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Here E is a tuple variable that ranges over the EMPLOYEE relation, and all tuples in that relation are found which satisfy the qualification `E.Name = "Jones"`. The result of the query is a new relation W, which has a single domain COMP that has been calculated for each qualifying tuple. Additional
255:
gained market share in the early 1980s, most companies then supporting QUEL moved to SQL instead. QUEL continues to be available as a part of the Ingres DBMS, although no QUEL-specific language enhancements have been added for many years.
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Here is a sample of a simple session that creates a table, inserts a row into it, and then retrieves and modifies the data inside it and finally deletes the row that was added (assuming that name is a unique field).
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In this example, the relation is being stored in a new table W. This is not a direct analog of the QUEL version; relations in QUEL are more similar to temporary tables seen in most modern SQL implementations.
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reverses the process. Similar commands are available in many SQL systems, but usually as external tools, as opposed to being internal to the SQL language. This makes them unavailable to
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QUEL has an extremely powerful aggregation capability. Aggregates can be nested, and different aggregates can have independent by-lists and/or restriction clauses. For example:
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243:. QUEL was used for a short time in most products based on the freely available Ingres source code, most notably in an implementation called POSTQUEL supported by
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which creates a comma-delimited file of all the records in the student table. The d1 indicates a delimiter, as opposed to a data type. Changing the
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This example illustrates one of the arguably less desirable quirks of QUEL, namely that all string comparisons are potentially pattern matches.
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Another feature of QUEL was a built-in system for moving records en-masse into and out of the system. Consider this command:
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237:'s earlier suggested but not implemented
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1351:A Critique of the SQL Database Language
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1585:Relational database management systems
1295:on Management of Data. Washington, DC.
264:QUEL statements are always defined by
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1311:ACM Transactions on Database Systems
55:adding citations to reliable sources
222:. It was created as a part of the
1353:. SIGMOD Record 14(3): 8-54, 1984.
231:University of California, Berkeley
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363:An equivalent SQL statement is:
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42:needs additional citations for
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240:Data Sub-Language ALPHA
1285:The design of POSTGRES
66:"QUEL query languages"
1333:10.1145/320473.320476
1293:ACM SIGMOD Conference
1227:values starting with
1307:Stonebraker, Michael
51:improve this article
1260:Relational calculus
209:relational database
157:First appeared
151:Michael Stonebraker
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1255:Relational algebra
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107:November 2013
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62:Find sources:
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40:This article
38:
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1349:C. J. Date:
1314:
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1223:matches all
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1521:Proprietary
848:'m'
233:, based on
214:, based on
1580:PostgreSQL
1564:Categories
1542:Superseded
1317:(3): 191.
1266:References
229:effort at
186:, POSTQUEL
77:newspapers
1319:CiteSeerX
1243:See also
1097:retrieve
680:retrieve
611:retrieve
428:employee
288:retrieve
285:EMPLOYEE
245:POSTGRES
18:PostQUEL
1549:CODASYL
1442:Gremlin
1437:GraphQL
1432:Datalog
1045:address
967:student
935:student
923:student
890:student
869:student
800:student
734:student
647:replace
548:student
482:student
165: (
91:scholar
1502:XQuery
1492:SPARQL
1487:SMARTS
1417:Cypher
1321:
929:delete
914:select
887:update
860:select
830:values
794:insert
728:create
698:delete
551:append
479:create
392:salary
380:select
368:create
312:Salary
249:Oracle
224:Ingres
184:Ingres
175:Major
135:Family
93:
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1507:XPath
1407:ALPHA
1289:(PDF)
1225:y.str
1187:count
1136:where
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938:where
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872:where
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731:table
704:where
638:state
629:where
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536:range
524:state
437:where
371:table
339:where
273:range
260:Usage
247:. As
207:is a
197:Alpha
98:JSTOR
84:books
1533:LINQ
1482:QUEL
1457:LINQ
1452:LDAP
1447:ISBL
1237:like
1083:from
1079:into
1069:into
973:name
964:copy
941:name
932:from
920:from
866:from
806:name
797:into
782:char
767:char
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740:name
713:name
563:name
488:name
471:SQL
468:QUEL
446:name
425:from
422:COMP
348:Name
300:COMP
291:into
251:and
235:Codd
227:DBMS
205:QUEL
167:1976
160:1976
130:QUEL
70:news
1528:YQL
1512:YQL
1497:SQL
1477:OCL
1472:OQL
1467:MDX
1462:MQL
1427:DMX
1422:DAX
1412:CQL
1402:.QL
1329:doi
1214:)))
1181:max
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1145:str
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764:sex
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342:E
330:-
324:.
321:E
318:(
315:/
309:.
306:E
303:=
297:(
294:W
279:E
169:)
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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