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were still forgiven. Caesar advised not to refer to
Deiotarus, and sarcastically added that by refusing to help Pompey, Pharnaces did not serve him, Caesar, but only himself, since he avoided defeat. Then Caesar philosophically remarked that he still “cannot restore life to the murdered and the ability to bear children to the castrated”, and therefore is ready to forgive Pharnaces these crimes against Roman citizens if he cleanses Pontus and returns the loot.
333:, which the Romans granted independence. The city was besieged. Experiencing hunger, the inhabitants were forced to fight, in which they were defeated. Pharnaces treated the vanquished quite gently, declared them his friends, and took hostages to ensure loyalty. Perhaps this operation was carried out as early as July 48 BC. e.
401:
Pharnaces withdrew his troops from
Cappadocia, but, having learned that Domitius had only one legion left, he refused to leave Minor Armenia, declaring that he had the right to this country as his father's possession, and proposing to transfer the issue of it to Caesar. The governor was not satisfied
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Triarius. Pharnaces' army was completely defeated, and he himself fled to Sinope with a thousand horsemen. Caesar sent
Domitius Calvin after him. Pharnaces handed over Sinope to him, made peace and was released with his people. Having loaded the horsemen onto the ships (the horses had to be killed),
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Domitius Calvin demanded that
Pharnaces cleanse Armenia and Cappadocia, “and not use the civil war to encroach on the rights and majesty of the Roman people.” To reinforce his demands, he began to gather troops. Of the three available legions, two had to be sent to Caesar in Egypt. To the remaining
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writes that the Pontic ambassadors, “out of their stupidity,” even suggested that Caesar become engaged to the daughter of
Pharnaces. Pharnaces sent embassies three times; he delayed negotiations, because he knew that Caesar was being called to Italy by urgent matters, and therefore hoped that he
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Pharnaces had to cancel his campaign against the
Bosporus and move against Caesar. He tried to avoid a confrontation and entered into negotiations, pointing out that he had not assisted Pompey (and therefore was a friend of Caesar), unlike Deiotarus and Ariobarzanes, who fought against Caesar and
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was a client of Pompey and participated in the Battle of
Pharsalus, after which he fled with Pompey on a ship. If he accompanied his patron all the way to Egypt, he could hardly return to Asia Minor until the beginning of October. By this time, Pharnaces had already reached the Roman
499:. His successes were short-lived. Asander counterattacked, and since Pharnaces could not find new horses for his riders, and they did not know how to fight on foot, he was soon defeated and died in battle. This could have happened as early as August–September 47 BC. e.
402:
with this answer; he believed that
Pharnaces had retreated to Armenia in order to shorten the front line and make it easier for himself to defend, and therefore demanded that this area also be cleared. The Roman army set out on a campaign in Lesser Armenia.
415:...he subjected those who were attractive for their beauty and youth to punishments that were worse than death itself. In general, no one defended himself against him, and he occupied Pontus, boasting that he had regained his father's kingdom.
444:, who had been left governor in the Bosporus, had rebelled. Postponing the attack on the Romans, Pharnaces set out on a campaign against the Bosporus. According to Appian, Asander drove Pharnaces out of Asia because the Romans had no time.
34:
66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
459:, consisting of veterans, but after battles and campaigns there were less than a thousand people in its composition. He received one legion from Deiotarus, and two more - those who took part in the battle of Nicopolis.
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XXXVI legion, the governor added two legions created by
Deiotarus on the Roman model, one hundred horsemen each from Deiotarus and Ariobarzanes, a legion of recruits from Pontus and auxiliary troops from
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concluded from this that
Pharnaces acted in the interests of Caesar. But in order to reconquer the kingdom of Mithridates, it was necessary to return the areas that had gone to the Roman province
451:, and marched north, solving administrative problems along the way. On the border with Pontus, he gathered troops that turned out to be weak both in numbers and in fighting qualities. From
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without difficulty he subjugated Colchis and all of Armenia in the absence of Deiotarus and conquered some of the cities of Cappadocia and Pontus, assigned to the Bithynia region.
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he did not provide any help to him, taking a wait-and-see attitude. He hoped to take advantage of the internal struggle among the Romans and regain his father's kingdom.
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Having recaptured Pontus, Caesar sent the VI Legion to Italy, returned his troops to Deiotarus, and left two legions in Pontus under the command of Caelius Vinicianus.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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After this victory, Pharnaces captured all of Pontus, taking many cities in battle, in which he committed robberies and cruel reprisals.
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made his son Pharnaces king of the Bosporus. Pharnaces was declared a friend of the Roman people and became a client of Pompey, but in
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While Pharnaces acted against Pompey's allies and clients, he could still formally look like a supporter of Caesar, and in his time
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Apparently, soon after receiving the news of Pompey's defeat, Pharnaces began active actions. The first target was
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would leave Asia Minor without any conditions. These circumstances prompted Caesar to seek a decisive battle.
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he sailed to the Bosporus, there, “'gathering some Scythians and Sauromatians'”, captured
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with 70 triremes went to the Bosporus for help, but was overtaken by
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Pontus et Bithynia: die römischen Provinzen im Norden Kleinasiens
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740:Who's who in the Roman World
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362:and took possession of
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370:asked Caesar's legate
215:Commanders and leaders
639:Dio Cassius. XLII, 46
428:, Pharnaces occupied
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249:Casualties and losses
107:Knowledge:Translation
78:copyright attribution
737:Hazel, John (2002).
618:. Civil wars. II, 91
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486:the army of legate
353:Bithynia and Pontus
221:Gaius Julius Caesar
130:Caesar's civil war
86:interlanguage link
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100:talk page
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161:48–47 BC
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72:You
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62:or
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