Juan Ponce de León - Knowledge (XXG)

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was actually Florida, as it was thought to be an island for several years after its formal discovery. Historian and marine archeologist Samuel Turner says that Ponce de León sighted the Florida coast on Easter Sunday of 1513, and that many historians have misinterpreted Herrera's text by claiming it was one of the Bahama Islands Ponce saw on that date. Turner writes that because Beimini is described as an island, they assume that Herrera refers to one of the Bahama Islands, variously proposing that this "island" was

297: 726:, made a vigorous case for Juan Ponce's aristocratic heritage, determining that Juan Ponce's father was Pedro Ponce de León, the Fourth Lord of Villagarcía, and his mother was Leonor de Figueroa, the daughter of Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa, Lord of Salvaleón, and María Manuel; consequently Juan Ponce's paternal grandmother, Teresa de Guzmán (Teresa Ponce de León y Guzmán), was La Señora de la Casa Toral, making Juan Ponce a Ponce de León on both sides of his family. 1003:, replacing Nicolás de Ovando. For several years Diego Colón had been waging a legal battle over his rights to inherit the titles and privileges granted to his father. The Crown regretted the sweeping powers that had been granted to Columbus and his heirs and sought to establish more direct control in the New World. In spite of the Crown's opposition, Colón prevailed in court and Ferdinand was required to appoint him Viceroy. 56: 1880: 1033: 861: 749:, the last Muslim polity surviving in the Iberian peninsula. Puerto Rican historian Vicente Murga Sanz states that as the squire of Pedro Núñez de Guzmán, it is possible that Juan Ponce de León fought on the side of Rodrigo Ponce de León at the Battle of Granada. Fernandez de Oviedo writes that when Juan Ponce de León arrived in the Americas he was a military man who had gained his experience in the 898:) that he had led an expedition there with several hundred men as early as 1506, under orders by Governor Ovando to explore, settle, and conquer the island. Puerto Rican scholar Aurelio Tió wrote two books which contain much archival material concerning Ponce de León, including documentation he discovered in Spain and in Puerto Rico. He writes in detail of the 1544: 1593:, and thousands of seabirds. From these islands they sailed southwest in an apparent attempt to circle around Cuba and return home to Puerto Rico. Failing to take into account the powerful currents pushing them eastward, they struck the northeast shore of Cuba and were initially confused about their location. 1399:, a Spanish historian who apparently had access to the original ships' logs or related secondary sources from which he created a summary of the voyage published in 1601. The brevity of the account and occasional gaps in the record have led historians to speculate and dispute many details of the voyage. 1638:

According to a popular legend, Ponce de León discovered Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth. Though stories of vitality-restoring waters were known on both sides of the Atlantic long before Ponce de León, the story of his searching for them was not attached to him until after his death.

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Although the courts had ordered that Ponce de León should remain in office, Colón circumvented this directive on 28 October 1509 by appointing Juan Ceron chief justice and Miguel Diaz chief constable of the island, effectively overriding the authority of the governor. This situation prevailed until 2

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Although the identity of Juan Ponce de León's parents is still a matter of conjecture, according to Fuson and Arnade, citing Puerto Rican historian Aurelio Tió, Pedro Ponce de León and Leonor de Figueroa were most likely the parents of Juan Ponce de León. Thus Ponce appears to have been a member of a

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Several skirmishes followed with casualties on both sides. The Spaniards captured eight Calusa (four men and four women) and seized five war canoes abandoned by the retreating warriors. On 5 June, a final confrontation occurred when some 80 Calusa warriors attacked a party of eleven Spanish sailors.

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Herrera wrote that on 27 March 1513, Easter Sunday, they sighted land he described as an island that was unfamiliar to the sailors on the expedition. Because many Spanish seamen were acquainted with the Bahamas, which had been depopulated by slaving ventures, some scholars believe that this "island"

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Ponce de León returned to Spain in 1514 and was knighted by King Ferdinand, who also reinstated him as the governor of Puerto Rico and authorized him to settle Florida. He returned to the Caribbean in 1515, but plans to organize an expedition to Florida were delayed by the death of King Ferdinand in

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The expedition was deemed a great success and Ovando appointed Ponce de León governor of San Juan Bautista. This appointment was later confirmed by Ferdinand II on 14 August 1509. He was instructed to extend the settlement of the island and continue mining for gold. The new governor returned to the

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Although Ponce de León is widely credited with the discovery of Florida, he almost certainly was not the first European to reach the peninsula. Spanish slave expeditions had been regularly raiding the Bahamas since 1494 and there is some evidence that one or more of these slavers made it as far as

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sailboat. Samuel Turner dismisses this theory, pointing out that Ponce's fleet encountered a storm on 30 March, sailing in it for two days, with no indication in Herrera of the wind direction or how strong it was, and that this fact complicates any attempt to reconstruct the voyage (not to mention

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on his return to the area and possibly two or three other encounters. The campaign came to an abrupt end in 1516 when Ferdinand died. The king had been a strong supporter and Ponce de León felt it was imperative he return to Spain and defend his privileges and titles. He did receive assurances of

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The political struggle between Colón and Ponce de León continued in this manner for the next few years. Ponce de León had influential supporters in Spain and Ferdinand regarded him as a loyal servant. However, Colón's position as Viceroy made him a powerful opponent and eventually it became clear

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treated the Taínos very harshly and death rates were very high. The demand for slaves kidnapped from other islands grew. By June 1511, the Taínos, pushed to the limits of their endurance, began a short-lived rebellion, which was forcibly put down by Ponce de León and a small force of troops armed

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The contract stipulated that Ponce de León held exclusive rights to the discovery of Beniny and neighboring islands for the next three years. He would be governor for life of any lands he discovered, but he was expected to finance all costs of exploration and settlement himself. In addition, the

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was interested in forestalling further exploration and discovery by Colón. In an effort to reward Ponce de León for his services, Ferdinand urged him to seek these new lands outside the authority of Colón. Ponce de León readily agreed to a new venture, and in February 1512 a royal contract was

1489:, and obtained a reading of 30 degrees, 8 minutes of latitude, the coordinate recorded in the ship's log when it was closest to the landing site, as reported by Herrera (who had the original logbook) in 1601. This latitude corresponds to a spot north of St. Augustine between what is now the 1666:, a shipwreck survivor who had lived with the Native Americans of Florida for 17 years, published his memoir in which he locates the waters called the River Jordan (flowing out of Eden) in Florida, and says that Ponce de León was supposed to have looked for them there. 1500:

After remaining in the area of their first landing for about five days, the ships turned south for further exploration of the coast. On 8 April they encountered a current so strong that it pushed them backwards and forced them to seek anchorage. The smallest ship, the

1845:. Inscribed on the side panel of the altar-tomb in his mausoleum are these words in Latin: "MOLE SVB HAC FORTIS REQVIESCVNT OSSA LEONIS OVI VICIT FACTIS NOMINA MAGNA SVIS" ("Under this structure rest the bones of a lion, more for his great deeds than for his name"). 780:. This was Ponce de León's first glimpse of the place that would play a major role in his future. Historians are divided on what he did during the next several years, but it is possible that he returned to Spain at some point and made his way back to Hispaniola with 1786:

In early 1521, Ponce de León organized a colonizing expedition consisting of some 200 men, including priests, farmers and artisans, 50 horses and other domestic animals, and farming implements carried on two ships. The expedition landed somewhere on the coast of

1414:. Anton de Alaminos was their chief pilot. He was already an experienced sailor, and would become one of the most respected pilots in the region. After leaving Puerto Rico, they sailed northwest along the great chain of Bahama Islands, known then as the Lucayos. 847:

Around this time, Ponce de León married Leonora, an innkeeper's daughter. They had three daughters, Juana, Isabel and María, and one son, Luis. The large stone house Ponce de León ordered built for his growing family still stands today near the city of

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with further exploration while he returned home with the rest of crew. Ponce de León reached Puerto Rico on 19 October 1513 after having been away for almost eight months. The other ship, after further explorations returned safely on 20 February 1514.

879:, which he had first seen as a member of Christopher Columbus's second voyage in 1493, describing a fertile land with much gold to be found in the many rivers. Inspired by the possibility of riches, Ponce de León requested and received permission from 1509:, occurring where it reaches maximum force between the Florida coast and the Bahamas. Because of the powerful boost provided by the current, it would soon become the primary route for eastbound ships leaving the Spanish West Indies bound for Europe. 1748:

was to be read to the inhabitants of the islands prior to their conquest. Ponce de León was also ordered to organize an armada for the purpose of attacking and subduing the Caribs, who continued to attack Spanish settlements in the Caribbean.

672:. Although early historians placed his birth in 1460, and this date has been used traditionally, more recent evidence shows he was likely born in 1474. The surname Ponce de León dates from the 13th century. The Ponce de León lineage began with 1842: 1757: 1764:

Three ships were purchased for his armada and after repairs and provisioning Ponce de León left Spain on 14 May 1515 with his little fleet. The record of his activities against the Caribs is vague. There was one engagement in

902:, according to which a temporary base was established on the west coast of Puerto Rico near the Bay of Añasco in 1506. This earlier trip was said to have been done quietly because the Spanish crown in 1504 had commissioned 1777:

Meanwhile, there had been at least two unauthorized voyages to "his" Florida both ending in repulsion by the native Calusa or Tequesta warriors. Ponce de León realized he had to act soon if he was to maintain his claim.

576:, the late Christopher Columbus's son, over the right to govern Puerto Rico. After a long court battle, Columbus replaced Ponce de León as governor in 1511. Ponce de León decided to follow the advice of the sympathetic 634:

people fiercely resisted the incursion, and Ponce de Léon was seriously wounded in a skirmish. The colonization attempt was abandoned, and he died from his wounds soon after returning to Cuba in early July. He was

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Ponce de León decided he should return to Spain and personally report the results of his recent expedition. He left Puerto Rico in April 1514 and was warmly received by Ferdinand when he arrived at court in

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Miami mound town at the mouth of the Miami River. The Tequesta people did not engage the Spanish, but instead evacuated into the coastal woodlands. On 15 May they left Biscayne Bay and sailed along the

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and Florida, which was then presumed to be an island. In addition to the usual directions for sharing gold and other valuables with the king, the contract was one of the first to stipulate that the

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Ponce de León equipped three ships with at least 200 men at his own expense and set out from Puerto Rico on 4 March 1513. The only near contemporary description known for this expedition comes from

545:, Spain, in 1474. Though little is known about his family, he was of noble birth and served in the Spanish military from a young age. He first came to the Americas as a "gentleman volunteer" with 1536:(the Martyrs). Eventually they found a gap in the reefs and sailed "to the north and other times to the northeast" until they reached the Florida mainland on 23 May, where they encountered the 1490: 1392:

contract gave specific instructions for the distribution of gold, Native Americans, and other profits extracted from the new lands; the contract made no mention of a rejuvenating fountain.

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Ponce de León searched inland until he found a suitable site about two miles from the bay. Here he erected a storehouse and a fortified house, creating the first settlement in Puerto Rico,

800:, with the Spanish Crown expecting him to bring order to a colony in disarray, a task in which he succeeded. Ovando interpreted his instructions as authorizing subjugation of the native 4122:

Nuevas fuentes para la historia de Puerto Rico : documentos inéditos o poco conocidos cuyos originales se encuentran en el Archivo General de Indias en la ciudad de Seville, España

2018: 640: 223: 844:(Queen Isabella having opposed the exploitation of natives but dying in 1504) authorized Ponce de León to conquer the remaining Taínos and exploit them by forcing them to mine gold. 1057: 753:, but Arnade cautions, "Without proof the biographers of the conquistador state that he accompanied Pedro Núñez de Guzmán in the war against the Moors during the Granada campaign". 5806: 948:

island as instructed, bringing with him his wife and children. The rush of Spaniards from Hispaniola wanting to mine gold disrupted the way of life of the Taíno native people.

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tribes. The explorer suspected that Colón was working to further undermine his position on the island and perhaps even to take his claims for the newly discovered Florida.

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where Spanish ships stocked supplies before the long voyage back to Spain. In 1505 Ovando authorized Ponce de León to establish a new town in Higüey, which he named

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to the New World. Ponce de León, nineteen years old, was able to get passage in this expedition, with Núñez de Guzmán's help, as one of 200 "gentleman volunteers".

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March 1510, when Ferdinand issued orders reaffirming Ponce de León's position as governor. Ponce de León then had Ceron and Diaz arrested and sent back to Spain.

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attempted to notify Spanish authorities. Ovando rewarded his victorious commander by appointing him frontier governor of the newly conquered province, then named

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people who dominated southern Florida and whose principal town was nearby. Ponce de León was mortally wounded in the skirmish when, historians believe, an arrow

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that Ponce de León's position on San Juan was not tenable. Finally, on 28 November 1511, Ceron returned from Spain and was officially reinstated as governor.

936:. By early 1509 Ponce de León decided to return to Hispaniola. His expedition had collected a good quantity of gold but was running low on food and supplies. 921:

of gold in the western end of the island. This expedition, consisting of about 50 men in one ship, left Hispaniola on 12 July 1508 and eventually anchored in

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Anderson-Córdova, Karen F. (2005). "The Aftermath of Conquest: The Indians of Puerto Rico during the Early Sixteenth Century". In Siegel, Peter E. (ed.).

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expedition to the island, which the Spanish then called San Juan Bautista. Ponce de León led a small exploratory party to Puerto Rico in 1508 that found

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to explore the island and build a fort. Pinzón did not fulfill his commission and it expired in 1507, leaving the way clear for Ponce de León.

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The precise location of their landing on the Florida coast has been disputed for many years. Some historians believe it occurred at or near

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Back on his island, Ponce de León parceled out the native Taínos among himself and other settlers using the system of forced labor known as

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Once they regained their bearings, the fleet retraced their route east along the Florida Keys and around the Florida peninsula, reaching

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1516, after which Ponce de León again traveled to Spain to defend his grants and titles. He did not return to Puerto Rico for two years.

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Even as Ponce de León was settling the island of San Juan, significant changes were taking place in the politics and government of the

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On 14 June they set sail again looking for a chain of islands in the west that had been described by their captives. They reached the

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His earlier exploration had confirmed the presence of gold and gave him a good understanding of the geography of the island. In 1508,

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that Peck's boat was nothing like the Spanish ships). On 2 April, after the weather improved, Ponce's pilot Anton de Alaminos took a

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Juan Ponz de León... went from Florida in search of the River Jordan... that he might become young from bathing in such a stream.

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Through this grandmother, Ponce de León was related to another notable family, the Núñez de Guzmáns; a contemporary chronicler,

703:. The descendants of this marriage added the "de León" to their patronymic and were known thereafter by the name Ponce de León. 6641: 6433: 5569: 5519: 5504: 5403: 5090: 4992: 3480: 1669:

Though Fontaneda doubted that Ponce de León had really gone to Florida looking for the waters, the account was included in the

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to spy on Ponce de León. Shortly thereafter Miruelo's ship was wrecked in a storm and Ponce de León rescued the stranded crew.

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The fleet reached the Caribbean in November 1493. They visited several islands before arriving at their primary destination in

6075: 5816: 1655: 1497:. The expedition sailed north for the remainder of the day before anchoring for the night and rowing ashore the next morning. 6903: 6661: 6599: 6398: 5529: 5509: 5481: 5398: 5373: 5233: 5041: 4948: 4878: 4855: 3625: 1540:, who refused to trade and drove off the Spanish ships by surrounding them with warriors in sea canoes armed with long bows. 1089: 1062: 6828: 6624: 6453: 6210: 5897: 1566:. Other historians have argued the distances were too great to cover in the available time and the more likely location was 1131: 265: 6754: 6709: 6651: 6629: 6443: 6215: 6010: 6005: 5686: 5671: 4756: 4620: 4573: 1807: 1294: 1224: 1199: 1194: 1148: 1121: 875:

who had been captured when they raided Spanish colonies. They told him of gold on the neighboring island of San Juan, now

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in 1509. While Ponce de León grew quite wealthy from his plantations and mines, he faced an ongoing legal conflict with

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They continued down the coast hugging the shore to avoid the strong head current. By 4 May the fleet reached and named

591:, which he named during his first voyage to the area. He landed somewhere along Florida's east coast, then charted the 6619: 6519: 6150: 5602: 5534: 4503: 4120: 1702: 1438: 1116: 865: 733:, says that as a young man he served as a page and then as a squire to Pedro Núñez de Guzmán, Knight Commander of the 6070: 5977: 5917: 1299: 1184: 4345: 3756: 1457:(Festival of Flowers). The following day they came ashore to seek information and take possession of this new land. 6554: 5937: 5892: 5564: 5451: 5363: 5335: 4962: 4932: 4568: 1958: 1792: 1740:

During his stay in Spain, a new contract was drawn up for Ponce de León confirming his rights to settle and govern

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The result was a standoff with neither party willing to come within striking distance of their opponents' weapons.

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Hoffman, Paul E. (February 2000). "Ponce de León, Juan (1474–1521), Spanish explorer and discoverer of Florida".

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from 1502, which shows a peninsula near Cuba that looks like Florida's and includes characteristic place names.

959:. The Indians were put to work growing food crops and mining for gold. Ponce put those assigned to his personal 837: 6418: 6301: 6200: 6195: 6135: 5554: 5544: 5330: 5033: 4944: 1469: 1214: 832:

Ponce de León prospered in this new role. He found a ready market for his farm produce and livestock at nearby

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Surviving Spanish Conquest: Indian Fight, Flight, and Cultural Transformation in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico

1505:, was carried out of sight and lost for two days. This was the first known encounter by Europeans with the 6759: 6331: 6266: 5902: 5770: 5656: 5539: 5499: 5143: 4936: 4595: 4585: 4359: 3877:

The European Struggle to Settle North America: Colonizing Attempts by England, France and Spain, 1521–1608

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Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the present

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Spain in the Southwest: A Narrative History of Colonial New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and California

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The official settlement of San Juan by Spaniards is often dated to 1508, when Ponce landed in a

737:. Devereux says Ponce de León probably joined the Spanish campaigns against the Muslims in the 6798: 6724: 6666: 6499: 6271: 6245: 6235: 6225: 6160: 6115: 6045: 6025: 6000: 5947: 5922: 5187: 4741: 4737: 4714: 4655: 4610: 4469: 4293: 4272: 4234: 4213: 4194: 4155: 4105: 4088: 4073: 4046: 4025: 3979: 3958: 3937: 3908: 3881: 3849: 3817: 3783: 3762: 3741: 3705: 3684: 3663: 3642: 3621: 3583: 3560: 3545: 3524: 3503: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3389: 3265: 3231: 3185: 1893: 1788: 1633: 1620:

the shores of Florida. Another piece of evidence that others came before Ponce de León is the

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Before October 1235, a son of Ponce Vela de Cabrera and his wife Teresa Rodríguez Girón named

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From a distance the Keys reminded Ponce de León of men who were suffering, so he named them

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with about fifty men on the southern coast of the island, but there is documentation in the

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By the early 1500s, Ponce de León was a top military official in the colonial government of

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on Florida's western coast. Though in popular culture he was supposedly searching for the

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Juan Ponce de Leon: The Exploration of Florida and the Search for the Fountain of Youth

3210:. Translation by Buckingham Smith, 1854. From keyshistory.org. Retrieved 28 March 2007. 1734: 1706: 1682: 1605: 1453: 1388:

dispatched outlining his rights and authorities to search for "the Islands of Beniny".

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Upon his return to Puerto Rico, Ponce de León found the island in turmoil. A party of

1468:. Some believe that Ponce came ashore even farther south near the present location of 1441:, when they sighted land which Ponce de León believed was another island. He named it 6822: 5957: 4807: 4724: 4533: 4385: 3931: 3922: 3811: 3565:

Actas del IX Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval

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La Florida Del Inca and the Struggle for Social Equality in Colonial Spanish America

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on the island's eastern side, Ovando assigned Ponce de León to crush the rebellion.

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with the first large-scale attempt to establish a Spanish colony in what is now the

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is the most commonly identified spot, while some assert a landing further north at

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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

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The History of Puerto Rico: From the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation

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Sixteenth Century North America: The Land and the People as Seen by the Europeans

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Datzman, Ken. "Did the famous explorer Ponce de León first hit Melbourne Beach",

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Guide to the Materials for the History of the United States in Spanish Archives

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Before the settlement could be established, the colonists were attacked by the

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on 8 July. They were surprised to come across another Spanish ship, piloted by

6494: 5228: 4898: 4508: 4125:. San Germán : Ediciones de la Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico. 3904: 1903: 1875: 1766: 1718: 1571: 1380: 1330: 1032: 954: 825: 815:

Ponce de León was actively involved in the Higüey massacre, about which friar

797: 773: 553: 4198: 1701:, killed several Spaniards and burned it to the ground. Ponce de León's own 17: 5461: 5218: 5118: 4795: 4729: 4230:

New World Gold: Cultural Anxiety and Monetary Disorder in Early Modern Spain

3845:

Ponce de León and the Discovery of Florida: The Man, the Myth, and the Truth

3207: 1825:

The expedition immediately abandoned the colonization attempt and sailed to

1559: 1419: 972: 213: 1725:, becoming the first conquistador to receive these honors. He also visited 1554:

Again, the exact site of their landfall is controversial. The vicinity of

808:

in November 1503. In 1504, when Taínos overran a small Spanish garrison in

1799:, areas which Ponce de León had visited in his earlier voyage to Florida. 1464:, but others prefer a more southerly landing at a small harbor now called 5635: 4745: 4513: 4289:

The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World

4101:

Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan

3837:. Vol. Part 2, Book 16. Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia. 1521: 981: 977: 872: 636: 557: 43: 4171:"The Caribbean World of Juan Ponce de León and His Discovery of Florida" 1841:

from 1559 to 1836, when his remains were exhumed and transferred to the

1709:

used the attack as a pretext for renewing hostilities against the local

1685:

were far more imperative than any potential search for such a fountain.

6793: 6764: 5317: 5274: 5259: 4903: 3659:

Juan Ponce de León and the Spanish Discovery of Puerto Rico and Florida

3485:

Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida

1919: 1730: 1000: 887: 534: 4268:

Spanish Sea: The Gulf of Mexico in North American Discovery, 1500–1685

3975:

The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires c. 800–1650

3801:

The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages A.D. 1492–1616

761:

In September 1493, some 1,200 sailors, colonists, and soldiers joined

5730: 5284: 5279: 5056: 3499:

Ancient Borinquen: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Native Puerto Rico

1989: 1914: 1826: 1803: 1741: 1575: 1537: 1448: 943:

Juan Ponce de León Conquistador monument in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico

719: 631: 209: 1543: 3954:

La Casa de Arcos entre Sevilla y la frontera de Granada (1374–1474)

2982:, vol 30, no. 1 (Melbourne, Florida: 2 January 2012), pp. 1 and 19. 852:; he named it Salvaleón after his grandmother's estate in Castile. 6771: 5098: 5045: 4893: 4709: 1751: 938: 859: 715: 587:

In 1513, Ponce de León led the first known European expedition to

4416: 3056: 5114: 5106: 5029: 3895:

Richards, John F. (31 December 2019). "Part III. The Americas".

3620:. Spartanburg, South Carolina: The Reprint Company, Publishers. 1833:, where Ponce de León soon died of his wounds. He was buried in 1830: 1678: 933: 6693: 6588: 5712: 5590: 5305: 5164: 5132: 5069: 5006: 4921: 4844: 4784: 4698: 4687: 4458: 4420: 3933:

The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus

2179: 2152: 1611:

From here the little fleet disbanded. Ponce de León tasked the

1447:

in recognition of the verdant landscape and because it was the

722:"), and Juan Ponce de León's first cousin. Aurelio Tió, in his 560:

people. He was authorized to explore the neighboring island of

4183:"Juan Ponce de León and the Discovery of Florida Reconsidered" 3758:

The Discovery of Florida and Its Discoverer Juan Ponce de Leon

1815: 1516:. They took on water at an island they named Santa Marta (now 823:

also. Ponce de León received a substantial land grant with an

349: 3617:

Juan Ponce de Leon, King Ferdinand, and the Fountain of Youth

1437:

For the next several days the fleet crossed open water until

3641:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 135. 529:

known for leading the first official European expedition to

4150:

Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León, Margarita Cecilia (1999).

3680:

América: The Epic Story of Spanish North America, 1493–1898

3100: 3098: 1491:

Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve

506: 497: 470: 464: 456: 407: 399: 391: 352: 338: 6859:

Burials at the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista, Puerto Rico

3085: 3083: 485: 442: 413: 382: 324: 60:

An unauthenticated 17th-century engraving of Ponce de León

2924: 2922: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 1697:

from a neighboring island had attacked the settlement of

1604:, who was either on a slaving voyage or had been sent by 871:

As provincial governor, Ponce de León heard stories from

2019:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3028: 3026: 3024: 1647:

wrote that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of

4152:

Linajes nobiliarios de León y Castilla: Siglos IX–XIII

4132:"Doña Leonor Ponce de León: la primera puertorriqueña" 4090:

Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors

2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 4762:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

3479:

Arnade, Charles W. (1967). Tebeau, Charlton W (ed.).

1936: 1934: 491: 488: 479: 473: 448: 445: 436: 416: 388: 385: 376: 355: 330: 327: 318: 4139:

Boletín de la Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia

3599:"History of Juan Ponce de Leon's Voyages to Florida" 3538:

Armstrong, Catherine; Chmielewski, Laura M. (2013).

2092: 503: 482: 461: 453: 439: 404: 396: 379: 346: 335: 321: 30:"Ponce de León" redirects here. For other uses, see 6482: 6376: 6369: 6254: 6103: 6096: 6089: 5986: 5855: 5779: 5723: 5644: 5601: 5490: 5412: 5354: 5316: 5252: 5211: 5175: 1589:on 21 June. There they captured giant sea turtles, 1481:by the sun at noon in nine fathoms of water with a 1379:Rumors of undiscovered islands to the northwest of 829:of sufficient Indian labor to farm his new estate. 467: 410: 343: 291: 283: 275: 252: 244: 234: 219: 199: 183: 178: 164: 154: 133: 123: 100: 88: 69: 41: 3869:(in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 3798: 2546: 1677:of 1615. Most historians hold that the search for 556:, where he helped crush a rebellion of the native 3874:Pickett, Margaret F.; Pickett, Dwayne W. (2014). 3181:A History of Ideas About the Prolongation of Life 1671:Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos 622:In March 1521, Ponce de León finally returned to 3638:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526 2606: 2594: 664:in the northern part of what is now the Spanish 4360:Yale University Genocide Studies on Puerto Rico 4093:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 334. 3810:Manucy, Albert; Torres-Reyes, Ricardo (1979) . 3541:The Atlantic Experience: Peoples, Places, Ideas 2191: 1705:was destroyed and his family narrowly escaped. 913:gave permission to Ponce de León for the first 864:The ruins of Juan Ponce de León's residence at 639:in Puerto Rico; his tomb is located inside the 523:; 1474 – July 1521) was a Spanish explorer and 3662:. McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. 3579:Chivalry and Violence in Late Medieval Castile 3327:. Carnegie institution of Washington. p. 3264:. University of California Press. p. 26. 2395: 2227: 1721:. There he was knighted, and given a personal 724:Nuevas fuentes para la historia de Puerto Rico 660:Juan Ponce de León was born in the village of 568:Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the 4951:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 4432: 3464:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 210. 2762: 2714: 2690: 2419: 1402:The three ships in this small fleet were the 1360: 966: 960: 952: 27:Spanish explorer and conquistador (1474–1521) 8: 4626:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 4070:Literature of Travel and Exploration: G to P 707:distinguished and influential noble family. 4352:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 4045:. University of Alabama Press. p. 33. 3184:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 35. 2104: 6690: 6585: 6373: 6100: 6093: 5720: 5709: 5598: 5587: 5313: 5302: 5172: 5161: 5129: 5066: 5003: 4918: 4841: 4781: 4695: 4684: 4455: 4439: 4425: 4417: 4364: 3704:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 80. 3073: 3071: 1367: 1353: 1018: 607:believed that he sailed perhaps as far as 54: 38: 6745:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 4248:Villatoro, Manuel P. (23 November 2021). 3813:Puerto Rico and The Forts of Old San Juan 3729:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.2000274 3420: 6750:Colonial universities in the Philippines 3995:"Puerto Rico | Genocide Studies Program" 3834:Historia general y natural de las Indias 3440:Las villas ducales como tipología urbana 2940: 2630: 2558: 2431: 2407: 2311: 2299: 2239: 2140: 1641:Historia general y natural de las Indias 1550:in Plaza San José, San Juan, Puerto Rico 1542: 5741:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 2928: 2498: 2455: 2323: 2128: 2116: 2080: 2068: 1930: 1322: 1156: 1039: 1021: 6894:People from the Province of Valladolid 3957:(in Spanish). Universidad de Sevilla. 3152: 3128: 3116: 3089: 3044: 3032: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2952: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2858: 2834: 2810: 2774: 2750: 2738: 2678: 2654: 2642: 2570: 2474: 2383: 2371: 2347: 2287: 2275: 2251: 2215: 792:In 1502 the newly appointed governor, 4206:Van Middeldyk, Rudolph Adams (1903). 3831:Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de (1851). 3408: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3140: 3104: 2870: 2846: 2822: 2798: 2786: 2726: 2702: 2666: 2618: 2534: 2510: 2486: 2443: 2359: 2335: 2203: 2164: 1940: 518: 7: 5022:Captaincy General of the Philippines 4514:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 2964: 2180:Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León 1999 2153:Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León 1999 1645:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 731:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 712:Rodrigo Ponce de León, Duke of Cádiz 170:Sánchez Velázquez/Antonio de la Gama 6725:Indochristian painting in New Spain 3517:Anderson-Córdova, Karen F. (2017). 2582: 2522: 2263: 1906:, a dog owned by Juan Ponce de León 1451:season, which the Spaniards called 699:, an illegitimate daughter of King 6909:Spanish explorers of North America 6889:History of Brevard County, Florida 5692:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 4271:. Texas A&M University Press. 4169:Turner, Samuel P. (3–6 May 2012). 3951:Rubio, Juan Luis Carriazo (2003). 3866:Historia de Puerto Rico, 1537–1700 3721:American National Biography Online 3559:Carriazo Rubio, Juan Luis (2005). 3220:Douglas, Marjory Stoneman (1947). 999:, arrived in Hispaniola as acting 804:, and consequently authorized the 564:in 1508 and to take office as the 25: 4666:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 4130:Tió, Aurelio (31 December 1971). 4104:. Random House Publishing Group. 4062:"Ponce de León, Juan (1474–1521)" 4018:Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2009). 1756:The Tomb of Ponce de León in the 925:, near today's city of San Juan. 6777:Criollos in the colonial society 6705:Spanish missions in the Americas 5827:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 4187:The Florida Historical Quarterly 3740:. University of Oklahoma Press. 3656:Fuson, Robert Henderson (2000). 3437:Alegre-Carvajal, Esther (2014). 3321:William Robert Shepherd (1907). 2093:Armstrong & Chmielewski 2013 1878: 1675:Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 1397:Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 1341:Spanish missions in the Americas 1031: 718:wars (sometimes known as a "new 432: 372: 314: 295: 6804:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 4233:. University of Chicago Press. 3523:. University of Alabama Press. 3502:. University of Alabama Press. 1664:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda 1383:had reached Spain by 1511, and 1015:First voyage to Florida in 1513 6899:Royal governors of Puerto Rico 6879:Explorers of the United States 6849:16th-century Spanish explorers 4856:Captaincy General of Guatemala 4564:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 4039:Steigman, Jonathan D. (2005). 3797:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). 3443:(in Spanish). Editorial UNED. 3223:The Everglades: River of Grass 3178:Gruman, Gerald Joseph (2003). 3166:Historia General de las Indias 2547:Manucy & Torres-Reyes 1979 2047:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1843:Cathedral of San Juan Bautista 1758:Cathedral of San Juan Bautista 1660:Historia general de las Indias 745:finally conquered in 1492 the 641:Cathedral of San Juan Bautista 549:'s second expedition in 1493. 224:Cathedral of San Juan Bautista 32:Ponce de León (disambiguation) 1: 6755:General Archive of the Indies 6016:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 5687:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 5672:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 4621:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 4574:War of the Spanish Succession 4539:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 3683:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 3614:Devereux, Anthony Q. (1993). 3481:"Who Was Juan Ponce de Leon?" 2022:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 1772:Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros 1654:A similar account appears in 1412:Santa Maria de la Consolacion 1205:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 714:, a celebrated figure in the 6874:Explorers of Spanish Florida 4827:Captaincy General of Yucatan 4757:Union with Holy Roman Empire 4736:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 4651:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 4334:Resources in other libraries 4256:(in Spanish). Archived from 3698:Greenberger, Robert (2005). 3603:Florida Historical Quarterly 3597:Davis, T. Frederick (1935). 3576:Claussen, Samuel A. (2020). 1791:, likely in the vicinity of 520:[ˈxwanˈponθeðeleˈon] 6854:16th century in Puerto Rico 5307:Administrative subdivisions 4504:War of the League of Cognac 4346:"Ponce de Leon, Juan" 4087:Swanton, John Reed (1922). 3782:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 9–11. 3723:. Oxford University Press. 3164:Francisco López de Gómara. 2585:, pp. 18, 27, 30, 110. 266:Juan Ponce de León y Loayza 6930: 6021:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 6006:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 5908:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 4806:), Western United States ( 4569:Portuguese Restoration War 4265:Weddle, Robert S. (1985). 3993:Schimmer, Russell (2015). 3805:. Oxford University Press. 3755:Lawson, Edward W. (1946). 3461:North American Exploration 3458:Allen, John Logan (1997). 3378:Grunwald, Michael (2007). 3258:Carl Ortwin Sauer (1975). 1959:Collins English Dictionary 1631: 1305:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 1295:Tristán de Luna y Arellano 1195:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 1190:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 29: 6789:Slavery in Spanish Empire 6700: 6689: 6595: 6584: 6076:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 5817:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 5719: 5708: 5677:Barcelona Trading Company 5597: 5586: 5442:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 5312: 5301: 5171: 5160: 5139: 5076: 5017: 4949:Venezuela, part of Guyana 4928: 4851: 4802:, Central United States ( 4791: 4705: 4694: 4683: 4534:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 4519:Expulsion of the Moriscos 4465: 4454: 4407: 4398: 4392: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4329:Resources in your library 3936:. Yale University Press. 3905:10.1525/9780520939356-007 3842:Peck, Douglas T. (1993). 3544:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 1681:and the expansion of the 1656:Francisco López de Gómara 900:Probanza de Juan González 896:Archivo General de Indias 747:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 628:continental United States 303: 174: 143: 112: 77: 65: 53: 6884:Governors of Puerto Rico 6730:Quito painting tradition 6720:Cusco painting tradition 6081:García López de Cárdenas 6071:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 5978:Felipe González de Ahedo 5898:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 4475:Conquest of the Americas 4227:Vilches, Elvira (2010). 4072:. Taylor & Francis. 3972:Scammell, G. V. (2018). 3863:Perea, Salvador (1972). 3736:Kessel, John L. (2003). 3677:Goodwin, Robert (2019). 3582:. Boydell & Brewer. 3062:2 September 2010 at the 1760:in San Juan, Puerto Rico 1215:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva 1185:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 757:Arrival in the New World 686:Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera 580:and explore more of the 537:in 1513. He was born in 6844:15th-century Castilians 6515:Comuneros (New Granada) 6292:Balearic Islands (1558) 6011:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 5938:Ruy López de Villalobos 5893:Miguel López de Legazpi 5807:García de Toledo Osorio 4671:Western Sahara conflict 4661:Independence of Morocco 4601:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 4544:Piracy in the Caribbean 4529:French Wars of Religion 4401:Governor of Puerto Rico 4376:Governor of Puerto Rico 4286:Wyman, Patrick (2021). 4181:Turner, Samuel (2013). 4060:Sterling, Eric (2003). 4024:. Infobase Publishing. 1996:Oxford University Press 1910:History of the Americas 1867:was named in his honor. 1662:of 1551. Then in 1575, 1225:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 1200:Sebastián de Belalcázar 883:to explore the island. 710:His relatives included 682:Sancha Ponce de Cabrera 72:Governor of Puerto Rico 6760:Colonial Spanish Horse 6434:Colonia del Sacramento 5657:Spanish treasure fleet 5234:Royal Decree of Graces 3930:Rouse, Irving (1992). 3776:Marley, David (2008). 1782:Last voyage to Florida 1770:support from Cardinal 1761: 1551: 1548:Ponce de León's statue 1220:Bartolomé de las Casas 967: 961: 953: 944: 911:Ferdinand II of Aragon 868: 817:Bartolomé de las Casas 693:Pedro Ponce de Cabrera 676:, descendant of count 674:Ponce Vélaz de Cabrera 630:. However, the native 70:1st, 3rd, and 7th 6904:Spanish conquistadors 5918:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 5878:Juan Sebastián Elcano 5193:Council of the Indies 4554:Spanish–Moro conflict 4524:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 4484:Treaty of Tordesillas 4119:Tió, Aurelio (1961). 4098:Thomas, Hugh (2013). 3897:The Unending Frontier 3816:. The Chatham Press. 3057:San Juan municipality 2979:Brevard Business News 2607:Anderson-Córdova 2017 2595:Anderson-Córdova 2005 2002:on 23 September 2021. 1992:UK English Dictionary 1985:"Ponce de León, Juan" 1755: 1546: 1300:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 1255:Pedro de Portocarrero 1250:Francisco de Orellana 1023:Spanish colonization 942: 892:Archive of the Indies 863: 260:Juan Ponce de León II 228:San Juan, Puerto Rico 6715:Mesoamerican Codices 6439:Comuneros (Paraguay) 6277:Siege of Castelnuovo 5863:Christopher Columbus 5682:Consulate of the Sea 5662:Casa de Contratación 5253:Titles and positions 4646:Spanish–American War 4636:Liberal constitution 4479:Asia and the Pacific 4395:Cristóbal de Mendoza 4260:on 23 November 2021. 3635:Floyd, Troy (1973). 3386:Simon & Schuster 3208:"Fontaneda's Memoir" 2192:Alegre-Carvajal 2014 2131:, pp. 502, 529. 2071:, pp. 502, 515. 1797:Caloosahatchee River 1727:Casa de Contratación 1591:Caribbean monk seals 1235:Francisco de Montejo 1165:Christopher Columbus 997:Christopher Columbus 904:Vicente Yáñez Pinzón 763:Christopher Columbus 599:and north along the 547:Christopher Columbus 160:Cristóbal de Mendoza 6914:Spanish West Indies 6869:Deaths by poisoning 6864:Spanish Puerto Rico 6444:Cartagena de Indias 6066:Diego de Mazariegos 6036:Pere Fages i Beleta 5903:Sebastián de Ocampo 5384:Provincias Internas 5356:Captaincies General 5270:Municipal president 5239:School of Salamanca 5010:Spanish East Indies 4989:Misiones Orientales 4861:Spanish West Indies 4825:, Central America ( 4772:Pyrénées-Orientales 4725:Union with Portugal 4616:Napoleonic invasion 4596:War of Jenkins' Ear 4005:on 18 December 2015 3411:, pp. 173–176. 3356:, pp. 136–138. 3344:, pp. 128–132. 3311:, pp. 129–131. 3299:, pp. 125–127. 3287:, pp. 121–124. 3107:, pp. 108–110. 3077:Allen, pp. 215–216. 2873:, pp. 103–115. 2396:PickettPickett 2014 2228:Carriazo Rubio 2005 1520:) and explored the 1487:mariner's astrolabe 1466:Ponce de León Inlet 991:. On 10 July 1509, 989:Spanish West Indies 850:San Rafael del Yuma 662:Santervás de Campos 539:Santervás de Campos 190:Santervás de Campos 6829:Juan Ponce de León 6740:Academia Antártica 6695:Other civil topics 6061:Pánfilo de Narváez 5963:Sebastián Vizcaíno 5928:Andrés de Urdaneta 5888:Juan Ponce de León 5873:Ferdinand Magellan 5847:Bernardo de Gálvez 5746:Indian auxiliaries 5244:Trial of residence 5224:Laws of the Indies 5008:Asia and Oceania ( 4869:Dominican Republic 4320:Juan Ponce de León 4021:Juan Ponce de León 2849:, pp. 99–103. 2763:Van Middeldyk 1903 2715:Van Middeldyk 1903 2691:Van Middeldyk 1903 2573:, pp. 34, 55. 2561:, pp. 28, 34. 2420:Van Middeldyk 1903 2254:, pp. 36, 45. 2242:, pp. 1, 154. 1886:Puerto Rico portal 1837:, in the crypt of 1822:struck his thigh. 1762: 1552: 1336:Indian auxiliaries 1275:Nikolaus Federmann 1240:Pánfilo de Narváez 1230:Juan Ponce de León 1058:Strait of Magellan 945: 869: 735:Order of Calatrava 701:Alfonso IX of León 595:coast down to the 310:Juan Ponce de León 95:Office established 48:Juan Ponce de León 6816: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6685: 6684: 6590:Spanish conquests 6580: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6365: 6364: 6046:Pedro de Alvarado 6031:Gaspar de Portolà 6026:Pedro de Valdivia 6001:Francisco Pizarro 5953:Nicolás de Ovando 5948:Alonso de Ercilla 5923:Alonso de Salazar 5756:Ships of the line 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5128: 5127: 5085:Northern Africa ( 5081:Equatorial Guinea 5065: 5064: 5002: 5001: 4917: 4916: 4840: 4839: 4831:Spanish Caribbean 4804:Spanish Louisiana 4780: 4779: 4715:Crown of Castille 4679: 4678: 4656:Spanish Civil War 4631:Adams–Onís Treaty 4611:Nootka Convention 4559:Thirty Years' War 4549:Eighty Years' War 4470:Catholic Monarchs 4460:Timeline–immersed 4415: 4414: 4410:Sánchez Velázquez 4408:Succeeded by 4383:Succeeded by 4315:Library resources 4299:978-1-5387-0117-1 4278:978-0-89096-211-4 4240:978-0-226-85619-3 4111:978-0-8041-5214-3 4079:978-1-57958-424-5 4052:978-0-8173-5257-8 4031:978-1-4381-0684-7 3985:978-1-351-01469-4 3964:978-84-472-0761-9 3943:978-0-300-16183-0 3887:978-0-7864-6221-6 3855:978-1-880654-02-6 3823:978-0-912627-62-5 3789:978-1-59884-100-8 3768:978-1-258-92984-8 3711:978-0-8239-3627-4 3690:978-1-63286-724-7 3669:978-0-939923-84-7 3589:978-1-78327-546-5 3551:978-1-137-40434-3 3530:978-0-8173-1946-5 3509:978-0-8173-5238-7 3471:978-0-8032-1015-8 3450:978-84-362-6876-8 3395:978-0-7432-5107-5 3368:, pp. 51–66. 3271:978-0-520-02777-0 3191:978-0-8261-1875-2 3143:, pp. 88–89. 3131:, pp. 46–47. 3092:, pp. 43–45. 3047:, pp. 43–44. 3018:, pp. 14–15. 2955:, pp. 29–32. 2904:, pp. 40–41. 2837:, pp. 84–88. 2825:, pp. 92–95. 2801:, pp. 88–91. 2717:, pp. 36–41. 2693:, pp. 27–29. 2669:, pp. 75–77. 2645:, pp. 12–13. 2621:, pp. 72–75. 2537:, pp. 66–68. 2489:, pp. 63–65. 2446:, pp. 56–57. 2422:, pp. 12–15. 2350:, pp. 44–45. 2050:. Merriam-Webster 1849:Legacy and honors 1789:southwest Florida 1634:Fountain of Youth 1628:Fountain of Youth 1495:Ponte Vedra Beach 1377: 1376: 1270:Pedro de Valdivia 1260:Francisco Pizarro 1180:Pedro de Alvarado 1053:Pacific Northwest 794:Nicolás de Ovando 782:Nicolás de Ovando 743:Catholic Monarchs 624:Southwest Florida 613:Fountain of Youth 603:coast; historian 307: 306: 207:(aged 46–47) 16:(Redirected from 6921: 6691: 6657:Chibchan Nations 6586: 6555:Santiago de Cuba 6414:Guadalupe Island 6374: 6101: 6094: 6056:Diego de Almagro 5933:Antonio de Ulloa 5837:Ambrosio Spinola 5832:Pedro de Zubiaur 5802:Alfonso d'Avalos 5792:Antonio de Leyva 5736:Army of Flanders 5721: 5710: 5599: 5588: 5314: 5303: 5173: 5162: 5130: 5103:Peñón of Algiers 5067: 5004: 4919: 4842: 4824: 4782: 4696: 4685: 4606:Seven Years' War 4579:Queen Anne's War 4456: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4418: 4393:Preceded by 4368:Preceded by 4365: 4356: 4348: 4303: 4282: 4261: 4244: 4223: 4202: 4177: 4175: 4165: 4146: 4136: 4126: 4115: 4094: 4083: 4066:Speake, Jennifer 4056: 4035: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4001:. Archived from 3989: 3968: 3947: 3926: 3891: 3870: 3859: 3838: 3827: 3806: 3804: 3793: 3772: 3751: 3732: 3715: 3694: 3673: 3652: 3631: 3610: 3593: 3572: 3555: 3534: 3513: 3492: 3475: 3454: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3078: 3075: 3066: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3006:, pp. 9–15. 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2477:, pp. 9–11. 2472: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2105:Greenberger 2005 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1998:. Archived from 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1793:Charlotte Harbor 1556:Charlotte Harbor 1479:navigational fix 1369: 1362: 1355: 1310:Amerigo Vespucci 1265:Hernando de Soto 1175:Diego de Almagro 1035: 1019: 970: 964: 958: 806:Jaragua massacre 522: 517: 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 500: 499: 494: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 476: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 459: 458: 455: 451: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 431: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 402: 401: 398: 394: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 371: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 299: 268:(great-grandson) 206: 179:Personal details 167: 157: 148: 136: 126: 117: 103: 91: 82: 58: 39: 21: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6808: 6784:Old inquisition 6696: 6681: 6591: 6564: 6520:Trinidad (1797) 6490:La Noche Triste 6478: 6474:San Juan (1797) 6424:San Juan (1595) 6361: 6250: 6090:Notable battles 6085: 6051:Martín de Ursúa 5982: 5913:Alonso de Ojeda 5883:Juan de la Cosa 5868:Pinzón brothers 5851: 5822:John of Austria 5797:Martín de Goiti 5775: 5715: 5696: 5640: 5593: 5574: 5486: 5482:Terra Australis 5477:Río de la Plata 5422:Castilla de Oro 5408: 5350: 5346:Río de la Plata 5308: 5289: 5248: 5207: 5203:Santa Hermandad 5167: 5148: 5144:Terra Australis 5135: 5124: 5091:Spanish Morocco 5072: 5061: 5052:Northern Taiwan 5013: 4998: 4969:Río de la Plata 4924: 4913: 4847: 4846:Central America 4836: 4818: 4787: 4776: 4720:Crown of Aragon 4701: 4690: 4675: 4591:Bourbon Reforms 4461: 4450: 4445: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4379: 4371: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4285: 4279: 4264: 4247: 4241: 4226: 4220: 4212:. 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Appleton. 4205: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4149: 4134: 4129: 4118: 4112: 4097: 4086: 4080: 4059: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4017: 4008: 4006: 3992: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3950: 3944: 3929: 3915: 3894: 3888: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3841: 3830: 3824: 3809: 3796: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3754: 3748: 3735: 3718: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3676: 3670: 3655: 3649: 3634: 3628: 3613: 3596: 3590: 3575: 3558: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3516: 3510: 3495: 3478: 3472: 3457: 3451: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3228:Pineapple Press 3219: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3064:Wayback Machine 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2916:, pp. 8–9. 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777:, pp. 5–7. 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2681:, pp. 3–4. 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2374:, pp. 4–5. 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2042:"Ponce de León" 2040: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2014:"Ponce de León" 2012: 2011: 2007: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1954:"Ponce de León" 1952: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1851: 1839:San José Church 1820:manchineel tree 1784: 1691: 1689:Between voyages 1636: 1630: 1470:Melbourne Beach 1373: 1315:Juan de la Cosa 1285:Pedro de Candia 1170:Alonso de Ojeda 1025:of the Americas 1024: 1017: 968:Hacienda Grande 919:placer deposits 858: 840:. In 1508 King 790: 759: 697:Aldonza Alfonso 658: 653: 605:John R. Swanton 515: 502: 496: 478: 460: 452: 435: 426: 425: 403: 395: 375: 365: 364: 342: 334: 317: 313: 271: 208: 204: 188: 165: 155: 149: 144: 134: 124: 118: 113: 101: 89: 83: 78: 61: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6927: 6925: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6600:Canary Islands 6596: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6454:Túpac Amaru II 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6399:Bogotá savanna 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6307:Spanish Armada 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6201:White Mountain 6198: 6196:Cape Celidonia 6193: 6191:English Armada 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5968:Juan Fernández 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5943:Diego Columbus 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5771:Army of Africa 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5751:Spanish Armada 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5652:Manila galleon 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5166:Administration 5165: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5087:Western Sahara 5083: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4985:Banda Oriental 4966: 4952: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4800:Coastal Alaska 4792: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4452: 4451: 4448:Spanish Empire 4446: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309:External links 4307: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4283: 4277: 4262: 4245: 4239: 4224: 4218: 4203: 4178: 4166: 4160: 4147: 4127: 4116: 4110: 4095: 4084: 4078: 4057: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4015: 3990: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3927: 3913: 3892: 3886: 3871: 3860: 3854: 3848:. Pogo Press. 3839: 3828: 3822: 3807: 3794: 3788: 3773: 3767: 3752: 3747:978-1928874201 3746: 3733: 3716: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3674: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3611: 3594: 3588: 3573: 3567:(in Spanish). 3556: 3550: 3535: 3529: 3514: 3508: 3493: 3476: 3470: 3455: 3449: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3421:Villatoro 2021 3413: 3401: 3394: 3388:. p. 25. 3370: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3270: 3250: 3236: 3212: 3200: 3190: 3170: 3168:, second part. 3157: 3155:, p. 482. 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3094: 3079: 3067: 3049: 3037: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2931:, p. 507. 2918: 2906: 2894: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2729:, p. 135. 2719: 2707: 2705:, p. 158. 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2633:, p. 325. 2623: 2611: 2599: 2597:, p. 342. 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2515: 2513:, p. 155. 2503: 2491: 2479: 2460: 2458:, p. 125. 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2410:, p. 396. 2400: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2362:, p. 210. 2352: 2340: 2328: 2326:, p. 502. 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2278:, p. 261. 2268: 2266:, p. 535. 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2194:, p. 333. 2184: 2182:, p. 191. 2169: 2157: 2155:, p. 188. 2145: 2143:, p. 973. 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2083:, p. 334. 2073: 2061: 2033: 2005: 1976: 1945: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1850: 1847: 1783: 1780: 1690: 1687: 1683:Spanish Empire 1632:Main article: 1629: 1626: 1474:Bermuda-rigged 1454:Pascua Florida 1375: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280:Inés de Suárez 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1016: 1013: 857: 854: 789: 786: 758: 755: 684:, daughter of 657: 654: 652: 649: 578:King Ferdinand 305: 304: 301: 300: 293: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 277: 273: 272: 270: 269: 263: 256: 254: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 221: 217: 216: 201: 197: 196: 185: 181: 180: 176: 175: 172: 171: 168: 162: 161: 158: 152: 151: 141: 140: 137: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 110: 109: 104: 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 75: 74: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 47: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6926: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6735:Tapada limeña 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6587: 6583: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327:Montes Claros 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267:Vienna (1529) 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:Hernán Cortés 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5988:Conquistadors 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958:Juan de Ayala 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812:Duke of Savoy 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5707: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611:Dollar (Peso) 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5585: 5571: 5570:Santo Domingo 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:New Andalusia 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5394:Santo Domingo 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5318:Viceroyalties 5315: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5159: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5131: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5068: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5011: 5005: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4923:South America 4920: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4843: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808:Spanish Texas 4805: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4786:North America 4783: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4767:Franche-Comté 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4403: 4402: 4391: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4308: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4219:9781548743741 4215: 4211: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4161:84-7846-781-5 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978:. Routledge. 3977: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3914:9780520939356 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880:. McFarland. 3879: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3648:9780826302830 3644: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3251: 3239: 3237:9781561641352 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3119:, p. 45. 3118: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3035:, p. 42. 3034: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2994:, p. 15. 2993: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2967:, p. 39. 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2943:, p. 33. 2942: 2941:Steigman 2005 2937: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2861:, p. 51. 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2813:, p. 40. 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2789:, p. 95. 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2765:, p. 18. 2764: 2759: 2756: 2753:, p. 10. 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631:Richards 2019 2627: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2609:, p. 42. 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2559:Devereux 1993 2555: 2552: 2549:, p. 23. 2548: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2528: 2525:, p. 21. 2524: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2501:, p. 36. 2500: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432:Schimmer 2015 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2408:Scammell 2018 2404: 2401: 2398:, p. 17. 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2338:, p. 73. 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2312:Devereux 1993 2308: 2305: 2302:, p. 14. 2301: 2300:Slavicek 2009 2296: 2293: 2290:, p. 44. 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2240:Claussen 2020 2236: 2233: 2230:, p. 66. 2229: 2224: 2221: 2218:, p. 40. 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206:, p. 38. 2205: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2167:, p. 26. 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2141:Sterling 2003 2137: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2107:, p. 80. 2106: 2101: 2098: 2095:, p. 38. 2094: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1965: 1964:HarperCollins 1961: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1943:, p. 26. 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1864:Ponce De Leon 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1746:Requerimiento 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1602:Diego Miruelo 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1503:San Cristobal 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:St. Augustine 1458: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Man-O-War Cay 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408:San Cristobal 1405: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1245:Juan de Oñate 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210:Hernán Cortés 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1048:Inter caetera 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1002: 998: 995:, the son of 994: 990: 985: 984:(long guns). 983: 979: 974: 969: 963: 957: 956: 949: 941: 937: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 873:Island Caribs 867: 862: 855: 853: 851: 845: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 827: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 796:, arrived in 795: 787: 785: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 767:second voyage 764: 756: 754: 752: 748: 744: 741:in which the 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 704: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 678:Bermudo Núñez 675: 671: 667: 663: 655: 650: 648: 646: 642: 638: 633: 629: 625: 620: 616: 614: 610: 609:Apalachee Bay 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 582:Caribbean Sea 579: 575: 571: 570:Spanish crown 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527: 521: 511: 429: 421: 369: 360: 311: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 267: 264: 261: 258: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 240: 237: 233: 229: 225: 222: 220:Resting place 218: 215: 211: 202: 198: 195: 191: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 163: 159: 153: 147: 142: 138: 132: 128: 122: 116: 111: 108: 105: 99: 96: 93: 87: 81: 76: 73: 68: 64: 57: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Ponce de León 6710:Architecture 6605:The Americas 6469:Newfoundland 6459:Túpac Katari 6449:Cuerno Verde 6384:Tenochtitlan 6216:Valenciennes 5973:Luis Fajardo 5887: 5842:Blas de Lezo 5787:Duke of Alba 5667:Spanish Road 5505:Buenos Aires 5414:Governorates 5183:Ayuntamiento 5176:Organization 4641:Carlist Wars 4489:Italian Wars 4399: 4374: 4350: 4319: 4292:. Hachette. 4288: 4267: 4258:the original 4253: 4229: 4208: 4190: 4186: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4121: 4100: 4089: 4069: 4041: 4020: 4007:. Retrieved 4003:the original 3999:gsp.yale.edu 3998: 3974: 3953: 3932: 3896: 3876: 3865: 3844: 3833: 3812: 3800: 3778: 3757: 3737: 3720: 3700: 3679: 3658: 3637: 3616: 3606: 3602: 3578: 3568: 3564: 3540: 3519: 3498: 3491:(27): 29–58. 3488: 3484: 3460: 3439: 3430:Bibliography 3416: 3404: 3380: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3323: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3260: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3222: 3215: 3203: 3195: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3160: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3052: 3040: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2977: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2929:Morison 1974 2909: 2897: 2892:, p. 5. 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2741:, p. 4. 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2657:, p. 3. 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2499:Goodwin 2019 2494: 2482: 2456:Vilches 2010 2451: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2386:, p. 2. 2379: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2324:Morison 1974 2319: 2314:, p. 7. 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2129:Morison 1974 2124: 2117:Hoffman 2000 2112: 2100: 2088: 2081:Swanton 1922 2076: 2069:Morison 1974 2064: 2052:. Retrieved 2045: 2036: 2024:. Retrieved 2017: 2008: 2000:the original 1988: 1979: 1967:. 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