205:
352:
22:
501:
423:
204:
182:). The auction turned out disastrously: half the collection remained unsold, and the remaining pieces fetched prices much lower than their estimates (and lower than the value of an unforged work of Pichler's). The fiasco caused collectors' interest in engraved gems, previously a popular field, to drop more generally for many years.
966:, "Five gold mounted oval cornelian and chalcedony intaglios carved with antique profiles, inscribed in Greek. They represent Euclid, Thales, Archimedes, Aristides and Priam. Together with a blue velvet lined box, and a box of 9 wax impression of the seals in circular wooden cases (some cases damaged or incomplete)"
230:, to which Tyrrell responded, in an angry letter, that "it is not probable that a nobleman of high character and honour would have asserted that which he did not believe to be true." The feud continued, leading to Tyrrell publishing a 55-page essay defending the gems' provenance and attacking Ogle's motives.
799:
552:
A catalogue of the very celebrated collection of antique gems of the Prince
Poniatowski, deceased : which will be sold by auction, by Messrs. Christie and Manson, at their Great Room, 8, King Street, St. James's Square, on Monday, April the 29th, 1839 and following days, at one o'clock precisely
63:
forgeries. The gems in
Poniatowski's collection were auctioned as authentic antiques in 1839, but the auction was a failure, and the surrounding controversy depressed collector interest in engraved gems for years afterward. The gems were scattered, and many have been lost or mislaid. Today they are
245:
For over a century, the
Poniatowski gems were scorned as relatively worthless forgeries, but in recent decades have been reinterpreted and reassessed, and are now desirable collectors' items in their own right; at auction individual gems fetch £1,500–3,000, and a ring with a gem depicting Hercules
76:
of Poland, who died in 1798. He augmented this collection with over 2,600 forgeries by contemporary carvers, in a florid classicizing style and in most cases signed with ancient names, while claiming publicly that the works were genuine antiquities. The gems depict scenes from mythology, including
221:
Tyrrell hired scholar
Nathaniel Ogle to examine the gems and write an introductory essay to his 1841 catalog, but when Ogle concluded that many of the gems had been produced recently, Tyrrell left the essay out, and instead commissioned impoverished classical scholar James Prendeville and writer
241:
Archive, has gathered a comprehensive online database of the available provenance and images of gems from the
Poniatowski collection. Several works in museums, reputed to be Poniatowski gems, have been revealed on closer inspection to be replicas of the Poniatowski gems: forgeries of forgeries.
171:'s Antiquarium, declared them to be fakes on the basis that the signatures of ancient artists from very different times were found on gems in too consistent a style, but wrote admiringly that "The impressions are indeed the most beautiful you can expect to see in art."
216:
comments: "There is extreme diversity in the merit of the
Poniatowsky Gems; many being weak in design, and vile in execution: others, again, perfect in both respects, as this specimen shows, but in conception and treatment totally differing from the
563:
An historical and descriptive account of the famous collection of antique gems possessed by the late Prince
Poniatowski. Accompanied by poetical illustrations of the subjects, from classical authors, with an essay on ancient gems and
409:, she recognized it from a 19th-century plaster impression she had seen among the Poniatowski collection. Platz located photographs of the impression and a page in Calandrelli's notebook listing a gem he made of Mark Antony signed
89:; some scenes of historical events; and portraits of a wide variety of ancient Greek and Roman figures. Poniatowski published a catalog of this work c. 1830 with further information in two following volumes (Poniatowski
193:), including "poetical illustrations of the subjects". Tyrrell made plaster impressions of the collected gems for sale, and many of these were photographed and published (Prendeville & Maginn
1089:
Remarks
Exposing the Unworthy Motives and Fallacious Opinions of the Writer of the Critiques on The Poniatowski Collection of Gems Contained in "The British and Foreign Review" and "The Spectator"
488:, missing its forged signature ("Chromios") and some details in the carving. Another piece in the museum, also likely a copy of a Poniatowski gem, consists of a red jasper stone, carved with a
582:
836:
445:
acknowledged in 1842 making an impression of "the head of
Hipparchus, from the Poniatowski-gem, intended as a vignette illustration of his work". His 1844 book,
148:. Because the gems were unsigned or signed with fake signatures, most have not been attributed to a known artist, and probably never will be with certainty.
72:
Poniatowski was "an avid collector of art, ... once considered the richest man in Europe". He inherited approximately 154 antique gems from his uncle, King
1105:
52:
1487:
449:, used exactly such a vignette on its title page. This image has subsequently been repeatedly copied and reproduced, including on a 1965 Greek
800:"The Pleasures of Antiquity: Gertrud Seidmann welcomes Jonathan Scott's masterly survey of British collectors of Greek and Roman antiquities"
464:
holds two pieces that appear to be replicas or forgeries of the
Poniatowski gems, rather than the original gems themselves. One of them, in
849:
1492:
1135:
1158:
233:
Both the gems auctioned by Christie's and those acquired by Tyrrell were subsequently scattered, and many have been lost or mislaid.
1477:
1035:
1007:
561:
1186:
963:
156:
821:
Platz-Horster, Gertrud (2003), "Zeichnungen und Gemmen des Giovanni Callandrelli", in Willers, D.; Raselli-Nydegger, L. (eds.),
1216:
Items listed with provenance from Poniatowski's collection but labeled as "a fake...similar in style" to the Poniatowski gems:
1140:
73:
1148:
1445:
1171:
186:
1163:
1346:
387:
59:
pieces. By the time of his death in 1833 it was becoming clear to scholars that the gems were instead early 19th-century
1176:
1153:
110:
has been suggested as one of the carvers, the date of Pichler's death in 1791 makes this unlikely. Other carvers include
461:
390:, and was subsequently widely reproduced in books as an ancient Roman masterpiece. The ring was acquired in 2001 by the
1181:
1331:
1130:
115:
189:
acquired the unsold items as an investment, and wound up with 1,140 of the gems. Tyrrell published his own catalog (
1200:
1124:
310:
255:
351:
21:
776:
1368:
1427:
1372:
1364:
1317:
644:
1482:
406:
168:
164:
111:
755:], International Conference at Logroño, 22–24 October 2007, Universidad de la Rioja, pp. 565–572
715:
291:
119:
978:
844:
L'antica maniera : Zeichnungen und Gemmen des Giovanni Calandrelli in der Antikensammlung Berlin
485:
454:
416:
391:
213:
130:
914:
500:
145:
1423:
540:
529:
477:
442:
395:
141:
56:
1274:
1269:
593:
518:
209:
1284:
1279:
855:
155:
of these works. Poniatowski presented a set of 419 plaster impressions of his collection to the
1401:
671:
Gołyźniak, Paweł (December 2016), "The Impact of the Poniatowski Gems on Later Gem Engraving",
422:
151:
Already, by the early 1830s, scholars began pointing out problematic issues with the style and
1384:"... Dans le champ de cette pierre on voit une étoile et en beaux caractères le nom du sujet.
1064:
1031:
1003:
830:
744:
441:
with a star and the subject's name, which was included in Christie's 1939 auction. Astronomer
279:
271:
234:
1050:
1024:
584:
Photographic facsimiles of the antique gems formerly possessed by the late Prince Poniatowski
574:
Photographic facsimiles of the antique gems formerly possessed by the late Prince Poniatowski
124:
1454:
1023:
951:
881:
680:
480:, as a half-undressed old man, set in scenery of clouds. It appears to be a crude copy of a
473:
469:
135:
107:
1324:"A Gem of a Mystery: Curator Kenneth Lapatin sleuths out the truth about the Getty Gnaios"
747:, in Castillo, Pepa; Knippschild, Silke; GarcĂa Morcillo, Marta; Herreros, Carmen (eds.),
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1250:
Chryseis with an attendant bearing presents, praying to Menelaus to restore his daughter
1263:
314:
223:
1375:) and included in Christie's 1839 auction (No. 881), with whereabouts since unknown.
823:
Im Glanz der Götter und Heroen: Meisterwerke antiker Glyptik aus der Stiftung Leo Merz
1471:
1313:
640:
450:
321:
226:
to write the essay. In 1842 Ogle anonymously published a version of his essay in the
175:
114:– nearly 300 of whose preliminary drawings for the gems are in the collection of the
60:
745:"A Picture-Book of Antiquity: The Neoclassical Gem Collection of Prince Poniatowski"
1300:
Calandrelli, Giovanni (c. 1820), "Amethyst intaglio depicting Mark Antony", signed
1026:
Possession: The Curious History of Private Collectors from Antiquity to the Present
400:
238:
48:
1406:
Bulletin of the Proceedings of the National Institute for the Promotion of Science
1323:
1087:
996:
415:. In fact, the "Gnaios" ring was a Poniatowski gem by Calandrelli; Getty curator
174:
After Poniatowski died in 1833, his collection was put up for auction in 1839 by
685:
383:
542:
Catalogue des pierres gravées antiques de S. A. le Prince Stanislas Poniatowski
531:
Catalogue des pierres gravées antiques de S. A. le Prince Stanislas Poniatowski
520:
Catalogue des pierres gravées antiques de S. A. le Prince Stanislas Poniatowski
719:
489:
438:
427:
333:
303:
299:
152:
476:
with her hair in a bun, pouring wine or nectar from a jug into a cup held by
636:
337:
956:
1220:
The ghost of Creusa disappearing from Aeneas near the burning wall of Troy
885:
1353:, London: Thames & Hudson, pp. 19, 27–28, and 93-94, no. 18, ill
481:
367:
345:
259:
55:(1754–1833), a wealthy Polish nobleman, and passed off by him as genuine
29:
1458:
942:
Roos, Anna Marie (2019), "Object biographies and interdisciplinarity",
639:, 3.4 Ă— 3.9 Ă— 0.3 cm (1-5/16 Ă— 1-9/16 Ă— 1/8 in.), J. Paul Getty Museum
509:
295:
287:
1051:"Catalogue des Pierres Gravées Antiques de S.A. Le Prince Poniatowski"
944:
Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science
1307:
630:
410:
377:
329:
325:
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275:
267:
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160:
82:
1172:
Apollo pursuing Daphne, who is partly transformed into a laurel tree
900:
Lady Nugent's Journal of her residence in Jamaica from 1801 to 1805
587:, 2nd series, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts
576:, 1st series, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts
499:
465:
421:
405:
saw it, having just written a book about Poniatowski gem engraver
350:
341:
313:
holds several pieces from the Poniatowski collection, as does the
203:
78:
20:
258:
holds several pieces from the Poniatowski collection, depicting
86:
25:
64:
appreciated as excellent examples of neoclassical gem carving.
1301:
851:
L'antica maniera: Drawings and Cameos by Giovanni Calandrelli
624:
371:
1149:
Priam ordering Agelaus to take the infant Paris and kill him
983:(2nd ed.). London: George Bell and Sons. pp. viii.
386:
in profile, was in 1968 published and praised by gem expert
872:
Lapatin, Kenneth (2022), "The Getty Gnaios: A love story",
201:) in an illustrated version of Tyrrell's original catalog.
998:
William Maginn and the British Press: A Critical Biography
394:, and in 2009 exhibited as an antique. When archaeologist
1225:
Theseus restoring Helen to the brothers Castor and Pollux
749:
Imagines: La Antigüedad en las Artes Escénicas y Visuales
1159:
Neptune and Minerva rescuing Achilles from the Scamander
437:
Poniatowski's collection included an amethyst depicting
492:
and the lettering "vot sol cer", set in a bronze ring.
1212:
Ino with her infant Melicerta on the back of a dolphin
781:, Classical Art Research Centre, University of Oxford
706:
Wheatley, H. B. (December 1884), "Poniatowski gems",
598:, Classical Art Research Centre, University of Oxford
32:
with lightning, attributed to Giovanni Calandrelli (
854:, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 2005, archived from
1104:
995:
1367:, described in Poniatowski's catalog (VIII.2.60,
1240:Diana protecting Erigone from the fury of Orestes
198:
194:
190:
778:The Poniatowski Collection of Gems: Introduction
550:Christie, George Henry; Manson, William (1839),
324:bought 5 gems at the 1839 auction, representing
1443:Wilson, Robin (December 1989), "Stamp corner",
937:
935:
237:'s Classical Art Research Centre, formerly the
159:which now form the Daktyliothek Poniatowski in
505:
179:
90:
1296:
1294:
1106:"98 ways to restore Poniatowski's reputation"
8:
1382:
1092:, H Graves and Co & Smith, Elder, and Co
581:Prendeville, James; Maginn, William (1859),
572:Prendeville, James; Maginn, William (1857),
560:Prendeville, James; Maginn, William (1841),
1378:
898:Nugent, Lady Maria; Wright, Philip (1966),
753:Antiquity in the Performing and Visual Arts
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
355:Head of Marc Antony, Giovanni Calandrelli (
348:to ÂŁ4 4s each, and still holds them today.
100:
96:
1199:Poniatowski gems in the collection of the
915:"The gem collection of Prince Poniatowski"
835:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
701:
699:
697:
695:
185:John Tyrrell, former private secretary to
1030:, Yale University Press, pp. 74–75,
955:
867:
865:
684:
545:, vol. 3, Florence: Guillaume Piatti
534:, vol. 2, Florence: Guillaume Piatti
523:, vol. 1, Florence: Guillaume Piatti
419:tracked down the ring's full provenance.
1270:Hercules shouldering the celestial globe
1230:Minerva throwing her aegis over Achilles
1136:Theseus sacrificing the Marathonian bull
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
484:piece whose plaster cast is held at the
673:Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation
609:
828:
1351:Engraved Gems. The Ionides Collection
874:Journal of the History of Collections
616:attributed to Calandrelli, Giovanni (
431:
7:
1402:"Stated Meeting, September 12, 1842"
922:American Numismatic Society Magazine
846:(exhibition catalog), Berlin: Dumont
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
16:19th-century collection of forgeries
902:, Institute of Jamaica, p. 281
825:(in German), Mainz, pp. 49–62
517:Poniatowski, Stanislas (c. 1830),
14:
1285:Jupiter as a goat leading Bacchus
1187:Bacchus rescuing Ino from Phryxus
1103:Arkell, Roland (March 12, 2022),
962:"Intaglio seals", Royal Society
1262:Items in the collection of the
1141:Erecththeus killing the Serpent
1123:Items in the collection of the
842:Platz-Horster, Gertrud (2005),
623:), "Zeus and Kapaneus", signed
539:Poniatowski, Stanislas (1833),
528:Poniatowski, Stanislas (1832),
344:, for prices ranging from ÂŁ1 10
47:are a collection of over 2,600
1446:The Mathematical Intelligencer
1404:, Letters and Communications,
1275:Neptune shouldering his tripod
1182:Pluto giving a sword to Peleus
977:King, Charles William (1885).
775:Wagner, Claudia; et al.,
592:Wagner, Claudia; et al.,
302:, and several scenes from the
1:
1488:Individual hardstone carvings
1432:, vol. 2, John W. Parker
1322:Jaskol, Julie (Summer 2021),
617:
356:
191:Prendeville & Maginn 1841
33:
1429:A Cycle of Celestial Objects
1308:
913:Rambach, Hadrien J. (2014),
631:
555:, London: W. Clowes and Sons
447:A Cycle of Celestial Objects
411:
378:
74:Stanisław August Poniatowski
1363:"Head of Hipparchus", CARC:
686:10.12797/saac.20.2016.20.11
472:as a young woman wearing a
212:opening the Box of Beauty.
116:Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
1509:
1493:Former private collections
1302:
1235:Jason pacifying the dragon
1201:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1125:Victoria and Albert Museum
1069:British and Foreign Review
1055:British and Foreign Review
1022:Thompson, Erin L. (2016),
1002:, Routledge, p. 292,
625:
372:
311:Metropolitan Museum of Art
256:Victoria and Albert Museum
228:British and Foreign Review
180:Christie & Manson 1839
1383:
1312:), J. Paul Getty Museum,
1245:Hermione invoking Minerva
1177:Venus appearing to Aeneas
1154:Paris and Helen or Hecuba
994:Latané, David E. (2016),
980:Handbook of Engraved Gems
595:Poniatowski Gems Database
462:National Museum in KrakĂłw
1478:Archaeological forgeries
798:Pon, Lisa (March 2004),
743:Wagner, Claudia (2007),
490:snake with a lion's head
51:commissioned by Prince
1131:Socrates taking poison
1111:Antiques Trade Gazette
1086:Tyrrell, John (1842),
1065:"The Poniatowski Gems"
957:10.1098/rsnr.2019.0016
567:, London: Henry Graves
512:
434:
363:
218:
169:Antikensammlung Berlin
165:Ernst Heinrich Toelken
40:
506:Poniatowski (c. 1830)
503:
455:Eugenides Planetarium
425:
354:
207:
53:Stanisław Poniatowski
24:
1424:Smyth, William Henry
1280:Vulcan trapping Mars
486:University of Oxford
407:Giovanni Calandrelli
392:J. Paul Getty Museum
112:Giovanni Calandrelli
1207:Europa and the Bull
1145:Trojan war scenes:
1075:(26): 542–545, 1842
886:10.1093/jhc/fhaa049
443:William Henry Smyth
1459:10.1007/bf03023779
1379:Poniatowski (1833)
1330:, pp. 20–23 (
1168:Gods and mortals:
513:
453:commemorating the
435:
364:
219:
120:Giuseppe Girometti
41:
1061:(25): 66–91, 1842
250:Individual pieces
246:sold for ÂŁ8,125.
235:Oxford University
187:Sir George Nugent
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45:Poniatowski gems
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224:William Maginn
208:Gem depicting
167:, director of
146:Antonio Odelli
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1472:Categories
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785:2023-07-22
604:References
508:, showing
468:, depicts
439:Hipparchus
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