297:, receives double stakes from all who stand, except those who also have 21, with whom it is a drawn game. When any opponent has 21, but the dealer does not, the dealer pays double stakes. If no-one has 21, the dealer pays a single stake to those whose score is higher than the dealer's and receives a single stake from those whose score is lower. Any player with the same score as the dealer neither pays nor receives a stake. If the dealer exceeds 21, the dealer pays all who have not 'thrown up' their cards.
351:, the dealer declares it and collects double stakes. Otherwise the dealer proceeds as before, inviting players to stand or call for more cards, one by one. A player exceeding 21 is said to be 'overdrawn'. When the dealer has gone around everyone else, the dealer's own cards are turned face up and he or she may stand or add further cards as well. Those scoring the same or less, pay the dealer their stake; those scoring more receive the same amount as their stake from the dealer and those who have a
455:, double stakes from any player who has 21 or "five and under" and treble stakes from the others. If the dealer has 12 or "five and under", a single stake is claimed from any player who has the same, and double stakes from the rest. Otherwise the dealer pays double to anyone with 21 or "five and under" and single stakes to any player whose total is better. The dealer receives single stakes from anyone who scores less than him. A player with the same score also has to pay.
1198:
1188:
492:. A player may not buy a fifth card unless already holding at least 12 points, but may, however, twist. Players do not pay for twisted cards, but may not buy after having twisted. Players who have busted, lose their stake and pass their cards to the banker who places them face down under the pack. Players do not show their cards during this process. Players may only split if they have two (or more) Aces.
1218:
35:
1238:
1228:
290:(on the dealer's left), whether they want to 'stand' or choose another card. In the latter case, the dealer gives the player the top card from the pack. The player may continue to ask for more cards until 21 is reached or exceeded or the player decides to stand. If 21 is exceeded, the player immediately throws the cards up and pays the stake laid to the dealer.
1208:
1139:
164:, the name apparently being a soldier's corruption of its former French name. The game has no official rules and varies widely from place to place. It is a popular family game, but also widely played by children, students, and members of the armed forces. In 1981, Pontoon was the third most popular card game in Britain after
443:
Player are now asked whether they wish to 'buy' or 'twist' any more cards. Players may buy cards by giving as many counters for them as they like (e.g. "buy one for two"), up to their original stake; the card is then passed to them face down. Players may ask for a twisted card ("twist me one"), which
266:
The game may be played by two or more players, six or eight being best according to "Trumps" and five or six according to Arnold, who sets an upper limit of ten players. Phillips and
Westall suggest the use of a second pack if more than seven play. "Trumps" merely states that two or more packs may be
343:
After the dealer has dealt the first card each, face down, each player places a stake on it; it may be as low as a single counter. At this point, the dealer looks at the dealer's card and may announce "double", which doubles all the stakes, before distributed the second card to each player and,
189:
and appears to be a soldier's corruption of Vingt-Un. It is recorded as such in 1917 by an
American soldier who served with the British during the First World War, where he describes Pontoon as one of the pastimes played by "Tommy" when off duty and equates it to the American "Black Jack or
184:
Vingt-Un is first recorded in the second half of the 18th century in France, Britain and
Prussia, but its first rules were published in 1800 in Britain, and elaborations of this simple game were developed over the course of the 19th century. The name "Pontoon" appeared during the
479:
The first player to draw a Jack becomes the dealer or banker. Players place stakes of any value between the agreed lower and upper limits after looking at their first card. The banker may not look at his or her own cards or double the stakes. Any player who holds a
282:
The first dealer is chosen by any agreed method, e.g. the first player to turn up an Ace becomes the dealer. It is likely that deal and play were clockwise and that players staked a fixed amount before the deal, but the rules are vague on these points.
221:. Unlike the latter, however, it has no official rules and consequently its manner of play varies widely from place to place. It is very much an informal family game, but is also popular with children, students, workers and members of the armed forces.
153:," a game first recorded in 17th-century Spain, but which spread to France, Germany and Britain in the late 18th century, and America during the early 19th century. It is neither a variant of nor derived from Blackjack. Both are descended from
304:
takes over as the next dealer and earns a double stake from all players except those who also have one, who need not pay anything. The new dealer reshuffles the pack and deals afresh. Otherwise, the cards must be dealt out in succession, the
487:
As before, the banker then asks each player in turn what they wish to do: stand or 'stick', buy or twist. A player may not stand on a score of lower than 16. A player may buy up to 5 cards, which beats everything except a
427:
After the first card is dealt, players look at their cards before placing a stake of their choosing up to an agreed limit. Again, the dealer may double the stakes after looking at his or her card. Any player who has a
355:
receive double. If by drawing, exactly 21 is scored, the dealer receives double stakes, excepting any ties and those who have already thrown up. If 21 is exceeded, the dealer pays all who stand, paying any
444:
is passed face upwards. After twisting, a player cannot subsequently buy a card. Once satisfied with their cards, players announce "stand". A player who exceeds 21 is 'busted' and must declare the same.
255:
score their face value. If the two cards dealt to a player (excluding any subsequently drawn) are an Ace and a court card or an Ace and a Ten, they score 21 exactly and the combination is called a
588:
It is not entirely clear whether the players may look at their first card and place a stake of their choosing up to a certain limit, or whether they all place a fixed stake on the face down card.
201:
with the name
Pontoon being given as an alternative. The game's popularity continued unabated such that, by 1981, it had become the 3rd most popular card game in Britain after
409:
clears the board of stakes (one or two counters levied on each player at the start of the game) or takes the amount of the limit (e.g. 6d) from each player, as agreed.
503:
themselves. Otherwise the dealer may stand or deal himself more cards, but may not split. If the dealer has a five-card hand, this beats all other hands except a
1231:
476:
The rules of modern
Pontoon vary widely. Those below are based on a description by Arnold of the standard rules. All is as in the 1939 rules except as follows.
381:, e.g. two Kings, that person may 'go on both' and play them as separate hands. Likewise if the 3rd card is of the same rank, three hands may be played.
424:
The player who draws the highest card becomes the first dealer and is known as the Banker. The game is played for stakes: money, counters or matches.
235:
as it was played around 1800, to the more elaborated rules developed during the 19th century and finally to
Pontoon as it is typically played today.
976:
610:
This appears to conflict with the earlier rule that stakes are laid after the first card has been dealt, but would suggest that stakes were fixed.
913:
892:
803:
1241:
313:) collecting the cards that have been played and shuffling them until the pack is exhausted, whereupon the same dealer re-deals.
1267:
1211:
190:
Twenty-One", adding that "the banker is the only winner." Another name that was probably also a mispronunciation was
1096:
1118:
969:
399:
formed by the top and bottom cards of the pack. These cards are thrown out and mixed with those collected by the
154:
286:
The dealer deals two cards to each player, one at a time, before asking players, in rotation and beginning with
1127:
936:
1262:
962:
484:(Ace and 10-point card) on being dealt a second card, declares it immediately and places it on the table.
150:
126:
26:
432:
on receiving a second card, declares it immediately, exposes the cards and, unless the dealer also has a
1004:
1217:
275:
The following is a summary of the earliest known rules for Vingt-Un, published in the 1800 edition of
1046:
1030:
98:
507:. The banker wins all ties. If busted, the dealer pays all those still in the game. A player with a
1191:
1036:
855:
851:
841:
837:
400:
371:, as in the 1800 rules, receive a double stake from each player, but only settles with the dealer.
1113:
1076:
306:
495:
Having gone around all the players, the banker now exposes his or her two cards. If they make a
247:
pack, without Jokers. The values of the cards are as follows: an Ace scores 1 or 11 as desired;
229:
The following rules give a brief illustration of the development of
Pontoon from its progenitor
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888:
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is paid double, unless it is part of a split hand. The banker is not paid double for a
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876:
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436:, is paid treble and takes the Bank for the next deal. If more than one player has a
310:
244:
197:
It took time for the new name to be established; in 1939 it was still referred to as
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985:
553:
378:
146:
1158:
1061:
1020:
597:
Note that ties do not 'stand off' as in the 1800 rules, unless the player has a
332:
takes over the deal is an "old mode of play" that many still adhered to. If the
287:
210:
34:
1091:
1051:
1041:
248:
218:
173:
833:(New, considerably enlarged, rev. & corrected ed.). London: Ritchie.
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214:
142:
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Players who are busted, pay their stake to the dealer. If the dealer has a
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Pairs may be played as two separate hands by announcing "split", but the
252:
231:
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149:
family for three to ten players and the "British domestic version of
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522:, may take over the deal if desired. If two or more players have a
499:, the dealer claims all remaining stakes, even from players with a
1173:
1101:
206:
202:
169:
165:
954:
958:
451:, the dealer receives single stakes from any player who has a
538:
or Black Jack is the
American descendant of British Vingt-Un.
389:. After the cards have been cut, the dealer may look for the
628:
626:
347:
The dealer now looks at his or her own cards. If there is a
750:
748:
746:
744:
160:. In Britain, it first became known as Pontoon during the
655:
653:
293:
The dealer may also draw additional cards and, on taking
209:, a phenomenon possibly helped by the prominence of its
300:
The first player in rotational order who declares a
1146:
992:
883:
The Oxford Guide to card Games: a
Historical Survey
559:
Onze et Demi is a French game played to 11½ points.
544:
or Vingt-et-Un is the French ancestor of the group.
336:occurs in the first round, the dealer is allowed a
321:By 1850, the rules had been elaborated as follows:
120:
112:
104:
94:
86:
78:
70:
62:
54:
44:
880:
735:
556:or Trente-Un is an older game played to 31 points.
176:and one which anyone can learn in a few minutes."
464:is not known. The Bank does not pass on a split
682:
565:is a similar Italian game played with 40 cards.
328:occurs. The custom that the player holding the
440:, the one nearest the dealer's left takes it.
970:
243:The game is played with a standard, 52-card,
8:
1017:(Banker and Broker, Dutch Bank, Honest John)
459:
404:
390:
384:
19:
659:
977:
963:
955:
571:is an old French game played to 15 points.
421:are based on Phillips and Westall (1939).
823:Glücksspiele mit Kugel, Würfel und Karten
798:(2nd ed.). London: Chambers Harrap.
367:but the dealer does not, the player does
324:The deal rotates clockwise every time a
718:
644:
632:
622:
581:
377:. If a player or the dealer turns up a
172:. It has been described as "an amusing
938:Cassino, Vingt-Un, Brag, and All-Fours
754:
706:
18:
950:. Leeds: Waddingtons Playing Card Co.
766:
694:
518:A player who beats the banker with a
7:
1207:
778:
1237:
1232:WikiProject Board & Table Games
1227:
870:The Oxford Dictionary of Card Games
862:2nd revised edition. A Signet Book.
267:combined "if the party is large".
14:
340:(reprieve) and retains the deal.
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1137:
33:
928:The Complete Book of Card Games
526:, positional priority applies.
58:Vingt-Un (obsolete), Twenty-one
39:An ace and ten score twenty-one
906:The Penguin Book of Card Games
846:The New Complete Hoyle Revised
1:
941:. London: Milner and Sowerby.
155:the early British version of
948:National Playing Card Survey
887:, Oxford University Press,
825:, Wiesbaden: Falken Verlag.
683:Phillips & Westall 1939
1284:
946:Waddingtons (April 1981).
1182:
1135:
125:
32:
24:
926:; Westall, B.C. (1939).
417:The following rules for
829:Jones, Charles (1800).
813:Bohn, Henry G. (1850).
1268:British gambling games
860:Hoyle’s Rules of Games
840:, Richard L. Frey and
831:Hoyle’s Games Improved
815:The Hand-Book of Games
794:Arnold, Peter (2011).
550:is the German variant.
460:
405:
391:
385:
251:score 10 each and the
1130:, Between the Sheets)
821:Grupp, Claus (1976).
419:Vingt-et-Un (Pontoon)
1242:WikiProject Gambling
930:. London: Witherby.
908:. London: Penguin.
856:Geoffrey Mott-Smith
852:Morehead, Albert H.
842:Geoffrey Mott-Smith
838:Morehead, Albert H.
817:. London: Harrison.
796:Chambers Card Games
781:, pp. 317–321.
769:, pp. 229–231.
757:, pp. 270–274.
685:, pp. 193–197.
25:British version of
21:
1192:Card game category
1147:Banking game links
1114:Trente et Quarante
993:Banking card games
709:, p. 270/271.
635:, p. 592-594.
375:Pairs and Triplets
363:If a player has a
344:lastly, to self.
137:, formerly called
1250:
1249:
1202:Gambling category
935:"Trumps" (1870).
915:978-0-141-03787-5
894:978-0-19-214165-1
738:, pp. 12–18.
721:, pp. 78/79.
548:Siebzehn und Vier
132:
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55:Alternative names
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1082:Seven and a Half
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924:Phillips, Hubert
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397:natural vingt-un
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365:natural vingt-un
349:natural vingt-un
334:natural vingt-un
330:natural vingt-un
326:natural vingt-un
302:Natural Vingt-Un
261:natural vingt-un
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317:Vingt-Un (1850)
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271:Vingt-Un (1800)
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213:forms known as
187:First World War
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162:First World War
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1077:Rouge et Noir
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1057:Onze et demie
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736:"Trumps" 1870
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719:Parlett 1990
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647:, p. 5.
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633:Parlett 2008
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554:Trente et Un
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1159:Casino game
1128:Acey Deucey
1097:Speculation
1062:Polish Bank
848:, New York.
755:Arnold 2011
707:Arnold 2011
338:misericorde
288:eldest hand
249:court cards
211:casino game
199:Vingt-et-Un
82:Probability
74:usually 3–7
1257:Categories
1222:Wiktionary
1119:Twenty-One
1092:Spanish 21
1052:Monte Bank
1042:Lansquenet
788:Literature
767:Jones 1800
695:Jones 1800
618:References
219:Twenty-One
174:round game
151:Twenty-One
127:Twenty-One
27:Twenty-one
1010:Blackjack
872:, Oxford.
779:Bohn 1850
576:Footnotes
536:Blackjack
358:vingt-uns
253:pip cards
215:Blackjack
143:card game
108:Clockwise
66:Comparing
16:Card game
1033:(Farmer)
1021:Blüchern
1000:Baccarat
904:(2008).
879:(1990),
868:(1992).
858:(1983).
844:(1991).
599:vingt-un
542:Vingt-Un
395:i.e., a
360:double.
353:vingt-un
295:Vingt-un
232:Vingt-Un
192:Van John
157:Vingt-Un
139:Vingt-Un
1212:Commons
1108:Tempeln
1067:Pontoon
524:pontoon
520:pontoon
513:pontoon
509:pontoon
505:pontoon
501:pontoon
497:pontoon
490:pontoon
482:pontoon
466:Natural
453:Natural
449:Natural
438:Natural
434:Natural
430:Natural
257:natural
180:History
147:banking
145:of the
141:, is a
135:Pontoon
71:Players
20:Pontoon
1124:Yablon
1072:Quinze
1005:Basset
912:
891:
802:
569:Quinze
461:brulet
406:Brulet
392:brulet
386:Brulet
113:Chance
99:French
79:Skills
45:Origin
1174:Poker
1102:Stuss
1047:Macao
1031:Ferme
401:poney
259:or a
239:Cards
225:Rules
207:Whist
203:Rummy
170:Whist
166:Rummy
87:Cards
1037:Faro
910:ISBN
889:ISBN
854:and
800:ISBN
379:pair
307:pone
205:and
168:and
116:High
105:Play
95:Deck
63:Type
369:not
217:or
194:.
1259::
743:^
726:^
667:^
652:^
625:^
515:.
468:.
403:.
279:.
263:.
90:52
1126:(
978:e
971:t
964:v
918:.
808:.
697:.
662:.
601:.
309:(
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