences on the traditional civilization of Pomaks of the Greek Thrace"
3109:
5849:
5572:
5429:
5411:
5230:
5124:
4958:
4317:
4215:
4159:
4093:
3930:
3900:
2425:
1255:
983:
3096:
1761:
5776:
5771:
5734:
5618:
5603:
5544:
5539:
4302:
4297:
4272:
4154:
4119:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3905:
3820:
1200:
occasionally are also referred to as Pomaks in historical context. They are people who inhabit the
979:
851:
789:
650:
163:
3192:
2148:
Brunnbauer, Ulf (1999). "Diverging (Hi-)Stories: The Contested Identity of the Bulgarian Pomaks".
5791:
5781:
5744:
5692:
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5549:
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4842:
4825:
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4332:
4088:
3910:
3724:
3659:
3611:
3515:
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3453:
3432:
2030:
1815:
1743:
1338:
1181:
1137:
1105:
975:
863:
412:
366:
3406:
2032:
Histories and Identities: Nation-state and Minority Discourses. The Case of the Bulgarian Pomaks
1912:
1168:
Slavic-speaking Muslims, sometimes referred to as "Pomaks", live also in the Albanian region of
3739:
3097:"In Search of a Homogeneous Nation: The Assimilation of Bulgaria's Turkish Minority, 1984–1985"
2765:
2494:"Greek newspaper "Kathimerini", Column "Exploring the Pomak villages", Athens 12 December 2009"
5635:
5364:
5247:
5107:
5102:
4948:
4884:
4837:
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4195:
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3669:
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3597:
3578:
3552:
3463:
3422:
3388:
3358:
3338:
3289:
3256:
3046:
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2985:
2889:
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2865:
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2845:
2829:
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2809:
2789:
2769:
2749:
2729:
2725:
2543:
2533:
2473:
2451:
2333:
2312:
2225:
2221:
Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties
2219:
2199:
2172:
2113:
2059:
1916:
1907:
Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties
1807:
1735:
1692:
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1665:
1659:
1638:
1608:
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1548:
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1003:
967:
954:
947:
921:
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911:
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855:
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692:
563:
who also previously converted to Orthodoxy and Catholicism, who converted to Islam during the
509:
479:
328:
2805:
2785:
2745:
1632:
1602:
1034:. The Pomak community in Turkey is unofficially estimated to be between 300,000 and 600,000.
5739:
5578:
5440:
5242:
4953:
4743:
4636:
4559:
4554:
4544:
4427:
4292:
4168:
3957:
3795:
3772:
3507:
3414:
3239:Матов, Милан. За премълчаното в историята на ВМРО. Спомени, Второ издание София 2011, с. 58.
3176:
3159:
2441:
2433:
2357:
2245:
1842:
1799:
1725:
1015:
971:
797:
754:
751:; thus, a Muslim of any ethnic background enjoyed precisely the same rights and privileges.
623:. At that time people were bound to their millets by their religious affiliations (or their
553:
452:
374:
3209:
Leonhard Schultze Jena. «Makedonien, Landschafts- und Kulturbilder», Jena, G. Fischer, 1927
2918:
2906:
2714:
5824:
5796:
5369:
5310:
5189:
5117:
5086:
4815:
4728:
4718:
4713:
4661:
4641:
4569:
4432:
4337:
4322:
4312:
4267:
4187:
3915:
3895:
3832:
3825:
3787:
3760:
2562:
1886:
1865:
1859:
1469:
1438:
1213:
1145:
1109:
1065:
991:
987:
925:
882:
878:
874:
785:
669:
483:
5406:
3134:
2250:
http://www.znam.bg/com/action/showBook?bookID=979&elementID=935883124§ionID=5
986:. There are Pomaks in other parts of Bulgaria as well. There are a few Pomak villages in
2695:
in Greek: General Administration of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, "Thrace" Komotini 1994
2429:
590:
is characteristic of the Greek Pomaks. Its frequency increased as a consequence of high
5509:
5482:
5129:
5112:
5097:
4928:
4921:
4904:
4786:
4748:
4651:
4626:
4539:
4509:
4492:
4469:
4405:
4210:
4132:
4098:
3890:
3493:"Prioritizing 'ethnicities': The uncertainty of Pomak-ness in the urban Greek Rhodoppe"
3310:. Изд. на Българската академия на наукитѣ от фонда "Напрѣдък" – via Google Books.
2446:
2413:
1905:
1714:"Migration in the Southern Balkans. From Ottoman Territory to Globalized Nation States"
1313:
1308:
1249:
1217:
1081:
1019:
907:
903:
894:
886:
836:
813:
801:
781:
769:
739:
tax. Muslim communities prospered under the Ottoman Empire, as the Sultan was also the
731:
704:
612:
564:
513:
432:
370:
354:
94:
2786:
Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States Religion and Global Politics
571:. Information through Ottoman and Catholic missionaries reports supports this theory.
5818:
5709:
5667:
5655:
5640:
5450:
5354:
4911:
4889:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4656:
4646:
4581:
4454:
4417:
4307:
4103:
3519:
3436:
3411:
New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State
1819:
1747:
1451:
1291:
1280:(born 1956 as Margarita Ibrahimoff), American actress and producer, married to actor
1241:
1201:
1197:
1121:
999:
847:
777:
711:
620:
591:
780:
valley, apprehensive of retribution for their role in the bloody suppression of the
695:
happened between the 16th and the 17th century. According to the Codes of Bishop of
523:. The term is widely used colloquially for Eastern South Slavic Muslims, considered
188:
5749:
5724:
5699:
5092:
4980:
4973:
4753:
4738:
4723:
4631:
4616:
4576:
4529:
4497:
4477:
4229:
3744:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press. pp. 1516–1522.
3208:
2078:
Fred de Jong, "The Muslim Minority in Western Thrace", in Georgina Ashworth (ed.),
1965:
Muslim identity and the Balkan State; Hugh Poulton, Suha Taji-Farouki; 1997, p. 102
1245:
1221:
1113:
870:
859:
724:
720:
5421:
4588:
603:
Pomaks are today usually considered descendants of native Orthodox Bulgarians and
3250:
3012:
2306:
2193:
2166:
2149:
5526:
5332:
5080:
5043:
4758:
4678:
4671:
4621:
3511:
3418:
2686:
in German: Peter Soustal, "Thrakien (Thrake, Rodope und Haimimontos)" Wienn 1991
1277:
793:
748:
387:
263:
130:
89:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
51:
2579:
2507:
1431:
768:
concept was altered during the 19th century and rise of nationalism within the
5650:
5566:
5455:
5384:
5317:
5285:
5254:
5200:
5195:
5178:
5163:
5030:
4943:
4916:
4776:
4703:
4611:
3663:
1846:
1803:
1169:
1125:
929:
806:
Provisional Government of Western Thrace" (Garbi Trakya Hukumet i Muvakkatesi)
660:
654:
604:
560:
556:
524:
3627:
3204:
2547:
1811:
1739:
5803:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5435:
5416:
5401:
5379:
5349:
5344:
5259:
5225:
5220:
5168:
4899:
4794:
4514:
4400:
4146:
4125:
3286:
Urgent anthropology Vol. 3 Problems of Multiethnicity in the Western Balkans
1281:
1271:
744:
587:
5276:
4854:
3074:
2962:
2455:
1944:
1730:
1173:
478:
strong ethno-confessional minority in Bulgaria is recognized officially as
3716:
1418:
https://m.novinite.com/articles/217761/71.5+are+the+Christians+in+Bulgaria
5766:
5660:
5645:
5630:
5534:
5391:
5339:
5205:
5173:
5075:
4879:
4666:
4487:
4412:
4327:
3800:
3698:"Ислямизацията като мотив в българската историография, литература и кино"
3407:"Revisiting Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: Deportations and Atrocities"
2639:"Ислямизацията като мотив в българската историография, литература и кино"
2532:] (in Bulgarian). София: Българска академия на науките. p. 416.
1491:
1229:
1101:
1023:
843:
809:
583:
502:
460:
321:
3777:
3652:"The Human Rights of Muslims in Bulgaria in Law and Politics since 1878"
3337:, Gail Warrander, Verena Knaus, Published by Bradt Travel Guides, 2007,
2888:, Miranda Vickers, James Pettifer, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1997,
2704:
in Turkish: Aydinli Ahmet, "Bati Trakya faciasinin icyuzu" Istanbul 1972
2677:
in Turkish: Biyiklioglou Tevfik, "Trakya' da millî mücadele" Ankara 1956
2136:, Vol. 27, No. 1, January 2004, pp.106–107 (pp. 12–13 in the pdf file).
1258:(born 1953), Member of the Bulgarian Parliament; Parliamentary Group of
664:
by converting to Ottoman recognized Christian denominations, either the
5489:
5359:
5327:
5210:
5183:
5158:
5143:
4991:
4938:
4874:
4832:
4733:
4683:
4606:
4519:
4482:
2437:
2168:
Muslims at the Margins of Europe: Finland, Greece, Ireland and Portugal
1205:
1117:
1097:
1093:
643:
616:
568:
498:
487:
3594:Възродителният процес. Мюсюлманските общности и комунистическият режим
519:
They are not officially recognized as one people with the ethnonym of
5687:
5625:
5396:
5305:
5293:
5266:
5237:
5215:
5153:
5148:
5070:
4963:
4534:
4524:
4083:
4069:
4060:
3871:
2580:"NATPRESH: 6. Λαϊκές παραδόσεις, παροιμίες και αινίγματα των Πομάκων"
2154:. Vol. 3. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 38–49. GGKEY:X5ZYCWAEE9A.
1209:
869:
Most Pomaks speak some of the Eastern Bulgarian dialects, mainly the
716:
700:
512:
whereas in Greece and Turkey they self-declare their language as the
494:
468:
464:
347:
301:
20:
4348:
2382:
2270:"The Descendants of Paulicians: the Pomaks, Catholics, and Orthodox"
1713:
3045:. Pencheva, Maya (translator). Sofia: National Museum of Bulgaria.
2269:
2244:Любен Каравелов. Мемоари. Павликяни и семейният бит на българите. (
5756:
5714:
5504:
5494:
5322:
5298:
5022:
4820:
4810:
4422:
2987:
Balkan Border Crossings: First Annual of the Konitsa Summer School
2806:
Culture and Learning in Islam Different Aspects of Islamic Culture
2412:
Panoutsopoulou K; Hatzikotoulas K; Xifara DK; et al. (2014).
2383:"The origin of Greek Pomaks is based on HbO-Arab mutation history"
1661:
Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and why it Matters
1047:
1002:. Officially no ethnic Pomaks are recorded, while 67,000 declared
753:
736:
682:
673:
608:
541:
2728:, Jorgen S. Nielsen, Samim Akgönül, Ahmet Alibasic, BRILL, 2009,
1466:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World Fourteenth Edition.Bulgarian"
1216:. The general view is that they should be treated as a distinct
862:), which are sometimes also considered to be part of the "wider
4995:
4352:
4031:
3842:
3551:. Pencheva, Maya (translator). Sofia: Natl Museum of Bulgaria.
914:, it has words and resemblance to the grammatical forms of the
3387:
by Gerlachlus Duijzings, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000,
3073:(in Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute. Archived from
2248:. Memoirs. Paulicians and the family life of the Bulgarians).
580:
124:
66:
25:
2568:. Ankara: Publishing House of the Turkish Historical Society.
3179:, Поп Антов, Христо. Спомени, Скопje 2006, с. 22–23, 28–29,
2472:, İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2006. pp. 87–89.
2470:"Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı (The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire)"
2014:"Помаците искат да бъдат признати като етнос | Dnes.bg"
2917:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2905:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2713:
Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002;
2508:"NATPRESH: 1. Η προφορική παράδοση των Πομάκων της Ροδόπης"
1762:"Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria - [PDF Document]"
3826:
http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/english/reports/pomaks.html
3815:
426:
3324:. Tipografija. 20 March 1923 – via Google Books.
3041:
Raichevsky, Stoyan (2004). "Geographical Boundaries".
1833:
Turan, Ömer (2007). "Pomaks, Their Past and Present".
627:), rather than their ethnic origins, according to the
2848:, Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000,
2748:, James Pettifer, Miranda Vickers, I.B.Tauris, 2007,
586:, HbO, which emerged about 2,000 years ago on a rare
501:
as a result of escaping previous ethnic cleansing in
1092:
in 1923 did Pomaks inhabit a part of the regions of
796:, at 16 August 1913, an Islamic revolt begun in the
5525:
5284:
5029:
4867:
4803:
4785:
4767:
4597:
4468:
4391:
4384:
4255:
4112:
4076:
4004:
3956:
3883:
2828:Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000,
2788:, Vjekoslav Perica, Oxford University Press, 2004,
446:
393:
381:
360:
337:
311:
291:
286:
273:
155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1904:
3255:. Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite.
3181:Дедиjeр, Jевто, Нова Србија, Београд 1913, с. 229
3099:, London School of Economics, UK 23 December 2000
2530:Turkish sources for Bulgarian history. Volume 3:2
1939:[STRUCTURE OF THE RELIGIOUS POPULATION].
1788:"The Pomaks: A Religious Minority in the Balkans"
3712:Помаците и торбешите в Мизия, Тракия и Македония
1601:Hugh Poulton; Suha Taji-Farouki (January 1997).
1172:. However these people are also referred to as "
1080:. Their estimated population is 50,000, only in
743:. Ottoman law did not recognize such notions as
3385:Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo
1294:(born 1987), Greek footballer. Born in Passos,
2667:. LIT Verlag Münster – via Google Books.
2523:Turski izvori za bŭlgarskata istoriya. Tom 3:2
2082:, Sunbury, Quartermaine House Ltd., 1980, p.95
638:(1508–1553), who visited the mountain area of
5007:
4364:
4043:
3854:
3821:Pomaknews Agency | Nezavisen Glas na Pomacite
2526:Турски извори за българската история. Том 3:2
1937:"СТРУКТУРА НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕТО ПО ВЕРОИЗПОВЕДАНИЕ"
1184:. Part of this people still self-identify as
1090:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
1068:, particularly the eastern regional units of
893:subdialects) and Western Rup (especially the
850:in North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo speak
823:following the First World War, the religious
8:
3741:Encyclopedia of the stateless nations 3, L-R
3288:. Fieldwork Edited by Antonina Zhelyazkova,
3036:
3034:
2776:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 1517.
2746:The Albanian Question: Reshaping The Balkans
1262:. His ancestor was an Ottoman feudal called
1052:Medusa Pomak village, Xanthi, Thrace, Greece
788:and established an autonomous state, called
719:of Philippoupolis, a large ceremony of mass
459:) are Bulgarian-speaking Muslims inhabiting
250:
2195:Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey
1868:THE POMAKS, Report – Greek Helsinki Monitor
1452:"Ethnologue, Languages of Greece.Bulgarian"
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5014:
5000:
4992:
4388:
4371:
4357:
4349:
4050:
4036:
4028:
3861:
3847:
3839:
3729:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3592:Груев, Михаил; Кальонски, Алексей (2008).
3577:(in Bulgarian). София: ИК "Ваньо Недков".
3482:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2886:Albania: from anarchy to a Balkan identity
2766:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R
1898:
1896:
1637:. Princeton University Press. p. 38.
1571:Thomas M. Wilson; Hastings Donnan (2005).
952:The Pomaks in Bulgaria are referred to as
249:
3799:
3776:
3668:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3252:Dijalektite na makedonskiot jazik. Vol. 1
3067:"Structure of the population by religion"
2445:
2285:
2283:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2000:"READING ROOM 3: Raw deal for the Pomaks"
1729:
1427:
1425:
730:(1656–1661) threatened the Bulgarians of
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
2044:Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, Sofia
1577:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 158–159.
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1319:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
508:Bulgaria recognizes their language as a
3357:, Robert Elsie, Scarecrow Press, 2004,
1492:"Pomak | people | Britannica"
1348:
1330:
1288:, to a Pomak father and a Greek mother.
3722:
3475:
2808:, Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, UNESCO, 2003,
2118:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2111:
1547:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 607–.
1541:Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006).
1372:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
691:The mass turn to Islam in the Central
3715:(in Bulgarian). София. Archived from
7:
3685:"Балканите: съжителство на вековете"
3683:Горчева, Даниела (1 February 2009).
2608:"Балканите: съжителство на вековете"
2606:Горчева, Даниела (1 February 2009).
2035:. Ulf Brunnbauer, University of Graz
1604:Muslim Identity and the Balkan State
1274:. He was born in Sandrovo, Bulgaria.
962:), and under the locally used names
784:two years earlier, rebelled against
672:, while the other part converted to
287:Regions with significant populations
153:adding citations to reliable sources
3765:Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU
3696:Тодорова, Мария (4 February 2009).
2990:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 189.
2955:"An article in the Greek Newspaper
2637:Тодорова, Мария (4 February 2009).
2614:(in Bulgarian) (21). Archived from
1220:. Part of these people are already
1026:, where they are called in Turkish
5762:Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia
3534:Georgieva, Bozhidara (June 2009).
3043:The Mohammedan Bulgarians (Pomaks)
3011:Mario Apostolov (1 January 2001).
1835:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1664:. Lexington Books. pp. 246–.
1060:) in Greece inhabit the region of
373:(by those resident in Greece) and
14:
3567:The presence of Pomaks in Turkey.
2080:Muslim Minorities in the Eighties
1691:. Balkan studies library. Brill.
1116:in 1898 describes Konstantia (in
821:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
762:Meanwhile, the perception of the
666:Eastern Orthodox Christian Church
653:, for military reasons Bulgarian
41:This article has multiple issues.
5275:
4059:
3870:
3759:Benovska-Sabkova Milena (2015).
3491:Demetriou, Olga (January 2004).
3306:Иванов, Йордан (20 March 1815).
1631:Kristen Ghodsee (27 July 2009).
1544:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
1397:"Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!"
1369:Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013).
1260:Movement for Rights and Freedoms
340:
314:
294:
268:Pomaks in the early 20th century
262:
129:
71:
30:
5720:Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs
3355:Historical dictionary of Kosova
2268:Edouard Selian (January 2020).
1658:P. H. Liotta (1 January 2001).
1337:Pomaks are speakers of various
1018:community is present mostly in
140:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
3459:Muslim lives in Eastern Europe
3335:Kosovo: the Bradt travel guide
2594:Folk tales of Pomaks in Thrace
2563:"Les villages pomaks de Lovca"
2224:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 243–.
1943:(in Bulgarian). Archived from
1885:. 19 June 2015. Archived from
1270:is situated in the village of
327:107,777 (2021 Census) 67,350
1:
3786:Varvounis Manolis G. (2003).
2984:Basilēs G. Nitsiakos (2008).
2726:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe
2198:. Greenwood Pr. p. 612.
2056:История на Османската империя
1148:, although not all espouse a
1086:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
873:in Southern Bulgaria and the
774:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
497:, where they have settled as
472:
377:(by those resident in Turkey)
279:
5860:Muslim communities in Europe
4969:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
4017:Provinces by life expectancy
3647:Bulgarian Helsinki Committee
3405:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020).
3110:"Türk Tarih Kurumu E-Mağaza"
1375:. Routledge. pp. 974–.
804:. On 1 September 1913, the "
4140:Albanians of Western Thrace
3573:Арденски, Владимир (2005).
3547:Raichevsky, Stoyan (2004).
3512:10.1080/0141987032000147959
3419:10.1007/978-3-030-59400-8_2
1685:Myuhtar-May, Fatme (2014).
1432:2011 Bulgarian census, p.29
1004:Muslim and ethnic Bulgarian
864:Bulgarian dialect continuum
447:
427:
5891:
3249:Vidoeski, Božidar (1998).
2521:Tsvetkova, Bistra (1972).
2292:Богомилски книги и легенди
2192:Richard V. Weekes (1984).
2058:. Рива. pp. 472–535.
1041:
1022:and to a lesser extent in
945:
834:
493:Most Pomaks today live in
18:
16:Bulgarian-speaking Muslims
5855:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
5273:
3835:(related to Greek Pomaks)
3500:Ethnic and Racial Studies
3462:. Princeton, New Jersey.
2940:Ethnic and Racial Studies
2305:Apostolov, Mario (2018).
2134:Ethnic and Racial Studies
1847:10.1080/13602009908716425
1804:10.1080/00905999608408481
1786:Apostolov, Mario (1996).
1399:(in Turkish). 6 June 2008
1062:East Macedonia and Thrace
1057:
1056:Today the Pomaks (Greek:
1044:Muslim minority of Greece
436:
416:
398:
386:
365:
278:
261:
5840:Ethnic groups in Albania
3948:Demographics of Istanbul
2846:Who are the Macedonians?
2826:Who Are the Macedonians?
2525:
2311:. Taylor & Francis.
1911:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.
1903:Janusz Bugajski (1994).
1204:region, located between
1104:and some other parts of
910:(Pomaktsou). Similar to
708:Konstantin Josef Jireček
625:confessional communities
19:Not to be confused with
5845:Ethnic groups in Kosovo
5835:Ethnic groups in Turkey
5830:Ethnic groups in Greece
4012:Provinces by population
3738:Minahan, James (2002).
3709:Мехмед, Хюсеин (2007).
1712:Haksöz, Cengiz (2018).
1607:. Hurst. pp. 33–.
1286:Los Angeles, California
996:Veliko Tarnovo Province
676:and began to be called
5584:Bessarabian Bulgarians
5054:Belarusian Lithuanians
3877:Demographics of Turkey
3655:, Sofia, November 2003
3164:macedonia.kroraina.com
3160:"4.3. Greek Macedonia"
3114:emagaza-ttk.ayk.gov.tr
2665:"Ethnologia Balkanica"
2561:Gozler, Kemal (2001).
2171:. BRILL. p. 133.
1731:10.1515/soeu-2018-0047
1053:
759:
688:
456:
5875:Ethnoreligious groups
5683:Bulgarian Macedonians
5609:Macedonian Bulgarians
5375:Greater Poland people
3549:Mohammedan Bulgarians
3536:"Who are the Pomaks?"
2959:, printed 17.03.2010"
1883:Minority Rights Group
1051:
1042:Further information:
906:are called in Greece
757:
686:
670:Roman Catholic Church
531:, Turkish and other.
394:Related ethnic groups
5870:Slavic ethnic groups
5678:Albanian Macedonians
5599:Bulgarian Hungarians
5573:Anatolian Bulgarians
5555:Bosniak Montenegrins
5412:Lesser Poland people
5125:Zaporozhian Cossacks
5023:Slavic ethnic groups
3831:4 March 2016 at the
3801:10.2298/BALC0334268V
3704:(in Bulgarian) (21).
3691:(in Bulgarian) (21).
3565:Kahl, Thede (2007):
3529:on 4 September 2011.
3095:DIMITROV, VESSELIN:
2965:on 28 September 2011
2151:Ethnologia Balkanica
1864:4 March 2016 at the
1792:Nationalities Papers
1437:27 July 2013 at the
1128:of Greek Macedonia.
1030:, and their speech,
984:Blagoevgrad Province
728:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
401:South Slavic Muslims
149:improve this article
5772:Carinthian Slovenes
5619:Thracian Bulgarians
5594:Bulgarian Croatians
5589:Bulgarian Albanians
5064:Belarusian Russians
5049:Belarusian Latvians
3778:10.2298/GEI1501049B
3719:on 2 February 2011.
3614:(21 January 2009).
3077:on 25 December 2009
2942:(27)., pg. 105–108
2645:(in Bulgarian) (21)
2582:. 6 September 2009.
2510:. 6 September 2009.
2430:2014NatCo...5.5345P
1947:on 25 December 2009
1341:as native language.
1266:. The Agush castle
1178:Macedonian academia
1112:. German sightseer
980:Pazardzhik Province
960:Bǎlgari-Mjusjulmani
958:(българи-мюсюлмани
902:language spoken in
808:was established in
790:Republic of Tamrash
758:Tuhovishta's Mosque
651:Chiprovtsi Uprising
636:Pachomios Roussanos
467:, and northeastern
258:
5792:Prekmurje Slovenes
5782:Hungarian Slovenes
5604:Bulgarian Italians
4848:in the Netherlands
4438:in the Netherlands
4221:Slavic Macedonians
3660:Kristen R. Ghodsee
3620:Transitions Online
3612:Kristen R. Ghodsee
3454:Kristen R. Ghodsee
2438:10.1038/ncomms6345
2393:(3): 380–394. 2006
2363:on 31 October 2008
1879:"Turks and Pomaks"
1496:www.britannica.com
1472:on 16 January 2009
1339:Bulgarian dialects
1182:Bulgarian language
1138:Macedonian Muslims
1054:
976:Kardzhali Province
856:Torlakian dialects
760:
689:
5865:Sub-ethnic groups
5812:
5811:
5777:Croatian Slovenes
5735:Montenegrin Serbs
5636:Burgenland Croats
5545:Bosniak Croatians
5540:Bosniak Albanians
5430:Międzyrzec Boyars
5365:Borderlands Poles
5108:Siberian Cossacks
5103:Nekrasov Cossacks
4989:
4988:
4949:Megleno-Romanians
4863:
4862:
4379:Muslims in Europe
4346:
4345:
4196:Megleno-Romanians
4025:
4024:
3751:978-0-313-32111-5
3702:Либерален Преглед
3689:Либерален Преглед
3675:978-0-691-13955-5
3603:978-954-28-0291-4
3584:978-954-8176-96-5
3558:978-954-9308-41-9
3469:978-0-691-13955-5
3428:978-3-030-59400-8
3052:978-954-9308-41-9
3024:978-0-7546-1677-1
2997:978-3-8258-0918-8
2768:, James Minahan,
2643:Либерален Преглед
2618:on 30 August 2010
2612:Либерален Преглед
2539:978-0-439-01834-0
2318:978-1-351-78441-2
2231:978-0-7656-1911-2
2205:978-0-313-23392-0
2178:978-90-04-40456-4
2065:978-954-320-369-7
1922:978-1-56324-282-3
1698:978-90-04-27207-1
1671:978-0-7391-0212-1
1644:978-1-4008-3135-7
1614:978-1-85065-276-2
1584:978-3-8258-7569-5
1554:978-1-4381-2918-1
1382:978-1-135-19388-1
968:Rhodope Mountains
955:Bulgarian Muslims
948:Bulgarian Muslims
922:Rhodope Mountains
916:Armenian language
912:Paulician dialect
772:begun. After the
693:Rhodope Mountains
607:who converted to
510:Bulgarian dialect
480:Bulgarian Muslims
445:
425:
406:
405:
329:Muslim Bulgarians
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
217:
199:
123:
122:
115:
64:
5882:
5787:Italian Slovenes
5730:Macedonian Serbs
5579:Banat Bulgarians
5560:Bosniak Serbians
5550:Bosniak Kosovars
5441:Polish Uplanders
5279:
5243:Pannonian Rusyns
5059:Belarusian Poles
5016:
5009:
5002:
4993:
4565:Western Thracian
4389:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4350:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4190:
4178:
4171:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4064:
4063:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4029:
3958:Census in Turkey
3875:
3874:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3840:
3805:
3803:
3782:
3780:
3755:
3734:
3728:
3720:
3705:
3692:
3679:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3630:. Archived from
3616:"Identity Shift"
3607:
3588:
3575:Загаснали огнища
3562:
3543:
3530:
3528:
3522:. Archived from
3497:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3441:
3440:
3402:
3396:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3352:
3346:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3201:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3133:. Archived from
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2961:. Archived from
2951:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2883:
2877:
2863:
2857:
2843:
2837:
2823:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2783:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2743:
2737:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2603:
2597:
2592:M. G. Varvounis
2590:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2468:Ortaylı, İlber.
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2356:. Archived from
2355:
2347:
2341:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2290:Ivanov, Йордан.
2287:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2252:
2246:Lyuben Karavelov
2242:
2236:
2235:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:on 23 April 2012
2096:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2054:Мантран, Робер.
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1988:on 3 March 2016.
1987:
1981:. Archived from
1980:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1910:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1889:on 14 July 2015.
1875:
1869:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1522:on 26 March 2017
1521:
1515:. Archived from
1514:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1468:. Archived from
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1342:
1335:
1059:
1016:Pomaks in Turkey
972:Smolyan Province
798:Eastern Rhodopes
776:, Pomaks in the
554:Eastern Orthodox
477:
474:
450:
440:
438:
430:
420:
418:
350:
346:
344:
343:
324:
320:
318:
317:
307:350,000- 600,000
304:
300:
298:
297:
281:
274:Total population
266:
259:
238:
231:
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
198:
157:
133:
125:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5745:Vojvodina Serbs
5521:
5370:Bug River Poles
5311:Silesian Gorals
5280:
5271:
5248:Rusyn Romanians
5190:Harbin Russians
5118:Greben Cossacks
5087:Baikal Cossacks
5039:Alaskan Creoles
5025:
5020:
4990:
4985:
4859:
4799:
4781:
4763:
4599:North Caucasian
4593:
4505:Dobrujan Tatars
4464:
4380:
4377:
4347:
4342:
4251:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4186:
4174:
4167:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4108:
4072:
4058:
4056:
4026:
4021:
4000:
3952:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3833:Wayback Machine
3812:
3794:(34): 268–283.
3785:
3758:
3752:
3737:
3721:
3708:
3695:
3682:
3676:
3658:
3637:
3635:
3634:on 2 March 2007
3610:
3604:
3591:
3585:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3533:
3526:
3495:
3490:
3474:
3470:
3452:
3449:
3447:Further reading
3444:
3429:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3175:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3140:on 3 March 2016
3137:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2844:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2804:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2540:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2467:
2463:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2094:"Archived copy"
2092:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1866:Wayback Machine
1858:
1854:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1439:Wayback Machine
1430:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1368:
1367:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1305:
1256:Arif Sami Agush
1238:
1214:North Macedonia
1194:
1166:
1146:North Macedonia
1134:
1132:North Macedonia
1110:North Macedonia
1106:Greek Macedonia
1066:Northern Greece
1046:
1040:
1013:
992:Lovech Province
988:Burgas Province
950:
944:
939:
926:Lausanne Treaty
875:Balkan dialects
839:
833:
786:Eastern Rumelia
601:
577:
575:Genetic studies
550:
537:
484:North Macedonia
475:
463:, northwestern
341:
339:
338:
332:
315:
313:
312:
295:
293:
292:
269:
256:
254:
252:
248:
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
210:
204:
201:
158:
156:
146:
134:
119:
108:
102:
99:
88:
82:has an unclear
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5888:
5886:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5797:Venetian Slavs
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5740:Croatian Serbs
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5712:
5707:
5705:Ethnic Muslims
5702:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5483:Cieszyn Vlachs
5475:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5290:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5186:
5181:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5130:Kuban Cossacks
5122:
5121:
5120:
5113:Terek Cossacks
5110:
5105:
5100:
5098:Kuban Cossacks
5095:
5090:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Finnish Tatars
4507:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4493:Crimean Tatars
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4406:Cham Albanians
4397:
4395:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:Western Thrace
4240:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Romaniote Jews
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4133:Cham Albanians
4129:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Turkish people
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3810:External links
3808:
3807:
3806:
3783:
3756:
3750:
3735:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3656:
3644:
3608:
3602:
3589:
3583:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3544:
3531:
3506:(27): 95–119.
3488:
3468:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3427:
3397:
3377:
3367:
3347:
3327:
3313:
3298:
3278:
3269:
3261:
3241:
3232:
3221:
3212:
3196:
3185:
3169:
3151:
3119:
3101:
3088:
3058:
3051:
3030:
3023:
3003:
2996:
2976:
2946:
2931:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2878:
2858:
2838:
2818:
2798:
2778:
2758:
2738:
2718:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2656:
2629:
2598:
2585:
2571:
2553:
2538:
2513:
2499:
2485:
2461:
2424:(5345): 5345.
2404:
2374:
2342:
2324:
2317:
2297:
2279:
2253:
2237:
2230:
2211:
2204:
2184:
2177:
2157:
2140:
2125:
2084:
2071:
2064:
2046:
2037:
2023:
2005:
1991:
1967:
1958:
1928:
1921:
1892:
1870:
1852:
1825:
1798:(4): 727–742.
1778:
1753:
1724:(4): 603–605.
1704:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1623:
1613:
1593:
1583:
1563:
1553:
1533:
1501:
1483:
1457:
1443:
1441:(in Bulgarian)
1421:
1410:
1388:
1381:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1314:Pomak Republic
1311:
1309:Pomak language
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1275:
1253:
1250:Ottoman Empire
1237:
1236:Notable people
1234:
1226:ethnic Muslims
1218:minority group
1193:
1190:
1165:
1162:
1133:
1130:
1082:Western Thrace
1039:
1036:
1020:Eastern Thrace
1012:
1009:
946:Main article:
943:
940:
938:
935:
908:Pomak language
904:Western Thrace
837:Pomak language
835:Main article:
832:
829:
814:Alexandroupoli
802:Western Thrace
782:April Uprising
770:Ottoman Empire
732:Chepino Valley
703:historian and
697:Philippoupolis
600:
597:
576:
573:
549:
546:
536:
533:
529:ethnic Muslims
514:Pomak language
476: 220,000
404:
403:
396:
395:
391:
390:
384:
383:
379:
378:
363:
362:
358:
357:
355:Western Thrace
351:
335:
334:
325:
309:
308:
305:
289:
288:
284:
283:
276:
275:
271:
270:
267:
246:
241:
240:
223:
222:
137:
135:
128:
121:
120:
84:citation style
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5887:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:Molise Croats
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:Croat Muslims
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Russian Poles
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4582:Mishar Tatars
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4393:Indo-European
4390:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Sephardi Jews
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4066:Ethnic groups
4062:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3393:1-85065-431-X
3390:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:0-8108-5309-4
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3343:1-84162-199-4
3340:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3322:"Нова Европа"
3317:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:954-8872-53-6
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3262:9789989649509
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2894:1-85065-279-1
2891:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:0-8142-0913-0
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2854:1-85065-534-0
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:1-85065-534-0
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:92-3-103909-1
2811:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2794:0-19-517429-1
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:0-313-31617-1
2771:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:1-86064-974-2
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2734:90-04-17505-9
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2596:, Athens 1996
2595:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2479:
2478:975-263-490-7
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:9781315297927
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:Hussein Mumin
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:(1874–1921),
1243:
1242:Mehmed Talaat
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:Greek Muslims
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:(Karadjova),
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:Ruse Province
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
949:
941:
936:
934:
931:
927:
923:
918:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
899:Gotse Delchev
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
830:
828:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
756:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
621:millet system
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
593:
592:genetic drift
589:
585:
582:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
547:
545:
543:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
443:
434:
429:
423:
414:
410:
402:
397:
392:
389:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
356:
352:
349:
336:
333:up to 250,000
331:(2011 census)
330:
326:
323:
310:
306:
303:
290:
285:
277:
272:
265:
260:
245:
237:
234:
219:
216:
208:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166: –
165:
161:
160:Find sources:
154:
150:
144:
143:
138:This article
136:
132:
127:
126:
117:
114:
106:
96:
92:
86:
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5750:Serb Muslims
5725:Kosovo Serbs
5700:Montenegrins
5613:
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5188:
5093:Don Cossacks
5085:
4974:Crimean Roma
4577:Volga Tatars
4530:Lipka Tatars
4498:Crimean Roma
4478:Azerbaijanis
4449:
4200:
4089:Cappadocians
3921:Christianity
3896:Ethnic Kurds
3791:
3771:(1): 49–71.
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1246:Grand Vizier
1195:
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1114:Adolf Struck
1084:. Until the
1055:
1031:
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930:Yat isogloss
919:
871:Rup dialects
868:
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840:
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721:circumcision
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247:Ethnic group
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205:January 2021
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159:
147:Please help
142:verification
139:
109:
100:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
5850:South Slavs
5673:Macedonians
5527:South Slavs
5515:Upper Sorbs
5510:Texas Wends
5500:Lower Sorbs
5333:Slovincians
5201:Kamenschiks
5081:Albazinians
5044:Belarusians
4679:Circassians
4278:Australians
4113:Traditional
4094:Macedonians
3938:Immigration
3071:Census 2001
3017:. Ashgate.
2649:12 December
2622:12 December
2397:27 February
2018:www.dnes.bg
1771:19 February
1278:Rita Wilson
858:(incl. the
794:Balkan Wars
749:citizenship
611:during the
579:A specific
388:Sunni Islam
103:August 2022
5819:Categories
5651:Krashovani
5567:Bulgarians
5456:Sieradzans
5451:Sącz Lachs
5392:Kociewians
5318:Kashubians
5286:West Slavs
5255:Ukrainians
5231:Starozhily
5196:Kamchadals
5179:Doukhobors
5164:Podlashuks
5031:East Slavs
4944:Pakistanis
4934:Macedonian
4917:Vallahades
4843:in Belgium
4769:Kartvelian
4744:Tabasarans
4612:Abkhazians
4560:Meskhetian
4550:Dodecanese
4428:in Germany
4318:Pakistanis
4237:Dodecanese
4176:Dodecanese
4160:Aromanians
3931:Irreligion
3901:Minorities
3638:25 January
3144:7 February
3081:4 November
2919:pp.117–118
2907:pp.128–143
2418:Nat Commun
2367:19 October
2104:7 February
1526:17 October
1476:3 December
1325:References
1284:. Born in
1186:Bulgarians
1176:". Within
1170:Golloborda
1150:Macedonian
1126:Vallahades
937:Population
852:Macedonian
819:After the
661:Christians
659:Bulgarian-
655:Paulicians
605:Paulicians
561:Paulicians
557:Bulgarians
525:derogatory
369:(native),
353:50,000 in
175:newspapers
95:footnoting
46:improve it
5804:Yugoslavs
5478:Silesians
5473:Ruhrpolen
5468:Obotrites
5436:Poborzans
5422:Łowiczans
5417:Masovians
5407:Łęczycans
5402:Lasovians
5380:Kaliszans
5350:Moravians
5345:Masurians
5260:Podolyans
5226:Siberians
5221:Semeiskie
5169:Poleshuks
4954:Ossetians
4939:Maghrebis
4929:Hemshenis
4900:Adjarians
4895:Georgians
4885:Bulgarian
4838:in France
4816:in Europe
4795:Besermyan
4719:Khwarshis
4714:Khinalugs
4662:Chamalals
4642:Bagvalals
4515:Karachays
4433:in France
4401:Albanians
4303:Georgians
4298:Filipinos
4288:Bavarians
4273:Assyrians
4164:Italians
4155:Armenians
4147:Souliotes
4126:Arvanites
4120:Albanians
3906:Languages
3792:Balcanica
3725:cite book
3628:1214-1615
3520:143619160
3478:cite book
3437:236785226
3345:, p. 211.
2969:28 August
2896:, p. 205.
2856:, p. 116.
2836:, p. 208.
2736:, p. 221.
2548:405458491
2340:, p. 128.
1820:153397474
1812:0090-5992
1766:cupdf.com
1748:187892002
1740:2364-933X
1403:17 August
1298:, Greece.
1282:Tom Hanks
1272:Mogilitsa
1264:Agush Aga
1222:albanised
1154:Albanians
891:Zlatograd
745:ethnicity
705:slavicist
631:concept.
588:haplotype
535:Etymology
442:romanized
422:romanized
413:Bulgarian
367:Bulgarian
361:Languages
282:1 million
52:talk page
5767:Slovenes
5646:Janjevci
5631:Bunjevci
5535:Bosniaks
5461:Warmians
5340:Lechites
5206:Lipovans
5174:Russians
5159:Molokans
5076:Cossacks
4905:Ingiloys
4880:Bengalis
4868:Minority
4826:in Spain
4749:Tsakhurs
4667:Chechens
4627:Akhvakhs
4488:Bashkirs
4413:Bosniaks
4385:Majority
4333:Russians
4328:Persians
4183:Maltese
4099:Cypriots
4077:Hellenic
3911:Religion
3829:Archived
3662:(2009).
3540:Vagabond
3456:(2010).
3395:, p. 27.
3375:113–130.
3365:, p. 70.
2796:, p. 75.
2756:, p. XV.
2456:25373335
2114:cite web
1862:Archived
1435:Archived
1303:See also
1230:Bosniaks
1102:Kastoria
1088:and the
1028:Pomaklar
1024:Anatolia
942:Bulgaria
844:Torbeshi
831:Language
810:Komotini
699:and the
584:mutation
503:Bulgaria
499:muhacirs
461:Bulgaria
457:Pomaklar
382:Religion
322:Bulgaria
257:Pomaklar
164:"Pomaks"
91:citation
5710:Resians
5693:Torbeši
5490:Slovaks
5397:Kurpies
5385:Taśtaks
5360:Bambers
5328:Krubans
5323:Gochans
5267:Litvins
5211:Polekhs
5184:Goryuns
5144:Hutsuls
4875:Afghans
4833:Berbers
4734:Lezgins
4684:Dargins
4652:Botlikh
4607:Abazins
4545:Cypriot
4520:Kazakhs
4483:Balkars
4445:Muslims
4308:Indians
4293:Chinese
4283:British
4263:African
3943:Poverty
3926:Judaism
3267:p. 214.
2447:4242463
2426:Bibcode
1951:6 April
1296:Rhodope
1268:(konak)
1248:of the
1228:, like
1206:Albania
1164:Albania
1142:Torbeši
1118:Moglena
1098:Almopia
1094:Moglena
1074:Rhodope
1058:Πομάκοι
1032:Pomakça
964:Ahryani
883:Chepino
879:Smolyan
712:Ottoman
668:or the
644:Echinos
634:A monk
617:Balkans
613:Ottoman
599:History
569:Balkans
565:Ottoman
548:Origins
488:Albania
453:Turkish
444::
437:Πομάκοι
428:Pomatsi
424::
375:Turkish
255:Πομάκοι
189:scholar
5825:Pomaks
5688:Mijaks
5668:Gorani
5626:Croats
5614:Pomaks
5306:Gorals
5294:Czechs
5238:Rusyns
5216:Pomors
5154:Lemkos
5149:Karyms
5139:Gurans
5071:Boykos
4964:Arlije
4959:Romani
4922:Cretan
4890:Croats
4855:Dönmeh
4787:Uralic
4754:Tindis
4739:Rutuls
4709:Karata
4699:Ingush
4694:Hunzib
4689:Hinukh
4657:Budukh
4647:Bezhta
4632:Archis
4617:Aghuls
4589:Yörüks
4555:German
4535:Nogais
4525:Kumyks
4470:Turkic
4455:Talysh
4450:Pomaks
4418:Gorani
4256:Recent
4225:Turks
4201:Pomaks
4104:Pontic
4084:Greeks
4070:Greece
3884:Topics
3816:Page 1
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1174:Torbeš
1070:Xanthi
1038:Greece
1011:Turkey
895:Babyak
887:Hvoyna
848:Gorani
825:millet
765:millet
741:Caliph
717:Greeks
678:Pomaks
640:Xanthi
629:millet
559:, and
521:Pomaks
495:Turkey
471:. The
469:Greece
465:Turkey
448:Pomáki
417:Помаци
409:Pomaks
399:Other
348:Greece
345:
319:
302:Turkey
299:
253:Помаци
251:Pomaks
191:
184:
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21:Pomors
5757:Shopi
5715:Serbs
5661:Šokci
5505:Wends
5495:Sorbs
5355:Poles
5299:Chods
4981:Serbs
4912:Greek
4821:Moors
4811:Arabs
4804:Other
4724:Kryts
4672:Kists
4637:Avars
4622:Andis
4570:Other
4540:Turks
4423:Kurds
4338:Serbs
4323:Poles
4313:Kurds
4268:Arabs
4230:Crete
4188:Corfu
4169:Corfu
4005:Lists
3916:Islam
3542:(33).
3527:(PDF)
3516:S2CID
3496:(PDF)
3433:S2CID
3138:(PDF)
3131:(PDF)
2715:p.128
2566:(PDF)
2528:[
2387:Haema
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1986:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1816:S2CID
1744:S2CID
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1513:(PDF)
1158:Turks
1078:Evros
778:Vacha
737:Jizya
701:Czech
674:Islam
609:Islam
542:Yemek
433:Greek
371:Greek
196:JSTOR
182:books
4759:Tsez
4729:Laks
4704:Jeks
4460:Tats
4206:Roma
3996:2020
3991:2010
3986:2000
3981:1990
3976:1965
3971:1935
3966:1927
3746:ISBN
3731:link
3670:ISBN
3640:2009
3624:ISSN
3598:ISBN
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3484:link
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3146:2016
3083:2008
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2971:2011
2890:ISBN
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2651:2009
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2544:OCLC
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2120:link
2106:2016
2060:ISBN
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1773:2022
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