Postgraduate education - Knowledge (XXG)

855:). In scientific research, it is commonly accepted that an Australian postgraduate honours is equivalent to a British master's degree (in research). There has been some debate over the acceptance of a three-year honours degree (as in the case of graduates from British universities) as the equivalent entry requirement to graduate research programmes (M.Phil., Ph.D.) in Australian universities. The letters of honours programmes also added to the confusion. For example: B.Sc. (Hons) are the letters gained for postgraduate research honours at the University of Queensland. B.Sc. (Hons) does not indicate that this honours are postgraduate qualification. The difficulty also arises between different universities in Australia—some universities have followed the UK system. 1021:, the schools and faculties of graduate studies are represented by the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies (CAGS) or Association canadienne pour les études supérieures (ACES). The Association brings together 58 Canadian universities with graduate programs, two national graduate student associations, and the three federal research-granting agencies and organizations having an interest in graduate studies. Its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to an annual conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding, and professional development. 1848:

cheap graduate student labor have no need to create expensive professorships, so graduate students who have taught extensively in graduate school can find it immensely difficult to get a teaching job when they have obtained their degree. Many institutions depend heavily on graduate student teaching: a 2003 report by agitators for a graduate student union at Yale, for instance, claims that "70% of undergraduate teaching contact hours at Yale are performed by transient teachers: graduate teachers, adjunct instructors, and other teachers not on the tenure track." The state of

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sample of their discipline, or one or several Special Field Examinations ("Specials") which test students in their narrower selected areas of specialty within the discipline. If these examinations are held orally, they may be known colloquially as "orals." For some social science and many humanities disciplines, where graduate students may or may not have studied the discipline at the undergraduate level, these exams will be the first set, and be based either on graduate coursework or specific preparatory reading (sometimes up to a year's work in reading).

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master's thesis (or, for Educational Specialist students, the specialist paper). However, many US master's degree programs do not require a master's thesis, focusing instead primarily on coursework or on "practicals" or "workshops". Some students complete a final culminating project or "capstone" rather than a thesis. Such "real-world" experience may typically require a candidate work on a project alone or in a team as a consultant, or consultants, for an outside entity approved or selected by the academic institution and under faculty supervision.

1780:. The natural sciences are typically well funded, so that most students can attain either outside or institutional funding, but in the humanities, not all do. Some humanities students borrow money during their coursework, then take full-time jobs while completing their dissertations. Students in the social sciences are less well funded than are students in the natural and physical sciences, but often have more funding opportunities than students in the humanities, particularly as science funders begin to see the value of social science research. 492:) were for some time equivalent, "the former being more in favour at Paris and the universities modeled after it, and the latter at Bologna and its derivative universities. At Oxford and Cambridge a distinction came to be drawn between the Faculties of Law, Medicine, and Theology and the Faculty of Arts in this respect, the title of Doctor being used for the former, and that of Master for the latter." Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the doctorate came to be thought of as higher than the master's. 402: 1239:") are educational structures similar in focus to graduate schools, but restricted at PhD level. These schools have the responsibilities of providing students with a structured doctoral training in a disciplinary field. The field of the school is related to the strength of the university: while some have two or three schools (typically "Arts and Humanities" and "Natural and Technological Sciences"), others have more specialized schools (History, Aeronautics, etc.). 1752:

most expenses. At some elite universities, there may be a minimum stipend established for all Ph.D. students, as well as a tuition waiver. The terms of these stipends vary greatly, and may consist of a scholarship or fellowship, followed by teaching responsibilities. At many elite universities, these stipends have been increasing, in response both to student pressure and, especially, to competition among the elite universities for graduate students.

879:(though many institutions have idiosyncratic grading systems). Assessment and evaluation based on the Australian system is not equivalent to British or US schemes because of the "low-marking" scheme used by Australian universities. For example, a British student who achieves 70+ will receive an A grade, whereas an Australian student with 70+ will receive a Distinction which is not the highest grade in the marking scheme. 1077:, samples of the student's writing as well as a research thesis proposal. Some programs require Graduate Record Exams (GRE) in both the general examination and the examination for its specific discipline, with minimum scores for admittance. At English-speaking universities, applicants from countries where English is not the primary language are required to submit scores from the Test of English as a Foreign Language ( 4677: 839:

programmes in a field related to their previous undergraduate. On average, however, a strong "Credit" or "Distinction" average is the norm for accepted students. Not all coursework programs require the student to already possess the relevant undergraduate degree, they are intended as "conversion" or professional qualification programs, and merely any relevant undergraduate degree with good grades is required.

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exceptional cases, a student holding an honours BA with sufficiently high grades and proven writing and research abilities may be admitted directly to a Ph.D. program without the requirement to first complete a master's. Many Canadian graduate programs allow students who start in a master's to "reclassify" into a Ph.D. program after satisfactory performance in the first year, bypassing the master's degree.

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coursework alongside the presentation of seminars and a research thesis. Award of postgraduate degrees requires a defence of the completed research before a panel of examiners comprising external and internal examiners, Head of Department, Departmental Postgraduate Coordinator, Representative(s) of Faculty and Postgraduate School, and any other member of staff with a PhD in the department/faculty.

1185:—examinations testing general knowledge in their field of specialization—in their second or third year as a prerequisite to continuing their studies, and must defend their thesis as a final requirement. Some faculties require candidates to earn sufficient credits in a third or fourth foreign language; for example, most candidates in modern Japanese topics must demonstrate ability in English, 752: 47: 888:

Taught-degree scholarships (certain master's degrees, Grad. Dip., Grad. Cert., D.Eng., D.B.A.) are almost non-existent for international students. Domestic students have access to tuition subsidy through the Australian Government's FEE-Help loan scheme. Some students may be eligible for a Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP), via the HECS-Help scheme, at a substantially lower cost.

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the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, and this practice spread to the UK. Conversely, most European universities now offer master's degrees parallelling or replacing their regular system, so as to offer their students better chances to compete in an international market dominated by the American model.

4687: 654:, which is more advanced than a master's degree but less so than a doctorate. Credits required are about half of those required for a doctoral degree. Coursework requirements are the same as for a doctorate, but the extent of original research required is not as high as for doctorate. Medical doctors for example are typically licentiates instead of doctors. 1884:

enough student opposition to fail. At the schools where graduate employees are unionized, which positions are unionized vary. Sometimes only one set of employees will unionize (e.g. teaching assistants, residential directors); at other times, most or all will. Typically, fellowship recipients, usually not employed by their university, do not participate.

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factors, including past research achievements, the compatibility between the applicant's research interest and that of the faculty, the statement of purpose and the letters of reference, as stated above. Some programs also require professors to act as sponsors. Finally, applicants from non-English speaking countries often must take the

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including most humanities, set their requirements for coursework, languages and the expected extent of thesis research by the assumption that students will take five years minimum or six to seven years on average; competition for jobs within these fields also raises expectations on the length and quality of theses considerably.

1899:. In a grade strike, graduate students refuse to grade exams and papers and, if the strike lasts until the end of the academic term, also refuse to turn in final grades. Another form of job action is known as "work-to-rule", in which graduate student instructors work exactly as many hours as they are paid for and no more. 989:

into the scientific aspects of the study field, while MBA programs tend to be more focused on the practical and professional aspects, being used more frequently to Business, Management and Administration areas. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time.

1341:) without any formal curriculum. During their studies, doctoral students are enrolled at university while often being employed simultaneously either at the university itself, at a research institute or at a company as a researcher. Working in research during doctoral studies is, however, not a formal requirement. 1308:(ECTS). There are over 300 doctoral programs that collaborate with 1200 research laboratories and centers. Each degree has a certain set of national diplomas that are all of equal value, irrespective of where they were issued. There are also other diplomas that are exclusive to France and are very hard to attain. 1581:

will weigh admission materials is to ask the person in charge of graduate admissions at the particular program being applied to. Admission to graduate school requires a bachelor's degree. High grades in one's field of study are important—grades outside the field less so. Traditionally in the past, the

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are two international unions that represent graduate employees. Private universities' administrations often oppose their graduate students when they try to form unions, arguing that students should be exempt from labor laws intended for "employees". In some cases, unionization movements have met with

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Foreign students are typically funded the same way as domestic (US) students, although federally subsidized student and parent loans and work-study assistance are generally limited to U.S. citizens and nationals, permanent residents, and approved refugees. Moreover, some funding sources (such as many

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or fellowships from private foundations. US universities often also offer competitive support from NIH-funded training programs. One example is the Biotechnology Training Program – University of Virginia. Departments often have funds for limited discretionary funding to supplement minor expenses such

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Postgraduate degrees in Nigeria include M.A., M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Eng., LL.M, M.Arch., M.Agric., M.Phil., PhD. The master's degree typically take 18–36 months with students undertaking coursework and presenting seminars and a dissertation. The doctoral degree is for a minimum of 36 months and may involve

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Master (of Arts, Science or other discipline). 1 year to 2 years of full-time study for coursework and research master's and 3 to 4 years of full-time study for extended master's degrees (which can allow the use of the word doctor in their title, such as Doctor of Medicine and Juris Doctor). Research

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Most universities award honorary degrees, usually at the postgraduate level. These are awarded to a wide variety of people, such as artists, musicians, writers, politicians, businesspeople, etc., in recognition of their achievements in their various fields. (Recipients of such degrees do not normally

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Although graduate school programs are distinct from undergraduate degree programs, graduate instruction (in the US, Australia, and other countries) is often offered by some of the same senior academic staff and departments who teach undergraduate courses. Unlike in undergraduate programs, however, it

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The doctoral candidate primarily performs his or her research over the course of three to eight years. In total, the typical doctoral degree takes between four and eight years from entering the program to completion, though this time varies depending upon the department, dissertation topic, and many

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Graduate students often declare their intended degree (master's or doctorate) in their applications. In some cases, master's programs allow successful students to continue toward the doctorate degree. Additionally, doctoral students who have advanced to candidacy but not filed a dissertation ("ABD",

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While most graduate programs will have a similar list of general admission requirements, the importance placed on each type of requirement can vary drastically between graduate schools, departments within schools, and even programs within departments. The best way to determine how a graduate program

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Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a postgraduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to his or her specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence. The Master and Doctoral candidate's work should be presented in

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At many universities, graduate students are employed by their university to teach classes or do research. While all graduate employees are graduate students, many graduate students are not employees. MBA students, for example, usually pay tuition and do not have paid teaching or research positions.

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Traditionally, doctoral programs were only intended to last three to four years and, in some disciplines (primarily the natural sciences), with a helpful advisor, and a light teaching load, it is possible for the degree to be completed in that amount of time. However, increasingly many disciplines,

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In addition to traditional "degree-seeking" applications for admission, many schools allow students to apply as "non-degree-seeking". Admission to the non-degree-seeking category is usually restricted primarily to those who may benefit professionally from additional study at the graduate level. For

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For overseas students, most major funding applications are due as early as twelve months or more before the intended graduate course will begin. This funding is also often highly competitive. The most widely available, and thus important, award for overseas students is the Overseas Research Student

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Funding for postgraduate study in the UK is awarded competitively, and usually is disseminated by institution (in the form of a certain allocation of studentships for a given year) rather than directly to individuals. There are a number of scholarships for master's courses, but these are relatively

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Admission to a graduate certificate program requires a university degree (or in some cases, a diploma with years of related experience). English speaking colleges require proof of English language proficiency such as IELTS. Some colleges may provide English language upgrading to students prior to

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There has also been some confusion over the conversion of the different marking schemes between British, US, and Australian systems for the purpose of assessment for entry to graduate programmes. The Australian grades are divided into four categories: High Distinction, Distinction, Credit, and Pass

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honours or a master's degree by research, or a master's with a significant research component. Entry requirements depend on the subject studied and the individual university. The minimum duration of a Ph.D. programme is two years, but completing within this time span is unusual, with Ph.D.s usually

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In the UK and countries whose education systems were founded on the British model, such as the US, the master's degree was for a long time the only postgraduate degree normally awarded, while in most European countries apart from the UK, the master's degree almost disappeared. In the second half of

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Many graduate students see themselves as akin to junior faculty, but with significantly lower pay. Many graduate students feel that teaching takes time that would better be spent on research, and many point out that there is a vicious circle in the academic labor economy. Institutions that rely on

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In general, there is less funding available to students admitted to master's degrees than for students admitted to Ph.D. or other doctoral degrees. Many departments, especially those in which students have research or teaching responsibilities, offer tuition-forgiveness and a stipend that pays for

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Students must usually declare their research goal or submit a research proposal upon entering graduate school; in the case of master's degrees, there will be some flexibility (that is, one is not held to one's research proposal, although major changes, for example from premodern to modern history,

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In some fields, research positions are more coveted than teaching positions because student researchers are typically paid to work on the dissertation they are required to complete anyway, while teaching is generally considered a distraction from one's work. Research positions are more typical of

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also varies according to the candidate's abilities and choice of research. Some students may also choose to remain in a program if they fail to win an academic position, particularly in disciplines with a tight job market; by remaining a student, they can retain access to libraries and university

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In the second and third years of study, doctoral programs often require students to pass more examinations. Programs often require a Qualifying Examination ("Quals"), a Ph.D. Candidacy Examination ("Candidacy"), or a General Examination ("Generals") designed to test the students' grasp of a broad

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Doctoral students generally spend roughly their first two to three years taking coursework and begin research by their second year if not before. Many master's and all specialist students will perform research culminating in a paper, presentation, and defense of their research. This is called the

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typically consists of 20-30 doctoral students, about half of whom are supported by stipends from the DFG or another sponsor. The research programme is usually narrowly defined around a specific topic and has an interdisciplinary aspect. The programme is set up for a specific period of time (up to

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graduate degrees: degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area and take from 1 to 2 years to complete. It can sometimes be used to describe a specialization level between a master's degree and an MBA. In that sense, the main difference is that the Lato Sensu courses tend to go deeper

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Most of the confusion with Australian postgraduate programmes occurs with the research-based programmes, particularly scientific programmes. Research degrees generally require candidates to have a minimum of a second-class four-year honours undergraduate degree to be considered for admission to a

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Funding differs greatly by departments and universities; some universities give five years of full funding to all Ph.D. students, though often with a teaching requirement attached; other universities do not. However, because of the teaching requirements, which can be in the research years of the

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and test scores below which they will not accept any applicants; this reduces the time spent reviewing applications. On the other hand, many other institutions often explicitly state that they do not use any sort of cut-offs in terms of GPA or the GRE scores. Instead, they claim to consider many

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While a significant portion of postgraduate students finance their tuition and living costs with teaching or research work at private and state-run institutions, international institutions, such as the Fulbright Program and the Organization of American States (OAS), have been known to grant full

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degree (M.Res.) which also lasts one year and is worth 180 CATS or 90 ECTS credits (the difference compared to the Master of Science and Master of Arts degrees being that the research is much more extensive) and the Master of Philosophy degree which lasts two years. In Scottish Universities, the

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In all cases, comprehensive exams normally must be passed to be allowed to proceed on to the dissertation. Passing such examinations allows the student to begin doctoral research, and rise to the status of a doctoral candidate, while failing usually results in the student leaving the program or

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Generally, the Australian higher education system follows that of its British counterpart (with some notable exceptions). Entrance is decided by merit, entrance to coursework-based programmes is usually not as strict; most universities usually require a "Credit" average as entry to their taught

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Masters: 2 years for completion. Usually serves as additional qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market (and maybe later a doctorate), or for those who want to pursue a doctorate. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a master's degree (stricto sensu), meaning that a

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Requirements for the successful completion of a taught master's programme are that the student pass all the required modules. Some universities require eight taught modules for a one-year programme, twelve modules for a one-and-a-half-year programme, and twelve taught modules plus a thesis or

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The Australian government usually offer full funding (fees and a monthly stipend) to its citizens and permanent residents who are pursuing research-based higher degrees. There are also highly competitive scholarships for international candidates who intend to pursue research-based programmes.

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Admission to a doctoral program typically requires a master's degree in a related field, sufficiently high grades, recommendations, samples of writing, a research proposal, and an interview with a prospective supervisor. Requirements are often set higher than those for a master's program. In

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doctorates. These differences are due to the differing nature of research between the humanities and some social sciences and the natural sciences and to the differing expectations of the discipline in coursework, languages, and length of dissertation. However, time required to complete a

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Requirements for research-based programmes vary among universities. Generally, however, a student is not required to take taught modules as part of their candidacy. It is now common that first-year Ph.D. candidates are not regarded as permanent Ph.D. students for fear that they may not be

1291:(i.e. physician, surgeon, pharmacist, dentist, veterinarian diplomas) as equivalent to a master's degree in any other discipline, to account for the difficulty gap between getting a medical degree and getting non health related doctoral degrees, the latter requiring original research. 1560:(ORS) Award, which pays the difference in university fees between an overseas student and a British or EU resident. However, a student can only apply for one university for the ORS Award, often before they know whether they have been accepted. As of the 2009/2010 academic year, the 1784:

Ph.D., even the best funded universities often do not have funding for humanities or social science students who need to do research elsewhere, whether in the United States or overseas. Such students may find funding through outside funders such as private foundations, such as the

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is very large, as they are the most prestigious and respected universities in Brazil. Public universities do not charge fees for undergraduate level/course. Funding, similar to wages, is available but is usually granted by public agencies linked to the university in question (i.e.

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degree (D.B.A.), etc. In some parts of Europe, doctorates are divided into the Doctor of Philosophy degree or "junior doctorate", and the "higher doctorates" such as the Doctor of Science degree, which is generally awarded to highly distinguished professors. A doctorate is the

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in France, and also some private universities, and they are based upon the European education ladder including bachelors, Masters, and Ph.D.s. Students gain each degree though the successful completion of a predetermined number of years in education, gaining credits via the

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or Lawyer degree). The qualifications of 'Licenciado', 'Ingeniero', or the equivalent qualification in Law degrees (a graduate from a "carrera de grado") are similar in content, length and skill-set to a joint first and second cycles in the qualification framework of the

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is often required in the first year of doctoral study, and is designed to test a student's background undergraduate-level knowledge. Examinations of this type are more common in the sciences and some social sciences but relatively unknown in most humanities disciplines.

1715:, which requires long periods of research, tends towards the longer end of this spectrum. The increase in length of the degree is a matter of great concern for both students and universities, though there is much disagreement on potential solutions to this problem. 1633:

At most institutions, decisions regarding admission are not made by the institution itself but the department to which the student is applying. Some departments may require interviews before making a decision to accept an applicant. Most universities adhere to the

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from undergraduate instructors are often essential, as strong recommendation letters from mentors or supervisors of undergraduate research experience provide evidence that the applicant can perform research and can handle the rigors of a graduate school education.

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Ph.D. programme (M.Phil. are an uncommon route). In science, a British first class honours (3 years) is not equivalent to an Australian first class honours (1 year research postgraduate programme that requires a completed undergraduate (pass) degree with a high

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a dissertation or thesis prepared under the supervision of a tutor or director, and reviewed by a postgraduate committee. This committee should be composed of examiners external to the program, and at least one of them should also be external to the institution.

1618:), which may include indications of the intended area(s) of research. The amount of detail in this statement is and whether it is possible to change one's focus of research depends strongly on the discipline and department to which the student is applying. 1609:

Within the sciences and some social sciences, previous research experience may be important. By contrast, within most humanities disciplines, an example of academic writing normally suffices. Many universities require a personal statement (sometimes called

1772:(NSF), or through similar programs in other agencies. Many students are also funded as lab researchers by faculty who have been funded by private foundations or by the NSF, National Institutes of Health (NIH), or federal "mission agencies" such as the 1169:

comprising some original research and ranging from 70 to 200 pages. Some fields may require candidates to study at least one foreign language if they have not already earned sufficient foreign-language credits. Some faculties require candidates to

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re-taking the test after some time has passed (usually a semester or a year). Some schools have an intermediate category, passing at the master's level, which allows the student to leave with a master's without having completed a master's thesis.

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Master's degrees can be completed in one year but normally take at least two; they typically may not exceed five years. Doctoral degrees require a minimum of two years but frequently take much longer, although not usually exceeding six years.

928:. Generally, in order to be accepted, the candidate must have above average grades and it is highly recommended to be initiated on scientific research through government programs on undergraduate areas, as a complement to usual coursework. 1250:). These fellowships are awarded after submitting a biographical information, undergraduate and graduate transcripts where applicable, letters of recommendation, and research proposal, then an oral examination by an Academical Committee. 828:

Higher doctorate, awarded usually ten or more years after the completion of PhD (which is a prerequisite of higher doctorate) after submission of a research portfolio that is of a higher standard than that required for the awarding of a

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Graduate certificates require between eight and sixteen months of study. The length of study depends on the program. Graduate certificates primarily involve coursework. However, some may require a research project or a work placement.

1354:(DFG), the German Research Foundation, in the early 1990s, the concept of a graduate school was introduced to the German higher education system. Unlike the American model of graduate schools, only doctoral students participate in a 449:, mostly Italian. University studies took six years for a bachelor's degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven 1435:

of 60% (B average or 4.00/5). In addition to this, applicants may be subjected to written and oral examinations depending on the school. Most universities with high numbers of applicants have more stringent admission processes.

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or DESS before 2005, and nowadays Masters too). In the UK, master's degrees may be taught or by research: taught master's degrees include the Master of Science and Master of Arts degrees which last one year and are worth 180

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NSF fellowships) may only be awarded to domestic students. International students often have unique financial difficulties such as high costs to visit their families back home, support of a family not allowed to work due to

1216:, a thesis may be presented in French. One exception to this rule is McGill University, where all work can be submitted in either English or French, unless the purpose of the course of study is acquisition of a language. 1161:

basis. Part-time graduate programs will usually require that students take one to two courses per semester, and the part-time graduate programs may be offered in online formats, evening formats, or a combination of both.

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was required by almost all graduate schools, however, programs in multiple disciplines are removing the GRE requirement for their admission process. Some programs require other additional standardized tests (such as the

175: 1601:, the GRE exam moved to an online format. This led some programs to waive GRE requirements temporarily or permanently, arguing that the new format was unfair or too difficult for test-takers. In addition, good 946: 216:

The organization and structure of postgraduate education varies in different countries, as well as in different institutions within countries. The term "graduate school" or "grad school" is typically used in

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French-speaking universities have varying sets of rules; some (e.g. HEC Montreal) will accept students with little knowledge of French if they can communicate with their supervisors (usually in English).

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in most fields. In the United States, there is little distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the UK, Doctor of Philosophy degrees are often equivalent to 540

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science disciplines; they are relatively uncommon in humanities disciplines, and where they exist, rarely allow the student to work on their own research. Science PhD students can apply for individual

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conventions, and this requirement may be significantly higher in some faculties), and recommendations from professors. Admission to a high-quality thesis-type master's program generally requires an

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Funding is available for some Ph.D./D.Phil. courses. As at the master's level, there is more funding available to those in the sciences than in other disciplines. Such funding generally comes from

2928: 694:. They are sometimes used as steps on the route to a degree, as part of the training for a specific career, or as a qualification in an area of study too narrow to warrant a full degree course. 3118: 1258:

Prior to 2004, when the European system of LMD Bologna process was founded, the French equivalent of a Post Graduate degree was called a "Maitrise." For historical reasons dating back to the

1983:(M.A.) degrees to undergraduates without any further study seven years after matriculation. These universities also award Bachelor's degrees for some forms of postgraduate study (e.g., see 1448:

The term "graduate school" is used more widely by North American universities than by those in the UK. However, in addition to universities set up solely for postgraduate studies such as

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In Argentina, the admission to a Postgraduate program at an Argentine University requires the full completion of any undergraduate course, called in Argentina "carrera de grado" (v.gr.

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has cancelled the Overseas Research Student Award scheme for English and Welsh universities. The state of the scheme for Scottish and Northern Irish universities is currently unclear.

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level. At the doctorate programs, though, it is quite common for students to take courses from a wider range of study, for which some fixed portion of coursework, sometimes known as a

323:, without an original research or thesis component. Graduate students in the humanities, sciences and social sciences often receive funding from their university (e.g., fellowships or 1057:

Admission to a master's (course-based, also called "non-thesis") program generally requires a bachelor's degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades usually ranging from

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The Royal Military College of Canada is a bilingual University, and allows a thesis to be in either English or French, but requires the abstract to be in both official languages.

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sufficiently prepared to undertake independent research. In such cases, an alternative degree will be awarded for their previous work, usually an M.Phil. or M.Sc. by research.

35: 1545: 1181:, consisting of original research representing a significant contribution to their field, and ranging from 200 to 500 pages. Most Ph.D. candidates will be required to sit 1524:), then later transfer to a Ph.D./D.Phil. if they can show satisfactory progress in their first 8–12 months of study. Candidates for the degree of Doctor of Education ( 2441: 3000: 1935: 644: 2335: 2899: 2465: 1537:

rare and dependent on the course and class of undergraduate degree obtained (usually requiring at least a lower second). Most master's students are self-funded.

1817: 1777: 2788: 276:. The distinction between graduate schools and professional schools is not absolute since various professional schools offer graduate degrees and vice versa. 2201: 1561: 2920: 1362:

aims to provide young researchers with a structured doctoral training under supervision of a team of professors within an excellent research environment. A

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Funding is available to first-year masters students whose transcripts reflect exceptionally high grades; this funding is normally given in the second year.

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example, current elementary, middle, and high school teachers wishing to gain re-certification credit most commonly apply as non-degree-seeking students.

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Many graduate programs require students to pass one or several examinations in order to demonstrate their competence as scholars. In some departments, a

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with at least a Second Class Lower Division (not less than 2.75/5). Admission to Doctoral programmes requires an Academic master's degree with a minimum

1081:). Nevertheless, some French speaking universities, like HEC Montreal, also require candidates to submit TOEFL score or to pass their own English test. 4584: 1805: 1385: 1328: 897:

dissertation for a two-year programme. The academic year for an Australian postgraduate programme is typically two semesters (eight months of study).

240:. A distinction is typically made between graduate schools (where courses of study vary in the degree to which they provide training for a particular 1089:

are discouraged). In the case of Ph.D.s, the research direction is usually known as it will typically follow the direction of the master's research.

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with a separation between Bachelor and Master programmes in many fields, except for education studies, law and other specially regulated subjects.

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After the doctorate degree, a second training period is available for students in fields such as life sciences, called a postdoctoral fellowship.

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Admission to a doctoral program requires a master's degree, both research-oriented and disciplinary focused. High marks are required (typically a

769: 640: 553: 64: 2362: 2320: 1113:. Students often agree, as a condition of acceptance to a programme, not to devote more than twelve hours per week to work or outside interests. 969:(Latin for "in broad sense"), which generally means a specialization course in one area of study, mostly addressed to professional practice, and 863:

There are many professional programs such as medical and dental school require a previous bachelors for admission and are considered graduate or

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degree (M.Arch.) can last to three and a half years to satisfy professional requirements to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the

4172: 2820: 1837: 1627: 1333:

The traditional and most common way of obtaining a doctorate in Germany is by doing so individually under supervision of a single professor (

621:; D.Sc.). The Doctor of Science degree can also be awarded in specific fields, such as a Doctor of Science in Mathematics degree (from Latin 2226: 1174:, but many do not. Those that do not, often have a requirement of taking two additional courses, at minimum, in lieu of preparing a thesis. 4535: 2762: 2383: 1980: 1813: 1549: 1204:

At English-speaking Canadian universities, both master's and Ph.D. theses may be presented in English or in the language of the subject (

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Programmes are divided into coursework-based and research-based degrees. Coursework programs typically include qualifications such as:

2013: 2959: 1940: 1590: 2496: 111: 3755: 3360: 3058: 1852:

leads in terms of progressive policy regarding graduate student unions with five universities recognizing graduate employee unions:

1154:. Most faculties require both, with the emphasis on research, and with coursework being directly related to the field of research. 1058: 791: 630: 590: 308: 130: 83: 3017: 2870: 1679:

Most graduate students perform teaching duties, often serving as graders and tutors. In some departments, they can be promoted to

445:

education depends upon the system of awarding degrees at different levels of study, and can be traced to the workings of European

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The main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach ("doctor" comes from Latin

4743: 2273: 1880: 1789: 1757: 1351: 1305: 304: 2439: 1119:

Funding for Ph.D. students comes from a variety of sources, and many universities waive tuition fees for doctoral candidates.

90: 4182: 3423: 1635: 937: 773: 68: 1556:(MRC) and others. Masters students may also have the option of a Postgraduate loan introduced by the UK Government in 2016. 1504:

Admission to undertake a research degree in the UK typically requires a strong bachelor's degree or Scottish M.A. (at least

265: 1528:) are typically required to hold a good bachelor's degree as well as an appropriate master's degree before being admitted. 4594: 1553: 1473: 4703: 3319: 647:

European credits, but this is not always the case as the credit structure of doctoral degrees is not officially defined.

3941: 3337: 1841: 97: 1840:

lists 25 recognized unions at public universities on its website. Private universities, however, are covered under the

1278: 601:. These are often further divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a 4733: 2063: 1869: 1853: 1769: 1594: 1582: 1288: 30:

This article is about education after an undergraduate degree. For the year after secondary school (high school), see

2795: 2457: 143: 4690: 4475: 3870: 2134: 1960: 1891:. While graduate student unions can use the same types of strikes that other unions do, they have also made use of 1740:

facilities, while also retaining an academic affiliation, which can be essential for conferences and job-searches.

1412: 548: 79: 2489:"Postgraduate study options, course types, masters degree - Future Students | Curtin University, Perth, Australia" 2193: 762: 331:

position or other job; in the profession-oriented grad programs, students are less likely to get funding, and the

57: 4738: 3880: 3783: 3456: 3416: 2741: 1857: 1672: 1489: 1259: 1182: 4202: 4118: 3890: 3252: 2681: 2298: 2110: 2093: 1955: 1567:

Full-time students (of any type) are not normally eligible for state benefits, including during vacation time.

1465: 1453: 687: 593:

degree (M.B.A.) can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a knowledgeable business leader.

401: 152: 1481: 4650: 4270: 4237: 4016: 3671: 3049: 1950: 1704: 1665: 1492:. They often coordinate the supervision and training of candidates for research master's programmes and for 1102: 363:

There are two main types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level: academic and vocational degrees.

206: 4480: 4058: 2563: 2542: 1865: 1861: 1469: 1285: 586: 300: 4680: 4317: 4154: 4063: 4051: 3748: 2841: 1984: 1708: 1602: 843: 418: 2711: 556:

credits (equivalent to 90 ECTS European credits), whereas the master's degrees by research include the

2354: 2318: 1636:

Council of Graduate Schools' Resolution Regarding Graduate Scholars, Fellows, Trainees, and Assistants

4490: 4485: 4344: 4329: 4297: 4282: 4265: 4144: 4131: 4026: 3885: 3875: 3654: 3644: 3400: 3224: 2975: 1844:

rather than state labor laws and until 2001 there were no recognized unions at private universities.

1785: 1661: 1657: 1611: 1541: 1517: 1505: 1477: 1449: 1428: 691: 602: 570: 562: 532: 233: 210: 148: 104: 4562: 4505: 4036: 4031: 3968: 3852: 3466: 3220: 2488: 2164: 1876: 1638:, which gives applicants until April 15 to accept or reject offers that contain financial support. 1622: 1525: 1509: 1408: 1300: 852: 708: 651: 446: 410: 245: 237: 198: 164: 3717: 2827: 2017: 4575: 4545: 4510: 4444: 4260: 4192: 4083: 3956: 3931: 3900: 3471: 3151: 3075: 1668:(C.Phil.) degree. The master's component of a doctorate program often requires one or two years. 1212:, for example), but if this is the case an extensive abstract must be also presented in English. 1198: 1151: 1110: 1106: 712: 557: 328: 316: 2766: 2664:"Bachelor of Science (Honours) – Courses and Programs – The University of Queensland, Australia" 2517: 2387: 1193:, while candidates in pre-modern Japanese topics must demonstrate ability in English, Japanese, 974: 511: 225: 3139: 2639: 2266:"FINLEX ® - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Valtioneuvoston asetus yliopistojen tutkinnoista 794/2004" 2038: 4515: 4495: 4349: 4339: 4302: 4197: 4006: 3978: 3860: 3811: 3774: 3649: 3461: 3439: 3394: 3356: 3291: 3054: 2955: 1598: 1585: 1457: 1263: 1209: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1158: 1041: 1034: 614: 566: 540: 524: 280: 31: 3273: 2416: 2222: 842:

Ph.D. entrance requirements in the higher ranked schools typically require a student to have

4717: 4625: 4557: 4540: 4500: 4454: 4400: 4385: 4363: 4334: 4209: 3988: 3973: 3925: 3796: 3741: 3721: 3637: 3578: 3379: 3163: 1916: 1615: 1521: 1461: 1432: 823:

Doctor of Philosophy, 3 to 4 years full-time study. Also ends in the submission of a thesis.

466: 288: 202: 1452:, numerous universities in the UK have formally launched 'Graduate Schools', including the 4552: 4434: 4390: 4380: 4214: 4093: 3341: 3323: 3004: 2445: 2342: 2324: 1924: 1801: 1797: 1731: 1711:

degrees take five. In some disciplines, doctoral programs can average seven to ten years.

1396: 1236: 1205: 717: 635: 582: 574: 376: 292: 257: 194: 2663: 1836:

In the United States there are many graduate employee unions at public universities. The

1768:

A few students can attain funding through dissertation improvement grants funded by the

1722:

Though there is substantial variation among universities, departments, and individuals,

1006:

Doctorate: 3–4 years for completion. Usually used as a stepping stone for academic life.

4670: 4589: 4459: 4275: 4167: 4149: 4126: 4021: 3920: 3895: 3841: 3521: 2866: 2640:"Research degrees (MPhil, MRes & PhD) in Australia and New Zealand | Study Options" 1727: 1485: 1171: 1072: 1066: 864: 516: 515:. These are sometimes placed in a further hierarchy, starting with degrees such as the 430: 344: 249: 4727: 4620: 4449: 4375: 4287: 4088: 3936: 3865: 3836: 3824: 3596: 2976:"Funding for Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme (ORSAS) is no longer available" 1888: 578: 438: 426: 218: 160: 2265: 1242:

A large share of the funding offered to junior researchers is channeled through the

4615: 4307: 4292: 4232: 4098: 3946: 3915: 3819: 3801: 3494: 1809: 1267: 1178: 1123: 1062: 962: 450: 434: 312: 273: 355:

of the degree-seeking candidate to broaden the research abilities of the student.

221:, while "postgraduate" is more common in the rest of the English-speaking world. 4219: 3905: 3090:"Graduate programs drop GRE after online version raises concerns about fairness" 1830: 1712: 751: 324: 269: 46: 1367:

nine years if funded by the DFG). The official English translation of the term

569:

degree tends to be the taught or lower master's degree. In many fields such as

4439: 4046: 2584: 1906: 1723: 1493: 1319:), but the acceptance is linked to a decision of the School Academical Board. 1165:

Master's candidates undertaking research are typically required to complete a

1143: 454: 352: 340: 320: 284: 253: 241: 3408: 3334: 3316: 2712:"Mind the Cap? Postgraduate Coursework Degrees and Tuition Fees in Australia" 953:, etc.), given to the students previously ranked based on internal criteria. 303:. In graduate programs that are oriented toward professional training (e.g., 17: 4162: 3791: 3487: 3443: 3366: 3188: 1736: 1700: 978: 872: 597: 229: 4645: 2194:"ECTS: European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System — Ghent University" 2071: 1177:

Ph.D. candidates undertaking research must typically complete a thesis, or

995:

graduate degrees: degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career.

170: 4712: 1910: 469:

degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—

375:

in this context means the moving from one stage or level to another (from

4395: 4041: 1892: 1849: 1680: 1513: 1147: 867:

programs even though they culminate in a bachelor's degree. Example, the

478: 474: 458: 156: 2126: 507:

In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows:

4410: 4405: 4001: 3996: 3050:

The Ph.D. Process: A Student's Guide to Graduate School in the Sciences

1929: 1516:

candidates are initially admitted to a Masters in Research Philosophy (

1424: 1127: 981:, encompassing broader and profound activities of scientific research. 776: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 686:

Postgraduate education can involve studying for qualifications such as

462: 414: 261: 2921:"UNN Nigeria General Entry Qualifications for Postgraduate Programmes" 2710:

Palmer, Nigel; Abrahams, Natasha; Pace, Mark; De Rango, Emily (2018).

1660:") often receive master's degrees and an additional master's called a 3910: 3764: 2733: 1358:. In contrast to the traditional German model of doctoral studies, a 1166: 1018: 942: 650:

In some countries such as Finland and Sweden, there is the degree of

296: 201:, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications usually pursued by 1707:

degrees take six to seven due to limiting factors of weather, while

1030:

Graduate certificates (sometimes called "postgraduate certificates")

351:, is typically required to be taken from outside the department and 3018:"A wave of graduate programs drops the GRE application requirement" 1329:

List of graduate schools, German Universities Excellence Initiative

625:; D.Sc.Math.), a Doctor of Agricultural Science degree (from Latin 176:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City

1078: 400: 383: 169: 142: 3115:"'GRExit' gains momentum as Ph.D. programs drop exam requirement" 2585:"Higher Doctorates Procedure - University of Southern Queensland" 1936:

History of higher education in the United States#Graduate schools

1887:

When negotiations fail, graduate employee unions sometimes go on

1829:

In many countries graduate employees have collectively organized

565:

degree tends to be by research or higher master's degree and the

1932:(European Council of Doctoral Candidates and junior researchers) 1800:, tuition that is expensive by world standards, and large fees: 950: 924:

degree is required in order to enter a graduate program, called

3737: 3733: 3412: 1384:("graduate school"), was established by the DFG as part of the 609:; Ph.D. or D.Phil.), a Doctor of Psychology degree (from Latin 1761: 745: 666: 662: 470: 465:, logic, and rhetoric. The main emphasis was on logic. Once a 332: 40: 2738:

Ser Universitário – Seu Mundo Universitário & Educacional

2734:"Ser Universitário – Tudo pra você chegar ao Ensino Superior" 1246:, mainly in the shape of three-years "Doctoral Fellowships" ( 1033:

Master's degree (course-based, thesis-based and available in

3175: 1730:

doctorates on average take somewhat longer to complete than

2765:. Canadian Association for Graduate Studies. Archived from 1003:

degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program.

3178:, Educational Testing Service, accessed September 2, 2007. 2983: 1157:

Master's and doctoral programs may also be completed on a

1150:

or a combination of the two, depending on the subject and

847:

taking an average of three to four years to be completed.

1683:

status, a position that comes with more responsibility.

1833:

in order to bargain a contract with their university.

661:

In the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the

260:, and other institutions of specialized fields such as 1879:(under the slogan "Uniting Academic Workers") and the 1388:. They are thematically much broader than the focused 729:

scholarships for tuition with apportions for housing.

283:

is a significant component of graduate studies in the

4701: 3071: 3069: 3067: 1378:

In 2006, a different type of graduate school, termed

813:

Graduate certificate, six-month full-time coursework.

678:

use the associated titles or letters, such as "Dr.")

343:

outside their specific field of study at graduate or

2295:"Aalto University. Licentiate thesis and graduation" 816:

Graduate diploma, twelve-month full-time coursework.

4638: 4608: 4571: 4524: 4468: 4427: 4362: 4316: 4249: 4111: 4076: 3987: 3955: 3851: 3810: 3782: 3772: 2611:"The Australian Higher Education System...Simplifi" 1142:Both master's and doctoral programs may be done by 295:. This research typically leads to the writing and 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1546:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council 481:—in which to pursue master's or doctor's degrees. 425:Although systems of higher education date back to 1054:the start of their graduate certificate program. 1423:Admission to a postgraduate degree programme in 1392:and consist often of 100-200 doctoral students. 2682:"Entry requirements: Graduate Research Degrees" 1979:Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin continue to award 1703:degrees take five to six years on average, but 1595:Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Subject Tests 720:(that is, Bachelor and Master qualifications). 3249:"International students refuse to pay new fee" 3749: 3424: 3369:, Discusses innovations in doctoral training. 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 2336:OFQUAL qualification and assessment-framework 1818:United States Department of Homeland Security 1765:as research trips and travel to conferences. 1597:) to apply to their institutions. During the 1061:and higher (different schools have different 973:(Latin for "in narrow sense"), which means a 339:is less common for graduate students to take 8: 3176:TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language 2223:"Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.)" 820:master's ends in the submission of a thesis. 547:; M.Litt.) (all formerly known in France as 3351:William G. Bowen & Neil L. Rudenstine, 3152:Research Experience for Graduate Admissions 3047:Dale Bloom, Jonathan Karp, Nicholas Cohen, 2996:Eligibility guidelines from Jobcentre plus 1395:Germany and the Netherlands introduced the 1262:, France has a dual education system, with 1130:and other awards, both private and public. 911:Universities and higher education in Brazil 393:), and first appeared in the 13th century. 4528: 4368: 4322: 4253: 3961: 3779: 3756: 3742: 3734: 3667: 3662: 3633: 3628: 3592: 3587: 3574: 3569: 3535: 3530: 3517: 3512: 3483: 3478: 3452: 3431: 3417: 3409: 3373: 232:degrees, and other qualifications such as 3140:Recommendation Letters: Choosing Referees 2092:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", 1806:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 1386:German Universities Excellence Initiative 1277:. Some Grandes écoles deliver the French 1275:being considered as much more prestigious 792:Learn how and when to remove this message 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 3166:, About.com, accessed September 2, 2007. 3154:, About.com, accessed September 2, 2007. 3142:, About.com, accessed September 2, 2007. 2014:"Graduate School Admission Requirements" 1925:Bologna Process Qualifications framework 1281:, which is ranked as a master's degree. 4708: 3078:, About.com, accessed September 2, 2007 2248:"Licentiatexamen – 2 år - Antagning.se" 2005: 1972: 920:In Brazil, a Bachelor's, Licenciate or 174:A student receives her degree from the 3296:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3289: 2518:"What the different degree types mean" 2355:"What are Honorary Doctorate Degrees?" 2115:, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler 2098:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler 1946:List of postgraduate-only institutions 2867:"Niveau de diplôme (degrees ranking)" 1838:Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions 1628:Test of English as a Foreign Language 1480:, which includes graduate schools at 319:), the degrees may consist solely of 7: 4686: 4536:Ancient higher-learning institutions 2789:"McGill Charter of Students' Rights" 2564:"Australian Qualification Framework" 2543:"Australian Qualification Framework" 2165:"The value of a postgraduate degree" 1814:Student and Exchange Visitor Program 1550:Arts and Humanities Research Council 1411:higher education is operated by the 1122:Funding is available in the form of 774:adding citations to reliable sources 69:adding citations to reliable sources 3121:from the original on March 30, 2023 3113:Langin, Katie (November 29, 2022). 2591:. University of Southern Queensland 585:. Professional degrees such as the 359:Types of postgraduate qualification 2821:"HEC Montréal – Admission – Ph.D." 2571:Australian Qualification Framework 2550:Australian Qualification Framework 2468:from the original on 21 March 2021 1941:List of fields of doctoral studies 1895:, work-ins, marches, rallies, and 1591:Graduate Management Admission Test 623:Doctor scientiarum mathematic arum 484:The degrees of master (from Latin 36:Postgraduate training in education 25: 3164:GPA and Graduate School Admission 3053:, Oxford University Press, 1998, 1508:, but usually an upper second or 1105:, but instead they often work as 631:Doctor of Business Administration 591:Master of Business Administration 4711: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4664: 3716: 2954:. Hart Publishing. p. 267. 2892:"Find your individual doctorate" 2458:"Higher education, Postgraduate" 1909: 750: 45: 2931:from the original on 2021-03-21 2873:from the original on 2017-10-08 2848:from the original on 2021-03-21 2842:"Thesis Preparation Guidelines" 2744:from the original on 2011-06-13 2716:Australian Universities' Review 2692:from the original on 2021-03-21 2621:from the original on 2021-03-21 2499:from the original on 2021-03-21 2365:from the original on 2021-03-21 2276:from the original on 2021-03-21 2229:from the original on 2021-03-21 2204:from the original on 2021-03-21 2175:from the original on 2021-03-21 2137:from the original on 2021-03-21 2109:Verger, J. (1999), "Licentia", 1881:American Federation of Teachers 1790:Social Science Research Council 1778:Environmental Protection Agency 1352:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 1306:European Credit Transfer System 1101:Graduate students may take out 761:needs additional citations for 234:graduate diplomas, certificates 56:needs additional citations for 3189:"Admissions - Graduate School" 3076:Graduate School Admissions 101 2952:Stakeholders in the Law School 1040:Doctoral degree (available in 1: 2686:futurestudents.unimelb.edu.au 2464:. Hobsons Australia Pty Ltd. 2064:"Postgraduate | SmartStudent" 873:Bachelor of Dentistry (BDent) 805:Types of postgraduate degrees 627:Doctor scientiarum agrariarum 405:The entry of students in the 224:Graduate degrees can include 3942:University technical college 3016:Langin, Katie (2019-05-29). 1842:National Labor Relations Act 1699:other factors. For example, 1270:on the other hand, with the 1214:In exceptional circumstances 539:; M.Phil.), and finally the 205:students who have earned an 2615:www.studyinaustralia.gov.au 1870:Western Michigan University 1854:Central Michigan University 1770:National Science Foundation 1583:Graduate Record Examination 869:Bachelor of Medicine (MBBS) 531:; M.Sc.) degrees, then the 461:, astronomy, music theory, 335:are typically much higher. 4760: 3871:College-preparatory school 3088:Hu, Jane C. (2020-06-24). 2444:February 21, 2009, at the 2323:February 17, 2008, at the 1961:Professional certification 1474:Queen's University Belfast 1413:Higher Education Authority 1344:With the establishment of 1326: 1183:comprehensive examinations 908: 421:, depicted in a 1497 image 29: 4659: 4531: 4371: 4325: 4256: 3964: 3881:Comprehensive high school 3711: 3665: 3631: 3590: 3572: 3533: 3515: 3481: 3457:Early childhood education 3450: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3346:The Catholic Encyclopedia 3328:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2925:Study Abroad Scholarships 2399:Scholarships in Argentina 1858:Michigan State University 1673:comprehensive examination 1621:Some schools set minimum 1603:letters of recommendation 1512:). In some institutions, 1490:University College London 1260:French Revolution of 1789 688:postgraduate certificates 682:Non-degree qualifications 488:) and doctor (from Latin 266:speech–language pathology 27:Phase of higher education 4238:State-integrated school 4112:By funding / eligibility 3891:Continuation high school 2487:Smith, Jo (2016-02-04). 2112:Lexikon des Mittelalters 2095:Lexikon des Mittelalters 2043:wordnetweb.princeton.edu 1956:Professional association 1824:Graduate employee unions 1554:Medical Research Council 1466:University of Nottingham 1454:University of Birmingham 407:Natio Germanica Bononiae 153:Chulalongkorn University 80:"Postgraduate education" 4651:Educational institution 4271:Anarchistic free school 4017:Institute of technology 3386:Postgraduate education 3353:In Pursuit of the Ph.D. 3214:"Handbook: Citizenship" 2896:research-in-germany.org 1951:Postdoctoral researcher 1705:observational astronomy 1666:Candidate of Philosophy 1373:Research Training Group 961:There are two types of 4744:Postgraduate education 4481:Compensatory education 4233:State or public school 4059:Upper division college 2039:"WordNet Search – 3.1" 1866:Wayne State University 1862:University of Michigan 1470:Bournemouth University 1286:professional doctorate 1044:and full-time formats) 1037:and full-time formats) 587:Master of Architecture 422: 301:thesis or dissertation 183:Postgraduate education 179: 167: 34:. For other uses, see 4137:Comprehensive school 4064:Vocational university 3355:(Princeton UP, 1992; 2950:Fiona Cownie (2010). 2522:courses.curtin.edu.au 2131:University of Bologna 1774:Department of Defense 1760:fellowships from the 1709:theoretical astronomy 1482:King's College London 1074:bachelor with honours 909:Further information: 859:Professional programs 844:postgraduate research 692:postgraduate diplomas 537:Magister philosophiae 447:medieval universities 419:University of Bologna 404: 173: 147:A doctoral graduate ( 146: 4600:in the United States 4491:Continuing education 4486:Compulsory education 4330:Free school movement 4298:Single-sex education 4283:International school 4266:Democratic education 4145:For-profit education 4132:Community day school 4027:Liberal arts college 3886:Comprehensive school 3876:Collegiate institute 3401:Continuing education 3193:www.grad.clemson.edu 2644:www.studyoptions.com 2462:Studies In Australia 2384:"Study in Argentina" 1786:German Marshall Fund 1662:Master of Philosophy 1658:all but dissertation 1612:statement of purpose 1478:University of London 1450:Cranfield University 936:The competition for 770:improve this article 603:Doctor of Philosophy 581:, a master's is the 571:clinical social work 563:Master of Philosophy 533:Master of Philosophy 248:, which can include 246:professional schools 238:professional degrees 199:professional degrees 65:improve this article 4609:Informal or illegal 4563:Medieval university 4506:Inclusive education 4476:College preparatory 4037:Residential college 4032:Research university 3969:Professional school 3844:/ Elementary school 3467:Secondary education 3367:Growth of the Ph.D. 3221:Federal Student Aid 1877:United Auto Workers 1651:Degree requirements 1409:Republic of Ireland 1315:honour, equating a 1301:public universities 1279:diplôme d'ingénieur 1172:defend their thesis 1134:Degree requirements 1111:research assistants 957:Degree requirements 938:public universities 892:Degree requirements 853:grade-point average 733:Degree requirements 617:degree (from Latin 611:Doctor psychologia; 607:Doctor philosophiae 605:degree (from Latin 545:Magister litterarum 543:degree (from Latin 535:degree (from Latin 165:graduation ceremony 4734:Educational stages 4671:Schools portal 4576:indigenous peoples 4573:Schools imposed on 4511:Remedial education 4445:Distance education 4261:Alternative school 4250:By style / purpose 4225:Specialist school 4084:All-through school 3932:Sixth form college 3472:Tertiary education 3340:2017-08-04 at the 3322:2021-03-21 at the 3003:2009-02-04 at the 2769:on 22 October 2011 2341:2010-05-27 at the 1642:Non-degree seeking 1390:Graduiertenkollegs 1347:Graduiertenkollegs 1289:in health sciences 1248:contrats doctoraux 1199:Classical Japanese 558:Master of Research 529:Magister scientiae 423: 329:teaching assistant 187:graduate education 180: 168: 4699: 4698: 4634: 4633: 4516:Special education 4496:Further education 4423: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4358: 4357: 4345:Montessori school 4340:Laboratory school 4303:Specialist school 4241: 4228: 4173:UK private school 4158: 4140: 4122: 4107: 4106: 4072: 4071: 4007:Community college 3979:Vocational school 3861:Adult high school 3775:educational stage 3731: 3730: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3462:Primary education 3407: 3406: 3395:Further education 3392:Succeeded by 3255:on April 1, 2004. 2801:on 7 October 2016 2589:policy.usq.edu.au 1599:COVID-19 pandemic 1586:standardized test 1542:Research Councils 1458:Durham University 1429:bachelor's degree 1381:Graduiertenschule 1369:Graduiertenkolleg 1364:Graduiertenkolleg 1360:Graduiertenkolleg 1356:Graduiertenkolleg 1266:on one side, and 1233:écoles doctorales 1210:German literature 1195:Classical Chinese 1025:Types of programs 802: 801: 794: 615:Doctor of Science 613:Psy.D.), or as a 567:Master of Letters 541:Master of Letters 525:Master of Science 441:, the concept of 281:original research 141: 140: 133: 115: 32:Postgraduate year 16:(Redirected from 4751: 4739:Higher education 4716: 4715: 4707: 4689: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4558:Cathedral school 4541:Platonic Academy 4529: 4501:Gifted education 4455:Prison education 4401:Parochial school 4386:Christian school 4369: 4335:Folk high school 4323: 4254: 4239: 4227:(United Kingdom) 4226: 4210:Selective school 4156: 4138: 4120: 3974:Technical school 3962: 3926:Secondary school 3830:Global influence 3797:Pre-kindergarten 3780: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3735: 3720: 3668: 3663: 3638:Higher education 3634: 3629: 3593: 3588: 3579:Secondary school 3575: 3570: 3536: 3531: 3518: 3513: 3484: 3479: 3453: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3410: 3380:Higher education 3377:Preceded by 3374: 3317:"Master of Arts" 3302: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3272:. 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Archived from 2010: 1988: 1977: 1919: 1917:Education portal 1914: 1913: 1798:immigration laws 1616:letter of intent 1462:Keele University 1433:weighted average 1276: 1254:Specific context 1237:Doctoral schools 1215: 1068:honours bachelor 797: 790: 786: 783: 777: 754: 746: 673:Honorary degrees 629:; D.Sc.Agr.), a 619:Doctor scientiae 512:Master's degrees 467:Bachelor of Arts 417:students at the 289:natural sciences 159:, dressed in an 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4710: 4702: 4700: 4695: 4665: 4663: 4655: 4630: 4604: 4595:in South Africa 4578: 4574: 4567: 4553:Monastic school 4520: 4464: 4435:Boarding school 4415: 4391:Female seminary 4381:Catholic school 4354: 4312: 4245: 4215:Separate school 4103: 4094:One-room school 4068: 4012:Graduate school 3983: 3951: 3847: 3806: 3784:Early childhood 3768: 3762: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3652: 3640: 3621: 3612: 3604: 3599: 3581: 3562: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3524: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3446: 3437: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3382: 3372: 3342:Wayback Machine 3324:Wayback Machine 3311: 3306: 3305: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3267:"Archived copy" 3265: 3264: 3260: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3065: 3046: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3005:Wayback Machine 2995: 2991: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2622: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2573:. 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January 2013. 2545: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2493:Future students 2486: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2446:Wayback Machine 2438: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2368: 2366: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2343:Wayback Machine 2334: 2330: 2325:Wayback Machine 2317: 2313: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2176: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2140: 2138: 2127:"International" 2125: 2124: 2120: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1826: 1812:fees under the 1749: 1732:natural science 1653: 1644: 1578: 1573: 1534: 1502: 1446: 1421: 1405: 1397:Bologna process 1331: 1325: 1297: 1284:France ranks a 1274: 1256: 1244:école doctorale 1229: 1213: 1136: 1099: 1051: 1027: 1015: 975:master's degree 959: 934: 918: 913: 907: 894: 885: 861: 836: 807: 798: 787: 781: 778: 767: 755: 744: 735: 726: 718:Bologna Process 705: 700: 684: 675: 643:credits or 270 636:terminal degree 583:terminal degree 575:library science 521:Magister artium 505: 499:, "to teach"). 399: 369: 361: 293:social sciences 258:business school 191:graduate school 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4683: 4673: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4639:Related topics 4636: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4626:in South Tyrol 4623: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4590:in New Zealand 4587: 4581: 4579: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4460:Virtual school 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4429: 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3846: 3845: 3842:Primary school 3839: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3666: 3659: 3658: 3647: 3642: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3591: 3584: 3583: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3526: 3522:Primary school 3516: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3482: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3405: 3404: 3393: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3349: 3331: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3258: 3240: 3205: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3105: 3094:Science | AAAS 3080: 3063: 3033: 3022:Science | AAAS 3008: 2989: 2986:on 2005-10-18. 2967: 2961:978-1841137216 2960: 2942: 2912: 2883: 2858: 2833: 2830:on 2010-07-16. 2812: 2780: 2754: 2725: 2702: 2688:. 2012-07-11. 2673: 2655: 2631: 2602: 2576: 2555: 2534: 2509: 2479: 2449: 2432: 2401: 2375: 2346: 2328: 2311: 2286: 2257: 2239: 2214: 2185: 2171:. 2002-03-09. 2156: 2147: 2118: 2101: 2084: 2055: 2030: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1981:Master of Arts 1971: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1904: 1901: 1825: 1822: 1748: 1745: 1728:social science 1652: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1533: 1530: 1501: 1498: 1486:Royal Holloway 1445: 1444:United Kingdom 1442: 1420: 1417: 1404: 1401: 1350:funded by the 1324: 1321: 1296: 1293: 1272:Grandes Écoles 1264:Grandes Écoles 1255: 1252: 1228: 1225: 1135: 1132: 1098: 1095: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1004: 990: 958: 955: 933: 930: 917: 914: 906: 903: 893: 890: 884: 881: 865:Graduate Entry 860: 857: 835: 832: 831: 830: 825: 824: 821: 817: 814: 806: 803: 800: 799: 758: 756: 749: 743: 740: 734: 731: 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4367: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Magnet school 4286: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4240:(New Zealand) 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4203:international 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4089:Middle school 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937:Studio school 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928:/ High school 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866:Cadet college 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837:Junior school 3835: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3825:Infant school 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3672:Undergraduate 3670: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3597:Middle school 3595: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3549: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3420: 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