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2271:. On the way they call briefly at points on both the European and Asian shores. Private ferries, also leaving from Eminönü, travel only as far as one of the first two Bosporus bridges. Ferries from Eminönü also travel as far as Rumeli Kavaği, stopping only at points on the European shore, while other ferries from Üsküdar travel as far as Anadolu Kavağı, stopping only at points on the Asian shore. Frequent public ferries from Eminõnü,
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1017:, for the first time. Submarine channels are similar to land rivers, but they are formed by density currents—underwater flow mixtures of sand, mud and water that are denser than sea water and so sink and flow along the bottom. These channels are the main transport pathway for sediments to the deep sea where they form sedimentary deposits.
2350:(waterside mansions) which were constructed along the shores of the Bosporus during the Ottoman period have long been synonymous with the Strait. Those that still preserve their original form are among the most expensive real estate in Turkey although many have been lost to time, weather and 'accidental' fires. The oldest
358:, the one at the bottom is the Marmara Sea, and the Bosporus is the winding waterway that connects the two. The western banks of the Bosporus constitute the geographic starting point of the European continent, while the banks to the east are the geographic beginnings of the continent of Asia. The city of
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are also completely blocked prior to and during the course alteration, making it impossible for ships approaching from the opposite direction to see around the bends. The risks posed by this geography are further multiplied by the heavy ferry traffic across the Strait, linking the
European and Asian
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The channel complex and the density flow provide the ideal natural laboratory for investigating and detailing the structure of the flow field through the channel. Our initial findings show that the flow in these channels is quite different to the flow in river channels on land. Specifically, as flow
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Located on a peninsula at the intersection of the Black Sea, the
Bosporus and the Marmara Sea, Istanbul has historically been one of the most protected and hardest-to-conquer cities from Roman times to the Ottoman Empire. Divided by the Bosporus, it is one of very few intercontinental cities in the
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to 7500 BP or 5500 BC from fresh-salt water microflora. Driven out by the rapidly rising water, which must have been terrifying and inexplicable, people spread to all corners of the
Western world carrying the story of a major flood. As the waters surged, they scoured a network of sea-floor channels
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the
Egyptian royal family took a great liking to the Bosporus and often spent their summers on its shores. They left behind a legacy of fine buildings on or overlooking its shores, including the building at Bebek that now houses the Egyptian Consulate
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in the south ("Fener" is
Turkish for lighthouse). Between these limits, the strait is 31 km (17 nmi) long, with a width of 3,329 m (1.798 nmi) at the northern entrance and 2,826 m (1.526 nmi) at the southern entrance. Its maximum width is 3,420 m (1.85 nmi)
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The shores of the
Bosporus were once lined with small fishing villages that had grown up since Byzantine times but really came into their own in the 19th century. Until the early 20th century most were only accessible by boat (known as caiques) along the Bosporus since there were no coast roads.
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is that as the ocean rose 72.5 metres (238 ft) at the end of the last Ice Age when the massive ice sheets melted, the sealed
Bosporus was overwhelmed by a spectacular flood that increased the then fresh water Black Sea Lake by 50%, and drove people back from the shores for many months. This
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The
Bosporus is fairly deep and there is no definite limit on the depth and length of a ship, but ships over 150 metres long or 10 metres deep must pre-book their passage. Those over 300 metres long must follow a special clearance procedure. There is an air draft limit of 57 metres.
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west of the
Bosporus, suggesting that it would reduce the risk presented to the Bosporus by oil tankers and other cargo ships. The project proved highly controversial and, as of 2022, work had not been started on building the canal even though a route for it had been established.
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As part of the only passage between the Black Sea and the
Mediterranean, the Bosporus has always been of great importance from a commercial and military point of view, and it remains strategically important today. It is a major sea access route for numerous countries, including
930:, postulates that the Bosporus was flooded around 5600 BCE (revised to 6800 BCE in 2003) when the rising waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara broke through to the Black Sea, which at the time, according to the hypothesis, was a low-lying body of fresh water.
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originally sat right on the water's edge and came with private docks and ports where boats (caiques) could be stored. On the Anatolian shore some yalıs are still right beside the water but on the European shore most now stand back behind a coast road built on reclaimed land.
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off the main strait that historically acted as a moat to protect Constantinople from attack, as well as providing sheltered anchorage for the imperial navies of various empires until the 19th century, after which it became a historic neighbourhood at the heart of Istanbul.
1373:(European Castle, 1451), in preparation for not only the primary battle but to assert long-term control over the Bosporus and surrounding waterways. The final 53-day campaign, which resulted in Ottoman victory, constituted an important turn in world history. Together with
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During the 19th century many of the foreign powers represented in Constantinople maintained second embassies up the Bosporus and would relocate their staff there during the hot, humid summer months. Most of these summer embassies were on the European shore at
1519:, which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships and commercial shipping to traverse the straits freely. Turkey eventually rejected the terms of that treaty, and remilitarised the straits area. The reversion was formalised under the
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for BlaSON project (Lericolais, et al., 2003) completed the multibeam mapping of this underwater channel fan-delta. A complete map was published in 2009 using these previous results together with high quality mapping obtained in 2006 (by researchers at
2941:"Persistent Holocene outflow from the Black Sea to the eastern Mediterranean Sea still contradicts the Noah's Flood Hypothesis: A review of 1997–2021 evidence and a regional paleoceanographic synthesis for the latest Pleistocene–Holocene"
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moves around a bend it spirals in the opposite direction in the deep sea compared to the spiral found in river channels on land. This is important in understanding the sedimentology and layers of sediment deposited by these systems.
1233:. His army crossed the Bosporus using an enormous bridge made by connecting boats. This bridge essentially connected the farthest geographic tip of Asia to Europe, encompassing at least some 1,000 metres of open. Years later,
1648:, or Clashing Rocks, once guarded both sides of the Bosporus and destroyed any ship that attempted to pass through the strait by crushing them. Their destructive power was finally overcome by the Argonaut hero
1404:—and the transfer of the control of the Bosporus into Ottoman hands. The Ottomans then made Constantinople their new capital, and the base from which they expanded their empire in the centuries that followed.
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Before the 20th century it was already known that the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara flow into each other in a geographic example of "density flow". Then in August 2010, a continuous 'underwater channel' of
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of 20 July 1936. That convention - which is still in force - treats the straits as an international shipping lane except that Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non–Black Sea states.
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and Vaniköy. These villages often had distinct identities associated with agriculture: Arnavutköy, for example, was associated with strawberry-growing while Çengelköy was famous for its sweet cucumbers.
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Aerial view of the Bosporus taken from its northern end near the Black Sea (bottom), looking south (top) toward the Marmara Sea, with the city center of Istanbul visible along the strait's hilly banks
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The Bosporus is traversed by numerous passenger and vehicular ferries daily, as well as by recreational and fishing boats ranging from dinghies to yachts owned by both public and private entities.
908:, hence its name. However, in the 2010s it was completely overbuilt with nightclubs. In another change, the government had these torn down in 2017. It reopened to the public in the summer of 2022.
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As a maritime waterway, the Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and thence to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. It also connects various seas along the
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composition was discovered flowing along the floor of the Bosporus, which would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were on land. The 2010 team of scientists, led by the
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The southbound flow of water is 16 000 m/s (fresh water at the surface) and the northbound flow is 11 000 m/s (salt water near the bottom). Dan Parsons and researchers at the
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The depth of the Bosporus varies from 13 to 110 m (43 to 361 ft) in midstream with an average of 65 m (213 ft). The deepest point is between Kandilli and
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Flood, Roger D.; Hiscott, Richard N.; Aksu, Ali E. (9 March 2009). "Morphology and evolution of an anastomosed channel network where saline underflow enters the Black Sea".
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1491:(Spanish, Russian). Some of the buildings still survive today although the British Summer Embassy burnt down in 1911 and the Italian Summer Embassy, a fine building by
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which was the private part of the house reserved for women and the family. These were the luxurious dwellings of the wealthy and some came with their own private
2075:. As of 2021, the Bosporus Command is located on the shores of the Bosporus and the military ships connected to the Command are anchored in the Bosporus waters.
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At its peak between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was able to use the strategic importance of the Bosporus to wrest control of the entire
973:, at 110 m (360 ft). The shallowest locations are off Kadıköy İnciburnu at 18 m (59 ft) and off Aşiyan Point at 13 m (43 ft).
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1975:, opened on 29 October 2013. Approximately 1,400 m (4,593 ft) of the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about 55 m (180 ft).
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as a second route from the Black Sea to the Marmara. It was suggested that this would reduce the risk from shipping to the Bosporus. The controverislal
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In 2011, the Turkish Government started to discuss creating a man-made canal roughly 80 kilometres (50 mi) long that would run north–south through
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1167:. In 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine the Bosporus' importance as a route by which grain reached the world was thrown into sharp profile.
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in 1880. The house he built on it was later demolished. The island became a walled garden and then a water sports centre, before it was given to the
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1622:, who was transformed into a cow and, pursued by a gadfly, was condemned to wander the Earth until she reached the Strait. There she met the
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Memoir on the propriety of the word Oxford, as applied to a seminary of learning; read to the Instituto of Padoua, in the month of July last
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Turkey does not receive tolls from ships passing through the strait. Turkey's military has broad powers in accordance with the terms of the
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Today the villages are no more than suburbs of Greater Istanbul but many retain the memory of their original village status in the suffix '-
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in comparison to the public ferries. Both the public ferries and the sea buses also provide commuter services between the Bosporus and the
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sides of the city. As such, all the dangers and obstacles characteristic of narrow waterways are present and acute in this vital sea lane.
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The exact cause and date of the formation of the Bosporus remain a subject of debate among geologists. One recent hypothesis, dubbed the
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Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the Strait prone to
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1745:, the necessary course alteration is 80 degrees. Compounding these difficult changes in trajectory, the rear and forward sight lines at
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requires a 45-degree course alteration in a location where the currents can reach 7 to 8 knots (3.6 to 4.1 m/s). To the south, at
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until February 1945, and the straits were closed to the warships of belligerent nations during this time, although some German
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in obtaining naval bases on the straits. This, together with Stalin's demands for the restitution of the Turkish provinces of
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2789:, ein Grabmal errichten ließ so dass die größere Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür ist, daß wenigstens diese Landspitze eher von der
1013:, used a robotic "yellow submarine" to observe detailed flows within this "undersea river", scientifically referred to as a
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3260:. Translated by George Rawlinson; Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson; Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. London: John Murray. p.
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There is a certain (Oxonian) tradition of equating the name "Oxford" with "Bosporus", see e.g. Wolstenholme Parr (1820),
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Lericolais, G.; Le Drezen, E.; Nouzé, H.; Gillet, H.; Ergun, M.; Cifci, G.; Avci, M.; Dondurur, D.; Okay, S. (2002).
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who managed to pass between them unscathed, whereupon the rocks became fixed, opening Greek access to the Black Sea.
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601:, who was transformed into a cow and condemned to wander the Earth until she crossed the Bosporus, where she met the
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of 1453. The Bosporus is visible along the right-hand side of the map, wrapping vertically around the historic city.
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Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of
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In 2022 the dues levied by Turkey for freight ships increased 500% to US$ 4 per ton, the first change since 1983.
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following a lengthy campaign during which the Ottomans constructed fortifications on each side of the strait, the
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offer high-speed commuter services between the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus, but they stop at fewer
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Many geologists, however, claim that the strait is much older, even if relatively young on a geologic timescale.
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1820:", integrated into the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and allowing transit traffic to bypass city traffic.
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Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits and the Marmara Region, entered into force on 1 July 1994
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The first images of these submarine channels showing them to be of great size, were obtained in 1999 during a
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The strategic importance of the Bosporus dates back millennia. In the 5th century BC the Greek city-state of
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in 1952, thus affording the straits even more strategic importance as a commercial and military waterway.
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s online version has only this spelling and its search function does not find anything for the spelling
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and other seas. Thus sovereignty over the straits is an important issue for these countries, as well as
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The Strait also serves a significant amount of international commercial shipping traffic in the form of
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straits were to be closed to the naval vessels of other powers on Russian demand. By the terms of the
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From the Shores of the Nile to the Bosphorus: Traces of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha Dynasty in Istanbul
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which was built in the 18th century and belonged for a while to the Şerifs, the hereditary rulers of
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The strategic significance of the Strait was one of the factors in the decision of the Roman Emperor
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power at the expense of the Russians, as the latter then lacked direct access to the Mediterranean.
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on the Asian side. Construction began in February 2011, and the tunnel opened on 20 December 2016.
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1575:. Turkey declared war against Germany in February 1945, but did not engage in offensive actions.
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1147:. Control over it has been an objective of a number of conflicts in modern history, notably the
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had erected a monument to his wife Damalis, which included a colossal statue of a cow (the name
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and possibly others) approach Istanbul, coming from the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles.
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between Umuryeri and Büyükdere Limanı, and minimum width is 700 m (0.38 nmi) between
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1593:, was exported by tankers primarily to the U.S. via the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits.
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Modern (2012) view of the European side of Istanbul from the southern entrance to the Bosporus
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1093:. The survey was run and coordinated from the Institute of Marine Sciences research ship, the
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less resistant to denser suspended solids in liquid, which remains a very active layer today.
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area, which they regarded as an "Ottoman lake", from which Russian warships were prohibited.
1187:. This is the oldest surviving map of the city, and the only surviving map that predates the
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also stand on or near its shores. Other buildings and landmarks on the Bosporus include the
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3953:(in English and Turkish) (1st ed.). Istanbul: Istanbul Arıştırmaları Enstitüsü. 2011.
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Subsequently, several international treaties have governed access to the Strait. Under the
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3988:. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
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There is one very small island in the Bosporus just off Kuruçeşme. Now generally known as
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3857:. First South East European Regional CIGRÉ Conference. Portorož, Slovenia. Archived from
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have become particularly important for the oil industry. Russian oil, from ports such as
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demilitarised the Strait and made it an international territory under the control of the
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The team studied the detailed flow within these channels and its findings included that:
3573:"Turkey debates whether international treaty is obstacle to plan to bypass the Bosporus"
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667:) is not justified by the ancient Greek name, and dictionaries prefer the spelling with
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593:'passage', thus meaning 'cattle-passage', or 'cow passage'. This is a reference to the
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period along the Strait's European and Asian shorelines. Ottoman palaces such as the
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is listed first or exclusively in all major British and American dictionaries (e.g.
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Historically, the Bosporus was also known as the "Strait of Constantinople", or the
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The limits of the Bosporus are defined as the line connecting the lighthouses of
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Tourist cruises are available from various points along the Bosporus, including
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offer short hops from one side of the Bosporus to the other throughout the day.
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was completed in 1973 when it was called the Bosporus Bridge. The second, named
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called the Bosporus "Stenon" and used the following major toponyms in the area:
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926:, which was launched by a study of the same name in 1997 by two scientists from
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2981:(in Turkish). Directorate-General of Maritime Affairs of Turkey. Archived from
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1629:, who comforted her by telling her that she would be restored to human form by
608:, who comforted her by telling her that she would be restored to human form by
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cross the Bosporus. The first of these, the 1,074 m (3,524 ft) long
1710:
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878:
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802:), respectively. Other names used by Herodotus to refer to the strait include
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3702:"Istanbul's mega project Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge to open in large ceremony"
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which was the public area and the part of the house used by the men, and the
1994:) to the European side of Istanbul, a distance of 185 km (115 mi).
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3288:"The Bosphorus, with the Castles of Europe & Asia. 1846 — Allom, Thomas"
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survives and it has been behind hoardings promising restoration since 2009.
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population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks.
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1038:, who discovered settlements along the old shoreline; scientists dated the
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Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the
3214:"Ukrainian grain to pass through Bosphorus on Tuesday under landmark deal"
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horsemen who roamed across the north of the Black Sea, the Persian King
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Pontus : Antikçağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi
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on the Asian side which is the Köprülü Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa Yalı at
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3629:"Five Fold Increase of Transit Fees for Bosphorus & Dardanelles"
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Handbuch der alten Geographie für Gymnasien und zum Selbstunterricht
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1986:, was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek in
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3055:(Press release). University of Leeds. 2 August 2010. Archived from
2317:. The prices vary considerably, and some feature music and dining.
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Verleichendes wörterbuch der alten, mittleren und neuen geographie
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345:
330:
3053:"Leeds Researchers Study Undersea Rivers with a Yellow Submarine"
1179:
Map of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), designed in 1422 by
3983:
3376:"The Turkish Factor in the Geopolitics of the Post-Soviet Space"
2299:
2295:
1630:
1579:
1047:
609:
350:
Close-up satellite image of the Bosporus Strait, taken from the
3822:. Unicredit - Yapı Merkezi, SK EC Joint Venture. Archived from
2864:); Joannes Tzetzes (Chil. 1, 886) appellat Bosporum Damaliten (
2785:; aber hier war es auch, wo der Athen. Chares seiner Frau, der
1671:), the first to be built across the Bosporus, completed in 1973
1521:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
4058:
3549:"İstanbul Canal project to open debate on Montreux Convention"
1968:
project, featuring a 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long undersea
1571:
in 1921), was a consideration in Turkey's decision to abandon
1199:, which depended on grain imports from the Black Sea ports of
1077:
The project was led by Jeff Peakall and Daniel Parsons at the
1034:
hypothesis was supported by the findings of undersea explorer
571:, i.e. "cattle strait" (like "Ox-ford"), from the genitive of
430:
403:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2731:
2563:
specifies that the pronunciation of the alternative spelling
813:
797:
791:
740:
730:
696:
641:
631:
583:
572:
566:
560:
554:
1601:
In 2011, Turkey proposed to build a 50 km (31 mi)
753:. In English, the preferred spelling tends to be Bosphorus.
3006:"Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus"
1171:
Ancient Greek, Persian, Roman and Byzantine eras (pre-1453)
837:, meaning "a strait", and was also formerly applied to the
433:
406:
326:
in yellow. The territory of Turkey is highlighted in green.
1982:
with a length of 5,551 m (18,212 ft), named the
421:
394:
3257:
The History of Herodotus: a new English version, Volume 3
1800:, while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of the
1458:
was re-established by closing the Turkish Straits to all
1644:, it was said that colossal floating rocks known as the
1065:. In 2002, a survey carried out on board the Ifremer RV
3110:"Observations of Mediterranean flow into the Black Sea"
1633:
and become the ancestor of the greatest of all heroes,
1319:, there in AD 330. This then became the capital of the
831:
The term eventually came to be used as the common noun
612:
and become the ancestor of the greatest of all heroes,
481:
and an internationally significant waterway located in
3153:"Recent canyon heads evidenced at the Bosporus outlet"
2243:, one of the castles on the Bosporus, with two of the
1543:
were permitted to transit. In diplomatic conferences,
3108:
Di Iorio, Daniela; Yüce, Hüseyin (15 February 1999).
1990:(to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwestern
445:
436:
427:
424:
409:
397:
3748:"Turkey's Bosporus tunnel to open sub-sea Asia link"
2672:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1336:
The Bosphorus, with the Castles of Europe & Asia
418:
400:
391:
19:"Bosphorus" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3382:. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from
3157:
Eos: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union
415:
388:
354:in April 2004. The body of water at the top is the
276:
268:
260:
256:
243:
233:
221:
182:
34:
3726:"Turkey Unveils Route for Istanbul's Third Bridge"
3596:
2451:, a proposed three-level road-rail undersea tunnel
2370:, built in 1698. Only the central section of this
2362:. It is still in good condition unlike the oldest
3696:
3694:
3239:Donald John Cochrane Welsh Murray (13 May 2010).
3159:. Vol. 83, no. 47. Abstract PP71B-0409.
2460:List of maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits
2068:, the state the Bosporus actually flows through.
1383:the events that brought an end to the Middle Ages
1229:) crossed the Bosporus, then marched towards the
3763:
3761:
3335:Rozakis, Christos L.; Stagos, Petros N. (1987).
2846:Herodotus (4, 85) nominat Bosporum Calchedoniæ (
183:
3341:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 24–25.
3004:Gregg, Michael C.; Özsoy, Emin (7 March 2002).
2571:, but dictionaries also list the pronunciation
1022:
335:Location of the Bosporus (red) relative to the
3496:"Startskud for gigantisk kanal gennem Tyrkiet"
3429:"Against who and where are we going to stand?"
3047:
3045:
3043:
2773:Die ihr entgegenstehende Landspitze hieß auch
2354:on the European shore is the Şerifler Yalı at
2005:tunnel designed for vehicular traffic between
509:. It is the world's narrowest strait used for
2890:(in German). Gotha: Becker. pp. 195–196.
2884:Bischoff, Friedrich Heinrich Theodor (1829).
2728:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
1377:'s first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the
720:
714:
708:
472:
40:
8:
3598:"Turkey's Ambitious Infrastructure Projects"
3079:"Robotic sub records flow of undersea river"
2781:, mit einer ehernen coloss. Bildsäule einer
2771:
702:
2844:
2811:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
2032:Russian fleet under the command of Admiral
980:School of Earth and Environment describe a
832:
823:
807:
785:
779:
636:'the Cow'. The same site was also known as
3937:
3524:"Route of Canal Istanbul | Kanal İstanbul"
3361:
2900:
2765:(in German). Kassel: J. J. Bonné. p.
2654:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
2586:Memoir on the propriety of the word Oxford
2515:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
2492:
2490:
1495:, survives in very dilapidated condition.
31:
3489:
3487:
3135:
3031:
2870:) sua ætate nuncupatum vulgo Prosphorium.
2709:. Liverpool: William Grapel. p. 18.
2616:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2016:Up to four submarine fibre optics lines (
1466:'s allies during wartime. This benefited
1074:who were project partners in the study).
896:this was given to the Armenian architect
2939:Aksu, A.E.; Hiscott, R.N. (April 2022).
2001:is a 5.4 km (3.4 mi) undersea
1822:
1804:. The third and most recent bridge, the
1794:Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge
1689:
1674:
1659:
1426:, concluded on 13 July 1841 between the
1330:
1174:
646:), as it was where the Athenian general
471:'Istanbul strait', colloquially
4025:Tonguç, Saffet Emre; Yale, Pat (2010).
3677:"3rd Bosphorus bridge opening ceremony"
2601:
2486:
1487:(German, English, French, Italian) and
501:. It also divides Turkey by separating
160:
130:
100:
70:
3894:from the original on 28 September 2017
3671:
3669:
3274:
2821:. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via
2744:. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via
1931:Hybrid cable-stayed, suspension bridge
1759:the western edges of Istanbul Province
1614:The Bosphorus takes its name from the
550:The name of the strait comes from the
4010:(in Turkish). Ankara: Genesis Kitap.
2842:(in Latin). Paris: Didot. p. 7.
2009:on the European side of Istanbul and
1499:Turkish republican era (1923–present)
1396:The event also marked the end of the
318:A map depicting the locations of the
7:
3494:Marfeldt, Birgitte (29 April 2011).
3319:
3304:
2255:that traverse the Strait leave from
1686:on the European side of the Bosporus
1315:the Great to found his new capital,
760:Bosporus to distinguish it from the
322:, with the Bosporus in red, and the
16:Narrow strait in northwestern Turkey
3405:Cutler, Robert M. (28 March 1999).
3294:. Victoria and Albert Museum. 2007.
2401:usually had two main sections: the
1816:on the Asian side, as part of the "
1585:During the early 21st century, the
1087:Memorial University of Newfoundland
1072:Memorial University of Newfoundland
305:
4029:(1st ed.). Istanbul: Boyutl.
3464:"Turkey to build Bosphorus bypass"
3374:Torbakov, Igor (10 January 2003).
2915:"Galatasaray Adası hizmete açıldı"
2852:); Strabo, os Byzantiacum (p. 125
2179:Borusan Museum of Contemporary Art
1354:On 29 May 1453, the then-emergent
1151:, as well as of the attack of the
1053:project using jointly the NATO RV
565:), which was folk-etymologised as
499:boundaries between Asia and Europe
14:
2263:of Istanbul and travel as far as
2040:The Bosporus is the only way for
1765:project continues to be debated.
1717:. Between its northern limits at
1547:representatives had expressed an
1418:of 8 July 1833, the Bosporus and
1385:and marked the transition to the
1369:(Anatolian Castle, 1393) and the
747:the most ancient northern harbour
725:. The 12th-century Greek scholar
497:and forms one of the continental
4091:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea
4061:The New Student's Reference Work
3710:. 25 August 2016. Archived from
3683:. 25 August 2016. Archived from
3557:. 8 October 2010. Archived from
3192:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.00998.x
1227: 522 BC – 486 BC
384:
304:
296:
295:
288:
159:
152:
129:
122:
99:
92:
69:
62:
3851:Submarine Cable Projects (2-03)
3848:Yüce, Gülnazi (7–8 June 2016).
3732:. 29 April 2010. Archived from
3581:. 29 April 2011. Archived from
3115:Journal of Geophysical Research
3085:. 2 August 2010. Archived from
3011:Journal of Geophysical Research
2957:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103960
1379:1453 conquest of Constantinople
1224:
275:
267:
259:
4111:Important Bird Areas of Turkey
4086:Landforms of Istanbul Province
2191:Üsküdar Mihrimah Sultan Mosque
2036:, sailing through the Bosporus
1249:) strait (480 BC), during his
1113:village' to their names. e.g.
949:in the north, and between the
1:
3985:Turkey : a country study
3786:Nayır, Mehmet (19 May 2012).
1573:neutrality in foreign affairs
1454:), the "ancient rule" of the
2692:. Columbia University Press.
2550:American Heritage Dictionary
2527:American Heritage Dictionary
2465:Public transport in Istanbul
1943:1,408 m (4,619 ft)
1934:2,164 m (7,100 ft)
1909:1,090 m (3,580 ft)
1900:1,510 m (4,950 ft)
1875:1,074 m (3,524 ft)
1866:1,560 m (5,120 ft)
1338:. 19th-century engraving by
1214:In an attempt to subdue the
1091:Institute of Marine Sciences
1081:, in collaboration with the
798:
745:during his day, the name of
741:
731:
701:, giving rise to the French
632:
622:supposedly went ashore near
584:
573:
561:
527:The Bosporus Strait and the
489:. The Bosporus connects the
362:is visible along both banks.
4027:Istanbul The Ultimate Guide
3769:"Melen hattı Boğaz'ı geçti"
3649:Bosphorus (Istanbul) Strait
2849:τῆς Καλχηδονίς τὸν Βόσπορον
2759:Sickler, Friedrich (1824).
2703:Parr, Wolstenholme (1820).
2444:Black Sea trade and economy
2211:Kuleli Military High School
1953:and 1 double-track railway
1400:—the final remnants of the
1381:is commonly noted as among
1149:Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
1031:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
924:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
918:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
352:International Space Station
4127:
3884:"Submarine Cable Map 2017"
3775:(in Turkish). 21 May 2012.
3155:. AGU Fall Meeting Suppl.
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2797:ihren Namen erhalten habe.
2732:
2636:Collins English Dictionary
2509:Collins English Dictionary
2086:
1940:322 m (1,056 ft)
1890:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
1680:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
1535:Turkey was neutral in the
1515:. This was amended by the
1237:would construct a similar
915:
814:
792:
697:
659:The English spelling with
656:translating to 'heifer').
651:
642:
588:
577:
567:
555:
542:are periodically dredged.
272:700 m (2,300 ft)
25:Bosphorus (disambiguation)
18:
3918:www.sehirhatlari.istanbul
3427:Bulaç, Ali (4 May 2009).
3364:, pp. 455, 460, 463.
2845:
2772:
2430:) high on the hill above
2056:(south-western part) and
1937:58.4 m (192 ft)
1924:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1869:33.4 m (110 ft)
1818:Northern Marmara Motorway
1812:on the European side and
1806:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1725:and its southern ones at
1695:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1517:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
1424:London Straits Convention
1416:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
1083:University of Southampton
1051:SACLANT Undersea Research
1029:The central tenet of the
833:
768:. These are expressed in
721:
56:
39:
3817:"Eurasia Tunnel Project"
3528:www.kanalistanbul.gov.tr
3241:"Darius at the Bosporus"
2913:fanatik (27 July 2022).
2839:Geographi graeci minores
2470:Rail transport in Turkey
2227:Beykoz Mecidiye Pavilion
1906:105 m (344 ft)
1872:165 m (541 ft)
1790:15th July Martyrs Bridge
1731:Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri
1616:Greek mythological story
982:Black Sea undersea river
955:Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri
815:Βόσπορος τῆς Χαλκηδονίης
595:Greek mythological story
511:international navigation
280:110 m (360 ft)
3788:"Melen Boğaz'ı geçiyor"
2861:στόμα τὸ κατὰ Βυζάντιον
2823:Perseus Digital Library
2746:Perseus Digital Library
2741:A Greek–English Lexicon
2539:Encyclopædia Britannica
1946:73 m (240 ft)
1912:64 m (210 ft)
1903:39 m (128 ft)
1878:64 m (210 ft)
1802:Trans-European Motorway
1642:ancient Greek mythology
1462:, barring those of the
1327:Ottoman era (1453–1922)
1185:Cristoforo Buondelmonti
906:Galatasaray Sports Club
675:occurs as a variant in
264:31 km (19 mi)
3938:Tonguç & Yale 2010
3914:"Şehir Hatları A.Ş. ®"
3362:Tonguç & Yale 2010
2901:Tonguç & Yale 2010
2867:τὸν Δαμαλίτην Βόσπορον
2394:
2341:
2248:
2157:Egyptian Consulate at
2037:
1856:15 July Martyrs Bridge
1698:
1687:
1672:
1665:15 July Martyrs Bridge
1532:
1351:
1285:Anaplous or Sosthenion
1264:on the European side:
1192:
1027:
824:
818:, Herodotus 4.87), or
808:
786:
780:
715:
709:
703:
473:
461:
371:
363:
343:
41:
23:. For other uses, see
3651:(2014 North Maritime)
2945:Earth-Science Reviews
2836:Müller, Carl (1861).
2690:Columbia Encyclopedia
2561:Columbia Encyclopedia
2545:Columbia Encyclopedia
2449:Great Istanbul Tunnel
2388:
2328:
2247:which span the strait
2239:
2101:The Bosporus has 620
2031:
1984:Bosporus Water Tunnel
1693:
1678:
1663:
1530:
1334:
1305:Bithynian Chrysopolis
1279:Hestiai or Michaelion
1178:
863:Eastern Mediterranean
809:Bosporus Chalcedoniae
369:
349:
334:
206:41.11944°N 29.07528°E
3940:, pp. 442, 544.
3585:on 11 December 2018.
3137:10.1029/1998JC900023
3033:10.1029/2000JC000485
2393:of Ahmet Rasim Pasha
2187:Sadberk Hanım Museum
2183:Sakıp Sabancı Museum
2147:Hatice Sultan Palace
2024:Strategic importance
1375:Christopher Columbus
1321:Eastern Roman Empire
315:class=notpageimage|
83:Show map of Istanbul
4101:Tourism in Istanbul
3714:on 26 October 2016.
3578:The Washington Post
3338:The Turkish Straits
3184:2009Sedim..56..807F
3128:1999JGR...104.3091D
3024:2002JGRC..107.3016G
2233:(Anadaolu Kavağı).
2215:Adile Sultan Palace
2167:Boğaziçi University
2151:Adile Sultan Palace
2103:waterfront houses (
2093:Ferries in Istanbul
2073:Montreux Convention
1980:water supply tunnel
1786:cable-stayed bridge
1290:on the Asian side:
1161:Battle of Gallipoli
1079:University of Leeds
1011:University of Leeds
978:University of Leeds
928:Columbia University
894:Galatasaray Adası),
683:, and occasionally
630:), which was named
202: /
3980:Metz, Helen Chapin
3754:. 29 October 2013.
3687:on 28 August 2016.
3469:New Civil Engineer
3254:Herodotus (1859).
2818:A Latin Dictionary
2575:for this spelling.
2395:
2342:
2261:historic peninsula
2249:
2245:suspension bridges
2038:
1782:suspension bridges
1699:
1688:
1673:
1533:
1352:
1342:. The castles are
1251:invasion of Greece
1193:
1000:Newer explorations
937:Present morphology
890:Galatasaray Island
799:Bósporos Thráikios
762:Cimmerian Bosporus
732:Damaliten Bosporon
372:
364:
344:
211:41.11944; 29.07528
143:Show map of Europe
113:Show map of Turkey
4096:Straits of Turkey
4054:"Bosphorus"
4017:978-605-5410-17-9
3561:on 30 April 2011.
3277:, pp. 28–32.
3122:(C2): 3091–3108.
2985:on 8 October 2011
2855:στόμα Βυζαντιακόν
2536:) as well as the
2475:Eastern Bosphorus
2413:(Turkish baths).
2340:) on the Bosporus
2334:waterfront houses
2209:(Anadoluhisarı),
2203:Beylerbeyi Mosque
2135:Beylerbeyi Palace
2119:Dolmabahçe Palace
2109:built during the
2062:Mediterranean Sea
1957:
1956:
1897:Suspension bridge
1863:Suspension bridge
1541:auxiliary vessels
1513:League of Nations
1493:Raimondo d'Aronco
1163:in the course of
1015:submarine channel
787:Bosporus Thraciae
781:Bosporus Thracius
470:
339:(yellow) and the
284:
283:
4118:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4040:
4021:
3999:
3965:
3964:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3856:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3736:on 19 June 2010.
3730:Anatolian Agency
3722:
3716:
3715:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3673:
3664:
3663:(United Nations)
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3437:. Archived from
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3332:
3326:
3317:
3311:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3089:on 25 April 2013
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3059:on 3 August 2010
3049:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:. HarperCollins.
2664:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2638:. HarperCollins.
2628:
2622:
2621:
2620:on 29 July 2020.
2606:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2554:
2494:
2219:Küçüksu Pavilion
2195:Şemsipaşa Mosque
2177:(RumelihisarI),
1823:
1669:Bosphorus Bridge
1537:Second World War
1509:Treaty of Sèvres
1474:Summer Embassies
1391:Age of Discovery
1228:
1226:
1189:Turkish conquest
1159:during the 1915
836:
835:
827:
817:
816:
811:
801:
795:
794:
793:Βόσπορος Θρᾴκιος
789:
783:
744:
734:
724:
723:
719:and the Russian
718:
712:
706:
700:
699:
655:
645:
644:
635:
592:
587:
581:
576:
570:
569:
564:
558:
557:
476:
465:
452:
448:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
380:Bosphorus Strait
308:
307:
299:
298:
292:
217:
216:
214:
213:
212:
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
185:
174:
173:Show map of Asia
163:
162:
156:
144:
133:
132:
126:
114:
103:
102:
96:
84:
73:
72:
66:
52:
44:
32:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4106:Turkish Straits
4071:
4070:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4024:
4018:
4002:
3996:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3864:on 9 April 2018
3861:
3854:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3829:on 4 March 2016
3826:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3472:. 20 April 2011
3462:
3461:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3386:on 31 July 2010
3373:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3220:. 1 August 2022
3212:
3211:
3207:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2552:
2521:Merriam-Webster
2495:
2488:
2483:
2440:
2424:Khedive's Villa
2419:
2417:Egyptian legacy
2323:
2223:Khedive's Villa
2099:
2085:
2026:
1962:
1860:30 October 1973
1847:Clearance below
1778:
1727:Ahırkapı Feneri
1704:
1658:
1612:
1599:
1587:Turkish Straits
1505:First World War
1501:
1476:
1329:
1223:
1173:
1136:
1106:
1002:
951:Ahırkapı Feneri
939:
920:
914:
875:Western Eurasia
859:
843:Classical Greek
825:Bosporus Mysius
582:'ox, cattle' +
548:
533:Turkish Straits
477:) is a natural
462:İstanbul Boğazı
450:
446:
414:
387:
383:
329:
328:
327:
320:Turkish Straits
317:
311:
310:
309:
301:
300:
247: countries
238:Turkish Straits
210:
208:
204:
201:
196:
193:
191:
189:
188:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:Bosporus Strait
164:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:Bosporus Strait
134:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:Bosporus Strait
104:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:Bosporus Strait
74:
46:
42:İstanbul Boğazı
35:Bosporus Strait
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4124:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4047:
4046:External links
4044:
4042:
4041:
4035:
4022:
4016:
4000:
3994:
3982:, ed. (1995).
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3942:
3930:
3905:
3875:
3840:
3808:
3778:
3757:
3739:
3717:
3690:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3620:
3588:
3564:
3540:
3515:
3483:
3452:
3419:
3397:
3366:
3354:
3347:
3327:
3312:
3297:
3279:
3267:
3246:
3231:
3205:
3178:(3): 807–839.
3162:
3143:
3100:
3070:
3039:
2996:
2970:
2931:
2905:
2903:, p. 421.
2893:
2876:
2828:
2803:
2751:
2720:
2695:
2677:
2659:
2641:
2623:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2577:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Istanbul Canal
2452:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2418:
2415:
2368:Anadolu Hisarı
2322:
2319:
2308:Sea of Marmara
2304:Prince Islands
2265:Anadolu Kavağı
2253:public ferries
2207:Anadolu Castle
2199:Maiden's Tower
2171:Robert College
2143:Ihlamur Palace
2139:Küçüksu Palace
2131:Feriye Palaces
2127:Çırağan Palace
2115:Topkapı Palace
2084:
2081:
2034:Fyodor Ushakov
2025:
2022:
1999:Eurasia Tunnel
1988:Düzce Province
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:26 August 2016
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1885:
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1870:
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1864:
1861:
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1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1777:
1774:
1763:Kanal İstanbul
1735:Kandilli Point
1723:Anadolu Feneri
1703:
1700:
1657:
1654:
1611:
1608:
1598:
1597:Istanbul Canal
1595:
1578:Turkey joined
1569:Treaty of Kars
1503:Following the
1500:
1497:
1475:
1472:
1456:Ottoman Empire
1440:United Kingdom
1363:Constantinople
1356:Ottoman Empire
1328:
1325:
1317:Constantinople
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:Bosporios Akra
1172:
1169:
1135:
1132:
1105:
1102:
1097:Koca Piri Reis
1036:Robert Ballard
1001:
998:
960:Kandilli Point
947:Anadolu Feneri
938:
935:
916:Main article:
913:
910:
858:
855:
751:Constantinople
713:, the Italian
707:, the Spanish
693:medieval Greek
677:medieval Latin
547:
544:
495:Sea of Marmara
341:Sea of Marmara
313:
312:
303:
302:
294:
293:
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186:
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166:
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150:
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136:
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128:
127:
121:
120:
119:
118:
106:
105:
98:
97:
91:
90:
89:
88:
76:
75:
68:
67:
61:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4123:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4064:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4036:9789752307346
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:Öztürk, Özhan
4001:
3997:
3995:0-8444-0864-6
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3962:
3960:9789759123956
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3893:
3889:
3888:TeleGeography
3885:
3879:
3876:
3860:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3841:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3609:. 16 May 2013
3608:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:Today's Zaman
3550:
3544:
3541:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3441:on 4 May 2009
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:Today's Zaman
3430:
3423:
3420:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3348:90-247-3464-9
3344:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3289:
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3259:
3258:
3250:
3247:
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3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:Sedimentology
3166:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:
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3017:
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3012:
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3000:
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2984:
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2974:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
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2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:Prinzessin Jo
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2595:
2588:, esp. p. 18.
2587:
2581:
2578:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2496:The spelling
2493:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:The original
2392:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2339:
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2320:
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2297:
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2258:
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2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:(Kızkulesi),
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Rumeli Castle
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:Yıldız Palace
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:to reach the
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:Rumeli Feneri
1716:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:According to
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1468:British naval
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Anadoluhisarı
1364:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1348:Anadoluhisarı
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1183:cartographer
1182:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:Allied Powers
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:Human history
1133:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
999:
997:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
974:
972:
967:
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Rumeli Feneri
936:
934:
931:
929:
925:
919:
911:
909:
907:
903:
902:Abdülhamid II
899:
898:Sarkis Balyan
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
829:
826:
821:
810:
805:
800:
788:
782:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
717:
711:
705:
695:sometimes as
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
649:
639:
634:
629:
626:(present-day
625:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
596:
591:
586:
580:
575:
563:
553:
552:Ancient Greek
545:
543:
541:
536:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
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484:
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353:
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155:
125:
95:
65:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4060:
4026:
4007:
3984:
3950:
3945:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:
3908:
3896:. Retrieved
3887:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3859:the original
3850:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3824:the original
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3797:(in Turkish)
3791:
3781:
3772:
3751:
3742:
3734:the original
3720:
3712:the original
3705:
3685:the original
3656:
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3057:the original
3018:(C3): 3016.
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2999:
2989:18 September
2987:. Retrieved
2983:the original
2973:
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2918:
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2793:als von der
2791:Frau Damalis
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2396:
2378:
2377:Most of the
2376:
2371:
2363:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2321:Architecture
2312:
2289:
2251:Most of the
2250:
2241:Rumelihisarı
2231:Yoros Castle
2163:Bebek Mosque
2104:
2100:
2077:
2070:
2039:
2015:
1996:
1978:An undersea
1977:
1963:
1949:8 lanes of
1844:Longest span
1835:Total length
1829:Opening date
1779:
1776:Land bridges
1770:
1767:
1756:
1708:
1705:
1684:Rumelihisarı
1639:
1637:(Hercules).
1613:
1610:In mythology
1600:
1591:Novorossiysk
1584:
1577:
1565:Soviet Union
1534:
1502:
1483:(Austrian),
1477:
1428:Great Powers
1413:
1406:
1402:Roman Empire
1395:
1371:Rumelihisarı
1361:the city of
1353:
1344:Rumelihisarı
1340:Thomas Allom
1335:
1310:
1293:Hieron tower
1255:
1231:River Danube
1213:
1209:of Byzantium
1194:
1137:
1110:
1107:
1096:
1076:
1066:
1062:
1061:survey ship
1059:Turkish Navy
1054:
1045:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1003:
986:
975:
968:
940:
932:
921:
893:
887:
860:
830:
804:Chalcedonian
773:
755:
736:
727:John Tzetzes
688:
684:
680:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
618:
616:(Hercules).
549:
537:
526:
522:metropolitan
515:
379:
375:
373:
234:Part of
29:
3707:Daily Sabah
3634:14 December
3504:(in Danish)
3322:, pp.
3307:, pp.
3292:Collections
3275:Öztürk 2011
2428:Hıdiv Kasrı
2083:Sightseeing
2018:MedNautilus
1951:Motorway O7
1917:Motorway O2
1915:8 lanes of
1894:3 July 1988
1883:Motorway O1
1881:6 lanes of
1798:O1 Motorway
1646:Symplegades
1507:, the 1920
1420:Dardanelles
1387:Renaissance
1313:Constantine
1270:Argyropolis
1243:Dardanelles
1241:across the
1239:boat bridge
1222:the Great (
1165:World War I
1157:Dardanelles
989:Golden Horn
778:, 4.83; as
742:Prosphorion
624:Chrysopolis
529:Dardanelles
337:Dardanelles
324:Dardanelles
261:Max. length
209: /
184:Coordinates
4075:Categories
3508:2 December
3501:Ingeniøren
3476:2 December
2951:: 103960.
2813:"Bosporus"
2686:"Bosporus"
2668:"Bosporus"
2656:. Pearson.
2650:"Bosporus"
2632:"Bosporus"
2614:Lexico.com
2610:"Bosporus"
2596:References
2503:Lexico.com
2290:Catamaran
2087:See also:
2007:Kazlıçeşme
1711:freighters
1627:Prometheus
1398:Byzantines
1276:St. Phokas
1258:Byzantines
1247:Hellespont
1181:Florentine
1123:Arnavutköy
1089:, and the
1057:, and the
1007:suspension
900:by Sultan
879:Suez Canal
839:Hellespont
822:Bosporus (
806:Bosporus (
691:), and in
671:. However
606:Prometheus
568:βοὸς πόρος
540:deposition
503:Asia minor
277:Max. depth
269:Min. width
197:29°04′31″E
194:41°07′10″N
21:Phosphorus
4081:Bosphorus
3923:5 October
3681:TRT World
3603:Worldview
3533:4 October
3320:Metz 1995
3305:Metz 1995
3224:4 October
3200:128884071
2965:0012-8252
2924:5 October
2858:, p. 318
2557:Bosphorus
2344:The many
2292:sea buses
2269:Black Sea
2267:near the
1960:Submarine
1814:Poyrazköy
1656:Crossings
1489:Büyükdere
1409:Black Sea
1359:conquered
1302:Sophianai
1299:Anthemiou
1296:Eirenaion
1273:St. Mamas
1127:Çengelköy
1067:Le Suroit
912:Formation
871:Near East
857:Geography
851:Sophocles
847:Aeschylus
775:Histories
770:Herodotus
729:calls it
689:Bospherus
685:Bosphorus
491:Black Sea
449:-pər-əs,
356:Black Sea
4006:(2011).
3892:Archived
3833:13 April
3773:CNN Türk
3752:BBC News
3607:Stratfor
3083:Futurity
2733:Βόσπορος
2715:47642720
2567:is also
2542:and the
2498:Bosporus
2438:See also
2422:and the
2407:haremlik
2403:selamlık
2277:Beşiktaş
2042:Bulgaria
1992:Anatolia
1966:Marmaray
1747:Kandilli
1702:Maritime
1635:Heracles
1549:interest
1460:warships
1389:and the
1235:Xerxes I
1220:Darius I
1216:Scythian
1205:Megarian
1104:Villages
1055:Alliance
953:and the
834:βόσπορος
758:Thracian
704:Bosphore
698:Βόσφορος
614:Heracles
562:Bósporos
556:Βόσπορος
518:Istanbul
483:Istanbul
376:Bosporus
360:Istanbul
4066:. 1914.
3972:Sources
3898:9 April
3868:8 April
3801:11 June
3795:Ekonomi
3380:E-Notes
3218:Reuters
3180:Bibcode
3124:Bibcode
3093:24 July
3063:22 June
3020:Bibcode
2919:Fanatik
2787:Damalis
2779:Damalis
2432:Çubuklu
2356:Emirgan
2330:Ottoman
2315:Ortaköy
2306:in the
2285:Usküdar
2281:Kadıköy
2273:Karaköy
2259:on the
2257:Eminönü
2111:Ottoman
2079:world.
2058:Ukraine
2050:Romania
2046:Georgia
2011:Göztepe
2003:highway
1970:railway
1810:Garipçe
1751:Yeniköy
1743:Yeniköy
1715:tankers
1563:to the
1561:Ardahan
1485:Tarabya
1481:Yeniköy
1452:Prussia
1448:Austria
1282:Phoneus
1207:colony
1201:Scythia
1155:on the
1145:Ukraine
1119:Yeniköy
1115:Ortaköy
1063:Çubuklu
993:estuary
867:Balkans
737:Damalis
735:(after
716:Bosforo
710:Bósforo
681:Bosphor
665:Bosphor
653:δαμάλις
643:Δάμαλις
638:Damalis
628:Üsküdar
493:to the
469:
458:Turkish
453:-fər-əs
49:Turkish
4063:
4033:
4014:
3992:
3957:
3613:16 May
3445:8 June
3412:8 June
3390:8 June
3345:
3324:23, 25
3198:
2963:
2713:
2559:. The
2548:. The
2530:, and
2411:hamams
2095:, and
2066:Turkey
2054:Russia
1973:tunnel
1850:Lanes
1841:Height
1832:Design
1784:and a
1739:Aşiyan
1557:Artvin
1545:Soviet
1464:Sultan
1444:France
1438:, the
1436:Russia
1432:Europe
1197:Athens
1141:Russia
991:is an
964:Aşiyan
883:Russia
873:, and
869:, the
865:, the
820:Mysian
790:, and
766:Crimea
722:Босфор
648:Chares
507:Thrace
487:Turkey
479:strait
251:Turkey
228:Strait
45:
3862:(PDF)
3855:(PDF)
3827:(PDF)
3820:(PDF)
3793:Sabah
3309:22–23
3196:S2CID
2777:oder
2553:'
2481:Notes
2399:yalıs
2379:yalıs
2360:Mecca
2338:yalıs
2332:-era
2300:piers
2296:ports
2159:Bebek
2155:Kılıç
1838:Width
1650:Jason
1624:Titan
1603:canal
1111:köy (
1040:flood
971:Bebek
603:Titan
590:πόρος
585:poros
505:from
474:Boğaz
245:Basin
4031:ISBN
4012:ISBN
3990:ISBN
3955:ISBN
3925:2022
3900:2018
3870:2018
3835:2014
3803:2012
3636:2022
3615:2013
3535:2022
3510:2014
3478:2014
3447:2010
3414:2010
3392:2010
3343:ISBN
3226:2022
3095:2013
3065:2018
2991:2010
2961:ISSN
2926:2022
2775:Bous
2711:OCLC
2391:yalı
2389:The
2372:yalı
2364:yalı
2352:yalı
2347:yalı
2298:and
2283:and
2229:and
2149:and
2105:yalı
2089:Yalı
1997:The
1964:The
1826:Name
1780:Two
1749:and
1737:and
1729:and
1721:and
1713:and
1631:Zeus
1580:NATO
1559:and
1553:Kars
1450:and
1346:and
1256:The
1143:and
1095:R/V
1048:NATO
987:The
962:and
945:and
849:and
679:(as
673:-ph-
661:-ph-
633:Bous
610:Zeus
579:βοῦς
574:boûs
546:Name
467:lit.
451:BOSS
447:BOSS
374:The
223:Type
3188:doi
3132:doi
3120:104
3028:doi
3016:107
2953:doi
2949:227
2783:Kuh
2767:551
2573:/f/
2569:/p/
2217:,
2193:,
2097:İDO
1618:of
1430:of
845:by
841:in
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687:or
669:-p-
597:of
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