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A major debate exists regarding colonial legacies and the promotion of democracy around the world. In terms of direct elections, former
British colonies are less likely to hold direct elections for heads of state. Additionally no monarchies have direct elections for head of state since by definition
783:
The overwhelming majority of democracies in Asia are parliamentary, rather than presidential systems. Based on constitutional design, the
Philippines is the only head of state elected by popular vote. Although classified as a semi-presidential system, South Korea in political reality has a strong
862:
Bolstered by opposition groups, institutional and constitutional change in the 1980s and 1990s led to direct elections of presidents in many South
American countries. These changes created centralized power in presidential positions, often blurring the line of separation of powers and making them
804:) was the first European country to use direct election of a president without intervention by the legislature. Both these systems were replaced by authoritarian systems within a number of years, with indirect presidential elections instated with the restoration of democracy (in 1871 and 1949, in
871:
A common political debate, particularly as countries consider governmental reforms, is whether or not direct elections of heads of state strengthen democratic practices among citizens. Selection mechanisms for heads of state can lead to varying outcomes in terms of voter interest, turnout, and
774:
Many
African nations have moved from parliamentary to presidential systems. Regardless of constitutional structures, presidents often have immense power over other political decision-making bodies. Given this power, much of the political violence around elections stems from the elections of
872:
overall engagement. For example, some scholars argue that direct elections will mobilize voters and increase their trust in the political process, particularly in emerging democracies. Others note that frequent direct elections may decrease turnout due to voter fatigue and apathy.
629:
is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they wanted to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen depends upon the
765:
The idea that heads of state be elected directly by the people progressed slowly throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This differs from parliamentary systems where executives derive power from the legislative body.
913:
705:
890:
has been directly elected every five years since 1979. Member states determine how to elect their representatives, but, among other requirements, they must be directly elected.
682:
has been directly elected every five years since 1979. Member states determine how to elect their representatives, but, among other requirements, they must be directly elected.
854:
intended for the a small group of electors, through methods determined by each state, to elect the president. Thus in practice this represents a form of indirect election.
189:
930:
731:
506:
851:
894:
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664:, the elected representative serves on two councils, typically a lower-tier municipality and an upper-tier regional district or municipality.
1903:
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1715:
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The first major
European country to use direct elections was France (1848). However, if no candidate received a majority of the vote the
613:
1991:
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709:
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presidents. Additionally, recent coups and conflict have postponed direct presidential elections in several
African countries.
1885:
820:- including contemporary France - which have a president elected directly and a prime minister responsible to the parliament.
141:
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1337:. Gabriele Bruns, Aurel Croissant, Marei John. Singapore: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. 2002.
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1489:"British colonialism and democracy: Divergent inheritances and diminishing legacies"
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begin directly electing senators in 1914—after the passage and ratification of the
805:
704:
begin directly electing senators in 1914—after the passage and ratification of the
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1992:"U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution"
1920:"How are members of the European Parliament elected? | News | European Parliament"
1075:"U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution"
1003:"How are members of the European Parliament elected? | News | European Parliament"
17:
647:
288:
76:
1649:"Representation By Consultation? The Rise of Direct Democracy in Latin America"
1755:
1738:
1574:"Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 | Constitution Center"
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1381:"The Weakness of the Strongest Institution: South Korea's Presidential System"
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657:, the voters elect a body which in turn elects the officeholder in question.
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1944:"House of Representatives | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica"
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1027:"House of Representatives | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica"
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presidential system as well based on changes in 1987 to its constitution.
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only lasted for one presidential term, this never happened. Germany (the
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265:
1827:
1795:
1772:
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The conceptual origins of direct presidential elections stem from the
1796:"Direct Presidential Elections and Turnout in Parliamentary Contests"
1534:
Blais, André; Massicotte, Louis; Dobrzynska, Agnieszka (1997-12-01).
1405:
Blais, André; Massicotte, Louis; Dobrzynska, Agnieszka (1997-12-01).
1145:
Blais, André; Massicotte, Louis; Dobrzynska, Agnieszka (1997-12-01).
473:
1228:"Presidentialism and clientelism in Africa's emerging party systems"
867:
Advantages and disadvantages of directly electing the head of state
642:
for single-winner elections, such as a presidential election, and
1184:
Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (2011),
1470:"Europe: Fact Sheet on Parliamentary and Presidential Elections"
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chose the winner from the top five candidates. As the so-called
1192:, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 1767–1771,
172:
70:
29:
816:, where the president is elected directly by the people, and
1267:"Adjudication of Disputed Presidential Elections in Africa"
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powerful decision-makers over the legislature and cabinet.
1887:
Electoral
Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior
957:"Democratic Electoral Systems around the world, 1946–2011"
197:
1446:"German Bundestag - The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933)"
1968:"U.S. Senate: About Electing and Appointing Senators"
1578:
1125:"Turkey's constitutional referendum: myths and facts"
1051:"U.S. Senate: About Electing and Appointing Senators"
955:
Bormann, Nils-Christian; Golder, Matt (2013-06-01).
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
188:deal primarily with Europe and do not represent a
741:is elected by national popular vote in elections.
1536:"Direct presidential elections: a world summary"
1407:"Direct presidential elections: a world summary"
1147:"Direct presidential elections: a world summary"
876:Direct elections in legislatures and parliaments
808:, respectively). Currently, Europe has a mix of
1334:Electoral politics in Southeast & East Asia
1190:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
1855:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
634:used. The most commonly used systems are the
607:
186:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
931:Direct election republican model (Australia)
732:1962 French presidential election referendum
1696:"The Presidency in Latin American Politics"
1597:Hakim, Peter; Lowenthal, Abraham F (1991).
1265:Kaaba, O'Brien; Fombad, Charles M. (2021).
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1487:Lee, Alexander; Paine, Jack (2019-09-01).
614:
600:
253:
1890:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1754:
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1700:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
1099:"The President: Four questions answered"
761:History of direct presidential elections
689:has been directly elected, using either
1708:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1674
947:
897:has been directly elected using either
264:
1358:
895:United States House of Representatives
754:2007 Turkish constitutional referendum
687:United States House of Representatives
1599:"Latin America's Fragile Democracies"
1232:The Journal of Modern African Studies
7:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1653:Latin American Politics and Society
1313:Africa Center for Strategic Studies
748:has been directly elected with the
726:has been directly elected with the
1739:"Presidentialism in Latin America"
1665:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2001.tb00178.x
1279:10.1093/oso/9780192894779.003.0014
1123:Bayraktar, Gonca (11 April 2017).
25:
1852:Democracy and elections in Africa
1309:"Africa's Complex 2022 Elections"
45:This article has multiple issues.
1493:Journal of Comparative Economics
829:the head of state is unelected.
583:
272:
177:
75:
34:
1694:Palanza, Valeria (2021-01-22).
973:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.01.005
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1743:Latin American Research Review
1474:Congressional Research Service
1226:van de Walle, Nicolas (2003).
1:
1849:Lindberg, Staffan I. (2006).
1552:10.1016/S0261-3794(97)00020-6
1423:10.1016/S0261-3794(97)00020-6
1163:10.1016/S0261-3794(97)00020-6
1800:Political Research Quarterly
905:since its inception in 1789.
739:president of the Philippines
697:since its inception in 1789.
818:semi-presidential republics
644:proportional representation
446:Right to stand for election
200:, discuss the issue on the
2043:
1737:Mainwaring, Scott (1990).
918:United States Constitution
899:first-past-the-post voting
710:United States Constitution
691:first-past-the-post voting
1756:10.1017/S0023879100023256
1505:10.1016/j.jce.2019.02.001
1244:10.1017/S0022278X03004269
1896:10.1017/cbo9780511790980
1812:10.1177/1065912908317026
1647:Barczak, Monica (2001).
1794:Tavits, Margit (2009).
1186:"Parliamentary Systems"
810:parliamentary republics
1924:www.europarl.europa.eu
1884:Norris, Pippa (2004).
1365:: CS1 maint: others (
1007:www.europarl.europa.eu
814:presidential republics
662:double direct election
646:for the election of a
512:Next general elections
1618:10.1353/jod.1991.0042
1198:10.4135/9781412994163
914:Seventeenth Amendment
706:Seventeenth Amendment
396:Boundary delimitation
1606:Journal of Democracy
1476:. February 13, 2023.
1273:. pp. 361–400.
910:United States Senate
901:or ticket voting in
702:United States Senate
693:or ticket voting in
497:Elections by country
206:create a new article
198:improve this article
95:improve this article
888:European Parliament
846:(1787) through the
746:president of Turkey
724:president of France
680:European Parliament
653:By contrast, in an
590:Politics portal
1948:www.britannica.com
1031:www.britannica.com
2022:Elections by type
1905:978-0-521-82977-9
1862:978-0-8018-8925-7
1717:978-0-19-022863-7
1540:Electoral Studies
1411:Electoral Studies
1288:978-0-19-289477-9
1151:Electoral Studies
961:Electoral Studies
936:Electoral college
848:Electoral College
844:U.S. Constitution
824:Colonial legacies
794:National Assembly
655:indirect election
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376:Anonymous elector
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