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inherent in earlier terminology, by which the language spoken by the ruling classes in a capital city was defined as the "correct" or "pure" form while that spoken by the lower classes and inhabitants of outlying provinces was "a dialect" characterised as "incorrect", "impure" or "debased".
168:, a continuum exists between speakers of a creole language and a related standard language. There are no discrete boundaries between the different varieties, and the situation in which such a continuum exists involves considerable social stratification.
416:) while the basilect form is . Due to code-switching, most speakers have a command of a range in the continuum and, depending on social position, occupation, etc. can implement the different levels with various levels of skill.
475:
is a decreolized form of a slave creole. After emancipation, African-Americans' recognition and exercise of increased opportunities for interaction created a strong influence of
164:
explains the phenomenon of creole languages as "basilectalization" away from a standard, often
European, language among a mixed European and non-European population. In certain
105:
language (that is, a closely related language whose speakers assert or asserted dominance of some sort). Due to social, political, and economic factors, a creole language can
140:, the lowest or least prestigious variety, as sociolinguistic labels for the upper and lower boundaries, respectively, of a post-creole speech continuum. In the early 1970s
419:
If a society is so stratified as to have little to no contact between groups who speak the creole and those who speak the superstrate (dominant) language, a situation of
479:
onto the speech of Black
Americans so that a continuum exists today with Standard English as the acrolect and varieties closest to the original creole as the basilect.
423:
occurs, rather than a continuum. Assigning separate and distinct functions for the two varieties will have the same effect. This is the case in
667:
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814:(1965), "Urban Negro speech: Sociolinguistic factors affecting English teaching", in R. Shuy; A. Davis; R. Hogan (eds.),
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to the local standard of the dominant language but to different degrees depending on a speaker's status.
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Rickford, John (1977), "The
Question of Prior Creolization in Black English", in Valdman, A (ed.),
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516:) stripped of official status decades ago, having been used for only religious purposes.
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DeCamp, D (1977), "The
Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies", in Valdman, A (ed.),
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is a codified mesolect, or a partial creole, with the acrolect (standard
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used by some users of creole languages who also have some fluency in the
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for intermediate points in the continuum) to refer to the phenomenon of
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The continuum shown has the acrolect form as (which is identical with
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towards one of the languages from which it is descended, aligning its
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Language
Contact in Africa and the African Diaspora in the Americas
605:
The acrolect in
Jamaica: The architecture of phonological variation
424:
136:, the highest or most prestigious variety on the continuum, and
18:
698:
Hofmeyer
Foundation Lectures, University of the Witwatersrand
818:, National Council of Teachers of English, pp. 10–18
777:
Black
English: Its History and Usage in the United States
654:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company: 101–122.
175:) shows the 18 different ways of rendering the phrase
744:
733:Sociolinguistics: Goals, Approaches, and Problems
550:"Salikoko Mufwene: Pidgin and Creole Languages"
797:, Dordrecht: Holland Institute of Linguistics
8:
101:between those most and least similar to the
501:and the basilect has been standardized as
156:upon which the contact language is based.
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
691:"THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF AFRIKAANS"
644:"Creole as necessity? Creole as choice?"
464:
185:
32:This article includes a list of general
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816:Social dialects and language learning
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16:Set of varieties of a creole language
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144:popularized these terms (as well as
473:African American Vernacular English
611:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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795:Acquisition of Jamaican Phonology
715:
23:
508:Meanwhile, in southern Africa,
751:. Cambridge University Press.
132:, in 1965, proposed the terms
1:
804:Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
768:Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
486:, a continuum exists between
747:Dynamics of a Creole System
650:. Creole Language Library.
642:Deumert, Ana (2017-07-12).
854:
806:, Indiana University Press
770:, Indiana University Press
497:In Haiti, the acrolect is
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171:The following table (from
775:Dillard, John L. (1972),
602:Irvine-Sobers GA (2018).
477:Standard American English
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463:It has been suggested (
53:more precise citations.
618:10.5281/zenodo.1306618
450:attempts to avoid the
158:University of Chicago
83:post-creole continuum
793:Meade, R.R. (2001),
660:10.1075/cll.53.05due
554:mufwene.uchicago.edu
833:Pidgins and creoles
731:Bell, R.T. (1976),
689:Smith, J.J (1952).
166:speech communities
669:978-90-272-5277-7
628:978-3-96110-114-6
560:on March 15, 2016
546:Mufwene, Salikoko
438:Use of the terms
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154:standard language
91:dialect continuum
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103:superstrate
85:(or simply
51:introducing
827:Categories
735:, Batsford
709:References
675:2021-08-03
564:2019-04-30
111:morphology
107:decreolize
34:references
838:Diglossia
510:Afrikaans
421:diglossia
173:Bell 1976
160:linguist
115:phonology
95:varieties
743:(1975).
548:(2002).
448:basilect
444:mesolect
440:acrolect
146:mesolect
138:basilect
134:acrolect
484:Jamaica
471:) that
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