675:, where neural systems are disrupted by uncontrolled activity that leads to attentional lapses. In a meta-analysis of structural MRI studies, Nakao et al. (2011) found that patients with ADHD exhibit an increased left PCC, suggesting that developmental abnormalities affect the PCC. In fact, PCC function is abnormal in ADHD. Within the DMN, functional connectivity is reduced and resting state activity is used to diagnose ADHD in children. Treatment for ADHD, includes psychostimulant medication that directly affects PCC activity. Other studies addressing medication for PCC abnormalities, report that the PCC may only respond to stimulant treatments and the effectiveness of medication can be dependent on motivation levels. Furthermore, ADHD has been associated with the gene
647:(ASDs) are associated with metabolic and functional abnormalities of the PCC. Individuals with ASDs show reduction in metabolism, exhibit abnormal functional responses and demonstrate reductions in functional connectivity. One study showed these reductions are prominent in the PCC. Studies have shown that the abnormalities in cingulate responses during interpersonal interaction correlate with the severity of symptoms in ASD, and the failure to show task dependent deactivation in the PCC correlates with overall social function. Finally, post-mortem studies show that the PCC in patients with ASD have
497:. More recently the PCC was shown to display intense activity when autobiographical memories (such as those concerning friends and family) are recalled successfully. In a study involving autobiographical recollection, the caudal part of the left PCC was the only brain structure highly active in all subjects. Furthermore, the PCC does not show this same activation during attempted but unsuccessful retrieval, implying an important role in successful memory retrieval (see below:
525:. The default mode network (and the PCC) is highly reactive and quickly deactivates during tasks with externally directed, or presently centered, attention (such as working memory or meditation). Conversely, the DMN is active when attention is internally directed (during episodic memory retrieval, planning, and daydreaming). A failure of the DMN to deactivate at proper times is associated with poor cognitive function, thereby indicating its importance in attention.
40:
532:(a top-down control of visual attention and eye movement) and the frontoparietal control network (involved in executive motor control). Furthermore, fMRI studies have shown that the posterior cingulate cortex activates during visual tasks when some form of monetary incentive is involved, essentially functioning as a neural interface between motivation-related areas and top-down control of visual attention.
547:
the PCC is involved in both integrating memories of experiences and initiating a signal to change behavioral strategies supports this hypothesis. Under this model, the PCC plays a crucial role in controlling state of arousal, the breadth of focus and the internal or external focus of attention. This hypothesis emphasizes the PCC as a dynamic network, rather than a fixed and unchanging structure.
636:. This transmission of abnormal protein would be constrained by the organization of white matter connections and could potentially explain the spatial distribution of pathology within the DMN, in Alzheimer's . In Alzheimer's disease, the topology of white matter connectivity helps in predicting atrophic patterns, possibly explaining why the PCC is affected in the early stages of the disease.
763:. What is common between symptoms is that they have to do with an inability to distinguish between internal and external events. Two PET studies on patients with schizophrenia showed abnormal metabolism in the PCC. One study reports that glucose metabolism was decreased in people with schizophrenia, while another shows abnormal glucose metabolism that was highly correlated in the
52:
832:, was correlated with sustained attention impairment. In a subsequent study, it was found that TBIs are related to a difficulty in switching from automatic to controlled responses. Within selected tasks, patients with TBI showed impaired motor inhibition that was associated with failure to rapidly reactive the PCC. Collectively, this suggests that the failure to control the PCC/
775:, cannabinoid, and GABAergic receptor binding have been found with post-mortem autoradiography of people with schizophrenia. Abnormalities in the structure and white matter connections of the PCC have also been recorded in patients with schizophrenia. Those with a poor outcome often have reduced PCC volume. Furthermore, white matter abnormalities in the
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structures and the anterior thalamus, abnormalities that may be the result of damage in isolated but connected regions. For instance, Meguro et al. (1999) show that experimental damage of the rhinal cortex results in hypometabolism of the PCC. In
Alzheimer's disease, metabolic abnormality is linked
546:
An alternative hypothesis is focused more on the difference between the dorsal and ventral subregions and takes into consideration their functional separation. In this model, the PCC is hypothesized to take a chief regulatory role in focusing internal and external attention. Mounting evidence that
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of the brain. It has been shown to communicate with various brain networks simultaneously and is involved in diverse functions. Along with the precuneus, the PCC has been implicated as a neural substrate for human awareness in numerous studies of both the anesthetized and vegetative (coma) states.
542:
Considering the relation of the PCC with the DMN, with suppressed posterior cingulate activity favoring low cognitive introspection and higher external attention and increased activity indicating memory retrieval and planning, it has been hypothesized that this brain region is heavily involved in
480:
The posterior cingulate cortex is highly connected and one of the most metabolically active regions in the brain, but there is no consensus as to its cognitive role. Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate in the PCC are approximately 40% higher than average across the brain. The high functional
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Structural and functional abnormalities in the PCC result in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The PCC likely integrates and mediates information in the brain. Therefore, functional abnormalities of the PCC might be an accumulation of remote and widespread damage in the brain.
504:
The posterior cingulate cortex has also been firmly linked to emotional salience. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the emotional importance of autobiographical memories may contribute to the strength and consistency of activity in the PCC upon successful recollection of these memories. The
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There is accumulating evidence for PCC dysfunction underlying many childhood/adolescent-onset mental disorders. Further, anxiety disorder patients show an association between increased extinction–related PCC activity and greater symptom severity. PCC dysfunction may also play a role in
779:, a structure that connects the PCC to other limbic structures, are found in some patients with schizophrenia. In functional MRI studies, abnormal PCC function., has been linked to increases and decreases in functional connectivity. There are also abnormal PCC responses during
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noticing internal and external changes and in facilitating novel behavior or thought in response. High activity, then, would indicate continued operation with the current cognitive set, while lower activity would indicate exploration, flexibility and renewed learning.
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Mayberg, HS; Liotti, M; Brannan, SK; McGinnis, S; Mahurin, RK; Jerabek, PA; Silva, JA; Tekell, JL; Martin, CC; Lancaster, JL; Fox, PT (May 1999). "Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness".
566:, it was further found that undistracted, effortless mind wandering corresponds with PCC deactivation, whereas distracted and controlled awareness corresponds with PCC activation. These results track closely with findings about the role of the PCC in the
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Desikan RS, Ségonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, Buckner RL, Dale AM, Maguire RP, et al. (Jul 2006). "An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest".
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Mitelman, SA; Byne, W; Kemether, EM; Hazlett, EA; Buchsbaum, MS (September 2005). "Metabolic disconnection between the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and cortical
Brodmann's areas of the left hemisphere in schizophrenia".
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As is true in other areas of the posteromedial cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex has no apparent connections to primary sensory or motor areas. Thus, it is unlikely to be involved in low-level sensory or motor processing.
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shows that the altered state of consciousness induced by this drug can be correlated with abnormal metabolism and functional connectivity of the PCC, as well as a reduction in the strength of anti-correlations between the
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posterior cingulate cortex is significantly bilaterally activated by emotional stimuli, independent of valence (positive or negative). This is in contrast to other structures in the limbic system, such as the
539:, it must simultaneously decrease in the DMN in a closely correlated way. This anti-correlated pattern is indicative of the various differences and importance of subregions in the posterior cingulate cortex.
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Whitfield-Gabrieli, S; Thermenos, HW; Milanovic, S; Tsuang, MT; Faraone, SV; McCarley, RW; Shenton, ME; Green, AI; Nieto-Castanon, A; LaViolette, P; Wojcik, J; Gabrieli, JD; Seidman, LJ (Jan 27, 2009).
1753:"Neocortical and hippocampal glucose hypometabolism following neurotoxic lesions of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices in the non-human primate as shown by PET: Implications for Alzheimer's disease"
550:
While both of the hypotheses are the result of scientific studies, the role of the PCC is still not well understood and there remains much work to be done to investigate the extent of their veracity.
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of the PCC is not entirely uniform, instead it contains distinct anterior and dorsal subregions, which are increasingly understood as distinct in function, as well as cytoarchitectural structure.
719:, a feature of depression. This link between the two regions could influence medication responses in patients. Already, it has been found that both regions show alterations in metabolism after
591:, and is frequently present before a clinical diagnosis. The reduced metabolism in the PCC is typically one part in a diffuse pattern of metabolic dysfunction in the brain that includes medial
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Liang, M; Zhou, Y; Jiang, T; Liu, Z; Tian, L; Liu, H; Hao, Y (Feb 6, 2006). "Widespread functional disconnectivity in schizophrenia with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging".
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connectivity of the PCC, signifies extensive intrinsic connectivity networks (networks of brain regions involved in a range of tasks that share common spatio-temporal patterns of activity).
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and the frontoparietal control network (FPCN). Because these networks contribute to internal and external cognition, abnormalities in the PCC might contribute to psychosis in some types of
1939:
Nakao, T; Radua, J; Rubia, K; Mataix-Cols, D (November 2011). "Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD: voxel-based meta-analysis exploring the effects of age and stimulant medication".
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Milad, Mohammed R.; Furtak, Sharon C.; Greenberg, Jennifer L.; Keshaviah, Aparna; Im, Jooyeon J.; Falkenstein, Martha J.; Jenike, Michael; Rauch, Scott L.; Wilhelm, Sabine (2013-06-01).
691:, with variable results. One study reports increased PCC functional connectivity, while another shows that untreated patients had decreased functional connectivity from the PCC to the
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Garrison, Kathleen A.; Scheinost, Dustin; Worhunsky, Patrick D.; Elwafi, Hani M.; Thornhill, Thomas A.; Thompson, Evan; Saron, Clifford; Desbordes, Gaëlle; Kober, Hedy (2013-11-01).
513:, which activated only in response to positive stimuli. These results support the hypothesis that the posterior cingulate cortex mediates interactions between emotion and memory.
448:, the latter being involved in associative learning and episodic memory. In humans, the PCC is also connected to areas involved in emotion and social behavior, attention (the
2459:
Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D, Williams T, Stone JM, Reed LJ, Colasanti A, Tyacke RJ, Leech R, Malizia AL, Murphy K, Hobden P, Evans J, Feilding A, Wise RG, Nutt DJ (2012).
679:. In healthy children, SNAP25 polymorphism is linked to working memory capacity, altered PCC structure, and task-dependent PCC deactivation patterns on working memory task.
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Haznedar, MM; Buchsbaum, MS; Hazlett, EA; Shihabuddin, L; New, A; Siever, LJ (Dec 1, 2004). "Cingulate gyrus volume and metabolism in the schizophrenia spectrum".
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While many of the connections in non-human primates may be present in humans, they are less well documented. Studies have shown strong reciprocal connections to
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Sonuga-Barke, EJ; Castellanos, FX (2007). "Spontaneous attentional fluctuations in impaired states and pathological conditions: a neurobiological hypothesis".
124:
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The posterior cingulate cortex exhibits connectivity with a wide range of intrinsic control networks. Its most widely known role is as a central node in the
1197:
Maddock, R. J.; A. S. Garrett; M. H. Buonocore (2001). "Remembering
Familiar People: The Posterior Cingulate Cortex and Autobiographical Memory Retrieval".
2042:"Resting state default-mode network connectivity in early depression using a seed region-of-interest analysis: decreased connectivity with caudate nucleus"
2264:
Newell, KA; Zavitsanou, K; Huang, XF (Aug 22, 2005). "Ionotropic glutamate receptor binding in the posterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia patients".
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Imaging studies indicate a prominent role for the PCC in pain and episodic memory retrieval. Increased size of the ventral PCC is related to a decline in
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From neuroimaging studies and subjective descriptions, the PCC has been found to be activated during self-related thinking and deactivated during
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The relationship between these networks within the PCC is not clearly understood. When activity increases in the dorsal attention network and the
1460:"Effortless awareness: using real time neurofeedback to investigate correlates of posterior cingulate cortex activity in meditators' self-report"
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783:. These abnormalities may contribute to psychotic symptoms of some persons with schizophrenia. Research on the effect of the psychedelic drug
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The PCC is commonly affected by neurodegenerative disease. In fact, reduced metabolism in the PCC has been identified as an early sign of
2402:"Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia"
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were reduced, which could mean that schizophrenia affects thalamocortical connections. Further abnormalities in the PCC, abnormal
131:
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2834:
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Buckner, RL; Andrews-Hanna JR; Schacter DL (2008). "The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease".
816:. This is also related to reduced metabolism within the PCC. Studies of performance on simple choice reaction time tasks after
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282:. As part of the paralimbic cortex, it has fewer than six layers, placing its cell architecture in between the six-layered
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2718:"Deficits in Conditioned Fear Extinction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Neurobiological Changes in the Fear Circuit"
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of core limbic structures. It has also been associated with the hippocampocentric subdivision of the paralimbic zone. The
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1406:"Combined Effects of Attention and Motivation on Visual Task Performance: Transient and Sustained Motivational Effects"
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Garrison, Kathleen A.; Zeffiro, Thomas A.; Scheinost, Dustin; Constable, R. Todd; Brewer, Judson A. (September 2015).
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Brewer, Judson A.; Worhunsky, Patrick D.; Gray, Jeremy R.; Tang, Yi-Yuan; Weber, Jochen; Kober, Hedy (2011-12-13).
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In non-human primates the following structural connections of the posterior cingulate cortex are well documented:
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Small, Dana A.; Gitelman, Darren; Simmons, Katharine; Bloise, Suzanne; Parrish, Todd; Mesulam, Marsel M. (2005).
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Pearson, John M.; Heilbronner, Sarah R.; Barack, David L.; Hayden, Benjamin Y.; Platt, Michael L. (April 2011).
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Bluhm, R; Williamson, P; Lanius, R; Théberge, J; Densmore, M; Bartha, R; Neufeld, R; Osuch, E (December 2009).
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For details regarding MRI definitions of the cingulate cortex based on the
Desikan-Killiany Brain atlas, see:
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performance. The PCC has also been strongly implicated as a key part of several intrinsic control networks.
2512:"Focal brain glucose hypometabolism in patients with neuropsychologic deficits after diffuse axonal injury"
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1511:"Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity"
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242:(located posterior and superior to the PCC). The PCC, together with the retrosplenial cortex, forms the
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Ganella, Despina E.; Drummond, Katherine D.; Ganella, Eleni P.; Whittle, Sarah; Kim, Jee Hyun (2018).
2553:"Default mode network connectivity predicts sustained attention deficits after traumatic brain injury"
2551:
Bonnelle V, Leech R, Kinnunen KM, Ham TE, Beckmann CF, De
Boissezon X, Greenwood RJ, Sharp DJ (2011).
1255:"Posterior cingulate cortex activation by emotional words: fMRI evidence from a valence decision task"
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Bonnelle, V; Ham, TE; Leech, R; Kinnunen, KM; Mehta, MA; Greenwood, RJ; Sharp, DJ (Mar 20, 2012).
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Kubicki, M; McCarley, RW; Nestor, PG; Huh, T; Kikinis, R; Shenton, ME; Wible, CG (December 2003).
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1365:"Monetary Incentives Enhance Processing in Brain Regions Mediating Top-down Control of Attention"
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show, in particular, that the pattern of functional connectivity from the PCC to the rest of the
695:. Other studies have looked at interactions between the PCC and the sub-genual cingulate region (
183:
3675:
2602:"Salience network integrity predicts default mode network function after traumatic brain injury"
727:, have increased glucose metabolism and cerebral flow in the PCC, while also showing an altered
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In addition to the default mode network, the posterior cingulate cortex is also involved in the
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2461:"Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin"
2003:"Increased neural resources recruitment in the intrinsic organization in major depression"
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1578:"Real-time fMRI links subjective experience with brain activity during focused attention"
808:(TBI), abnormalities have been shown in the PCC. Often, head injuries produce widespread
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699:), a region of the brain that potentially causes depression. The anterior node of the
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Nakashima, T; Nakayama, N; Miwa, K; Okumura, A; Soeda, A; Iwama, T (February 2007).
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genetic status (a risk factor associated with the disease). It has been found that
352:
44:
Sagittal MRI slice with highlighting indicating location of the posterior cingulate
2133:
Berman, MG; Peltier, S; Nee, DE; Kross, E; Deldin, PJ; Jonides, J (October 2011).
1882:
2195:
2001:
Zhou, Y; Yu, C; Zheng, H; Liu, Y; Song, M; Qin, W; Li, K; Jiang, T (March 2010).
1817:
1635:"Meditation leads to reduced default mode network activity beyond an active task"
246:. The posterior cingulate cortex is bordered by the following brain regions: the
3869:
2918:
2242:
937:"Mining the posterior cingulate: segregation between memory and pain components"
632:
are in their abnormal form, they spread across synapses and are associated with
613:
165:
112:
2606:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1752:
1515:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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diseases spread 'prion-like' through the brain. For example, when the proteins
2767:"Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Adolescents and Adults: A Human fMRI Study"
2018:
1650:
1422:
784:
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509:, which are thought to respond disproportionately to negative stimuli, or the
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51:
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2002:
1850:
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1458:
Garrison KA, Santoyo JF, Davis JH, Thornhill TA, Kerr CE, Brewer JA (2013).
1404:
Engelmann, Jan B.; Damaraju, Eswar; Padmala, Srikanth; Pessoa, Luiz (2009).
1381:
1364:
1312:
Brewer, Judson A.; Garrison, Kathleen A.; Whitfield-Gabrieli, Susan (2013).
1253:
Maddock, Richard J.; Garrett, Amy S.; Buonocore, Michael H. (January 2003).
985:
Kozlovskiy SA, Vartanov AV, Nikonova EY, Pyasik MM, Velichkovsky BM (2012).
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can predict TBI impairments. They also found that greater damage to the
707:. These two regions are metabolically overactive in treatment resistant
168:". The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of the
137:
1851:"Functional connectivity in a baseline resting-state network in autism"
1314:"What about the "Self" is Processed in the Posterior Cingulate Cortex?"
601:
597:
1280:
3604:
2661:"The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease"
1081:"The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease"
676:
629:
351:
Prominent connections to the areas of heteromodal association in the
311:
Reciprocal connection with other regions of the posteromedial cortex.
489:
The posterior cingulate cortex has been linked by lesion studies to
1139:"Posterior cingulate cortex: adapting behavior to a changing world"
4063:
169:
82:
767:
and the PCC. In the latter study, thalamic interactions with the
2309:"An fMRI study of semantic processing in men with schizophrenia"
2886:
1849:
Cherkassky, VL; Kana, RK; Keller, TA; Just, MA (Nov 6, 2006).
1802:"A network diffusion model of disease progression in dementia"
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is reduced, affecting the connection between the PCC and the
226:, forming a part of the posteromedial cortex, along with the
604:
with a spatial distribution that resembles the nodes of the
888:"Echoes of the brain within the posterior cingulate cortex"
608:. In early Alzheimer's, functional connectivity within the
687:
Abnormal PCC functional connectivity has been linked to
415:
in the form of a continuous strip that crosses numerous
456:), learning and motivation (the anterior and lateral
703:
is formed, in part, by the highly connected PCC and
4099:
4081:
4051:
4018:
3922:
3877:
3868:
3833:
3802:
3791:
3708:
3638:
3629:
3585:
3537:
3528:
3473:
3418:
3346:
3337:
3262:
3228:
3089:
3082:
3055:
2941:
2934:
2925:
1639:
118:
105:
93:
81:
76:
66:
61:
32:
4123:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
186:the posterior cingulate cortex is associated with
56:Medial surface. (Areas 23 and 31 at center right.)
987:"The Cingulate Cortex and Human Memory Processes"
2135:"Depression, rumination and the default network"
739:Abnormal activity in the PCC has been linked to
346:subgenual parts of the anterior cingulate cortex
27:Caudal part of the cingulate cortex of the brain
711:. The link between the activity in the PCC and
270:The posterior cingulate cortex is considered a
222:The posterior cingulate cortex lies behind the
2898:
2659:Leech, Robert; Sharp, David J. (2014-01-01).
1453:
1451:
723:treatment. Furthermore, patients who undergo
385:Less prominent connections to Brodmann areas
8:
2223:
2221:
2139:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
836:activity can lead to attentional lapses in
651:abnormalities, including reduced levels of
3874:
3799:
3635:
3534:
3343:
3086:
2938:
2931:
2905:
2891:
2883:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
812:that disconnect brain regions and lead to
493:, configural learning, and maintenance of
50:
38:
2800:
2782:
2733:
2692:
2635:
2625:
2576:
2527:
2486:
2476:
2435:
2425:
2332:
2158:
2057:
1825:
1768:
1711:
1666:
1609:
1552:
1534:
1485:
1475:
1431:
1421:
1380:
1339:
1329:
1288:
1270:
1248:
1246:
1210:
1162:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1104:
1002:
935:Nielsen FA, Balslev D, Hansen LK (2005).
911:
616:, and these altered patterns can reflect
2516:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1974:Latasch, L; Christ, R (March 1988). "".
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
828:, that connects the PCC to the anterior
663:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
374:) and the frontal poles (Brodmann areas
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
878:
404:Connections to the dorsal parts of the
1898:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1800:Raj, A; Kuceyeski A; Weiner M (2012).
991:Psychology in Russia: State of the Art
248:marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus
135:
29:
4146:Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
2046:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
366:Strong reciprocal connections to the
7:
200:The PCC forms a central node in the
3815:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
886:R Leech; R Braga; DJ Sharp (2012).
2370:10.1097/01.wnr.0000198434.06518.b8
2278:10.1097/01.wnr.0000174056.11403.71
2231:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2092:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1941:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1867:10.1097/01.wnr.0000239956.45448.4c
25:
495:discriminative avoidance learning
258:(posteriorly), and Brodmann area
164:. This is the upper part of the "
2860:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021
2059:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.02030.x
1594:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.030
956:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.034
172:. Surrounding areas include the
132:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
3909:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
3851:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
2835:Technical University of Denmark
2771:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
2735:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.914
1910:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.02.005
1410:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
1318:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
1079:Leech R, Sharp DJ (July 2013).
440:memory structures, such as the
274:, consisting of Brodmann areas
3497:Secondary somatosensory cortex
3189:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
2569:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1163-11.2011
2007:Journal of Affective Disorders
1953:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020281
904:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3689-11.2012
564:generative topographic mapping
537:frontoparietal control network
368:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
342:ventromedial prefrontal cortex
325:Reciprocal connections to the
266:Cytoarchitectural organization
1:
4112:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
3846:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
2325:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00383-5
1221:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00108-7
747:with common symptoms such as
272:paralimbic cortical structure
3485:Primary somatosensory cortex
2196:10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.025
1818:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.040
1143:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
450:lateral intraparietal cortex
156:) is the caudal part of the
3577:Transverse occipital sulcus
2243:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1733
892:The Journal of Neuroscience
667:It has been suggested that
314:High connectivity to other
160:, located posterior to the
88:cortex cingularis posterior
4167:
3989:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
3810:Central (frontal+parietal)
3545:Occipital pole of cerebrum
2827:Posterior cingulate cortex
1155:10.1016/j.tics.2011.02.002
523:default mode network (DMN)
517:Intrinsic control networks
150:posterior cingulate cortex
33:Posterior cingulate cortex
4120:
3646:Transverse temporal gyrus
3509:Posterior parietal cortex
2019:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.029
1651:10.3758/s13415-015-0358-3
1423:10.3389/neuro.09.004.2009
645:Autism spectrum disorders
470:anterior cingulate cortex
411:Dense connections to the
406:anterior cingulate cortex
332:Dense connections to the
224:anterior cingulate cortex
162:anterior cingulate cortex
130:
49:
37:
18:Posterior cingulate gyrus
3767:Inferior temporal sulcus
3688:Superior temporal sulcus
3371:Inferior parietal lobule
3354:Superior parietal lobule
3294:Supplementary motor area
2784:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00647
1857:(Submitted manuscript).
1770:10.1093/brain/122.8.1519
1477:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00440
1331:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00647
640:Autism spectrum disorder
530:dorsal attention network
256:parieto-occipital sulcus
3772:Inferior temporal gyrus
3716:Occipitotemporal sulcus
3662:Superior temporal gyrus
3555:Lateral occipital gyrus
3306:Supplementary eye field
3047:Inferior frontal sulcus
3042:Superior frontal sulcus
2627:10.1073/pnas.1113455109
2478:10.1073/pnas.1119598109
2427:10.1073/pnas.0809141106
1722:10.1196/annals.1440.011
1536:10.1073/pnas.1112029108
582:
370:(roughly Brodmann area
286:and the more primitive
218:Location and boundaries
4033:Fimbria of hippocampus
3099:Superior frontal gyrus
2997:Inferior frontal gyrus
2951:Superior frontal gyrus
2184:Schizophrenia Research
1004:10.11621/pir.2012.0014
806:traumatic brain injury
800:Traumatic brain injury
761:emotional intelligence
725:deep brain stimulation
338:parahippocampal cortex
298:Structural connections
4020:Hippocampal formation
3879:Parahippocampal gyrus
3693:Middle temporal gyrus
2104:10.1176/ajp.156.5.675
1382:10.1093/cercor/bhi063
757:disorganized thinking
671:is a disorder of the
600:deposition and brain
446:parahippocampal gyrus
334:hippocampal formation
184:Cytoarchitectonically
3993:Retrosplenial cortex
3841:Longitudinal fissure
3733:Medial temporal lobe
3410:Intraparietal sulcus
3270:Primary motor cortex
3167:Orbitofrontal cortex
3116:Medial frontal gyrus
2973:Middle frontal gyrus
2677:10.1093/brain/awt162
1097:10.1093/brain/awt162
853:during adolescence.
814:cognitive impairment
606:default mode network
466:orbitofrontal cortex
438:medial temporal lobe
327:medial temporal lobe
228:retrosplenial cortex
202:default mode network
174:retrosplenial cortex
3970:Posterior cingulate
3380:Supramarginal gyrus
2618:2012PNAS..109.4690B
2418:2009PNAS..106.1279W
2151:10.1093/scan/nsq080
1751:Meguro, K. (1999).
1704:2008NYASA1124....1B
1527:2011PNAS..10820254B
1521:(50): 20254–20259.
1259:Human Brain Mapping
589:Alzheimer's disease
583:Alzheimer's disease
499:Alzheimer's disease
244:retrosplenial gyrus
4028:Hippocampal sulcus
3948:Anterior cingulate
3825:Preoccipital notch
3426:Paracentral lobule
3396:Parietal operculum
3318:Frontal eye fields
3250:Paracentral sulcus
3238:Paracentral lobule
3139:Paraolfactory area
3135:Paraterminal gyrus
1464:Front Hum Neurosci
485:Emotion and memory
303:Nonhuman structure
254:(inferiorly), the
250:(superiorly), the
4133:
4132:
4077:
4076:
3902:Postrhinal cortex
3897:Perirhinal cortex
3892:Entorhinal cortex
3864:
3863:
3820:Parieto-occipital
3787:
3786:
3625:
3624:
3524:
3523:
3481:Postcentral gyrus
3333:
3332:
3258:
3257:
3078:
3077:
3070:Precentral sulcus
3033:Pars triangularis
1375:(12): 1855–1865.
1281:10.1002/hbm.10075
851:anxiety disorders
844:Anxiety disorders
649:cytoarchitectonic
634:neurodegeneration
622:neurodegenerative
511:left frontal pole
442:entorhinal cortex
146:
145:
141:
16:(Redirected from
4158:
4059:Indusium griseum
3924:Cingulate cortex
3914:Prepyriform area
3875:
3800:
3680:Planum temporale
3636:
3617:Calcarine sulcus
3535:
3344:
3215:Olfactory sulcus
3201:Subcallosal area
3087:
3065:Precentral gyrus
3024:Pars opercularis
2939:
2932:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2879:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2786:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2737:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2563:(38): 13442–51.
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2061:
2037:
2031:
2030:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1976:Der Anaesthesist
1971:
1965:
1964:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1772:
1763:(8): 1519–1531.
1748:
1742:
1741:
1715:
1692:Ann N Y Acad Sci
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1538:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1274:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1214:
1194:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1134:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1076:
1009:
1008:
1006:
982:
976:
975:
941:
932:
926:
925:
915:
883:
863:Cingulate cortex
781:task performance
759:, and a lack of
729:Brodmann area 25
715:correlates with
713:Brodmann area 25
709:major depression
705:Brodmann area 25
697:Brodmann area 25
689:major depression
653:GABA A receptors
458:thalamic nucleus
292:cytoarchitecture
230:(Brodmann areas
158:cingulate cortex
138:edit on Wikidata
54:
42:
30:
21:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4116:
4095:
4073:
4047:
4014:
3918:
3860:
3856:Callosal sulcus
3834:Medial/inferior
3829:
3794:
3783:
3709:Medial/inferior
3704:
3676:Wernicke's area
3650:Auditory cortex
3621:
3586:Medial/inferior
3581:
3520:
3469:
3465:Marginal sulcus
3419:Medial/inferior
3414:
3329:
3282:Premotor cortex
3254:
3224:
3083:Medial/inferior
3074:
3051:
2921:
2915:cerebral cortex
2913:Anatomy of the
2911:
2844:
2823:
2818:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2722:JAMA Psychiatry
2715:
2714:
2710:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2190:(2–3): 249–62.
2181:
2180:
2176:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1947:(11): 1154–63.
1938:
1937:
1933:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1861:(16): 1687–90.
1848:
1847:
1843:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1713:10.1.1.689.6903
1689:
1688:
1684:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1369:Cerebral Cortex
1362:
1361:
1357:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1272:10.1.1.529.1671
1252:
1251:
1244:
1212:10.1.1.397.7614
1196:
1195:
1180:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1091:(Pt 1): 12–32.
1078:
1077:
1012:
984:
983:
979:
939:
934:
933:
929:
885:
884:
880:
876:
859:
846:
826:cingulum bundle
802:
777:cingulum bundle
745:mental disorder
737:
685:
665:
659:binding sites.
642:
585:
576:
556:
519:
487:
478:
462:caudate nucleus
434:
432:Human structure
417:pulvinar nuclei
305:
300:
268:
252:corpus callosum
220:
215:
142:
71:Cingulate gyrus
57:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4125:Brodmann areas
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4091:Insular cortex
4087:
4085:
4083:Insular cortex
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3936:Subgenual area
3932:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3797:
3795:sulci/fissures
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3721:Fusiform gyrus
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3550:Occipital gyri
3547:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3530:Occipital lobe
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3350:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3220:Orbital sulcus
3217:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3151:Straight gyrus
3148:
3147:
3146:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3026:
3012:
3010:Pars orbitalis
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2838:
2837:
2831:Brede Database
2822:
2821:External links
2819:
2817:
2816:
2757:
2728:(6): 608–618.
2708:
2651:
2612:(12): 4690–5.
2592:
2543:
2502:
2471:(6): 2138–43.
2451:
2412:(4): 1279–84.
2391:
2348:
2319:(4): 1923–33.
2299:
2272:(12): 1363–7.
2256:
2217:
2174:
2125:
2081:
2032:
1993:
1966:
1931:
1888:
1841:
1812:(6): 1204–15.
1792:
1743:
1682:
1645:(3): 712–720.
1625:
1568:
1501:
1447:
1396:
1355:
1304:
1242:
1205:(3): 667–676.
1178:
1149:(4): 143–151.
1120:
1010:
977:
950:(3): 520–532.
927:
898:(1): 215–222.
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
865:
858:
855:
845:
842:
801:
798:
749:hallucinations
736:
733:
721:antidepressant
684:
681:
664:
661:
657:benzodiazepine
641:
638:
584:
581:
575:
572:
555:
552:
518:
515:
491:spatial memory
486:
483:
477:
474:
433:
430:
425:
424:
409:
402:
383:
364:
349:
330:
323:
312:
304:
301:
299:
296:
267:
264:
262:(anteriorly).
219:
216:
214:
211:
207:working memory
188:Brodmann areas
144:
143:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4163:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4128:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4043:Rhinal sulcus
4041:
4039:
4038:Dentate gyrus
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:Superolateral
3801:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:Superolateral
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Temporal lobe
3628:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:Lingual gyrus
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:Visual cortex
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Lunate sulcus
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:Superolateral
3536:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3389:Angular gyrus
3386:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:Superolateral
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Parietal lobe
3336:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:Superolateral
2933:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:(3): 968–80.
2853:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2522:(2): 236–42.
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:(2): 209–13.
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:(9): 1733–5.
2236:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:(5): 548–55.
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:(5): 675–82.
2097:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2052:(6): 754–61.
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:(3): 220–30.
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1982:(3): 123–39.
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:(7): 977–86.
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
931:
928:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
873:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
854:
852:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:axonal injury
807:
799:
797:
795:
794:schizophrenia
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:frontal lobes
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:schizophrenia
735:Schizophrenia
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
593:temporal lobe
590:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
553:
551:
548:
544:
540:
538:
533:
531:
526:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
502:
500:
496:
492:
484:
482:
475:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
429:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
309:
308:
302:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
212:
210:
208:
203:
198:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
139:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
75:
72:
69:
65:
60:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4122:
3886:
3163:Orbital gyri
3015:Broca's area
2927:Frontal lobe
2851:
2847:
2839:
2830:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2671:(1): 12–32.
2668:
2664:
2654:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2409:
2405:
2394:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2234:
2230:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1467:
1463:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1265:(1): 30–41.
1262:
1258:
1202:
1199:Neuroscience
1198:
1146:
1142:
1088:
1084:
994:
990:
980:
947:
943:
930:
895:
891:
881:
847:
803:
738:
686:
666:
643:
586:
577:
557:
549:
545:
541:
534:
527:
520:
503:
488:
479:
435:
426:
306:
269:
221:
199:
182:
153:
149:
147:
87:
3870:Limbic lobe
2919:human brain
2557:J. Neurosci
2358:NeuroReport
2266:NeuroReport
1855:NeuroReport
1698:(1): 1–38.
1588:: 110–118.
997:: 231–243.
614:hippocampus
322:structures.
166:limbic lobe
113:birnlex_950
77:Identifiers
4140:Categories
4127:span gyri.
3793:Interlobar
3490:3, 1 and 2
3230:Precentral
3091:Prefrontal
3057:Precentral
2943:Prefrontal
2848:NeuroImage
2313:NeuroImage
1582:NeuroImage
944:NeuroImage
874:References
840:patients.
785:psilocybin
717:rumination
683:Depression
560:meditation
554:Meditation
316:paralimbic
288:allocortex
95:NeuroNames
4107:Operculum
3655:41 and 42
3453:Precuneus
2793:1662-5161
2744:2168-622X
2685:0006-8950
1779:1460-2156
1708:CiteSeerX
1659:1531-135X
1602:1095-9572
1545:1091-6490
1267:CiteSeerX
1207:CiteSeerX
753:delusions
626:amyloid-b
574:Disorders
454:precuneus
284:neocortex
240:precuneus
178:precuneus
4069:Amygdala
3887:anterior
2876:12420386
2868:16530430
2811:29358913
2752:23740049
2703:23869106
2646:22393019
2587:21940437
2538:17296986
2497:22308440
2446:19164577
2386:10743973
2378:16407773
2343:14683698
2294:29764510
2286:16056140
2251:16135634
2212:28889346
2204:15474896
2169:20855296
2120:16258492
2112:10327898
2076:35725401
2068:20021629
2027:19541369
1961:21865529
1926:16831759
1918:17445893
1875:17047454
1836:22445347
1787:10430835
1730:18400922
1677:25904238
1620:23684866
1563:22114193
1496:23964222
1442:19434242
1391:15746002
1350:24106472
1299:12454910
1237:15412482
1229:11440800
1173:21420893
1115:23869106
972:18509039
964:15946864
922:22219283
868:Cingulum
857:See also
765:pulvinar
562:. Using
507:amygdala
476:Function
444:and the
421:striatum
419:and the
413:thalamus
361:parietal
357:temporal
176:and the
107:NeuroLex
4100:General
2917:of the
2833:at the
2829:in the
2802:5766664
2777:: 647.
2694:3891440
2637:3311356
2614:Bibcode
2578:6623308
2529:7977405
2488:3277566
2437:2633557
2414:Bibcode
2334:2806220
2160:3190207
1988:3289412
1827:3623298
1738:3167595
1700:Bibcode
1668:4529365
1611:3729617
1554:3250176
1523:Bibcode
1487:3734786
1470:: 440.
1433:2679199
1341:3788347
1324:: 647.
1290:6871991
1164:3070780
1106:3891440
913:6621313
693:caudate
602:atrophy
598:amyloid
213:Anatomy
67:Part of
62:Details
3605:Cuneus
2874:
2866:
2809:
2799:
2791:
2750:
2742:
2701:
2691:
2683:
2644:
2634:
2585:
2575:
2536:
2526:
2495:
2485:
2444:
2434:
2384:
2376:
2341:
2331:
2292:
2284:
2249:
2210:
2202:
2167:
2157:
2118:
2110:
2074:
2066:
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