732:
58:
819:, but the latter is considerably more variable in size. By comparison, the Sumatran orangutan is similar in size but, on average, is marginally lighter in weight. A survey of wild orangutans found that males weigh on average 75 kg (165 lb), ranging from 50–100 kg (110–220 lb), and 1.2–1.7 m (3.9–5.6 ft) long; females average 38.5 kg (85 lb), ranging from 30–50 kg (66–110 lb), and 1–1.2 m (3.3–3.9 ft) long. While in captivity, orangutans can grow considerably overweight, up to more than 165 kg (364 lb). The heaviest known male orangutan in captivity was an obese male named "Andy", who weighed 204 kg (450 lb) in 1959 when he was 13 years old.
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940:. Nests are built for use at night or during the day. Young orangutans learn by observing their mother's nest-building behaviour. This skill is practiced by juvenile orangutans. Nests may be elaborate and involve a foundation and mattress made by intertwining leaves and branches and adding broken leafy branches. Additional features such as shade, waterproof roof, "pillow", and "blanket", all of which are made from branches, twigs and leaves, may also be added. Nest-building in primates is considered as an example of
4113:
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2714:; Hadiprakarsa, Yokyok; Utami-Atmoko, Sri Suci; Nurcahyo, Anton; Tjiu, Albertus; Prasetyo, Didik; Nardiyono; Christie, Lenny; Ancrenaz, Marc; Abadi, Firman; Antoni, I Nyoman Gede; Armayadi, Dedy; Dinato, Adi; Ella; Gumelar, Pajar; Indrawan, Tito P.; Kussaritano; Munajat, Cecep; Priyono, C. Wawan Puji; Purwanto, Yadi; Puspitasari, Dewi; Putra, M. Syukur Wahyu; Rahmat, Abdi; Ramadani, Harri; Sammy, Jim; Siswanto, Dedi; Syamsuri, Muhammad; Andayani, Noviar; Wu, Huanhuan; Wells, Jessie Anne;
133:
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1113:. The total number of Bornean orangutans is estimated to be less than 14% of what it was in the recent past (from around 10,000 years ago until the middle of the 20th century), and this sharp decline has occurred mostly over the past few decades due to human activities and development. Species distribution is now highly patchy throughout Borneo; it is apparently absent or uncommon in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forest between the
1385:, the Bornean orangutan lineage went through a dramatic population decline. This is likely attributed to the fact that they had been isolated from their ancestral populations. Therefore, natural geographic barriers are attributed to be the reason as to why the Bornean orangutans were eventually isolated and ended up colonizing other regions. In addition, this geographic isolation also indicates that the Bornean orangutans did not undergo a severe
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Two or three orangutans with overlapping territories may interact, but only for short periods of time. Although orangutans are not territorial, adult males will display threatening behaviors upon meeting other males, and only socialize with females to mate. Males are considered the most solitary of the orangutans. The
Bornean orangutan has a lifespan of 35–45 years in the wild; in
1291:. 113 zoo employees, who were highly familiar with the typical behavior of the orangutans, used a four-item questionnaire to assess their subjective well-being. The results indicated that orangutans in higher subjective well-being were less likely to die during the follow-up period. The study concluded that happiness was related to longer life in orangutans.
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split about 3.5 million years ago. Although these two species have officially diverged, it is speculated that the reason as to why they are genetically similar is because the males of each respective species tend to migrate between the two islands and breed with the females from their sister species. As a result, both the
Bornean orangutans and the
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48. Females tend to give birth at about 14–15 years of age. Newborn orangutans nurse every three to four hours, and begin to take soft food from their mothers' lips by four months. During the first year of its life, the young clings to its mother's abdomen by entwining its fingers in and gripping her hair. Offspring are
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canines and premolars. Males have a more pronounced beard and mustache. The throat sac in males is also considerably larger. There are two body types for sexually mature males: smaller or larger. Larger males are more dominant but smaller males still breed successfully. There is little sexual dimorphism at birth.
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continued existence of the orangutan in
Kalimantan is under serious threat. The survey did not quantify the additional threat to the species due to habitat loss from deforestation and expanding palm-oil plantations. The survey found that 73% of respondents knew orangutans were protected by Indonesian law.
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Females reach sexual maturity and experience their first ovulatory cycle between about six and 11 years of age, although females with more body fat may experience this at an earlier age. The estrous cycle lasts between 22 and 30 days and menopause has been reported in captive orangutans at about age
917:
In history, orangutans ranged throughout
Southeast Asia and into southern China, as well as on the island of Java and in southern Sumatra. They primarily inhabit peat swamp forest, tropical heath forest, and mixed dipterocarp forest. Bornean orangutan are more solitary than their Sumatran relatives.
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Males and females generally come together only to mate. Subadult males (unflanged) will try to mate with any female and will be successful around half the time. Dominant flanged males will call and advertise their position to receptive females, who prefer mating with flanged males. Adult males will
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stick as backscratcher, and a branch or tree trunk as a missile. In some regions, orangutans occasionally eat soil to get minerals that may neutralize the toxins and acids they consume in their primarily vegetarian diets. On rare occasions, orangutans will prey upon other, smaller primates, such as
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that were there at the time. These two species of orangutans have been closely related throughout their evolutionary history due to the fact that they were so close in physical proximity. Therefore, their genomes and demographic history are similar. The two species themselves are estimated to have
841:
Bornean orangutans are highly sexually dimorphic and have several features that differ between males and females. Males have much larger cheek pads, or flanges, that are composed of muscle and large amounts of fat. In females, the flanges are mostly composed of muscle. Males have relatively larger
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both exist within the same species, they exhibit similar cultural behaviors that have been found to exist amongst most orangutan populations. The fact that orangutans tend to showcase similar cultural traditions is due to the fact that they typically live in similar environments and are adept at
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plantations, orangutans are critically endangered, and if the current trend continues, they will become extinct. When forest is burned down to clear room for palm oil plantations, not only does the
Bornean orangutan suffer from habitat loss, but several individuals have been burned and killed in
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to attempt (unsuccessfully) to catch fish. The species has been observed using tools such as leaves to wipe off faeces, a pad of leaves for holding spiny durian fruit, a leafy branch for a bee swatter, a bunch of leafy branches held together as an "umbrella" while traveling in the rain, a single
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A November 2011 survey, based on interviews with 6,983 respondents in 687 villages across
Kalimantan in 2008 to 2009, gave estimated orangutan killing rates of between 750 and 1800 in the year leading up to April 2008. These killing rates were higher than previously thought and confirm that the
537:), it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia. It is the largest of the three species of orangutans. Like the other great apes, orangutans are highly intelligent, displaying tool use and distinct cultural patterns in the wild. Orangutans share approximately 97% of their DNA with
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at about four years, but this could be much longer, and soon after they start their adolescent stage of exploring, but always within sight of their mother. During this period, they will also actively seek other young orangutans to play with and travel with. On average, juveniles do not become
1278:
A seven-year longitudinal study published in 2011 looked at whether the lifespan of zoo-housed orangutans was related to a subjective assessment of well-being, with the intent of applying such measures to assess the welfare of orangutans in captivity. Of the subjects, 100 were
Sumatran
900:
epoch. It differed from modern orangutans only in that its body was proportionately smaller compared to its head. This fossil and others confirm that orangutans once inhabited continental
Southeast Asia even though currently, Bornean orangutans are only found in Malaysia and Indonesia.
1156:
Climate change is another threat to
Bornean orangutan conservation. The effects that human activity have had on Indonesian rainfall have made food less abundant and so Bornean orangutans are less likely to receive full nutrients so that they can be sufficiently healthy to breed.
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826:, grasping hands and feet. Its coat does not cover its face unlike most mammals, although Bornean orangutans do have some hair on their faces including a beard and mustache. It also has large, fatty cheek pads known as flanges as well as a pendulous throat sac.
743:
This species was originally discovered by native
Malaysians. There are several mentions of orangutans in their folklore. However, this species was originally named and described by the notable zoologist Carl Linnaeus in 1799. Its original name was
1294:
In late 2014, Nyaru Menteng veterinarians failed to rescue the life of a female orangutan. An operation was performed in which 40 air-rifle pellets were removed from her body. The orangutan was found at a palm oil plantation in Indonesian Borneo.
1271:, Indonesian Borneo. The Foundation rescues orphaned orangutans and enters them into their soft-release programme, allowing them to develop the skills necessary to survive in the wild. When old enough, orangutans are released into the protected
1419:
929:, the Bornean orangutan travels on the ground more than its Sumatran counterpart. This may be in part because no large terrestrial predators could threaten an orangutan in Borneo. In Sumatra, orangutans must face predation by the fierce
2459:
Kuze, Noko; Pratje, Peter; Banes, Graham L.; Pratje, Peter; Tajima, Tomoyuki; Russon, Anne E. (2011). "Factors affecting reproduction in rehabilitant female orangutans: young age at first birth and short inter-birth. interval".
3012:
Mattle-Greminger, Maja P.; Bilgin Sonay, Tugce; Nater, Alexander; Pybus, Marc; Desai, Tariq; de Valles, Guillem; Casals, Ferran; Scally, Aylwyn; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; van Schaik, Carel P. (2018-11-15).
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The Bornean orangutan is more common than the Sumatran, with about 104,700 individuals in the wild, whereas just under 14,000 Sumatran orangutans are left in the wild. Orangutans are becoming increasingly endangered due to
1076:
A 2011 study on female orangutans in free-ranging rehabilitation programs found that individuals that were supplemented with food resources had shorter interbirth intervals, as well as a reduced age, at first birth.
3184:
Russon, Anne E.; Compost, Alain; Kuncoro, Purwo; Ferisa, Agnes (December 2014). "Orangutan fish eating, primate aquatic fauna eating, and their implications for the origins of ancestral hominin fish eating".
1389:. With the Borneo orangutan, selection was found to have been found through physiological adaptations – most of which has to do with being able to adapt to the ever-changing climate on the Borneo island.
1172:
However, the Indonesian government rarely prosecutes or punishes perpetrators. In a rare prosecution in November 2011, two men were arrested for killing at least 20 orangutans and a number of long-nosed
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fires. Palm oil accounts for over one tenth of Indonesia's export earnings. It is in high demand because it is used in several packaged foods, deodorants, shampoos, soaps, candies, and baked goods.
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881:. Due to habitat destruction, the species distribution is now highly patchy throughout the island, the species has become rare in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forest between the
1239:, rescues and rehabilitates orangutans, preparing them for release back into protected areas of the Indonesian rain forest. In addition, it promotes the preservation of the rain forest for them.
2952:
Guethlein, Lisbeth A.; Norman, Paul J.; Heijmans, Corinne M. C.; Groot, Natasja G. de; Hilton, Hugo G.; Babrzadeh, Farbod; Abi-Rached, Laurent; Bontrop, Ronald E.; Parham, Peter (2017-04-15).
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completely independent until they are about seven years of age. The birth rate for orangutans has been decreasing largely due to a lack of sufficient nutrients as a result of habitat loss.
1423:
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Orangutans and humans diverged lineages approximately 14-18 million years ago. About 17,000 years ago, there was a migration of the Bornean orangutans as they eventually went to
1177:. They were ordered to conduct the killings by the supervisor of a palm oil plantation, to protect the crop, with a payment of $ 100 for a dead orangutan and $ 22 for a monkey.
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have been studied closely as a pair, and thus much genome findings attribute evolutionary changes to this relationship. In addition, the Bornean orangutans, as compared to the
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The Bornean orangutan has a distinctive body shape with very long arms that may reach up to 1.5 metres in length. It has grey skin, a coarse, shaggy, reddish coat and
1365:, there were low levels of gene flow, which was determined through the analysis of Y-chromosomal data. One reason as to why this may have occurred is because of the
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Locke, D.P.; Hillier, L.W.; Warren, W.C.; Worley, K.C.; Nazareth, L.V.; Muzny, D.M.; Yang, S.P.; Wang, Z.; Chinwalla, A.T.; Minx, P. & Mitreva, M. (2011).
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Bacon, A. M.; The Long, V. (September 2001). "The first discovery of a complete skeleton of a fossil orang-utan in a cave of the Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam".
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attributed to a more abundant genetic exchange. As a result, there were many early divergences of gene pools between the Bornean orangutans, as well as the
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Goossens, Benoît; Chikhi, Lounès; Fairus Jalil, Mohd.; James, Sheena; Ancrenaz, Marc; Lackman-Ancrenaz, Isabelle; Bruford, Michael W. (2008-12-11),
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The Bornean orangutan has been linked to the fact that it has gone through a deep divergence in relation to its relatives and ancestors. During the
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diverged about 400,000 years ago, with a continued low level of gene flow between them since then. The two orangutan species were considered merely
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2004:
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1275:. Orangutan Foundation works to protect orangutans by focusing on habitat protection and capacity building, especially in local communities.
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1229:. BOS also works to conserve and recreate the fast-disappearing rainforest habitat of the orangutan, at Samboja Lestari and Mawas.
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Didik, Prasetyo; Ancrenaz, Marc; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Wich, Serge A.; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009).
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1615:
Bradon-Jones, D.; Eudey, A.A.; Geissmann, T.; Groves, C.P.; Melnick, D.J.; Morales, J.C.; Shekelle, M.; Stewart, C.B. (2004).
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1970:
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1012:. They have also been known to consume the inner shoots of plants and vines. They will also occasionally eat nutrient rich
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1346:. This is attributed to the fact that they have a much smaller population size. Also, the Bornean orangutans have lower
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The last stand of the orangutan – State of emergency: Illegal logging, fire and palm oil in Indonesia's national parks
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In early October 2014, researchers from domestic and foreign countries found about 50 orangutans in several groups in
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in mountainous areas up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level. This species lives throughout the canopy of
1733:
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1851:
748:, meaning "satyr monkey", but was changed when scientists discovered that not all orangutans are one species. The
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trade, and young orangutans are captured to be sold as pets, usually entailing the killing of their mothers.
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often target females with weaned infants as mating partners because the female is likely to be fertile.
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2578:) is now critically endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
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2012:
1616:
710:, and the population found in East Kalimantan and Sabah to be a potentially unnamed separate taxon.
300:
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Singleton, Ian; Wich, Serge A.; Nowak, Matthew G.; Usher, Graham; Utami-Atmoko, Sri Suchi (2018) .
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Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London
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1966:
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3142:"Taxonomy, geographic variation and population genetics of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans"
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Ancrenaz, M.; Gumal, M.; Marshall, A.; Meijaard, E.; Wich, S.A. & Hussons, S. (2018) .
909:
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613:
2720:"Quantifying Killing of Orangutans and Human-Orangutan Conflict in Kalimantan, Indonesia"
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Cheyne, S. M.; Thompson, C. J. H.; Phillips, A. C.; Hill, R. M. C.; Limin, S. H. (2007).
2420:
Fox, E.A. (2002). "Female tactics to reduce sexual harassment in the sumatran orangutan (
1635:
815:(or tree-dwelling) extant ape. Body weights broadly overlap with the considerably taller
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has not been established beyond doubt; it may be from the population currently listed as
3235:
3198:
3089:
2735:
2072:
1692:
1570:
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4261:
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3015:"Genomes reveal marked differences in the adaptive evolution between orangutan species"
3014:
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829:
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68:
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1935:
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100:
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2658:(Report). Norway: United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. Archived from
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Province, although previously there is no record that the province has orangutans.
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412:
373:
43:
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Nellemann, C.; Miles, L.; Kaltenborn, B.P.; Virtue, M. & Ahlenius, H. (2007).
1700:
1316:
1016:. They get the necessary quantities of water from both fruit and from tree holes.
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There is some uncertainty about this, however. The population currently listed as
3206:
2744:
2295:
Mackinnon, John (February 1974). "The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans (
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The Bornean orangutan diet is composed of over 400 types of food, including wild
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772:
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194:
17:
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1671:
Brandon-Jones, Douglas; Groves, Colin P.; Jenkins, Paulina D. (2016-09-09).
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A number of orangutan rescue and rehabilitation projects operate in Borneo.
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KrĂĽtzen, Michael; Willems, Erik P.; van Schaik, Carel P. (November 2011).
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3319:
2954:"Two Orangutan Species Have Evolved Different KIR Alleles and Haplotypes"
1255:
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in central Sarawak and the Padas River in western Sabah. Its presence in
749:
609:
554:
164:
4297:
2847:
2227:. In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra (eds.).
1709:
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until 1996; they were elevated to species following sequencing of their
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4336:
4167:
4162:
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2824:
The Intimate Ape: Orangutans and the Secret Life of a Vanishing Species
2805:"Mass Slaughter of Orang-utans and Monkeys is Continuing in Kalimantan"
2230:
Orangutans: geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation
1326:
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opened in 1964 as the first official orangutan rehabilitation project.
1118:
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874:
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is not Latin unlike most other Linnean classifications. The genus name
605:
558:
184:
2560:"Bornean orangutan declared 'critically endangered' as forests shrink"
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1415:
1370:
1258:
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The first complete orangutan skeleton that was discovered was in the
886:
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used to indicate a large primate. It was originally used to describe
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154:
72:
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The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans: Comparative Perspectives
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Bornean orangutan in the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens.
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is located. During this time, this event's dry climate during the
1251:
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1053:
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1001:
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957:
908:
870:
828:
794:
786:
730:
695:
690:, while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of
643:
568:
538:
117:
111:
1854:. Visuallens.wordpress.com (2008-08-02). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
1673:"The type specimens and type localities of the orangutans, genus
3980:
3621:
3511:
3241:
2718:; Turvey, Samuel T. (11 November 2011). Turvey, Samuel T (ed.).
2150:. Sea World, Busch Gardens, & Discovery Cove. Archived from
1527:(Rev. pbk. ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 47.
1145:
1013:
1008:, insects, and, to a lesser extent than the Sumatran orangutan,
993:
981:
977:
812:
724:, Bornean orangutans are one of the closest extant relatives to
4310:
4207:
4018:
3575:
3270:
866:
forest, and moves large distances to find trees bearing fruit.
3602:
2684:"The Effects of Palm Oil – Orangutan Foundation International"
989:
804:
3256:
752:
of this organism is located in the British Museum in London.
2794:
quoting Ashley Leiman, director of the Orangutan Foundation.
1555:"Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes"
1420:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
2596:) in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia"
1358:
learning from one another from their early stages of life.
1840:
WWF – Sumatran Orangutan – Close relative in dire straits
3074:"Culture and Geographic Variation in Orangutan Behavior"
2779:"Humans killing at least 750 Bornean orang-utans a year"
1823:
6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
3571:
1213:
has rescue and rehabilitation centres at Wanariset and
765:
698:
in Sarawak and northern West Kalimantan). Bradon-Jones
658:) than to the Bornean orangutan. If this is confirmed,
3261:
2175:. Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from
2033:
2031:
2029:
779:
is derived from the Greek word "pygmy" meaning dwarf.
1023:
An orangutan peeling a banana with its hand and foot.
2261:
Marchant, Linda Frances; Nishida, Toshisada (1996).
896:
province in Vietnam and thought to be from the late
561:
posing a serious threat to its continued existence.
545:
by the local population, the Bornean orangutan is a
4503:
4216:
4148:
4120:
4063:
3895:
3845:
3759:
3609:
3509:
3473:
3464:
3425:
3416:
3364:
3355:
3346:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1308:
1267:, founded by Ashley Leiman, operates programmes in
2393:Parker, S.T.; Mitchell, R.W.; Miles, H.L. (1999).
1891:
1889:
1610:
1608:
1606:
2267:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 226–227.
1852:The Bornean and Sumatran Orangutans | Visuallens
1810:. Edgeofexistence.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
1140:, which stated in its 2007 report that, due to
877:, and four of the five Indonesian Provinces of
837:. The male's face pad widens as he grows older.
3242:The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS)
1048:A rehabilitated female with her young baby in
775:in Western African dialects. The species name
4030:
3587:
3282:
2872:Weiss, A.; Adams, J. M.; King, E. J. (2011).
2592:"Density and population estimate of gibbons (
2233:. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–275.
1842:. Worldwildlife.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
1548:
1546:
1544:
8:
1922:Giza Zoo > Bornean Orangutan إنسان الغابة
1303:
1129:). A population of around 6,900 is found in
596:The Bornean orangutan has three subspecies:
4570:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
2705:
2703:
1937:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
1868:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
1658:"Ternyata di kalsel ada populasi orangutan"
1404:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
869:It is found in the two Malaysian states of
803:The Bornean orangutan is the third-largest
4625:Species endangered by oil palm plantations
4204:
4037:
4023:
4015:
3594:
3580:
3572:
3470:
3422:
3361:
3352:
3289:
3275:
3267:
3234:
3148:, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–14,
1924:. Gizazoo-eg.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
1302:
299:
89:
56:
42:
33:
3154:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0001
3097:
3048:
3030:
2985:
2897:
2753:
2743:
2399:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1896:Ciszek, D.; Schommer, M.K. (2009-06-28).
1708:
1586:
654:may be closer to the Sumatran orangutan (
4640:Fauna of the Borneo montane rain forests
4635:Fauna of the Borneo lowland rain forests
4630:Critically endangered fauna of Indonesia
1773:"San Francisco Zoo - Adopt an Orangutan"
1418:fact-file "Bornean orangutan" under the
1414:This article incorporates text from the
1050:Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre
2334:
2332:
2330:
1801:EDGE :: Mammal Species Information
1429:
1244:Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre
4645:Species endangered by deliberate fires
2777:Marshall, Michael (15 November 2011).
2203:) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology"
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1329:, effectively trading places with the
3930:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
3135:
3133:
3007:
3005:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2874:"Happy orang-utans live longer lives"
1999:
1997:
1732:Zoological Society of London (1905).
1677:Lacépède, 1799 (Primates: Hominidae)"
1027:Bornean orangutans have been sighted
7:
4547:200868E2-0A9B-4016-90EE-DA4793783149
3940:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
2340:"Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean orangutan)"
1624:International Journal of Primatology
1505:. Orangutan Foundation International
1207:Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation
1138:United Nations Environment Programme
854:in the Bornean lowlands, as well as
4620:Critically endangered fauna of Asia
2807:. November 24, 2011. Archived from
2514:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2426:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1465:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1168:A young captive orangutan sleeping.
1136:This view is also supported by the
1133:, but this environment is at risk.
666:(Tiedeman, 1808). In addition, the
3935:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
3867:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
3257:Orangutan Foundation International
2688:Orangutan Foundation International
1990:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1660:(in Indonesian). October 10, 2014.
1636:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014647.18720.32
1233:Orangutan Foundation International
25:
3945:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
1181:Rescue and rehabilitation centers
1148:and the extensive development of
1109:, and is listed on Appendix I of
4111:
3999:
3998:
3750:
3556:
3555:
2848:"Orangutan Foundation: Our work"
2534:"Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (
2199:"Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (
2123:"Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (
131:
3877:Great Apes Survival Partnership
3827:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
3252:World Wildlife Fund: Orangutans
1988:The New Encyclopedia of Mammals
1523:Wallace, Alfred Russel (2008).
1369:, which is where the island of
1121:and the Padas River in western
936:The Bornean orangutan exhibits
850:The Bornean orangutan lives in
763:is derived from the Bantu word
627:– Southern West Kalimantan and
1965:. London: Dorling Kindersley.
1872:. New York: Sterling Pub. Co.
1821:Walker's Mammals of the World.
1617:"Asian primate classification"
1353:As the Bornean orangutans and
1299:Genome and demographic history
889:is uncertain and unconfirmed.
694:would take precedence for the
581:The Bornean orangutan and the
1:
3247:Save The Orangutan Foundation
2826:. Citadel Press. p. 54.
2313:10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80054-0
2225:"Nest building in orangutans"
1701:10.1080/00222933.2016.1190414
913:Bornean orangutan in its nest
3262:Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary
3207:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007
2745:10.1371/journal.pone.0027491
1125:(including the Sultanate of
922:it can live to be about 60.
634:Northeast Bornean orangutan
600:Northwest Bornean orangutan
69:Tanjung Puting National Park
4610:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2558:Bell, Loren (7 July 2016).
2532:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005).
2197:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005).
2121:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005).
4661:
3950:List of fictional primates
3802:Neanderthal genome project
3187:Journal of Human Evolution
2361:"Orangutan "Spear Fishes""
2359:Bleiman, B. (2008-04-29).
2061:Journal of Human Evolution
1681:Journal of Natural History
720:As a member of the family
623:Central Bornean orangutan
573:Male Bornean orangutan in
4615:Mammals described in 1760
4109:
4053:
3994:
3882:International Primate Day
3832:Borneo Orangutan Survival
3787:Chimpanzee genome project
3748:
3551:
3308:
3297:Extant species of family
3099:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.017
3032:10.1186/s13059-018-1562-6
2958:The Journal of Immunology
2615:10.1007/s10329-007-0063-0
2521:: e.T121097935A123797627.
2474:10.1007/s10329-011-0285-z
2438:10.1007/s00265-002-0495-x
1940:. Guinness Superlatives.
1273:Lamandau Wildlife Reserve
1097:The Bornean orangutan is
755:The current species name
662:would be a subspecies of
517:endemic to the island of
323:
316:
307:
298:
277:
272:
253:
246:
128:Scientific classification
126:
109:
87:
78:
64:
55:
50:
41:
36:
4045:Regencies and cities of
2970:10.4049/jimmunol.1602163
846:Habitat and distribution
833:A male orangutan at the
811:, and the largest truly
4580:Endemic fauna of Borneo
3908:List of individual apes
3887:Nonhuman Rights Project
2574:The Bornean orangutan (
2009:library.sandiegozoo.org
1399:Deforestation in Borneo
1381:. Relating back to the
1342:, have lower autosomal
1225:founded and managed by
766:
602:Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
3797:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
2922:"Killed by 40 Pellets"
2890:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0543
2173:"Primates: Orangutans"
2081:10.1006/jhev.2001.0496
2005:"Orangutan Fact Sheet"
1986:Macdonald, D. (2001).
1904:. Animal Diversity Web
1221:and Nyaru Menteng, in
1199:
1169:
1131:Sabangau National Park
1060:
1024:
938:nest-building behavior
914:
838:
800:
792:
740:
578:
4462:Paleobiology Database
3812:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
2822:Thompson, S. (2010).
2422:Pongo pygmaeus abelii
1934:Wood, Gerald (1983).
1525:The Malay Archipelago
1227:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
1197:
1167:
1099:critically endangered
1047:
1022:
912:
852:tropical rain forests
832:
798:
790:
734:
572:
547:critically endangered
96:Critically Endangered
3792:Human Genome Project
3400:Tapanuli orangutan (
3382:Sumatran orangutan (
2928:on December 16, 2014
2852:Orangutan Foundation
2594:Hylobates albibarbis
2345:Animal Diversity Web
1687:(33–34): 2051–2095.
1472:: e.T17975A123809220
1348:nucleotide diversity
1265:Orangutan Foundation
905:Behavior and ecology
856:montane rain forests
783:Physical description
521:. Together with the
4590:Mammals of Malaysia
4098:Penajam North Paser
3837:Primate archaeology
3391:Bornean orangutan (
3199:2014JHumE..77...50R
3090:2011CBio...21.1808K
2736:2011PLoSO...627491M
2264:Great ape societies
2073:2001JHumE..41..227B
1961:Burnie, D. (2001).
1819:Novak, R. M. 1999.
1751:Definition of pygmy
1693:2016JNatH..50.2051B
1579:10.1038/nature09687
1571:2011Natur.469..529L
1379:Sumatran orangutans
1340:Sumatran orangutans
1336:Sumatran orangutans
1305:
1304:Genomic information
1088:habitat destruction
1081:Conservation status
946:animal architecture
706:to be a synonym of
535:Pongo tapanuliensis
81:Conservation status
4585:Primates of Borneo
3767:Great ape language
3725:Tapanuli orangutan
3705:Sumatran orangutan
2712:Buchori, Damayanti
2540:. Primate Info Net
2205:. Primate Info Net
2129:. Primate Info Net
1806:2016-12-31 at the
1738:. Longmans, Green.
1387:genetic bottleneck
1383:Middle Pleistocene
1363:Middle Pleistocene
1355:Sumatra orangutans
1331:Sumatra orangutans
1269:Central Kalimantan
1223:Central Kalimantan
1200:
1170:
1061:
1025:
915:
839:
801:
793:
741:
629:Central Kalimantan
583:Sumatran orangutan
579:
531:Tapanuli orangutan
523:Sumatran orangutan
513:) is a species of
65:Female with infant
37:Bornean orangutan
4557:
4556:
4449:Open Tree of Life
4210:Taxon identifiers
4201:
4200:
4078:Kutai Kartanegara
4012:
4011:
3872:Great Ape Project
3715:Bornean orangutan
3569:
3568:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3520:
3481:
3452:Western gorilla (
3443:Eastern gorilla (
3436:
3412:
3411:
3375:
3302:
3228:Bornean orangutan
3163:978-0-19-921327-6
3084:(21): 1808–1812.
2833:978-0-8065-3133-5
2811:on April 5, 2012.
2783:The New Scientist
2716:Mengersen, Kerrie
2406:978-0-521-58027-4
2274:978-0-521-55536-4
2240:978-0-19-921327-6
1947:978-0-85112-235-9
1879:978-0-85112-235-9
1864:Wood, G. (1977).
1754:. Merriam-Webster
1565:(7331): 529–533.
1503:"Orangutan facts"
1323:
1322:
1289:hybrid orangutans
1209:(BOS) founded by
1195:
1175:proboscis monkeys
1101:according to the
735:Juvenile male at
591:mitochondrial DNA
557:plantations, and
505:Bornean orangutan
501:
500:
121:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4652:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4536:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4482:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4456:
4444:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4417:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4365:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4326:
4314:
4313:
4301:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4278:
4277:
4265:
4264:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4205:
4115:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4002:
4001:
3971:Mythic humanoids
3754:
3729:P. tapanuliensis
3596:
3589:
3582:
3573:
3559:
3558:
3519:
3516:
3480:
3471:
3435:
3432:
3423:
3402:P. tapanuliensis
3374:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3300:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3238:
3218:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3101:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3034:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2964:(8): 3157–3169.
2949:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2924:. Archived from
2918:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2710:Meijaard, Erik;
2707:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2633:. Archived from
2600:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2371:. Archived from
2356:
2350:
2349:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2301:Animal Behaviour
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2118:
2101:
2100:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2035:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2011:. Archived from
2001:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1817:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1779:. Archived from
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1621:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1451:
1375:Late Pleistocene
1319:
1306:
1250:in the state of
1196:
967:Durio zibethinus
769:
715:South Kalimantan
642:(Indonesia) and
496:
485:
474:
467:
455:
448:
447:(Linnaeus, 1766)
441:
430:
423:
416:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
366:
355:
345:
337:P. batangtuensis
334:
308:Distribution of
303:
259:
239:P. pygmaeus
136:
135:
115:
98:
93:
92:
60:
46:
34:
21:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4595:East Kalimantan
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4499:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4452:
4447:
4439:
4436:Observation.org
4434:
4426:
4421:
4413:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4361:
4356:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4322:
4317:
4309:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4281:
4273:
4268:
4260:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4150:
4144:
4116:
4107:
4059:
4049:
4047:East Kalimantan
4043:
4013:
4008:
3990:
3961:Human evolution
3891:
3848:
3841:
3777:BirutÄ— Galdikas
3755:
3746:
3686:Western gorilla
3676:Eastern gorilla
3612:
3605:
3600:
3570:
3565:
3535:
3517:
3515:
3505:
3479:
3460:
3433:
3431:
3408:
3372:
3370:
3342:
3304:
3295:
3224:
3183:
3181:
3179:Further reading
3176:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3078:Current Biology
3071:
3070:
3066:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2878:Biology Letters
2871:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2538:) Conservation"
2531:
2530:
2526:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2338:
2337:
2328:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2104:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1818:
1814:
1808:Wayback Machine
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1453:
1452:
1431:
1412:
1395:
1315:
1301:
1283:), 54 Bornean (
1237:BirutÄ— Galdikas
1219:East Kalimantan
1215:Samboja Lestari
1185:
1183:
1142:illegal logging
1083:
1042:
954:
907:
848:
809:western gorilla
785:
678:(in which case
640:East Kalimantan
614:West Kalimantan
612:) and northern
567:
490:
486:
479:
475:
473:(Selenka, 1896)
472:
468:
461:
457:
454:(Selenka, 1896)
453:
449:
446:
442:
435:
431:
429:(Selenka, 1896)
428:
424:
421:
417:
410:
406:
404:(Selenka, 1896)
403:
401:P. landakkensis
399:
397:(Selenka, 1896)
396:
394:P. genepaiensis
392:
390:(Selenka, 1896)
389:
385:
382:
378:
371:
367:
360:
356:
350:
346:
339:
335:
328:
268:
261:
255:
242:
130:
122:
105:
94:
90:
83:
66:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4658:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4538:
4525:
4509:
4507:
4505:Simia pygmaeus
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4484:
4471:
4458:
4445:
4432:
4419:
4406:
4393:
4380:
4367:
4354:
4341:
4328:
4315:
4302:
4292:
4279:
4266:
4262:Pongo_pygmaeus
4253:
4248:Pongo pygmaeus
4238:
4222:
4220:
4218:Pongo pygmaeus
4214:
4213:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:: Hylobatidae)
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:P. troglodytes
3654:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:P. troglodytes
3494:
3484:
3482:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3359:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3223:
3222:External links
3220:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3129:
3064:
3019:Genome Biology
3001:
2939:
2913:
2884:(6): 872–874.
2864:
2839:
2832:
2814:
2796:
2769:
2730:(11): e27491.
2699:
2675:
2643:
2640:on 2009-03-26.
2582:
2576:Pongo pygmaeus
2550:
2524:
2495:
2451:
2412:
2405:
2385:
2351:
2326:
2297:Pongo pygmaeus
2287:
2273:
2253:
2239:
2215:
2189:
2164:
2139:
2102:
2067:(3): 227–241.
2051:
2025:
1993:
1978:
1971:
1953:
1946:
1926:
1914:
1902:: Information"
1900:Pongo pygmaeus
1885:
1878:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1812:
1793:
1764:
1741:
1724:
1663:
1649:
1602:
1540:
1534:978-0794605636
1533:
1515:
1483:
1458:Pongo pygmaeus
1428:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1344:gene diversity
1321:
1320:
1313:
1300:
1297:
1287:) and 30 were
1285:Pongo pygmaeus
1182:
1179:
1082:
1079:
1041:
1038:
953:
950:
931:Sumatran tiger
925:Despite being
906:
903:
847:
844:
784:
781:
737:Tanjung Puting
684:junior synonym
648:
647:
632:
621:
566:
563:
549:species, with
541:. Also called
510:Pongo pygmaeus
499:
498:
451:P. skalauensis
426:P. rantaiensis
387:P. dadappensis
321:
320:
314:
313:
310:Pongo pygmaeus
305:
304:
296:
295:
294:
293:
288:
286:P. p. pygmaeus
283:
275:
274:
270:
269:
262:
257:Pongo pygmaeus
251:
250:
244:
243:
236:
234:
230:
229:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
110:
107:
106:
88:
85:
84:
79:
76:
75:
62:
61:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
29:Species of ape
28:
24:
18:Pongo pygmaeus
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4657:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Tanjung Redeb
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:Apes in space
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3849:social status
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:Study of apes
3758:
3753:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2665:on 2011-05-16
2661:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:(2): 181–92.
2467:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:(2): 93–101.
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2375:on 2009-05-01
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2179:on 2011-04-14
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2154:on 2012-04-11
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2015:on 2017-10-24
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:0-8018-5789-9
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1783:on 2020-02-21
1782:
1778:
1777:www.sfzoo.org
1774:
1768:
1765:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:(1): 97–164.
1629:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1235:, founded by
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:IUCN Red List
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
973:D. graveolens
969:
968:
963:
959:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
923:
921:
911:
904:
902:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
845:
843:
836:
831:
827:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
797:
789:
782:
780:
778:
774:
770:
768:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
746:Simia satyrus
739:National Park
738:
733:
729:
727:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:type locality
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:P. p. wurmbii
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
625:P. p. wurmbii
622:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
588:
584:
576:
571:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:deforestation
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:
506:
497:
494:
489:
483:
478:
471:
465:
460:
459:P. sumatranus
452:
445:
439:
434:
427:
422:(Blyth, 1853)
420:
414:
409:
402:
395:
388:
383:(Blyth, 1855)
381:
375:
370:
364:
359:
353:
349:
348:P. borneensis
343:
338:
332:
327:
322:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
297:
292:
291:P. p. wurmbii
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
276:
271:
266:
260:
258:
252:
249:
248:Binomial name
245:
241:
240:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
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196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
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170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
119:
113:
108:
102:
97:
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70:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
19:
4504:
4217:
4173:Sangkulirang
3862:Research ban
3822:Elgin Center
3807:Willie Smits
3782:Jane Goodall
3728:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3697:
3689:
3679:
3668:
3660:
3650:
3639:
3631:
3620:
3528:
3510:
3498:
3497:Chimpanzee (
3489:
3474:
3453:
3444:
3426:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3383:
3373:(Orangutans)
3365:
3301:(great apes)
3190:
3186:
3182:
3167:, retrieved
3145:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3022:
3018:
2961:
2957:
2932:December 10,
2930:. Retrieved
2926:the original
2916:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2857:16 September
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2809:the original
2799:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:
2772:
2727:
2723:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2667:. Retrieved
2660:the original
2646:
2635:the original
2609:(1): 50–56.
2606:
2602:
2593:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2567:. Retrieved
2564:The Guardian
2563:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2535:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2507:Pongo abelii
2506:
2498:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2395:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:the original
2369:ScienceBlogs
2364:
2354:
2343:
2304:
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2296:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2263:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2229:
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2200:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:the original
2167:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:the original
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2124:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:"Orangutans"
2017:. Retrieved
2013:the original
2008:
1987:
1981:
1962:
1956:
1936:
1929:
1917:
1906:. Retrieved
1899:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1820:
1815:
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
1776:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1750:
1744:
1734:
1727:
1710:10141/622676
1684:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1652:
1627:
1623:
1562:
1558:
1524:
1518:
1507:. Retrieved
1474:. Retrieved
1469:
1463:
1457:
1413:
1360:
1352:
1324:
1293:
1284:
1281:Pongo abelii
1280:
1277:
1263:
1241:
1231:
1211:Willie Smits
1204:
1201:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1135:
1115:Rajang River
1096:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1040:Reproduction
1034:slow lorises
1029:using spears
1026:
971:
965:
955:
935:
924:
916:
891:
883:Rajang River
868:
849:
840:
821:
817:Homo sapiens
816:
802:
799:The skeleton
776:
764:
760:
756:
754:
745:
742:
726:Homo sapiens
725:
719:
712:
707:
703:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
671:
663:
659:
655:
651:
649:
635:
631:(Indonesia).
624:
601:
595:
580:
575:Taman Safari
542:
534:
527:Pongo abelii
526:
509:
508:
504:
502:
487:
477:P. wallichii
476:
470:P. tuakensis
469:
458:
450:
443:
432:
425:
418:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
368:
357:
347:
336:
325:
324:
309:
290:
285:
280:
256:
254:
238:
237:
225:
201:Infraorder:
31:
26:
4345:iNaturalist
4242:Wikispecies
4103:Mahakam Ulu
3952:(non-human)
3916:(non-human)
3910:(non-human)
3817:Ian Redmond
3772:Dian Fossey
3719:P. pygmaeus
3680:G. beringei
3651:P. paniscus
3613:ape species
3490:P. paniscus
3445:G. beringei
3393:P. pygmaeus
3230:media from
2788:27 November
2307:(1): 3–74.
2148:"Orangutan"
2127:) Behavior"
1367:Sunda shelf
1117:in central
1006:spider webs
988:, flowers,
898:Pleistocene
773:chimpanzees
757:P. pygmaeus
708:P. pygmaeus
702:considered
692:P. pygmaeus
688:P. pygmaeus
682:would be a
672:P. pygmaeus
646:(Malaysia).
636:P. p. morio
352:Röhrer-Ertl
281:P. p. morio
273:Subspecies
205:Simiiformes
4575:Orangutans
4564:Categories
4520:Q109647591
4193:Tenggarong
4149:Towns and
4135:Balikpapan
4088:East Kutai
4083:West Kutai
3966:Monkey Day
3956:Great apes
3857:Personhood
3690:G. gorilla
3657:Chimpanzee
3632:H. sapiens
3529:H. sapiens
3454:G. gorilla
3434:(Gorillas)
3338:Haplorhini
3336:Suborder:
3299:Hominidae
3169:2022-03-02
3146:Orangutans
3025:(1): 193.
2693:2017-12-02
2669:2011-03-03
2569:2016-07-07
2544:2011-03-02
2379:2009-07-03
2365:Zooillogix
2209:2011-07-23
2183:2011-01-27
2158:2012-03-17
2133:2011-03-02
2045:2012-03-17
2019:2017-12-02
1972:140539109X
1908:2009-07-03
1787:2020-02-21
1758:2017-12-02
1509:2012-03-17
1476:17 January
1410:References
879:Kalimantan
835:Moscow Zoo
824:prehensile
807:after the
680:P. wurmbii
676:P. wurmbii
664:P. wurmbii
587:subspecies
488:P. wurmbii
444:P. satyrus
369:P. brookei
312:in Borneo
195:Haplorhini
191:Suborder:
114:Appendix I
4130:Samarinda
4065:Regencies
4057:Samarinda
4055:Capital:
3847:Legal and
3709:P. abelii
3699:Orangutan
3418:Homininae
3384:P. abelii
3348:Hominidae
3312:Kingdom:
3193:: 50–63.
3108:0960-9822
3041:1474-760X
2978:0022-1767
2321:0003-3472
2089:0047-2484
1312:genome ID
1256:Malaysian
986:bird eggs
920:captivity
864:secondary
791:The skull
722:Hominidae
660:P. abelii
656:P. abelii
618:Indonesia
515:orangutan
493:Tiedemann
419:P. owenii
380:P. curtus
358:P. borneo
233:Species:
215:Hominidae
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
4514:Wikidata
4475:Species+
4415:12100805
4363:11011124
4227:Wikidata
4178:Sendawar
4158:Bengalon
4151:villages
4004:Category
3925:Bushmeat
3561:Category
3518:(Humans)
3488:Bonobo (
3466:Hominini
3357:Ponginae
3332:Primates
3326:Mammalia
3320:Chordata
3318:Phylum:
3314:Animalia
3215:25038033
3124:17540443
3116:22018539
3059:30428903
2996:28264973
2908:21715398
2764:22096582
2724:PLOS ONE
2623:17899314
2603:Primates
2490:17214597
2482:22109351
2462:Primates
2446:13583879
2097:11535001
1804:Archived
1719:88826798
1644:29045930
1597:21270892
1422:and the
1393:See also
1248:Sandakan
1150:palm oil
1092:bushmeat
1090:and the
1058:Malaysia
944:and not
942:tool use
927:arboreal
894:Hoa Binh
813:arboreal
777:pygmaeus
750:holotype
704:P. morio
610:Malaysia
565:Taxonomy
555:palm oil
433:P. rufus
408:P. morio
363:Lacépède
331:Schreber
326:P. agris
318:Synonyms
265:Linnaeus
211:Family:
185:Primates
175:Mammalia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
101:IUCN 3.1
67:both at
4605:Sarawak
4542:ZooBank
4534:9284014
4402:1000722
4337:5219532
4233:Q599672
4168:Penajam
4163:Engkuni
4140:Bontang
3920:Bigfoot
3903:Primate
3896:Related
3670:Gorilla
3527:Human (
3428:Gorilla
3330:Order:
3324:Class:
3195:Bibcode
3086:Bibcode
3050:6237011
2987:5438093
2899:3210686
2755:3214049
2732:Bibcode
2631:1792717
2069:Bibcode
1689:Bibcode
1588:3060778
1567:Bibcode
1327:Sumatra
1119:Sarawak
1107:mammals
962:durians
875:Sarawak
860:primary
606:Sarawak
559:hunting
495:, 1808)
484:, 1871)
466:, 1856)
440:, 1840)
415:, 1837)
376:, 1853)
365:, 1799)
344:, 1896)
342:Selenka
333:, 1799)
267:, 1760)
221:Genus:
181:Order:
171:Class:
116: (
99: (
4467:183261
4454:770302
4376:573083
4324:PONGPY
4311:326450
4295:ECOS:
4183:Sepaku
4122:Cities
3741:family
3737:Gibbon
3647:Bonobo
3611:Extant
3232:ARKive
3213:
3160:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3057:
3047:
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2246:5 July
2237:
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1969:
1963:Animal
1944:
1898:"ADW:
1876:
1827:
1717:
1642:
1595:
1585:
1559:Nature
1531:
1416:ARKive
1371:Borneo
1259:Borneo
1127:Brunei
1070:weaned
978:leaves
887:Brunei
767:mpongo
700:et al.
539:humans
529:) and
519:Borneo
438:Lesson
354:, 1983
73:Borneo
4600:Sabah
4493:14387
4441:86788
4389:17975
4358:IRMNG
4350:43582
4288:4LTT2
4275:17485
4093:Paser
4073:Berau
3986:Yowie
3976:Yeren
3628:Human
3367:Pongo
3120:S2CID
2663:(PDF)
2656:(PDF)
2638:(PDF)
2627:S2CID
2599:(PDF)
2536:Pongo
2486:S2CID
2442:S2CID
2201:Pongo
2125:Pongo
2041:. WWF
1715:S2CID
1675:Pongo
1640:S2CID
1620:(PDF)
1317:10714
1252:Sabah
1246:near
1123:Sabah
1111:CITES
1054:Sabah
1002:fungi
998:honey
994:vines
982:seeds
871:Sabah
761:Pongo
696:taxon
644:Sabah
464:Mayer
374:Blyth
226:Pongo
118:CITES
112:CITES
51:Male
4529:GBIF
4480:7106
4428:9600
4423:NCBI
4384:IUCN
4371:ITIS
4332:GBIF
4319:EPPO
4298:7960
4270:BOLD
3981:Yeti
3622:Homo
3603:Apes
3512:Homo
3211:PMID
3158:ISBN
3112:PMID
3104:ISSN
3055:PMID
3037:ISSN
2992:PMID
2974:ISSN
2934:2014
2904:PMID
2859:2019
2828:ISBN
2790:2011
2760:PMID
2619:PMID
2519:2017
2478:PMID
2424:)".
2401:ISBN
2317:ISSN
2299:)".
2282:2011
2269:ISBN
2248:2011
2235:ISBN
2093:PMID
2085:ISSN
1967:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1593:PMID
1529:ISBN
1478:2022
1470:2016
1424:GFDL
1310:NCBI
1242:The
1205:The
1146:fire
1014:soil
1010:bark
970:and
958:figs
952:Diet
873:and
862:and
577:park
543:mias
503:The
482:Gray
456:>
413:Owen
4488:TSA
4410:MSW
4397:MDD
4306:EoL
4283:CoL
4257:ADW
3641:Pan
3476:Pan
3203:doi
3150:doi
3094:doi
3045:PMC
3027:doi
2982:PMC
2966:doi
2962:198
2894:PMC
2886:doi
2750:PMC
2740:doi
2611:doi
2470:doi
2434:doi
2309:doi
2077:doi
1705:hdl
1697:doi
1632:doi
1583:PMC
1575:doi
1563:469
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990:sap
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