586:
61:
1006:) in areas of mixed woodland. Tensions surrounding the management of these cohabiting species were brought to a head in early December 2022 when prominent arboriculturalists faced strong opposition from machine operators within the estate over correct identification and subsequent management of the plant, culminating in the destruction of a large thicket of laurel. While there remains debate over the associated similarities and differences between the plants, contemporary research indicates the likelihood of a hybridisation between the two species in this niche of woodland, meaning that Japanese laurel may indeed be viewed and treated in a like manner to rhododendron within this habitat niche.
428:
553:
74:
806:
743:, it did not recolonise afterwards and the modern ecology of the island developed without it. Its presence today in Great Britain is due to humans introducing it, and it easily naturalises and becomes a pest in some situations, often covering whole hillsides (especially in
585:
943:, a solitary mining bee. Bees became paralysed and exhibited excessive grooming or other distress behaviours after feeding on Rhododendron nectar, and ate less food than bees fed a control nectar. In contrast the buff-tailed bumblebee (
949:) was not affected by the rhododendron nectar. It is important not to see Rhododendron as a problem species for honey bees as they actually avoid the flowers owing to their ability to detect the toxin nectar. The toxicity is caused by
839:, and became widely distributed through the commercial nursery trade in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The roots readily send up suckers from below the graft, often allowing it to overtake the intended grafted rhododendron.
1492:
747:
and the western
Scotland). In the British Isles, it colonises moorlands, uplands, shady woodlands (alongside escaped laurels and the native holly) and in areas of acid soils.
1463:
1784:
60:
1693:
998:
in highland
Perthshire. There remains debate over appropriate identification of the plant, particularly where it is interspersed amongst clumps of
1719:
1527:
1518:
1346:
1232:
918:, crowding out the native flora. Clearance strategies have been developed, including the flailing and cutting down of plants with follow-up
1476:
Milne, R.I. and Abbott, R.J., 2000. Origin and evolution of invasive naturalized material of
Rhododendron ponticum L. in the British Isles.
1958:
1923:
1667:
1953:
1500:
1250:"Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive principles from a folk remedy, Rhododendron ponticum L. leaves"
883:. Rhododendron control is a key element in nature conservation in those areas. Conservation organisations in Britain now believe
1706:
1745:
1381:
1380:; Brown, Mark J. F.; Power, Eileen F.; Farrell, Iain; Matthews, Sharon M.; Stout, Jane C.; Manson, Jessamyn (November 2015).
1295:
515:
are 3.5 to 5 cm (1.4 to 2.0 in) in diameter, violet-purple, often with small greenish-yellow spots or streaks. The
1771:
1523:
725:
1123:
1098:
1070:
927:
73:
1859:
1758:
1615:
766:
427:
1933:
1918:
1846:
1534:
1789:
1928:
1596:
1948:
1938:
1851:
1041:
1943:
1208:
1071:"Infraspecific Taxon Details : Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum (Boiss. & Reuter) Hand.-Mazz"
1558:
1152:
781:, in which it grew. At the other end of its range, in southern Spain, Linnaeus' friend and correspondent
922:
spraying. Injection of herbicide into individual plants has been found to be more precise and effective.
1913:
1457:
654:
190:
1724:
1685:
1509:
552:
1249:
953:
1 which is one of several highly hydroxylated diterpenoid defence chemicals produced in the leaves of
1799:
1641:
860:
759:
576:
1354:
1350:
939:
740:
39:
1885:
1680:
1015:
895:
842:
Honey produced with pollen from the flowers of this plant can be quite poisonous, causing severe
721:
214:
68:
511:, 6 to 18 cm (2.4 to 7.1 in) long and 2 to 5 cm (0.79 to 1.97 in) wide. The
758:
evidence shows it had a much wider range across most of southern and western Europe before the
1820:
1628:
1445:
1277:
1269:
1228:
1222:
1127:
1102:
1074:
945:
782:
717:
686:
682:
658:
613:
609:
466:
875:
Suckering of the root, together with its abundant seed production, has led to it becoming an
1825:
1437:
1396:
1377:
1261:
1148:
876:
824:
823:
is one of the most extensively cultivated rhododendrons in western Europe. It is used as an
794:
1807:
999:
995:
937:), killing individuals within hours of consumption. It also paralyzed bees of the species
778:
670:
597:
520:
493:
452:
111:
1504:
is the emblem and symbol of
Bulgaria's most exotic National Park – The Strandja mountains
1838:
805:
1833:
963:
933:
98:
1124:"Infraspecific Taxon Details : Rhododendron ponticum var. heterophyllum R. Ansin"
994:
in the United
Kingdom has led to some controversy, particularly within the grounds of
1907:
770:
736:
702:
206:
1890:
1711:
1633:
1248:
Erdemoglu, Nurgun; Akkol, Esra Küpeli; Yesilada, Erdem; Calış, Ihsan (2008-09-02).
950:
855:
457:
167:
17:
1864:
1620:
1607:
1382:"Nectar chemistry modulates the impact of an invasive plant on native pollinators"
1303:
793:
in 1763, and later planted as cover for game birds. It is now considered to be an
1776:
1732:
1590:
1418:"Leaf trichomes and foliar chemistry mediate defence against glasshouse thrips;
1324:
880:
847:
843:
729:
706:
931:
also showed that invasive rhododendron nectar was toxic to
European honeybees (
1265:
769:
during his travels in the Near East in 1700–02, and so received its name from
627:
531:
1672:
1581:
1273:
1654:
1401:
979:
958:
919:
911:
851:
828:
774:
744:
508:
478:
462:
157:
1877:
1763:
1543:
1449:
1281:
1417:
1099:"Infraspecific Taxon Details : Rhododendron ponticum subsp. ponticum"
523:
1.5 to 2.5 cm (0.59 to 0.98 in) long, containing numerous small
1872:
1575:
1209:
http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/rhododen.htm#Introduction%20to%20Britain
899:
888:
836:
832:
786:
674:
662:
601:
568:
503:
growing to 5 m (16 ft) tall, rarely 8 m (26 ft). The
474:
147:
137:
124:
1812:
1698:
915:
907:
698:
694:
690:
617:
716:
The range in the
Iberian Peninsula is limited to mountain ranges, the
1737:
755:
710:
678:
641:
605:
512:
470:
1552:
1441:
835:. The plants were first grown in Britain in the 1760s, supplied by
1750:
1659:
903:
858:). This poisonous honey plays a significant part in the 2023 film
804:
790:
666:
572:
516:
496:
426:
85:
1646:
1416:
Scott-Brown, AS, Gregory, T, Farrell, IW, Stevenson PC. (2016).
850:
in humans if consumed in sufficient quantities, and is known as
524:
504:
500:
1556:
867:
Sap from a freshly cut branch can be used to treat toothaches.
891:
773:
to identify the ancient kingdom on the south shores of the
732:
forests that covered the peninsula 66 million years ago.
1376:
Tiedeken, Erin Jo; Egan, Paul A.; Stevenson, Philip C.;
27:
Species of flowering plant in the heath family
Ericaceae
1051:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1565:
831:onto which other more attractive rhododendrons are
1347:"BREAKTHROUGH IN BATTLE AGAINST PROBLEM PONTICUM"
789:. It was introduced to Britain as an ornamental
735:Though the common rhododendron was present in
1327:. Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust. 2004
8:
1462:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
887:has become "a severe problem" in the native
879:over much of western Europe and in parts of
1325:"Rhododendron: A killer of the Countryside"
827:in its own right, and more frequently as a
1553:
1093:
1091:
536:
59:
48:
1400:
978:) tolerate the toxin and make so-called "
1528:United States Department of Agriculture
1519:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1172:
1170:
1030:
990:Recent efforts to manage the spread of
227:
1455:
1036:
1034:
7:
1800:4340f8b3-da88-4499-84f4-2231cfd246c0
1224:Principles and methods of toxicology
762:, or until about 20,000 years ago.
1535:Centre for Conservation Strategy:
689:). It has also been introduced to
669:) and the other near the southern
25:
1201:Garden Shrubs and Their Histories
1852:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:333114-1
584:
551:
72:
1353:. 30 July 2004. Archived from
1221:Hayes, Andrew Wallace (2007).
567:Found in central and southern
1:
1544:Danish Rhododendron Society:
1524:Agricultural Research Service
1296:"New flora and fauna for old"
970:. Some species of honey bee (
765:It was noted by the botanist
1302:. 2000-12-21. Archived from
1254:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
728:. A remnant of the original
288:Rhododendron hyacinthiflorum
1959:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1420:Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
986:Identification difficulties
968:Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
767:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
1975:
1924:Flora of Georgia (country)
1227:. CRC Press. p. 998.
1149:"A adelfeira de Monchique"
1049:Plants of the World Online
657:, one in the southwestern
596:Found around the southern
461:genus of the heath family
29:
1266:10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.021
854:due to toxic diterpenes (
220:
213:
196:
189:
69:Scientific classification
67:
58:
51:
1954:Plants described in 1762
1430:Functional Plant Biology
649:Distribution and habitat
635:R. p. var. heterophyllum
296:Rhododendron lancifolium
1402:10.1111/1365-2435.12588
925:A study in the journal
407:Rukhadze & Pachulia
383:Rukhadze & Pachulia
371:Rukhadze & Pachulia
359:Rukhadze & Pachulia
347:Rukhadze & Pachulia
335:Rukhadze & Pachulia
272:Rhododendron catesbaeum
813:
785:found it growing with
661:(central and southern
465:. It is native to the
435:
412:Rhododendron speciosum
264:Rhododendron catesbaei
256:Rhododendron adansonii
30:This article is about
1686:Rhododendron ponticum
1597:Rhododendron ponticum
1567:Rhododendron ponticum
1546:Rhododendron ponticum
1537:Rhododendron ponticum
1512:Rhododendron ponticum
1502:Rhododendron ponticum
1495:Rhododendron ponticum
1179:Rhododendron ponticum
1044:Rhododendron ponticum
992:Rhododendron ponticum
817:Rhododendron ponticum
811:Rhododendron ponticum
808:
561:(Boiss. & Reut.)
440:Rhododendron ponticum
430:
400:Rhododendron ponticum
388:Rhododendron ponticum
376:Rhododendron ponticum
364:Rhododendron ponticum
352:Rhododendron ponticum
340:Rhododendron ponticum
328:Rhododendron ponticum
320:Rhododendron odoratum
280:Rhododendron deciduum
200:Rhododendron ponticum
53:Rhododendron ponticum
32:Rhododendron ponticum
1480:, 9(5), pp. 541–556.
1378:Wright, Geraldine A.
861:A Haunting in Venice
801:Cultivation and uses
760:Late Glacial Maximum
655:disjunct populations
653:The species has two
312:Rhododendron obtusum
1424:Rhododendron simsii
1351:Forestry Commission
1177:Cross, JR (1975). "
1153:University of Évora
957:to protect against
940:Andrena carantonica
741:most recent ice age
477:region in northern
449:pontic rhododendron
445:common rhododendron
344:aurantiacomaculatum
248:Hymenanthes pontica
41:Rhododendron luteum
18:Pontic rhododendron
1389:Functional Ecology
1183:Journal of Ecology
1016:Catawbiense hybrid
928:Functional Ecology
814:
718:Caramulo mountains
451:, is a species of
436:
304:Rhododendron lowei
1934:Flora of Portugal
1919:Flora of Bulgaria
1901:
1900:
1821:Open Tree of Life
1559:Taxon identifiers
1478:Molecular Ecology
1436:(12): 1170–1182.
1234:978-0-8493-3778-9
1128:Catalogue of Life
1103:Catalogue of Life
1075:Catalogue of Life
946:Bombus terrestris
687:Northern Caucasus
665:and southwestern
659:Iberian Peninsula
639:
624:
623:
614:Northern Caucasus
577:Province of Cádiz
564:
467:Iberian Peninsula
425:
424:
416:
408:
396:
384:
372:
360:
348:
336:
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
283:Andrews ex Steud.
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
240:Azalea lancifolia
236:
16:(Redirected from
1966:
1929:Flora of Lebanon
1894:
1893:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1816:
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1802:
1793:
1792:
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1779:
1777:NBNSYS0000003888
1767:
1766:
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1611:
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1554:
1531:
1493:Flora Europaea:
1481:
1474:
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1404:
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1311:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1245:
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1238:
1218:
1212:
1207:"Rhododendron";
1199:Alice M. Coats,
1197:
1191:
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1174:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1139:
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1111:
1109:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1038:
877:invasive species
871:Invasive species
825:ornamental plant
795:invasive species
751:Historical range
637:
588:
562:
555:
537:
414:
406:
395:(P.Watson) G.Don
394:
382:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
314:
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298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
202:
182:R. ponticum
77:
76:
63:
49:
21:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1949:Flora of Turkey
1939:Flora of Russia
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1837:
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1824:
1819:
1811:
1808:Observation.org
1806:
1798:
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1736:
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1606:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1580:
1579:
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1561:
1508:
1489:
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1475:
1471:
1454:
1442:10.1071/FP16045
1415:
1414:
1410:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1357:on 5 March 2011
1345:
1344:
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1328:
1323:
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1155:. 13 March 2018
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1040:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1012:
1004:Aucuba japonica
1000:Japanese laurel
996:Taymouth Castle
988:
873:
837:Conrad Loddiges
803:
753:
722:Monchique range
671:Black Sea Basin
651:
598:Black Sea Basin
487:
453:flowering plant
421:
356:brachystamineum
323:Lodd. ex Steud.
251:(L.) H.F.Copel.
243:(Moench) Kuntze
226:
225:
209:
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198:
185:
71:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1972:
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1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
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1944:Flora of Spain
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
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1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
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1891:wfo-0000400178
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1487:External links
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1395:(6): 885–893.
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1260:(1): 172–178.
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1087:
1062:
1029:
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1024:
1023:
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1018:– hybrid with
1011:
1008:
987:
984:
972:Apis mellifera
934:Apis mellifera
896:west highlands
872:
869:
802:
799:
783:Clas Alströmer
752:
749:
650:
647:
646:
645:
622:
621:
616:) and central
594:
592:R. p. ponticum
589:
581:
580:
565:
559:R. p. baeticum
556:
548:
547:
544:
541:
486:
483:
423:
422:
420:
419:
418:
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409:
397:
385:
380:luteomaculatum
373:
361:
349:
337:
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317:
309:
301:
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285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
232:Azalea arborea
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36:Azalea pontica
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1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1306:on 2001-07-28
1305:
1301:
1300:The Economist
1297:
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1217:
1214:
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1206:
1203:(1964) 1992,
1202:
1196:
1193:
1189:(1): 345–364.
1188:
1184:
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856:grayanotoxins
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19:
1914:Rhododendron
1566:
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1517:
1511:
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1494:
1477:
1472:
1458:cite journal
1433:
1429:
1423:
1422:(Bouché) in
1419:
1411:
1392:
1388:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1299:
1290:
1257:
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1200:
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1078:. Retrieved
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1048:
1043:
1019:
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991:
989:
975:
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967:
962:
955:Rhododendron
954:
951:grayanotoxin
944:
938:
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924:
914:in southern
884:
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841:
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815:
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764:
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734:
726:Aljibe range
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492:is a dense,
489:
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458:Rhododendron
456:
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332:angustilobum
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259:E.-A.Baumann
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181:
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169:Rhododendron
168:
131:
118:
105:
92:
52:
46:
40:
35:
31:
1839:kew-2418394
1733:iNaturalist
1591:Wikispecies
1159:21 November
1133:21 November
1108:21 November
1080:21 November
1020:R. ponticum
961:– e.g. the
885:R. ponticum
881:New Zealand
848:bradycardia
844:hypotension
809:Closeup of
730:laurissilva
707:Netherlands
677:, northern
640:– Found in
604:, northern
563:Hand.-Mazz.
530:It has two
490:R. ponticum
485:Description
432:R. ponticum
404:parviflorum
112:Angiosperms
1908:Categories
1834:Plant List
1539:in Britain
1310:2008-12-14
1026:References
959:herbivores
912:heathlands
628:variegated
532:subspecies
275:Dum.Cours.
1548:in Europe
1274:0378-8741
980:mad honey
976:caucasica
920:herbicide
910:, and on
852:mad honey
829:rootstock
775:Black Sea
745:Snowdonia
673:(eastern
630:variety:
600:(eastern
519:is a dry
509:evergreen
499:or small
494:suckering
479:West Asia
463:Ericaceae
443:, called
368:crispatum
176:Species:
158:Ericaceae
82:Kingdom:
1878:12303137
1873:Tropicos
1751:333114-1
1576:Wikidata
1450:32480536
1282:18638535
1055:10 March
1010:See also
974:sub spp
900:Scotland
892:oakwoods
889:Atlantic
821:baeticum
787:oleander
771:Linnaeus
724:and the
675:Bulgaria
663:Portugal
638:R. Ansin
602:Bulgaria
575:(in the
569:Portugal
475:Caucasus
473:and the
315:P.Watson
267:J.Forbes
215:Synonyms
154:Family:
148:Ericales
138:Asterids
125:Eudicots
1699:7327990
1647:6945035
1582:Q557928
916:England
908:Ireland
902:and in
894:of the
833:grafted
819:subsp.
699:Belgium
695:Myanmar
691:Madeira
683:Georgia
618:Lebanon
610:Georgia
521:capsule
513:flowers
455:in the
415:Salisb.
392:obtusum
164:Genus:
144:Order:
86:Plantae
1865:100610
1826:702552
1797:NZOR:
1673:169459
1621:190561
1608:142897
1605:APDB:
1448:
1361:30 May
1331:30 May
1280:
1272:
1231:
964:Thrips
779:Pontus
756:Fossil
720:, the
711:France
701:, the
685:, and
679:Turkey
642:Turkey
626:And a
606:Turkey
505:leaves
471:Europe
434:flower
307:Loudon
299:Moench
291:Steud.
38:, see
34:. For
1790:49628
1764:47272
1738:60364
1725:31511
1681:FoAO2
1668:EUNIS
1660:RHOPO
1634:4SGLZ
1385:(PDF)
1181:L.".
904:Wales
791:shrub
667:Spain
573:Spain
540:Image
525:seeds
517:fruit
497:shrub
390:var.
132:Clade
119:Clade
106:Clade
93:Clade
1847:POWO
1813:7312
1785:NCBI
1746:IPNI
1720:GRIN
1712:1651
1707:GISD
1694:GBIF
1655:EPPO
1616:APNI
1464:link
1446:PMID
1363:2010
1333:2010
1278:PMID
1270:ISSN
1229:ISBN
1205:s.v.
1161:2020
1135:2020
1110:2020
1082:2020
1057:2024
906:and
846:and
709:and
543:Name
507:are
501:tree
224:List
1886:WFO
1860:RHS
1772:NBN
1759:ISC
1642:EoL
1629:CoL
1438:doi
1397:doi
1262:doi
1258:119
1046:L."
982:".
898:of
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447:or
402:f.
378:f.
366:f.
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